national radio astronomy observatorynational radio astronomy observatory observing summary - 1984...

NATIONAL RADIO ASTRONOMY OBSERVATORY

Observing Summary - 1984 Statistics

February 1985

Some Highlights of the 1984 Research Program

• The 300-foot telescope was used to detect low-frequency carbon recombination lines from cold, diffuse Interstellar clouds in the direction of Cas A. Previously reported absorption lines were confirmed at 26 MHz and a number of other lines were identified in the 25 MHz to 68 MHz range. These lines promise to become an important diagnostic for the ionization conditions in cool interstellar clouds.

• Extremely painstaking observations of several Abell clusters of galaxies with the 140-foot telescope have yielded three positive detections of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect. The dimunition in the brightness of the microwave background in the direction of clusters is the direct result of the Inverse Compton scattering of the 3° K blackbody photons by electrons in the Intracluster gas. The observations took full advantage of the low noise temperature, broadband, and excellent stability of the Green Bank 18-26 MHz maser system.

• The J ■ 1*0 transition of the long-sought-after molecular ion, HCNff*", was detected with the 12-meter telescope at 74.1 GHz. The existence of protonated HCN is one of the prime tests of the theory of ion-molecule reaction schemes in interstellar chemistry. Virtually all CN-containing interstellar molecules, such as HCN, HNC, and many long-chain cyanopolyynes, form directly from HCNH+.

• A high-resolution VLA survey of all catalogued, high surface brightness, compact objects in the southern galactic plane uncovered a few objects which are not classifiable into previously known SNR categories. The peculiar axisymmetric source morphologies exhibit filamentary, nonthermal emission and spectral indices intermediate between shell- and Crab-like remnants and seem to represent a new class of nonthermal radio sources.

• VLA monitoring of the brightest radio sources in M82 over the past three years has detected rapid luminosity decay on the scale of only a few years. The sources are interpreted as decaying supernovae associated with the starburst source of energy and massive star formation in M82fs nucleus. The rate of supernova production in the inner nucleus of M82 is approximately 50 times higher than for the entire disk of our galaxy, and the individual sources are up to 150 times brighter than Cas A.

• The radio galaxy 3C 75 at the center of the cluster Abell 400 has been identified as the source of four jets originating from a double nucleus. Intercomparison of the high resolution VLA maps with detailed optical and X-ray images of the galaxy and cluster suggest that the jets may be powered from their interaction with the turbulent gas in the cluster as well as from an "engine" at the center of 3C 75.

Observing Hours 40

est. est. est. est. est. est.

1975 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90

Calendar Year

1300-Foot 140-Foot B 12-Meter WM Interferometer WhVLA

Fig. 1. This figure shows the hours scheduled for observing on each telescope during the last decade.

Distribution of Scheduled Observing Time

12-Meter 140-Foot 300-Foot VLA

:y

I ■il ■I. Ill I

1975 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 Calendar Year

1975 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84

Calendar Year 1975 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84

Calendar Year 1981 82 83 84

Calendar Year

\NRAO Staff I Visitors I Testing and Calibration

Fig. 2. These graphs show the number of hours scheduled for calibration and for observing by the NRAO staff and by visitors on each telescope system during the last decade.

12-Meter Radio Telescope Summary

o 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981

Calendar Year

1982 1983 1984

Observing Installation, Maintenance and Calibration Equipment Failure, Weather and Interference

Fig. 3. This summary for each quarter of the calendar year shows the percentage of time the telescope was scheduled for observing, for routine calibration, maintenance, and installation of new experiments, and the percentage of time lost due to equipment failure, bad weather, and radio interference. The telescope is removed from service for a period of 4-6 weeks each summer during the wet season. This period is used for maintenance and upgrading of the instrument. During the last half of 1982 and most of 1983, the telescope was out of service for the replacement of the reflecting surface and its backup structure.

100

80

v- 60

40

20

140-Foot Radio Telescope Summary

/ •^ "N V

r ̂ V.^ / A ys.

1

n ̂ 'N v. ̂ , ^ — "V y /■ s^ - \i ^s / /\ \ y^ - - \J h s/ V 1 V !

