nanorobotics document

7/25/2019 NanoRobotics DOCUMENT

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NANOROBOTICS 1

Introduction

Nanotechnology can best be defined as a description of activities at the level of

atoms and molecules that have applications in the real orld! A nanometer is a billionth of a

meter" that is" about 1#$%"%%% of the diameter of a human hair" or 1% times the diameter of a

hydrogen atom! The engineering of molecular products needs to be carried out by robotic

devices" hich have been termed nanorobots! A nanorobot is essentially a controllable

machine at the nano meter or molecular scale that is composed of nano&scale components!

The field of nanorobotics studies the design" manufacturing" programming and control of the

nano&scale robots!

Nanorobots ould constitute any passive or active structure 'nano scale(

capable of actuation" sensing" signaling" information processing" intelligence" sarm behavior

at nano scale! These functionalities could be illustrated individually or in combinations by a

nano robot 'sarm intelligence and co&operative behavior(! So" there could be a hole genre

of actuation and sensing or information processing nano robots having ability to interact and

influence matter at the nano scale! Some of the characteristic abilities that are desirable for a

nanorobot to function are)

1. Swarm Intelligence* decentrali+ation and distributive intelligence

2. Cooperative behavior* emergent and evolutionary behavior

3. Self assembly and replication* assemblage at nano scale and nano maintenance4. ano Information processing and programmability * for programming and controlling

nanorobots 'autonomous nanorobots(

!. ano to macro world interface architect"re* an architecture enabling instant access to the

nanorobots and its control and maintenance

The nanorobots are invisible to na,ed eye" hich ma,es them hard to

manipulate and or, ith! Techni-ues li,e Scanning .lectron /icroscopy 'S./( and Atomic

0orce /icroscopy 'A0/( are being employed to establish a visual and haptic interface to

enable us to sense the molecular structure of these nano scaled devices! irtual Reality 'R(

techni-ues are currently being e2plored in nano&science and bio&technology research as a ay

to enhance the operator3s perception 'vision and haptics( by approaching more or less a state

of 4full immersion3 or 4telepresence3! Nanorobotics is a field hich calls for collaborative

5epartment of Computer Science and .ngineering!


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efforts beteen physicists" chemists" biologists" computer scientists" engineers and other

specialists to or, toards this common ob7ective! The ability to manipulate matter at the

nano scale is one core application for hich nanorobots could be the technological solution! A

lot has been ritten in the literature about the significance and motivation behind constructing

a nanorobot!

Natures Nanorobotic Devices

1! 8rotein based molecular machines

AT8 Synthase * a true nano rotary motor

6! 5NA based /olecular machines

9! Inorganic 'chemical( /olecular machines

The Rota2anes

The Catenanes

Other Inorganic /olecular /achines

:! Other 8rotein Based motors under development

iral 8rotein ;inear /otors

Synthetic Contractile 8olymers

Nanorobotics Design and Control

Design of nano robotic systems:

5esigning nanorobotic systems deal ith vast variety of sciences" from -uantum

molecular dynamics" to ,inematics analysis! The rules applicable to nanorobotics depend

upon the nano material e intend to use! Nanomechanical robotic systems deal ith science

significantly different from the biological or inorganic nanorobotic systems!


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The roadmap progresses through the folloing main steps)

Step 1) Bio Nano Components

5evelopment of bio&nano components from biological systems is the first step toards the

design and development of an advanced bio&nanorobot" hich could be used for future

applications!

Step 6) Assembled Bio Nano Robots

The ne2t step involves the assembly of functionally stable bio&nano components into comple2

assemblies! The modular organi+ation defines the hierarchy rules and spatial arrangements of

various modules of the bio&nano&robots such as) the inner core 'the brain#energy source for

the robot(" the actuation unit" the sensory unit" and the signaling and information processing

unit!

Step 9) 5istributive Intelligence" 8rogramming and Control


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NANOROBOTICS :

/olecular modeling techni-ues in sync ith e2tensive e2perimentations ould

form the basis for designing these bio&nano systems!

Research:

Nanoassembly by Sintering Assembly of components, or

building blocks, into more complex structures is a primary goal of robotics

at all scales. It involves positioning the required components, oining them,

positioning the resulting subassemblies, oining them !ith other

subassemblies, and so forth, in a hierarchical manner. "revious !ork at

#$% aboratory for $olecular %obotics' has sho!n ho! to position

nanoscale components by pushing them on a surface !ith the tip of an

Atomic (orce $icroscope &A($'. #$% research also has demonstrated

oining of positioned components by gluing them chemically, and by

electroless deposition of additional material.

