national drought management authority wajir county...

Short rains harvests

Short dry spell

Reduced milk yields

Increased HH Food Stocks

migrations

Land preparation

Planting/Weeding

Long rains

High Calving Rate

Milk Yields Increase

Breeding period

Long rains harvests

A long dry spell

Land preparation

Increased HH Food Stocks

Kidding (Sept)

Migrations

Herd separations

Short rains

Planting/weeding

High birth rates

Wedding

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

National Drought Management Authority WAJIR COUNTY DROUGHT EARLY WARNING BULLETIN FOR JULY 2016

Drought Situation & EW Phase Classification

Biophysical Indicators.

There was no rainfall received during the month of July 2016.

The County Vegetation Index (3 Months VCI) for the month of July was

43.38 compared to the previous month vegetation greenness of 46.61. The

sub counties VCI score was Tarbaj (54.05), Wajir North (51.93), Wajir

South (35.27), East (34.45), Eldas (59.27) and Wajir West (36.83). The

monthly vegetation greenness recorded significant deficit in Wajir South,

West and East at 22.79, 19.03, and 19.59 respectively. Wajir West and

East are therefore experiencing severe vegetation deficit.

The main sources of water for the month of July were earth pan (46.1%),

boreholes (27.3), and unprotected shallow wells (14.4%) while other

sources were lagas (8.4%) and water trucking (2.2%). The water situation

is normal compared to similar time last year.

Socio Economic Indicators (Impact Indicators)

Livestock body condition remained fair to good across livelihood zones

except parts of Wajir South and East where cattle revealed poor body

condition. Cases of disease Outbreak including acute camel death

syndrome, CCPP, PPR, black quarter, goat and sheep box were reported.

Second wave of cholera was reported in Wajir East. Terms of trade were

favourable during the month while food prices remained stable. The

percentage of children under five at risks of malnutrition during the month

of July was 16.0

Early Warning Phase Classification Livelihood Zone Phase Trend

Agro-pastoral Alert Worsening

Pastoral cattle Alert Worsening

Pastoral-all species Alert Worsening

Pastoral camel Alert Worsening

Informal employment/Bussiness Alert Worsening

County Alert Worsening

Biophysical Indicators value Normal Range/Value

Rainfall (% of Normal) 0 80 -120

VCI-3Month 43.38 >35

Production indicators Value Normal

Livestock Body Condition Normal Normal

Crop production Poor Good

Milk Production 32 >36litres

Livestock Migration Pattern Normal Normal

Livestock deaths (from drought) No death No death

Access Indicators Value Normal

Terms of Trade (ToT) 81 >66

Milk Consumption 30 >36 litres

State of water 3-6 <5 Km

Utilization indicators Value Normal

Nutrition Status, MUAC (% at risk of malnutrition)

16.0 <6.6

Coping Strategy Index (CSI) 1.01 <0.95

JULY EW PHASE 2016

Drought status: ALERT

1.0 CLIMATIC CONDITION 1.1 RAINFALL PERFORMANCE

There was no rainfall received during the months under review. The reporting period was dry and

windy with increased daytime temperatures. This is normal at this time of the year.

Amount of rainfall and Spatial distribution 1.1.1 Rainfall station data

Figure 1: A graph indicating the performance of the Long Rain

Figure 2: A chart indicating vegetation anomalies of Wajir County

2.0 IMPACTS ON VEGETATION AND WATER

2.1 Vegetation Condition

2.1.1 Vegetation condition index (VCI)

The vegetation condition remained normal and within the long term average in agro-pastoral,

pastoral camel and Eldas part of pastoral all species while the situation remained below normal in

Wajir South cattle pastoral, West all species and Wajir East pastoral cattle. The County vegetation

greenness remained stable with a three months cumulative VCI record of 43.38 while the monthly

vegetation index revealed severe greenness deficit in Wajir East and Wajir West with low value

records of 19.49 and 19.03 respectively. This indicates below normal vegetation.

Figure 3: A chart of Wajir County overall 3-monthly VCI during the month of July 2016

Figure 4: A matrix of 3-monthly VCI for Wajir County during the month of July 2016.