-^ V /' N vy /

s?

- \

/ i V A - -

w A \< A / / \ v A / A V /*s -

X rr: *s 'N v- J

/N s 7 v ̂N \/ ^C .—^ J \ ^ i_ ■>»<

y .^'~'^.

• V 0 V.^'

Calendar Year

Observing Installation, Maintenance and Calibration Equipment Failure, Weather and Interference

Fig. 4. This summary for each quarter of the calendar year shows the percentage of time the telescope was scheduled for observing, for routine calibration, maintenance, and installation of new experiments, and the percentage of time lost due to equipment failure, bad weather, and radio interference. Major improvements to the telescope system include: 1974 - installation of the maser Cassegrain system; 1977 - data processing computer and installa¬ tion of the maser Cassegrain system; 1978 - tests of the deformable subreflector; 1980 - installation of the Model IV autocorrelation receiver; 1982 - beam efficiency and pointing tests at 1.3 cm; 1983 - brake overhaul and Installation of the second channel of the upconverter/maser receiver.

300-Foot Radio Telescope Summary 100

80

■£ 60 a> o fc- a> ^ 40

20

0

V ^ ■"^ ^ ss ̂ -\ V /^ N^ ^\

V /~ A

V J r A r > V /"" - - *- "S \, y A - •s "

- •^m

\ /

1 V -

- V { - -

/ \

A

-

- - - ̂ : /s

^ .y A

S- y s\ ^ —■ ̂

/J "N \_ 7 V -/ A V - -■ — J, A ± -" . *

• Observing

Calendar Year

• Installation, Maintenance and Calibration Equipment Failure, Weather and Interference

Fig. 5. This summary for each quarter of the calendar year shows the percentage of time the telescope was scheduled for observing, for routine calibration, maintenance, and installation of new experiments, and the percentage of time lost due to equipment failure, bad weather, and radio interference. During 1980 a new traveling feed was installed, and in 1983 cables were replaced and the telescope was painted.

Very Large Array Telescope Summary

1977 1978 1979 1980 1981

Calendar Year

1982 1983 1984

Construction Initial Observing and Testing Observing Testing, Maintenance and Calibration Downtime

Fig. 6. This summary for each quarter of the calendar year shows the percentage of time the telescope was scheduled for observing, for routine system testing, maintenance, and calibration and the percentage of time lost due to hardware or software failure, power failure, or bad weather. During 1977 and 1978 no distinction was made between astronomical and test observing. Time scheduled for completion of the construction was reduced to zero after the first quarter of 1981.

450

400

350

300

fc250

^ 200

150

100

50

0

Full-Time Permanent Employees

ffifaVLA Construction

■I Research and Operations

I \VLBA Construction

rssst 'sw -ssss. rssss

1957 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87

vwx. rsssj

88 89 v Fiscal Year

v Calendar Year

Fig. 7. This figure shows the total number of NRAO full-time, permanent employees at the end of each year, projected into the future.

Number of People Observing With NRAO Telescopes

1959 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 Calendar Year

Fig. 8. This bar chart shows for each calendar year the number of NRAO permanent research staff and the number of research associates who use the telescopes. In addition, it shows the total number of visitor-users of NRAO telescopes and the number of institutions from which the NRAO visitors come. The significant jump in these last two categories for 1981 reflects the increased use of the VLA.

Distribution of Telescope Time by Per Cent

12-meter 140-foot 300-foot VLA 1984 Summary

Visitors 46% 60% 48% 56% 53%

Students 4% 9% 28% 9% 12%

Permanent Staff 10% 12% 10% 7% 10%

Research Associates 0% 1% 5% 3% 2%

Tests and Calibrations 15% 6% 0% 16% 9%

Maintenance and Installation 23% 10% 7% 8% 12%

Holidays and Unscheduled 1% 2% 2% 1% 2%

10

Distribution of Scheduled Observing Programs in Various Research Areas, by Percent

