Nation Building and Nation Building and Imperialism in Latin AmericaImperialism in Latin America

Nationalistic Revolts in Latin Nationalistic Revolts in Latin America- Why?America- Why?

Nationalism.Nationalism. Successful revolution in North Successful revolution in North

America.America. Creole elite influenced by Creole elite influenced by

Enlightenment; equality, free trade Enlightenment; equality, free trade and freedom of speech and the press and freedom of speech and the press became desired.became desired.

Latin American elites disliked Spanish Latin American elites disliked Spanish and Portuguese domination.and Portuguese domination.

Where Did These Revolts Where Did These Revolts Occur?Occur?

HaitiHaiti MexicoMexico ArgentinaArgentina VenezuelaVenezuela BoliviaBolivia ChileChile

UruguayUruguay ParaguayParaguay ColombiaColombia BrazilBrazil PeruPeru

Social Classes in Latin AmericaSocial Classes in Latin AmericaWho were they? What did they Who were they? What did they

want?want? PenninsularesPenninsulares CreolesCreoles MulattosMulattos MeztizosMeztizos IndianIndian African SlavesAfrican Slaves

Haiti: Toussaint L’OuvertureHaiti: Toussaint L’Ouverture Haiti a French colony, Haiti a French colony,

used for its sugar used for its sugar plantations supported plantations supported by large population of by large population of African slaves.African slaves.

In 1804 Haiti declared In 1804 Haiti declared independence from independence from France.France.

L’Ouverture led the L’Ouverture led the first successful slave first successful slave revolt.revolt.

11stst colony to become colony to become independent in Latin independent in Latin America.America.

Mexico: HidalgoMexico: Hidalgo The Creole elites The Creole elites

wanted to rid Mexico of wanted to rid Mexico of penninsulares rule.penninsulares rule.

Hidalgo inspired by the Hidalgo inspired by the French Revolution.French Revolution.

1810 – inspired revolt 1810 – inspired revolt of Indians and Meztizos of Indians and Meztizos to fight the Spanish.to fight the Spanish.

Although Hidalgo was Although Hidalgo was defeated, his fight for defeated, his fight for independence is independence is recognized - recognized - September 16September 16thth, , “Mexican “Mexican Independence Day”Independence Day”

Mexico: MoralesMexico: Morales Attemtped to unify Attemtped to unify

whites and mixed races whites and mixed races for independence.for independence.

Helped create the Helped create the “Revolutionary “Revolutionary Congress” and wanted Congress” and wanted to draft a constitution.to draft a constitution.

New Spain’s New Spain’s government became government became ruthless about stopping ruthless about stopping Morales.Morales.

Royalist militias Royalist militias murdered those who murdered those who supported Morelos.supported Morelos.

Mexico: IturbideMexico: Iturbide Creoles and Creoles and

Pennisulares together, Pennisulares together, afraid of the Indian afraid of the Indian and Meztizo revolts, and Meztizo revolts, overthrew Spanish rule overthrew Spanish rule as a way of preserving as a way of preserving their own power.their own power.

They chose a military They chose a military leader, Agustin de leader, Agustin de Iturbide, 1Iturbide, 1stst emperor of emperor of Mexico, in 1821.Mexico, in 1821.

Executed by liberals Executed by liberals 1824.1824.

Jose de San MartinJose de San MartinFreedom Fighter Freedom Fighter

A Creole elite, believed that the Spanish should be removed A Creole elite, believed that the Spanish should be removed from Latin America.from Latin America.

By 1810, San Martin had freed Argentina from Spanish rule.By 1810, San Martin had freed Argentina from Spanish rule. San Martin, in a surprise attack that comprised of crossing San Martin, in a surprise attack that comprised of crossing

the Andes Mountains, defeated the Spanish and liberated the Andes Mountains, defeated the Spanish and liberated Chile in 1817.Chile in 1817.

Simon BolivarSimon Bolivar“Liberator of South America”“Liberator of South America”

Creole elite wanted to rid Creole elite wanted to rid South America of Spanish South America of Spanish rule.rule.

Bolivar led struggle for Bolivar led struggle for independence in Venezuela, independence in Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador.Colombia and Ecuador.

Later led fight for Later led fight for independence for all South independence for all South American countries.American countries.

Assisted and took control Assisted and took control from San Martin and from San Martin and continued to liberate more continued to liberate more South American countries.South American countries.

By 1823, in central America, By 1823, in central America, Bolivar influenced the Bolivar influenced the liberation of El Salvador, liberation of El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica and Honduras, Costa Rica and Nicaragua.Nicaragua.

Brazilian IndependenceBrazilian Independence When Napoleons forces When Napoleons forces

conquered Portugal, conquered Portugal, Brazilians were able to take Brazilians were able to take control of Spain’s control of Spain’s weaknesses.weaknesses.