2.1.2 Pasture Pasture situation was showing good to fair in Wajir North agro-pastoral, Eldas all species and

Tarbaj pastoral camel. The pasture condition in Wajir South pastoral cattle and Wajir East camel

pastoral was ranging from fair to poor with most parts indicating high level of pasture stress.

The current available pasture is expected to last 1-2 months in pastoral all species and agro pastoral

while it only last 2-3 weeks in pastoral cattle and parts of camel pastoral mainly Wajir Bor and

Dashega areas.

2.1.3 Browse

During the months, the situation of browse ranged from good to fair in the county with wajir North

agro-pastoral and Pastoral camel areas showing normal browse condition. Pastoral all species in

wajir west, parts of pastoral camel including Wajir bor and pastoral cattle in Wajir South have fair

to poor vegetation condition which is below normal at this time of the year. The currently available

browse will last for 1-2 month in Tarbaj pastoral camel and Wajir North agro-pastoral while it may

last less than a month in Wajir East and South thus affecting productivity.

2.2 Water Sources

The main sources of water are boreholes, shallow wells and water pans. The situation of water has

declined as compared to the previous month but normal at this time of the year. The trekking

distances to water sources increased significantly compared to the previous month, similar period

last year and the mean averages. The available water will last for 1-2 months for water pans and

till the next rainfall season for shallow wells and boreholes.

2.2.2 Household access and Utilization

Figure 5: A chart indicating return distance to water sources against 2014-2015 average

6.7

8

8.6

8.5

4.1

4.9

4.13

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Distance in Km

Mo

nth

s

Household access to Water Source Average 2014-15 Year 2015 2016

The current average return distance to water sources for households decreased from 4.9km

in the months of June to 4.13km during the month under review. The reduced distances

could be attributed to livestock coming back from far grazing areas to water sources near

the settlements during this dry spell.

The average day-to-day household water consumption indicated decrease from (30-50)

litres per household per day to 40-60 litres and this is normal at this time of the year.

The current water stressed areas are Batalu, Diff, Aktalehel, Malkagufu and Burmayo.

The current major water sources in the county are water pans, shallow wells and boreholes

in all livelihood zones. Agro pastoral livelihood mainly depend on water pans

Household access to water and utilization changed during the month under review.

The current open water sources are expected to last for 1-2 months which are normal at

this time of the year

2.2.3 Livestock access

Figure 6: A graph indicating current grazing distance against (2014-2015) average

Average livestock grazing distance to water point change from 6.4 kilometres in June to

9.1km in July with a slight change which was attributed to drying up of open water sources

and pans leading to longer distance. This was normal at this time of the year.

Current distance is below the long term average for the months under review.

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0

JanFebMarApr

MayJunJul

AugSeptOctNovDec


Average 2014-2015 16.4 17.9 14.8 7.1 9.5 12.6 14.1 14.8 16.6 16.5 9.0 7.1

Year 2015 17.4 19.3 20.6 8.7 9.2 11.6 13.6 13.81 15.3 17.4 11.38 7

Year 2015 15.4 16.5 9.0 5.4 9.8 13.6 14.6 15.8 17.9 15.5 6.7 7.2

Year 2016 9.0 17.1 19.0 10.5 6.3 6.4 9.1

Average household grazing distance

Wajir South pastoral cattle and Wajir East Camel pastoral recorded longer grazing distance

and access to water.

All livelihoods were experiencing increasing but normal trekking distances to water points.

Areas with few boreholes which are dependent on water pans are more likely to face acute

water shortage by the end of August when the current open sources would have dried up.

The general water situation is expected to deteriorate in the coming months

3.0 PRODUCTION INDICATORS

3.1 Livestock production

3.1.1 Livestock Body Condition

The body conditions of livestock in Wajir North agro pastoral, Tarbaj side of pastoral camel and

Eldas pastoral all species is good which is normal at this time of the year. However, livestock in

Wajir South pastoral cattle, Wajir East pastoral camel and those in Wajir West all species have fair

to poor body conditions. Cattle and sheep are the most affected lots. Due to the fact that is the

calving, lamping and kidding season, most breeding stocks have poorer body condition and lack

necessary normal appearance. The body conditions of the stock across livelihood zones will

continue to deteriorate as the long dry spell continue to take toll.