12-meter 140-foot 300-foot VLA Overall

I. SOLAR SYSTEM —

Sun, Planets, Satellites, and Comets 3% 2% 4% 5% 4%

II. STELLAR

Pulsars, X-ray Sources, Planetary Nebulae, 23% Circumstellar Shells, Supernova Remnants, Masers, Novae, Supernovae, and Stars

9% 11% 22% 16%

III. GALACTIC

Galactic Structure, Center, Molecular Clouds, HII Regions, Star Formation, Molecules, and Interstellar Medium

45% 22% 19% 23% 27%

IV. EXTRAGALACTIC —

Normal and Active Galaxies, Radio Galaxies, 29% Clusters, Quasars, VLB Studies, Extra- galactic Molecules, and Cosmology

67% 66% 50% 53%

11

Institutions from which Visitors Came to Use NRAO Telescopes during 1984

Telescope

Institution 12-m 140-ft 300-ft VLA

1. Anglo Australian Observatory 2. Alabama U. of 3. Arcetri Ap. Obs. (Italy) 4. Arizona U. of - Steward, L & P Lab. 5. Barcelona U. of (Spain)

x x

X X X X

6. Battelle Northwest Labs. 7. Bell Labs. (N.J.) 8. Besancon Obs. (France) 9. Birmingham U. of (UK)

10. Bologna U. of (Italy)

11. Boston U. 12. Brandeis Univ. 13. British Columbia U. of (Canada) 14. Brookhaven Nat. Laboratories 15. Bureau de Longitudes (Paris)

x x

16. Calgary U. of (Canada) 17. Calif. U. of, Davis 18. Calif. U. of, Berkeley - Hat Creek Obs. 19. Calif. U. of, L.A. 20. Caltech - OVRA, Mt. Palomar

21. Cambridge Univ. - Cavendish, Mullard, I0A 22. Catania U. of (Italy) 23. Catholic U. 24. CFA - Harvard & SAO 25. Centre College

12

Institution 12-m

Telescope

140-ft 300-ft VLA

26. Chalmers - Onsala Space Obs. (Sweden) 27. Chicago U. of - Yerkes Obs. 28. Chile, U. of 29. CIDA (Venezuela) 30. CSIR (Johannesburg, S. Africa)

x x X X X

31. Colgate U. 32. Cologne U. (FRG) 33. Colorado U. of - JILA 34. Columbia Univ. 35. Computer Tech. Assoc.

x X X X

36. Copernicus U. - Torun Obs. (Poland) 37. Cornell Univ. 38. CSIRO (Australia) 39. CTIO - Cerro Tololo Inter. Obs. (Chile) 40. Dartmouth College

41. DAO - Dominion Ap. Obs. (Canada) 42. DRAO - Dominion Radio Ap. Obs. (Canada) 43. ESO - Eur. Southern Obs. (FRG; Chile) 44. ESOC (Damstadt, FRG) 45. ESTEC (Netherlands)

46. Florida State Univ. 47. Florida U. of 48. George Mason Univ. 49. Grenoble U. of (France) 50. Gronlngen U. of - Kapteyn Lab. (Netherlands)

13

Institution 12-m

Telescope

140-ft 300-ft VLA

51. Hamburger Sternwarte (FRG) 52. Haverford College 53. Hawaii U. of - Inst, of Astronomy 54. Haystack Obs. - NEROC 55. Howard Univ.

x x X X

56. lAS-Frascati, Italy 57. Illinois U. of - Vermilion River Obs. 58. Indiana U. of 59. Interferometries. Inc. 60. Iowa U. of

61. Iowa State Univ. 62. TRAM (France) 63. JagielIonian Univ. (Poland) 64. Johns Hopkins Univ. - Space Tel. 65. JPL - Goldstone

Inst.

66. Kansas U. of 67. Keele U. of (UK) 68. Kent U. of (UK) 69. Kentucky U. of 70. KPNO - Kitt Peak Nat. Obs.

71. Lafayette College 72. Leicester U. of (UK) 73. Leiden U. of - Huygens Lab. (Netherlands) 74. Lockheed Res. Lab. 75. Los Alamos National Lab.

x X X X X

14

Institution 12-m

Telescope

140-ft 300-ft VLA

76. Louisiana State U. 77. Manchester U. of - Jodrell, Nuffield 78. Marseille Obs. (France) 79. Maryland U. of - Clark Lake Obs. 80. Massachusetts U. of - Five College Obs.

