National Advisory Committee for National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) Aeronautics (NACA) 

Congress founded NACA on 3 Congress founded NACA on 3 March 1915, as an independent March 1915, as an independent government agency reporting government agency reporting directly to the President. directly to the President. 

The Space RaceThe Space Race A competition between the United A competition between the United

States and USSR to explore outer States and USSR to explore outer space with artificial satellites, to space with artificial satellites, to send humans into space, and to send humans into space, and to land people on the Moon. land people on the Moon.

It lasted from 1957 to 1975It lasted from 1957 to 1975 It was set off by the launch of the It was set off by the launch of the

Soviet Sputnik 1 on 4 October Soviet Sputnik 1 on 4 October 19571957

It became an important part of the It became an important part of the cultural, technological, and cultural, technological, and ideological rivalry between the ideological rivalry between the USSR and the United States USSR and the United States during the Cold War.during the Cold War.

The BackgroundThe Background Russian scientist Konstanti Russian scientist Konstanti

Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935) theorized Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935) theorized in the 1880s on multi-stage, liquid in the 1880s on multi-stage, liquid fuel rockets which might reach fuel rockets which might reach space and established the basics space and established the basics of rocket science. He also wrote of rocket science. He also wrote the first theoretical description of a the first theoretical description of a man-made satellite man-made satellite

The American Robert Goddard The American Robert Goddard designed the first practical liquid designed the first practical liquid fuel rocket fuel rocket

The German scientist Wernher The German scientist Wernher Von Braun borrowed and Von Braun borrowed and expended on Robert Goddard's expended on Robert Goddard's original research and came up original research and came up with the first such projectile to with the first such projectile to reach space launched in 1942reach space launched in 1942

SputnikSputnik On 4 October 1957, the USSR On 4 October 1957, the USSR

successfully launched Sputnik 1, successfully launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite to orbit the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earththe Earth

Sputnik caused fear and stirred Sputnik caused fear and stirred political debate in the United political debate in the United States and the formation of NASAStates and the formation of NASA

The satellite questioned US The satellite questioned US technological superioritytechnological superiority

The National Defense Education The National Defense Education Act was passed by Eisenhower in Act was passed by Eisenhower in order to strengthen the defenses order to strengthen the defenses of the country of the country

Sputnik helped to determine the Sputnik helped to determine the density of the upper atmosphere density of the upper atmosphere

Sputnik 2Sputnik 2

Nov 3 1957 -Launched a small dog Nov 3 1957 -Launched a small dog named Laika into orbit.named Laika into orbit.• There was no plan for recovery There was no plan for recovery

NASA NASA

Oct 1 1958 NASA is formed and Oct 1 1958 NASA is formed and replaces NACA.replaces NACA.

Satellite 1958 Alpha – Explorer I Satellite 1958 Alpha – Explorer I

The US answer to the Soviet The US answer to the Soviet SputnikSputnik

Launched on January 31, 1958Launched on January 31, 1958

Explorer I flight data led to the Explorer I flight data led to the discovery by James Van Allen of discovery by James Van Allen of the Van Allen radiation beltthe Van Allen radiation belt

Mar 5 Explorer 2 fails to reach Mar 5 Explorer 2 fails to reach orbitorbit

Satellite communications Satellite communications

• 1958: relayed a Christmas message from President Eisenhower 1958: relayed a Christmas message from President Eisenhower to the world to the world

• 1962: Telstar: the first "active" communications satellite 1962: Telstar: the first "active" communications satellite (experimental transoceanic) (experimental transoceanic)

• 1972: Anik 1: first domestic communications satellite (Canada) 1972: Anik 1: first domestic communications satellite (Canada)

• 1974: WESTAR: first U.S. domestic communications satellite 1974: WESTAR: first U.S. domestic communications satellite

• 1976: MARISAT: first mobile communications satellite 1976: MARISAT: first mobile communications satellite

Animals in SpaceAnimals in Space Laika was the first animal that Laika was the first animal that

traveled into space in the USSR's traveled into space in the USSR's Sputnik 2 in 1957. She died of Sputnik 2 in 1957. She died of stress and overheating soon after stress and overheating soon after reaching spacereaching space

In 1960 Russian space dogs Belka In 1960 Russian space dogs Belka and Strelka orbited the earth and and Strelka orbited the earth and successfully returned successfully returned