3.1.2 Livestock Diseases

The director of livestock reported suspected cases of black quarter in camel, goat and sheep pox

in all species and camel livelihood zones, acute camel death syndrome in Wajir East pastoral camel

livelihood, lamp skin disease in pastoral cattle livelihood, pneumonia of cattle in Khorof-Harar,

goat plague and CCPP in various parts of all livelihood zones. The County Government of Wajir

acquired the necessary vaccines to reduce further spreading of these diseases. Appeal has been

sent to stakeholders for support and intervention.

3.1.3 Milk Production

Figure 7: Current Household production against (2007-2015) long-term average

Average milk production decreased from 36 in June to 32 litres in July. The Slight decrease in

production was mainly attributed to deterioration of pasture, increased trekking distance and

livestock and large scale outbreak of livestock diseases. The highest milk production during the

months was recorded in camel and cattle while lowest were small stock. The amount produced

was within the minimum and maximum range. The trend in production is likely to Deteriorate due

Jan Feb Mar AprMay

Jun Jul AugSep

toct Nov Dec

Average(2007-2015) 35 49 50 49 55 54 51 39 34 31 40 43

max 88.69 97.65 103.8 87.35 100.4 67.18 67.18 56.81 42.66 43.17 52.97 69.08

min 12 19 18 25 16 33 33 26 23 17 31 14

2016 26 17 17 23 34 36 32

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Am

ou

nt

in li

tres

Current year 2016 milk production Against long term average(2007-2015)

to worsening pasture in terms of quality and quantity, Livestock diseases incidences like the

pneumonia, lumpy skin diseases, sheep and goat pox, worm infestation, acute camel death

syndrome and increasingly longer trekking distances to water sources.

3.1.4 Milk price

Figur8: A graph showing current milk prices against short term average (2014-2015)

The current milk prices increased from kshs. 76 in the months of June to kshs. 87 in the

months under review which was attributed to low production, and high demand in the

market. The current milk price is above the long term average and previous year’s similar

period which was normal at this time of the year.

The prices of milk are likely to increase in the coming months due to worsening of pasture

and water availability in all livelihoods zones.

There were no constrains which affected supply of milk to major urban markets.

3.2 RAIN-FED CROP PRODUCTION

3.2.1 Stage and condition of food Crops

Most crops across livelihood zones failed due to moisture stress and the production was below

average. Some farmers have cultivated their fields using basket irrigation and they were able to

make some harvest of watermelon, capsicum, spinach and paw paw. The expansion of the

irrigation infrastructure has been expanding for the last three years which consequently

increased the acreage under cultivation. However, successive crop failure has dampened the

spirit of agro-pastoral farmers. Currently, some small scale farmers across the county are

cultivating onion, sorghum and maize and they are likely to realize some harvest by the end of

August.


Average 2014-15 88 97 100 81 76 79 80 84 89 84 71 71

Yr 2015 101 113 116 88 73 78 80 85 87 85 70 60

Yr 2016 60 76 83 86 76 76 87

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Pri

ce in

Ksh

s

Current year 2015 milk prices against short term average 2014-2015

4.0 MARKET PERFORMANCE 4.1 LIVESTOCK MARKETING

4.1.1 Cattle prices

Figure 9: A graph of current cattle price against the long term (2013-15) mean prices

Average price of medium sized cattle slightly increased from Kshs 21,027 in the months of

June to Kshs. 21,223 in the month of July. The slight increase in cattle price was mainly

attributed to enhanced livestock body conditions and high demand from up country markets.

The current mean prices were however below both the long term average and that of similar

time last year.

Highest average prices were reported in the agro-pastoral livelihood zone and lowest in all-

species livelihood zone.

Average cattle prices recorded were lower than both the long-term and last year’s average

price, showing a decline in market price as compared to previous year’s prices.

Market volumes also continued normal as good health of the cattle species increased the

number of stocks presented to the market by farmers.

4.1.2 Small Ruminants Prices (Goats)

The current average goat’s price remained stable from Kshs. 4,146 recorded in the months of

June to Kshs. 4,024 in the months under review. Generally the prices were stable and could be

attributed to good livestock body condition, high market demand and Supply. This is normal

at this time of the year.