&!D "imulation and 'isuali(ation:

A ne approach ithin advanced graphics simulations is presented for the

problem of nano&assembly automation and its application for medicine! The problem under

study concentrates its main focus on nanorobot control design for molecular manipulation and

the use of evolutionary agents as a suitable ay to enable the robustness on the proposed

model! Thereby the presented or,s summari+e as ell distinct aspects of some techni-ues

re-uired to achieve successful integrated system design and 95 simulation visuali+ation in

real time! In recent developments on the field of bimolecular computing has demonstrated

positively the feasibility of processing logic tas,s by bio&computers" hich is a promising first

step to enable future nanoprocessors ith increasingly comple2ity! Studies in the sense of



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NANOROBOTICS

building biosensors and nano&,inetic devices" hich is re-uired to enable nanorobots

operation and locomotion" has been advanced recently too! 5eveloping nanoscale robots

presents difficult fabrication and control challenges! The control design and the development

of comple2 integrated nanosystems ith high performance can be ell analysed and

addressed via simulation to help pave the ay for future use of nanorobots in biomedical

engineering problems! Nanomachines are largely in the research&and&development phase" but

some primitive molecular machines have been tested! An e2ample is a sensor having a sitch

appro2imately 1! nanometers across" capable of counting specific molecules in a chemical

sample! The first useful applications of nanomachines might be in medical technology" hich

could be used to identify and destroy cancer cells!



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Potential application:

)* Nanomedicine:

8otential applications for nanorobotics in medicine include early diagnosis and

targeted drug&delivery for cancer" biomedical instrumentation surgery"

pharmaco,inetics monitoring of diabetes" and health care! In such plans" future

medical nanotechnology is e2pected to employ nanorobots in7ected into the patient to

perform or, at a cellular level! Such nanorobots intended for use in medicine should

be non&replicating" as replication ould needlessly increase device comple2ity" reduce

reliability" and interfere ith the medical mission!

0ig) io nanorobotics + a truly multidisciplinary field

iomolecular ,achines: ac-ground and "ignificance

"ignificance: The recent e2plosion of research in nanotechnology" combined ith important

discoveries in molecular biology have created a ne interest in biomolecular machines and

robots! The main goal in the field of biomolecular machines is to use various biological

elements hose function at the cellular level creates motion" force or a signal" stores



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information as machine components! These components perform their preprogrammed

biological function in response to the specific physiochemical stimuli but in an artificial

setting! In this ay proteins and 5NA could act as motors" mechanical 7oints" transmission

elements" or sensors! If all these different components ere assembled together in the proper

proportion and orientation they ould form nanodevices ith multiple degrees of freedom"

able to apply forces and manipulate ob7ects in the nanoscale orld! The advantage of using

natureEs machine components is that they are highly efficient and reliable! Fust as conventional

macro machines are used to generate forces and motions to accomplish specific tas,s"

bionanomachines can be used to manipulate nano&ob7ects" to assemble and fabricate other

machines or products" to perform maintenance" repair and inspection operations! Such

bionanorobotic devices ill hopefully be part of the arsenal of future medical devices and

instruments that ill) 1( perform operations" inspections and treatments of diseases inside the

body" and 6( achieve ultra&high accuracy and locali+ation in drug delivery" thus minimi+ing

side effects!

.igure: A GnanorobotG floing inside a blood vessel" finds an infected cell! The nanorobot attaches to

the cell and pro7ects a drug to repair or destroy the infected cell!

The bionanorobot ill be able to attach to the infected cell alone" and deliver a

therapeutic drug that can treat or destroy 7ust the infected cell" sparing the surrounding healthy

cells! 5evelopment of robotic components composed of simple biological molecules is the

first step in the development of future biomedical nanodevices! 0rom the simple elements

such as structural lin,s to more advanced concepts as motors" each part must be carefully

studied and manipulated to understand its functions and limits! The figure lists the most

important components of a typical robotic system or machine assembly and the e-uivalence



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beteen macro and potential bionanocomponents! Beyond the initial component

characteri+ation is the assembly of the components into robotic systems!

Control of Nanorobotic systems

The control of nano robotic systems could be classified in to categories)

i! Internal control mechanisms

ii! .2ternal control mechanisms

The other category could be the hybrid of internal and e2ternal control mechanisms!



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Internal Control ,echanism + Active and Passive

This type of control depends upon the mechanism of bio chemical sensing and

selective binding of various bio molecules ith various other elements! This is a traditional method"

hich has been in use since -uite some time for designing bio molecules! Hsing the properties of the

various bio molecules and combining ith the ,noledge of the target molecule that is to be

influenced" these mechanisms could be effective! But again" this is a passive control mechanism here

at run time these bio molecules cannot change their behavior! Once programmed for a particular ,ind

of molecular interaction" these molecules stic, to that! ere lies the basic issue in controlling the

nanorobots hich are supposed to be intelligent and hence programmed and controlled so that they

could be effective in the ever dynamic environment! The -uestion of actively controlling the

nanorobots using internal control mechanism is a difficult one!


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positional nanoassembly manipulation! In our described or,space representing a

simplification of the human body" the multi&nanorobot teams perform a pre&established set of

tas,s building nutrient molecules" crudely analogous to the or, done by a ribosome hich is

a natural assembler!

Scope of the Project

Nanorobotics is concerned ith '1( manipulation of nanoscale ob7ects by using

micro or macro devices" and '6( construction and programming of robots ith overall

dimensions at the nanoscale 'or ith microscopic dimensions but nanoscopic components(!