The American space program The American space program imported chimpanzees from imported chimpanzees from Africa, and sent at least two into Africa, and sent at least two into space before launching their first space before launching their first human orbiterhuman orbiter

Soviet-launched turtles in 1968 on Soviet-launched turtles in 1968 on Zond 5 became the first animals to Zond 5 became the first animals to fly around the Moonfly around the Moon

Humans in SpaceHumans in Space The Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin The Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin

became the first human in space when became the first human in space when he entered orbit in Russia's Vostok 1 he entered orbit in Russia's Vostok 1 on April 12, 1961, a day now on April 12, 1961, a day now celebrated as a holiday in Russia and celebrated as a holiday in Russia and in many other countries in many other countries

Alan Shepard first entered sub-orbital Alan Shepard first entered sub-orbital space for the U.S 23 days after space for the U.S 23 days after GagarinGagarin

John Glenn became the first American John Glenn became the first American to successfully orbit Earth, completing to successfully orbit Earth, completing three orbits on February 20, 1962three orbits on February 20, 1962

Soviet Valentin Tereshkova became Soviet Valentin Tereshkova became the first woman in space on June 16, the first woman in space on June 16, 1963 in Vostok 6 1963 in Vostok 6

Aleksei Leonov carried out the Aleksei Leonov carried out the first spacewalk. This mission first spacewalk. This mission nearly ended in disaster, because nearly ended in disaster, because Leonov almost failed to return to Leonov almost failed to return to the capsule and due to a poor the capsule and due to a poor retrorocket fire the ship landed retrorocket fire the ship landed 1600 km off target. 1600 km off target.

Lunar missions Lunar missions

Unmanned probes for the Unmanned probes for the Americans Americans

- The Pioneer program.

- The Ranger program

- The Lunar Orbiter program

- The Robotic Surveyor program

Unmanned probes for the Unmanned probes for the SovietSoviet

- The Luna program

- Luna 1 spacecraft

- Luna 2 - the first craft to land on

the Moon

Lunar landing – The SovietLunar landing – The Soviet

• The Soviet showed a greater ambivalence about human visits to the Moon.

• Korolev, the Soviet Space Agency's chief designer, had started promoting his Soyuz craft and the N1 craft rocket that had the capacity for a manned Moon landing.

• In 1964 the new Soviet leadership gave Korolev the backing for a Moon landing effort and brought all manned projects under his direction.

• The failure of the first Soyuz flight was in 1967.

• The failures of the N1 booster in 1969.

Lunar landing – The U.S.Lunar landing – The U.S.

- Americans proposed joint programs, such as a Moon landing by Soviet and American astronauts and improved weather-monitoring satellites, but the Soviet rejected these ideas.

- American Neil Armstrong became the first person to set foot on the lunar surface on 21 July 1969.

- The event was watched by over 500 million people around the world.

The Soviet missions to other The Soviet missions to other planets planets

The Soviet Union first sent planetary probes to both Venus and Mars in 1960.

The Soviet's Venera 7 became the first craft to land on Venus in 1971.

Venera 9 transmitted the first pictures from the surface of another planet.

Mars 3 was the first spacecraft to land on Mars in 1971 by the Soviet Union, but it did not return pictures.

U.S. missions to other planetsU.S. missions to other planets U.S.'s Mariner 2 was the first

spacecraft to successfully fly by Venus on December 14, 1962

The U.S.’s Mariner 10 was the first and the only spacecraft to fly by Mercury in 1974.

Mariner 4 became the first probe to Mars in 1965 and it transmitted completely unexpected images.

The U.S.’s Pioneer 10 had a successful flight by Jupiter in 1973

and Pioneer 11 by Saturn in 1979.

The "end" of the Space RaceThe "end" of the Space Race The first human meeting took The first human meeting took

place between Soviet crafts’ place between Soviet crafts’ Vostok 3 and Vostok 4 , on Vostok 3 and Vostok 4 , on August 12, 1962.August 12, 1962.

The meeting of the Apollo and The meeting of the Apollo and Soyuz spacecraft on July 17, 1975 Soyuz spacecraft on July 17, 1975 traditionally marks the end of the traditionally marks the end of the Space Race between the U.S. and Space Race between the U.S. and the Soviet.the Soviet.

The Russians won the race by The Russians won the race by being the first one to sent a man being the first one to sent a man into space however their U.S. into space however their U.S. rivals were the ones to set their rivals were the ones to set their feet on the Moon. feet on the Moon.

Thank YouThank You