81. Meudon Obs. (France) 82. Mexico U. of - Inst, of Ast. (Mexico) 83. Michigan State U. 84. Michigan U. of 85. Milano (Italy)

x x X X X

86. Minnesota U. of 87. MIT - Lincoln Labs. 88. Mbnash U. (Australia) 89. Moscow U. of - SSAI 90. MPI (Heidelberg, FRG)

91. MPIPA (Munich, FRG) 92. MPIR (Bonn, FRG) 93. Mt. Stromlo Obs. (Australia) 94. Mt. Wilson & Las Campanas - Carnegie 95. NAIC - Arecibo Obs. (P.R.)

96. Nagoya Univ. (Japan) 97. Nanking U. of (China) 98. NASA, Ames 99. NASA, Goddard - GSFC

100. NBS - National Bureau Stds.

15

Institution 12-m

Telescope

140-ft 300-ft VLA

101. NFRA (Netherlands) 102. NMIMT - New Mexico Inst. Mining Tech. 103. New Mexico U. of 104. New Mexico State U. 105. New York Univ.

x x X X

106. North Carolina U. of 107. NRC - Algonquin, Herzberg (Canada) 108. NRL - Naval Research Labs. 109. NSF - National Science Foundation 110. Oklahoma U. of

111. Oregon U. of 112. Padova Observatory (Italy) 113. Palermo U. of (Italy) 114. Paris Observatory (France) 115. Penn State Univ.

x x X X

116. Pittsburgh U. of - Allegheny Obs. 117. Princeton U. - Inst. Adv. Studies 118. Puerto Rico Univ. 119. Purple Mt. Obs. (China) 120. Queen Mary College (England)

x x

X X X X X

121. Queens Univ. (Canada) 122. Raman Institute (India) 123. Rensselaer Polytech Inst. 124. Rice U. 125. Royal Greenwich Obs. (England)

16

Institution 12-m

Telescope

140-ft 300-ft VLA

126. Royal Obs. - UKIRT (Scotland) 127. Rutgers State Univ. 128. Stanford U. - Inst. Plasma Res. 129. Stockholm Observatory (Sweden) 130. SUNY (All Campuses)

131. Sussex U. of (England) 132. Sydney U. of (Australia) 133. Tata Inst. - TIFR, RAC (India) 134. Texas U. of, Austin - McDonald Obs. 135. Toronto U. of - D. Dunlap Obs. (Canada)

136. Tufts Univ. 137. Turku U. of (Finland) 138. Univ. College London 139. USNA - U.S. Naval Academy 140. USNO - U.S. Naval Obs.

x X X X X

141. Utrecht U. of (Ast. Inst. - Netherlands) 142. Victoria U. of (Canada) 143. Virginia U. of 144. VPI & SU 145. Washington U. of

146. Wellesley College 147. Williams College 148. Wisconsin U. of - Washburn Obs. 149. Wyoming U. of

x x

17

Institution 12-m

Telescope

140-ft 300-ft VLA

No. of Institutions 38 57 33 133

No. of Visitors No. of Students No. of Research Associates No. of Permanent Staff

3 143 47 445 5 29 17 97 1 3 3 9

Total Observers 54

All told, 651 visitors, including 125 students, from 149 institutions.

192 72 587

18

160

140

120

100

E 80

NRAO Student Program

I Undergraduate

I Co-op

I Summer Graduate

\Ph.D.

1959 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87

Calendar Year

88 89

Fig. 9. This figure shows for each calendar year the number of Ph.D. students (salaried and non-salaried), co-op students, and summer undergraduate and graduate students who observed or worked at the NRAO during that year.