The average goat prices recorded during the month were higher than both the long term average

and previous year’s prices indicating an improvement in market price as compared to previous

year’s pricing.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

2016 20,444 16250 16,166 16,250 19,550 21,027 21,223

2015 14,375 2880 14,178 16,957 18,750 19,494 21,833 20,438 17,234 16,697 18,611 19,000

Average(2013-2015) 17409.5 19150 15,172 16,604 19,150 20,261 21,528 20,438 17,234 16,697 18,611 19,000

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

Am

ou

nt

in k

shs

Current cattle price against long term average(2013-2015)

Figure 10: A graph of current year goat prices against the short-term mean 2011-2015

4.1.3 Camel price

Figure 12: A graph of current camel prices against the long term mean (2013-2015)

The current average price of a camel was recorded from KSh.22, 104 in the months of June to

Kshs. 22,166 in the month of July showing stability, due toan outbreak of sudden death for camel

reported in some parts of the county thus market demand declined in all livelihood zones.

Current average price of camel is lower than the long-term average of 51,852 and average price

of Kshs.45, 611 recorded similar periods last year. Therefore Markets for camel in all livelihood

zones are poor. The pastoral camel livelihood zone had the highest average price recorded as

agro-pastoral livelihood zone recorded the lowest. The decline in camel prices could be

attributed to occurrence of sudden death syndrome which may have affected the demand and

supply chain.

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000


Pri

ce (

Ksh

.)Average (2011-2015) 2015 2016


Year 2016 30,250 30,057 26,000 27,566 28,331 22,104 22,166

Year 2015 30,280 28,800 27,560 40,083 44,500 46,825 45,611 43,475 40,362 40,000 40,203 34,987

Average 20013-15 36920 39408 41,269 46,151 50,100 52,108 51,852 48,339 44,819 43,203 45,947 40,257

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

Am

ou

nt

in K

shs

Current camel price against long term average(2013-2015)

4.2 CROP PRICES

4.2.1 Maize

Figure 13: A graph showing current year price of maize as compared to the short-term (2012-15) mean

The current average price of a kilogram of dry maize was sold at Kshs. 50 which was stable

compared to the previous month’s record of Kshs 51 showing stability of the commodity.

The average price is equals to the long term average but below previous month’s average.

The price of the commodity has been regular since the beginning of the year.

The price is normal at this time of the years, though the price is slightly above the long

term and previous year’s month’s price.

The commodity price is expected to remain stable within the minimum and maximum

range price recorded over the last one and half year.

4.2.2 Posho (Maize meal)

The current average price of Posho remained constant at Kshs. 60 during the month of July

which was similar to the prices of the previous month.

The price of posho slightly higher in Wajir North compared to the rest of the other sub

counties. This could be attributed to poor road network which resulted high cost of

transportation as well as poor retail distribution to outlet markets.

The current price is slightly above the mean for the month when compared with the long

term averages but below the maximum levels reached within the three year period. The

price is considered normal as the trend shows stable condition over a period of time.

4.3 Livestock Price Ratio/Terms of Trade (TOT)


Average (2010-2014) 50 49 49 48 49 49 50 50 50 50 50 49

2014 49.5 49.2 49 47.5 48.95 49.05 50 50 50 50 50 48.8

2015 49 53 50 48 48 51 53 52 54 54 54 50

2016 50 51 53 53 51 51 50

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Pri

ce (

Ksh

. / k

g)

Maize price Trend

Households Terms of trade remained stable at 82 recorded in the months of June to 81

recorded in the months under review which was attributed to stable maize price and

favourable goat prices at the local markets.

However, majority of households admitted that maize is not their main stable food but

buy other more palatable commodities such as rice, beans, spaghetti and wheat flour.

The terms of trade were relatively stable and this was mainly attributed to stable maize

prices and improvement in livestock body conditions as a result of good pasture and

improved veterinary services.

The prices of goat are expected to decline due to deteriorating body conditions until the

onset of October- December short rains.

All pastoral households were able to get access market and sale shoats in order to purchase

footstock. All the markets were functioning during the month under review thereafter no

market distraction reported in all livelihood zones.

