““A Man of A Man of Destiny”Destiny”

Poor family of Lesser Nobility

Born in Corsica10 Yrs. Old -

Military School1783 Student at

military academy in Paris

Napoleon’s Napoleon’s MarriagesMarriages

1st Wife – JosephineMarch 9, 1796

MarriedDivorced 1809

2nd Wife – Marie Louis17 Year Old

Hapsburg Princess

Early Military Early Military CareerCareer 1st Coalition

1796 - Command of French Army in Italy

1798 - Invaded EgyptDiscovery of

Rosetta StoneMilitary Set

Back - still Hero

Early Military Early Military CareerCareer

2nd Coalition – Russia formed new alliance with Great Britain. Austria, Portugal, Naples and the Ottoman Empire joinedFrance suffered

defeats in Italy and Germany

Weakened Directory

1799 French wanted order

1799 - Coup d’etat - Napoleon ousted the Directory

Consulate FormedNapoleon = 1st

Consul [power concentrated in the 1st Consul]

1800 defeated Austrians – dropped out 1801

March 1802 – Treaty of Amiens Truce w/ Great

Britain France kept

European Conquests

1802 Plebicite made him consul for life

1804 Declared himself Hereditary emperor

1805 Took title, King of ItalyStepson ruled as

viceroyDivorced Josephine

Centralized Administration

$ Economic Reforms

Napoleonic Code The Concordat

of 1801Reforms in

Education

Centralized Centralized AdministrationAdministration

Financial ReformsFinancial ReformsSystem of Prefects and Subprefects

83 Departments run by PrefectsSubprefects administered districts

Economic Corruption and waste was EliminatedCentralized tax collecting systemPaid off various economic obligationsStabilized French Economic condition

1800 appointed Commission to draft a new code of civil law

1804 Went into effect and in 1807 it became the Napoleonic code

Progressive in some ways

Less Progressive in others

Third Coalition Battle of Trafalgar Victories in

Europe Continental

System The Peninsular

War The Invasion of

Russia

1805 – 3rd Coalition Created for Balance of Power

1805 – Napoleon prepared to invade G.B.

October 21 – Lord Nelson found combined French and Spanish fleet at Cape Trafalgar.

British victory – France lost all hope of ever winning a naval battle

Continental System was an effort to destroy British economy Ordered all European nations to stop

trading w/ G.B. All European ports closed to British ships Impossible to enforce – 2 “leaks”

1. Portugal and Spain - refused

2. Russia – resumed trade after 1810 Peninsular War (1808 – 1814)

Perhaps it was Napoleon’s Vietnam

Response to Russia resuming trade with Britain

Sent 600,000 Men in, and 100,000 survived

Scorched Earth Policy

Lack of Preparation for the winter

Marked the beginning of his fall

1813 – Russian, Prussian, and Austrians joined the most powerful coalition against Napoleon

Defeated at Leipzig – the Battle of Nations 1814 – abdicated and was exiled to the Island

of Elba March 1815 – escaped and returned to power

for 100 Days. Defeated at Waterloo – June 1815 Exiled to South Atlantic Island of St. Helena Died 1821

Europe in 1812Europe in 1812

The Congress of Vienna(September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)The Congress of Vienna(September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)

Main ObjectivesMain Objectives

e It’s job was to undo everything that Napoléon had done:

V Reduce France to its old boundaries her frontiers were pushed back to 1790

level.

V Restore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones

during the Napoléonic era.

e Supported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict.

e It’s job was to undo everything that Napoléon had done:

V Reduce France to its old boundaries her frontiers were pushed back to 1790

level.

V Restore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones

during the Napoléonic era.

e Supported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict.

Key Players at Vienna

Key Players at Vienna

The “Host”Prince Klemens von Metternich

(Aus.)

Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh

(Br.)

Tsar Alexander I (Rus.)

King Frederick William III (Prus.)

Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

Key Principles Established at Vienna

Key Principles Established at Vienna

V Balance of Power

V Legitimacy

V Compensation

V Balance of Power

V Legitimacy

V Compensation

e Coalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years.

e France would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs.

e Coalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years.

e France would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs.

V France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoléon.

V Russia was given most of Duchy of Warsaw (Poland).

V Prussia was given half of Saxony, parts of Poland, and other German territories.

V A Germanic Confederation of 30+ states (including Prussia) was created from the

previous 300, under Austrian rule. V Austria was given back territory it had lost

recently, plus more in Germany and Italy. V The House of Orange was given the Dutch

Republic and the Austrian Netherlands to rule.

Changes Made at Vienna (1)Changes Made at Vienna (1)

The Germanic Confederation, 1815

The Germanic Confederation, 1815

Changes Made at Vienna (2)Changes Made at Vienna (2)V Norway and Sweden were joined.

V The neutrality of Switzerland was guaranteed.V Hanover was enlarged, and made a kingdom.

V Britain was given Cape Colony, South Africa, and various other colonies in Africa and Asia.

V Sardinia was given Piedmont, Nice, Savoy, and Genoa.

V The Bourbon Ferdinand I was restored in the Two Sicilies.

V The Duchy of Parma was given to Marie Louise.V The slave trade was condemned (at British

urging).V Freedom of navigation was guaranteed for many

rivers.

Europe After the Congress of Vienna

Europe After the Congress of Vienna