19

TECHNICAL DATA SHEET NOVEMBER 1984

NRAO Front-End Box Status No. 12 PAGE 1 OF 4

AppMcable Tclwoope

Frequency (GHz) Type

System Temperature

(Kelvin)

3 dB Bandwidth

(MHz)

Feed Type

Polarization Calibration

Value Switching System Remarks

Person(s) in

Charge

300-ft Traveling Feed

25-50 MHz

(8 ■)

Transistor Dual-

Channel

> 450 K - i 500 Kwith Dicke switch.

25 Fat Dipole

Single Linear E-W.

Adjustable 8 K to 8000 K.

Removable diode Dicke switch.

Designed for pulsar, continuum, and line work. About 2 hours to change Dicke switch and feed hybrid. Frequency switching not available. Usable with 4-channel aultl- bandwidth receiver and all HRAO line receivers.

Brundage

(Sizeaore)

50-80 MHz

(4.6 ■)

5 « 10% Bandwidth. Tunable Crossed- Dtpole.

Orthogonal Linear or removable quad hybrid at feed for RCP and LCP.

Adjustable 30 K to 30 000 K.

140-ft Clip-On

or 30O-ft Traveling Feed

110-250 (MHz)

(1.7 ■)

i 200 K- i 260 K with Dicke switch.

140 Broadband Crossed- Dipole.

Adjustable 8 K to 8000 K.

250-500 (MHx)

(80 cm)

i 320 K. i 200 K with mnovwbtc 330-450 MHz amplifiers. Additional 50 K with Dicke switch.

250

Broadband Crossed- Dipole.

Adjustable 1.5 K to 1500 K.

300-ft New Trsvellng Feed Mount

300/140-ft Sterling Mount

300-350 (MHz)

(90 ca)

Cooled Op- converter/ GASFET Aap Dual Channel

50 50 300-350 350-410 Cavity-backed Crossed Dlpoles.

Dual Orthogonal Linear.

5 K Frequency switching. When installed on the 300-ft traveling feed, two feeds can be used: the 750-1000 MHz on the west end of the box and one of the others on the east end. Selection of one of the two feeds should take less than 5 alnutes. To change a feed requires three hours. Coe

(Shank)

35ft-M6 (80 ca) 60

500-750 (MHz)

(48 cir)

Cooled Up- converter/ GASFET Amp Uual Channel

60 250 500-750 Scalar with Crossed

When installed in the Sterling mount on the 140-ft or 300-ft antennas, only one of the four feeds

300- 350 MHz 350- 410 MHz 500- 750 MHz or 750-1000 MHz

can be used. To change feeds requires two hours on the 140-ft and three hours on the 300-ft.

750-1000 (MHz) (34 cm)

Cooled Up- converter/ GASFET Amp Dual Channel

70 250 750-1000 Scalar with Crossed Dlpoles.

300/140-ft 1.00-1.45 (25 cu)

(6/25 Rx)

Cooled FET Dual Channel

35 to 40 450 Single Beam Scalar.

Orthogonal Linear.

8K to 14 K

Frequency switching. Noise adding.

Part of 4. 5—5.1 GHz receiver listed below. Feed change required to go to 6 cm.

Coe

(Shank)

300/140-ft 1.30-1.50 (21 at, 4 feed)

Unoooled GaAsFET 4 Channel

90-100 200 max. 77 min.

4 Horns. Linear. » 7 K (cal) «440K

Noise add

Noise adding or frequency switching.

Line or continuum from control room. RF bandwidth variable from control room.

Behrena

(Vrable)

20

TECHNICAL DATA SHEEI

NOVEMBER 1984 No. 12 PAGE 2 OF 4

Applicable Telescope

Frequency (GHz)

Amplifier Type

Dual Channel Cooled FET

System Temperature

(Kelvin)

3 dB Bandwidth

(MHz)

Feed Type

Polarization Calibration

Value Switching System Remarks

Person in

Charge

140/300-ft 1.30-1.80 (19 cm)

(23 ca) (22 cm) (18 cm)

23-30 Up to 120 Three 2HE

1.30-1.36* 1.30-1.43 1.60-1.72 ♦Available

1984.

Orth. Linear or Circular

2 K and 200 K

Frequency switching or Noise adding.