Figure 14: A graph of current Terms of Trade against the long term (2007-2015) mean price

5.0 FOOD CONSUMPTION AND NUTRITION STATUS


Average (2010-2014) 53 52 54 60 64 65 62 63 55 55 60 61

2014 72 63 70 77 80 84 80 71 66 60 67 69

2015 39 38 40 62 76 73 71 65 60 59 58 70

2016 71 65 63 65 70 81 81

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Kil

og

ram

s o

f m

aiz

e

exch

an

ged

fo

r a

go

at

Terms of Trade

5.1 MILK CONSUMPTION

Current household milk consumption deteriorated from 34 liters in June to 30 liters in

July, due to reduced milk production occasioned by deteriorating pasture and outbreak of

disease as well as migration.

The current mean price for the month is above both the long term averages and

maximum, which is normal for this period of the year.

Camel and cattle are still the main sources of milk production at household level.

Figure 15: A graph showing current average milk consumption for wajir against (2014-2015) mean.

5.2 HEALTH AND NUTRITION STATUS

5.2.1 Nutrition Status

The proportion of children at risk of malnutrition during the month under review recorded

16.0 percent as compared to 15.94 percent indicating no significant changes from the

previous month.

The highest percentage of children at risks of malnutrition was recorded in Wajir West

while those in Wajir South recorded the lowest.

The malnutrition situation of children under the age of five is mainly complicated by

chronic poverty and poor child practices

The malezi bora and maternal and child nutrition programmes are expected to improve the

situation in the long run.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept oct Nov Dec

Average(2014-2015) 0 9 8 12 16 18 14 9 8 9 15 11

max 0 17 16 23 31 35 27 17 17 17 30 22

Min 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2016 24 12 11 15 38 34 30

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Average milk consumption 2014-2015

Figure 16: A graph of Nutritional status of children between 12-59 months against (2010-14) long-term mean

5.3.2 Health

Malnutrition reports for children less than 5 years: 18 children were admitted as in-patients

for Management of Severe Malnutrition. 316 new children (6-59 months) were admitted

to the Outpatient Therapeutic Program (OTP) while 1138 children (6-59 months) were

admitted to Supplementary Feeding Programme (SFP). (Source: DHIS June 2016)

Under 5 years morbidity in April was; diarrhoea (2928) ,pneumonia (1197), intestinal

worms (703), Urinary Tract Infections (321), confirmed malaria (51) malnutrition (202),

diseases of the skin include wounds(691) and, Ear infections (828), (Source: DHIS

June2016)

Over 5 years morbidity in April was: diarrhoea (1217), confirmed malaria (160), Urinary

Tract Infections (3271), pneumonia (1672), Rheumatism joint pains (1163), and diseases

of the skin including wounds (1425). (Source: DHIS June2016)

5.4 COPING STRATEGIES

0

10

20

30

40

50

60


Pri

ce (

Ksh

. / k

g)

Average (2011-2015) 2015 2016

The Coping Strategies Index in June was 1.03 while in July it was 1.1which is a slight

decline of 0.2 points and which is above the long term average but within the seasonal

norm.

The main coping strategies currently employed by households include:

borrowing from friends and relatives

consumption of less preferred and cheaper foods,

purchasing food on credit

reduction in the number and sizes of meals,

skipping of meals

Figure17: A graph showing coping strategy index (CSI) for 2013-2015

Jan FebMarc

hApril may june july Aug sep oct Nov dec

Average 2013-2015 0 1.4 1.2 1.2 1 1.1 1 1 6 1 1 1.3

year 2016 0 0.9 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.03 1.1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

CO

PIN

G S

TRA

TEG

Y IN

DEX

S

Coping strategy indesxs

6.0 CURRENT INTERVENTION MEASURES (ACTION) 6.1 Non-food interventions.

Increase and sustained human and livestock diseases surveillance, treatment and

vaccination across livelihood zones

Malezi bora campaigns by the health sector and partners

Provision of additional water pans and boreholes for areas with water challenges

Child and maternal nutrition programme by Save the Children and the Ministry of Health

Community Capacity building in CMDRR, Early Warning and climate change

Training of farmers on Water melon, camel milk and local chicken value chains.