The Portuguese royal family The Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil to escape fled to Brazil to escape Napoleon’s forces.Napoleon’s forces.

In 1822, Dom Pedro (Pedro I) In 1822, Dom Pedro (Pedro I) declared Brazil independent declared Brazil independent from Portugal and claimed from Portugal and claimed himself emperor.himself emperor.

Pedro I accepted a Pedro I accepted a constitution that provided constitution that provided freedom of the press and freedom of the press and religion as well as allowing religion as well as allowing an elected legislature.an elected legislature.

Imperialism: the United States Imperialism: the United States becomes involved in Latin becomes involved in Latin

AmericaAmerica By the 1820’s there still remained a By the 1820’s there still remained a

threat to the newly won threat to the newly won independence of Latin America.independence of Latin America.

Britain and other European nations Britain and other European nations still wanted to have control over still wanted to have control over Latin America; politically and Latin America; politically and economically.economically.

The Monroe DoctrineThe Monroe Doctrine

In 1823, James Monroe of the United States In 1823, James Monroe of the United States guaranteed Latin American independence.guaranteed Latin American independence.

And… warned European nations that the United And… warned European nations that the United States would not tolerate European involvement States would not tolerate European involvement in the United State's “Sphere of Influence” or the in the United State's “Sphere of Influence” or the land in the New World.land in the New World.

The Difficulties of Nation The Difficulties of Nation Building in Latin AmericaBuilding in Latin America

1830-1870 the new Latin American nations 1830-1870 the new Latin American nations - - republicsrepublics, faced a number of serious , faced a number of serious problems from.problems from.– wars of independence resulted in staggering wars of independence resulted in staggering

loss of people, property and livestock.loss of people, property and livestock.

– The new nations, unsure of their precise The new nations, unsure of their precise boundaries, attempted to settle border boundaries, attempted to settle border disputes with war.disputes with war.

– Poor roads, a lack of railroads, thick jungles, Poor roads, a lack of railroads, thick jungles, and mountains made communication, and mountains made communication, transportation and national unity difficult.transportation and national unity difficult.

Church vs. StateChurch vs. State Church and state Church and state

conflict; liberals wanted conflict; liberals wanted to curtail the power of to curtail the power of the church while the church while conservatives fought conservatives fought for maintaining the for maintaining the Churches privileges.Churches privileges.

In Mexico, 1858-1861, In Mexico, 1858-1861, the division between the division between church and state led to church and state led to a civil war.a civil war.

Caudillo RuleCaudillo Rule The new governments of Latin America began with The new governments of Latin America began with

republican governments, but they had no republican governments, but they had no experience ruling themselves.experience ruling themselves.

After independence, strong leaders - Caudillos After independence, strong leaders - Caudillos came to power. came to power.

Caudillos ruled chiefly by military force and were Caudillos ruled chiefly by military force and were supported by the “landed elites”.supported by the “landed elites”.

Some Caudillo’s helped modernize by building Some Caudillo’s helped modernize by building roads and canals, ports and schools.roads and canals, ports and schools.

The caudillo’s authority depended on his personal The caudillo’s authority depended on his personal power.power.

When he died or lost power, civil wars for control of When he died or lost power, civil wars for control of the country often erupted.the country often erupted.

Antonio Lopez Y Santa AnnaAntonio Lopez Y Santa Anna

A caudillo who A caudillo who ruled Mexico from ruled Mexico from 1829- 1855. 1829- 1855.

He misused state He misused state funds, halted funds, halted reforms, created reforms, created chaos and helped chaos and helped lose one third of lose one third of Mexico’s land to Mexico’s land to the U.S.A.the U.S.A.

Juan Manuel de RosasJuan Manuel de Rosas Caudillo leader of Caudillo leader of

Argentina from Argentina from 1829- 1852.1829- 1852.

Protected Argentina Protected Argentina from foreigners.from foreigners.

Supported by the Supported by the masses, was masses, was extremely popular extremely popular and serves as an and serves as an instrument for instrument for radical change.radical change.

Latin American EconomyLatin American Economy

Political independence brought Political independence brought economic independence, but old economic independence, but old patterns were quickly reestablished.patterns were quickly reestablished.

Latin America continued to serve as Latin America continued to serve as a source for wheat, tobacco, wool, a source for wheat, tobacco, wool, sugar, coffee and hides b/c of cheap sugar, coffee and hides b/c of cheap labor.labor.

Textiles were imported.Textiles were imported.

Latin American Economy Latin American Economy Controlled by Landed ElitesControlled by Landed Elites

The economic control by landed elites was a problem.The economic control by landed elites was a problem.

Land = wealth, social prestige and political power. Land = wealth, social prestige and political power.

Landed elites controlled government, courts, and a Landed elites controlled government, courts, and a system of inexpensive labor.system of inexpensive labor.