This pro7ect covers both of these aspects! Nanomanipulation is the most effective process

developed until no for prototyping of nanosystems" and rapid prototyping is important to

validate designs and optimi+e their parameters! Nanomanipulation is also useful to repair or

modify structures built by other means! Nanorobots have dimensions comparable to those of

biological cells" and are e2pected to have remar,able applications in health care and

environmental monitoring! 0or e2ample" they might serve as programmable artificial cells for

early detection and destruction of pathogens! The initial research is biased toards

nanomanipulation!


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NANOROBOTICS 11

.ig) irtual environment" top camera vie

Nanorobots monitoring nutrient concentrations in a three dimensional

or,space is a possible application of nanorobots in medicine" among other biomedical

problems! One interesting nanorobot application is to assist inflammatory cells 'or hite cells(

leaving blood vessels to repair in7ured tissues! Also the nanorobot could be used to process

specific chemical reactions in the human body as ancillary devices for in7ured organs!

Nanorobots e-uipped ith nanosensors could be developed to detect glucose demand in

diabetes patients! Nanorobots could also be applied in chemotherapy to combat cancer

through superior chemical dosage administration" and a similar approach could be ta,en to

enable nanorobots to deliver anti&I drugs! Such drug&delivery nanorobots have been

termed =pharmacytes>!

=Nanomedicine is the process of diagnosing" treating" and preventing disease

and traumatic in7ury" of relieving pain" and of preserving and improving human health" usingmolecular tools and molecular ,noledge of the human body!>

Nanomedicine) Application of nanotechnology in medicine!

,ar-et and Activity $volution:



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Nanomedicine Patents and Publications:

,$DICA0 NAN/R//T ARC1IT$CT2R$:

The main parameters used for the medical nanorobot architecture and its

control activation" as ell as the re-uired technology bac,ground that may lead to

manufacturing hardare for molecular machines" are described ne2t! A! /anufacturing

Technology The ability to manufacture nanorobots may result from current trends and ne

methodologies in fabrication" computation" transducers and manipulation! 5epending on the

case" different gradients on temperature" concentration of chemicals in the bloodstream" and

electromagnetic signature are some of relevant parameters for diagnostic purposes ?19!

C/OS ;SI 'ery ;arge Scale Integration( Systems design using deep ultraviolet

lithography provides high precision and a commercial ay for manufacturing early

nanodevices and nanoelectronics systems! The C/OS 'Complementary /etal



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.ig) All the nanorobots sim near the all to detect cancer signals! ein internal vie

ithout the red cells! The tumour cell is the target represented by the pin, sphere located left

at the all!

Role of Nanotechnology in ,edical Research:

)3 asic Research

/olecular Biology

Jenetics

8roteomics

Systems Biology

43 Nanotechnology

Nanomanufacturing

Nanoimaging

Nanosensing

Nanomanipulation

Computational Tools



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NANOROBOTICS 1:

&3 iomedical Devices

Tissue Regeneration

5rug 5elivery

In&vitro 5iagnostics

Implantable 5evices

Smart Nanoparticles

NanoRobotics

53 Translational Research

Cancer

eart

Brain

63 Implantable Devices*

73 Nano ,acro8 ,icroscale Robots*

93 Drug Discovery*

3 "urgical AID"*

;3 Diagnostic Tools*

)


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C/NC02"I/N:

The current developments in technology directs humans a step closer to

nanorobots and simple" operating nanorobots is the near future! Nanorobots can theoreticallydestroy all common diseases of the 61st century thereby ending much of the pain and

suffering! Biomolecular machine system designs that are capable of accomplishing

successfully a set of pre&programmed tas,s in a 95 or,space is a ne challenge for control

investigation!


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References

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assembly>" submitted to ICRA 6%%:!

6( ?arel et al! 6%%9 .! arel" S! .! /elt+er" A! A! J! Re-uicha" /! .! Thompson and B!

.! Loel" =0abrication of late2 nanostructures by nanomanipulation and thermal

processing>" Nanoletters" accepted for publication!

9( ?/o,aberi K Re-uicha 6%%9 B! /o,aberi and A! A! J! Re-uicha" =Toards

Automatic Nanomanipulation) 5rift Compensation in Scanning 8robe /icroscopes>"

submitted to ICRA 6%%:!

:( ?Re-uicha 6%%9 A! A! J! Re-uicha" =Nanorobots" N./S and Nanoassembly>" 8roc!

I..." ol! @1" No! 11" pp! 1@66&1@99" November 6%%9!

( ?/aier et al! 6%%9 S! A! /aier" 8! J! Li," ! A! Atater" S! /elt+er" .! arel" B! .!

Loel and A! A! J! Re-uicha" =;ocal detection of electromagnetic energy transport

belo the diffraction limit in metal nanoparticle plasmon aveguides>" Nature

/aterials" ol! 6" No! :" pp! 66@&696" April 6%%9!

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1@@" http)##olymp!uien! ac!at#usr#ai#frisch#local!html !$( J! 5! Bachand and C! 5! /ontemagno" =Constructing organic#inorganic N./S

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6%%%!

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5epartment of Computer Science" Cornell Hniversity" Ithaca" NM" 1@@6!

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