6.2 Food Aid

Vitamin A Supplementation, Zinc Supplementation.

Food fortification aimed at preventing micronutrient deficiency for growth and

development

Management of Acute Malnutrition (IMAM)

MIYCN Interventions (EBF and Timely introduction of complementary Foods).

7. EMERGING ISSUES 7.1 Insecurity/Conflict/Human Displacement

During the Month of July, there was no death related to human conflict reported except resourced

based low intensity tensions in Wajir North and Eldas areas as well as fighting for control of Water

pans between irrigation crop farmers and livestock owners in agro pastoral livelihood zone. Elders

have been able to manage and contain such situations.

7.2 Migration

Currently, there is both in and out migration in all the livelihood zones, this situation is normal at

this time of the year. In agro pastoral wajir north, there was in-migration from Mandera, Moyale

and neighbouring country of Ethiopia. In migration was mainly attributed to below normal rains

in the neighbouring regions. In wajir south pastoral cattle live hood zone there was in-migration

from Somalia and Garissa, due to below normal rains in those regions. The influx of livestock is

precipitating diseases across livelihood zones. Most livestock herders in Wajir West all species

have moved to Dedertu, Sabarwawa, Yamicha, Kom and Merti in Isiolo and Marsabit Counties

while those in Wajir East have cross border to Somalia Gedo and Juba regions. Factors

necessitating migration include pasture and avoidance of disease invested areas. In migration from

Ijara area of Garissa is not normal at this time of the year.

7.3 FOOD SECURITY PROGNOSIS

• Weather forecasters predict La Nina condition during the October-December short rains

• Slight increase in stable food prices expected as major markets run out of commodity

stocks during the long dry spell.

• Milk production and availability will decline significantly consequently affecting

consumption of the commodity by poor households.

• Rangeland conditions are expected to deteriorate during the months of August going into

mid October 2016 and thereafter improve if the expected short rain performs normally.

• There will be no crops cultivated across the county except Wajir central shallow wells

irrigated farms.

• Livestock migration will likely continue during the dry spell till the onset of the expected

short rains from mid October 2016.

• Water availability and accessibility is likely to decline in from August to mid-October

with likelihood of experiencing high water stress if the expected short rains season fails

in October-November 2016. Distances to water sources are expected to increase and

reduce consumption during September to October and thereafter improvement is

expected during the short rains.

• Number of households adopting stressed and crisis coping strategies likely to increase

and more so if the expected short rain performs below normal.

• Malnutrition cases of children under five are expected to increase from September and

October and thereafter improve if the short rains are realized normally.

8.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

Health & Nutrition

• Vitamin A Supplementation and Zinc Supplementation

• Management of Acute Malnutrition (IMAM)

• IYCN Interventions (EBF and Timely Intro of complementary Foods)

• Iron Folate Supplementation among Pregnant Women

• Deworming of all school going children

• Conduct campaigns to improve toilet coverage in the County in order to improve the

sanitation situation and reduce incidence of diseases outbreak

• Strengthen growth monitoring and provide CWC registers

• Screening for malnutrition and surveillance

• Upscale school health program

• Strengthen health promotion to improve HINI packages and WASH interventions

• Creation of more access points for water resources

• Strengthen IDSR reporting of malnutrition

• Establish ORT corners in facilities

• Strengthen nutrition supply chain

Agriculture and Livestock

Provision of agricultural extension services.

Provision of Irrigation infrastructure in Wajir town shallow well irrigation farmers

Provision of Shed net to household for fodder production

Closely monitor livestock migration and contain conflict along the common borders;

Build community capacities to grow fodder in anticipation of the long dry spell

Prepare drought response plans and activate implementation of activities in Wajir East, South

and West where the monthly vegetation deficit is showing severe.

Water

Routine maintenance of borehole breakdowns through rapid response teams

Prepositioning of fast moving spare parts

Construct more water points in order to reduce pressure on existing resources

Provide more water storage facilities in schools and new settlements

Carryout de-silting of water pans

Conduct water trucking in areas where the water pans dried up

Provide water treatment chemicals to households using unprotected water sources

national drought management authority wajir county...

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