Landowners > enormous profits growing single Landowners > enormous profits growing single specialized crops for export, such as coffee.specialized crops for export, such as coffee.

Most people didn’t have land to grow basic food crops, Most people didn’t have land to grow basic food crops, experienced dire poverty.experienced dire poverty.

Change & Tradition in Latin Change & Tradition in Latin AmericaAmerica

Growth of Latin American economy from Growth of Latin American economy from the export of raw materials. the export of raw materials.

Latin America dependent on nations to the Latin America dependent on nations to the West (U.S. and Europe).West (U.S. and Europe).

Poverty based on race and social class Poverty based on race and social class remained.remained.

Latin America still underdeveloped regionLatin America still underdeveloped region

Latin American Middle Class Latin American Middle Class EmergesEmerges

A middle class emerged due to the prosperity A middle class emerged due to the prosperity of the increased exportation of raw goods.of the increased exportation of raw goods.

By the 1900’s this population expanded, and By the 1900’s this population expanded, and this middle class shared common this middle class shared common characteristics.characteristics.– lived in cities, lived in cities, – sought education and decent incomes, sought education and decent incomes, – Viewed United States as a model of Viewed United States as a model of

industrialization.industrialization.

Middle Class ValuesMiddle Class Values

Middle Class sought liberal reforms, Middle Class sought liberal reforms, not revolution.not revolution.

Once they had the right to vote, they Once they had the right to vote, they generally sided with the landowning generally sided with the landowning elites.elites.

Political Change in Latin Political Change in Latin AmericaAmerica

After 1870, large landowners in Latin After 1870, large landowners in Latin America began to take a more direct America began to take a more direct interest in national policies and even interest in national policies and even in governing.in governing.

In Argentina and Chile, landowning In Argentina and Chile, landowning elites controlled the government, elites controlled the government, they wrote constitutions, but kept they wrote constitutions, but kept their power by limiting voting rights.their power by limiting voting rights.

Portfirio DiazPortfirio DiazMexicoMexico

Ruled 1876 - 1910.Ruled 1876 - 1910. Diaz, conservative, Diaz, conservative,

created centralized created centralized government with the government with the support of the army, support of the army, foreign capitalists, large foreign capitalists, large landowners, and the landowners, and the Catholic Church.Catholic Church.

During Diaz’s rule, wages During Diaz’s rule, wages of workers declined.of workers declined.

By 1910 the Mexican By 1910 the Mexican Revolution > Diaz Revolution > Diaz ousted.ousted.

Diaz Diaz

Indigenous people Indigenous people were subsequently were subsequently forced into debt forced into debt slavery (slavery (Peonage)Peonage)

Diaz supported Diaz supported “redistribution” of “redistribution” of land to wealthy land to wealthy landownerslandowners

Peasants suffered.Peasants suffered.

Emiliano ZapataEmiliano ZapataHero of peasantsHero of peasants

Zapata seized estates of Zapata seized estates of wealthy landowners.wealthy landowners.

Between 1910- 1920, the Between 1910- 1920, the revolution damaged revolution damaged Mexican economy.Mexican economy.

Zapata’s Zapata’s accomplishments: accomplishments: – 1917 constitution enacted1917 constitution enacted– strong presidency, strong presidency, – created land- reform policies, created land- reform policies, – established limits on foreign established limits on foreign

investorsinvestors– agenda to help the workers.agenda to help the workers.

The revolution also led to The revolution also led to outpouring of patriotism.outpouring of patriotism.

United States InfluenceUnited States InfluenceLate 1800’s – early 1900’s Late 1800’s – early 1900’s

United States emerging world power, United States emerging world power, interferes in the affairs of its southern interferes in the affairs of its southern hemisphere.hemisphere.

Cuba > protectorate of the U.S. after the Cuba > protectorate of the U.S. after the Spanish American War of 1898.Spanish American War of 1898.

U.S. annexed Puerto Rico 1898.U.S. annexed Puerto Rico 1898.

In 1908, the U.S. supported a rebellion that In 1908, the U.S. supported a rebellion that enabled Panama to separate from Colombia.enabled Panama to separate from Colombia.– What will the U.S. now control?What will the U.S. now control?

United States Influence United States Influence ContinuedContinued

American Investments in Latin America soon American Investments in Latin America soon followed, as did American resolve to protect followed, as did American resolve to protect those investments.those investments.

Between 1898- 1934, American military Between 1898- 1934, American military forces were sent to Cuba, Mexico, Colombia, forces were sent to Cuba, Mexico, Colombia, Guatemala, Haiti, and the Dominican Guatemala, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic to protect AMERICAN INTERESTS!!!Republic to protect AMERICAN INTERESTS!!!

How will many Latin Americans view the US?How will many Latin Americans view the US?