Either circular or linear polarizations are selectable. Circular polarization requires adjustments from the control room. Band change requires feed change, 2 to 3 hours.

(Chestnut)

300/140-ft 2.695 (11 cm, 3-feed)

Uncooled GaAsFET 4 Channel

130 120 DSB

3 Horns Circular or Linear

4 K 300 K load or polarization, or beam.

on both polarizations. Four hours to change polarization.

Brundage

(Chestnut)

300/140-ft 3.12-3.37

(9 cm)

Cooled Paraaps Dual Channel

60 K line and load switched. 70 K polariza¬ tion switched.

250 Fixed Tuned

Single Beam, Dual Polarized

Orth. Linear or Orth. Circular

4 K

and

14 K

Cooled Dicke switches (latchliig ferrite) for load (20 K) switching or beam/polarization switching with noise injection for balanc¬ ing 10 Hz maximum rate.

Continuum and line use. Feed change approxi¬ mately 6 hours on 300-ft and 2 hours on 140-ft

Brundage

(Chestnut)

65 Kload switched. 75 K beam switched.

250 Fixed

Tuned

Dual Beams offset by

3 HPBW, stagy

polarized.

Identical Linear or Identical Circular or Orth. Circular

300/140-ft 4.47-5.04 (6 cm)

(6/25 Rx)

Cooled GaAsFET Dual Channel

50-60 570 Beam

Orth. Circular 1.4 K or 12.8 K

Other polarization. Includes cooled FET's for 1.0-1.45 GHz. Feed change required to go to 25 cm.

Coe.

(Shank) Dual Beam Offset 3 HPBW

Identical or Orth. Circular or Identical Linear

Beam switching.

140-ft Cassegrain

Two Receivers

4.7-7.2

(5 cm)

Upconverter Maser

30-50 60-300 Cassegrain Fixed Linear Circular VLB

3-7 K Frequency or Nutator Beam

T Frequency 8y8z

4.7- 4.9 40-50 4.9- 6.5 30-40 6.5- 7.2 40-50 (Dunbrack)

7,6-11.2 (3 cm)

Upconverter Maser

35-80 60-300 Cassegrain Fixed Linear Circular VLB


7.6- 8.5 50-80 8.5-11.2 35-45

12.0-16.2

(2 cm)

Upconverter Maser

50-80 60-300 Cassegrain Fixed Linear 7-10 K Frequency or Nutator Beam

12.0-16.2 50-80

18.2-25.2 (1.4 cm)

Maser 40-70 60-300 Cassegrain Fixed Linear Circular VLB


18.2-25.2 40-70

21

TECHNICAL DATA SHEET

NOVEMBER 1984 No. 12


Frequency (GHz)

Amplifier Type

System Temperature

0Celvin)

Continuum Sensitivity

(Jansky Vsec)

3 dB Bandwidth

Feed Type Polarization

Calibration Value

Switching System Remarks

Person in

Charge

12-m 70-115 Cooled Mixer

280-500 SSB

3 650 MHz Horn-Lens Dual Linear

10 K Nutating Subreflector

Cochran

12-m 200-270 Cooled Mixer

500-1000 SSB

5 at 230 GHz

600 MHz Horn-Lens Dual Linear

- Nutating Subreflector

Range will be extended from 270- 300 later in 1984.

Payne

22

TECHNICAL SATA SHEET

NOVEMBER 1984 No. 12 PAGE 4 OF 4


Frequency (GHz)

Amplifier Type

System Temperature

(Kelvin)

3dB Bandwidth

(MHz)

Feed Type

Polarization

Dual Orthogonal Circular

Calibration Value

25

Switching System Remarks Person

in Charge

VLA 300— 350

Uncooled Transistor

250 3 MHz limited by

interference)

Prime Focus (offset)

Noise injection, 9.6 Hz, 50 percent cycle.

On antennas 8, 12, and 15 only. This system is a prototype undergoing development.

LUie

VLA 1340- 1730

Cooled FET

60 55 Cassegrain Dual Orthogonal Circular

4 Noise injection, 9.6 Hz, 50 percent cycle.

Lilie

VLA 4500- 5000

Cooled Paramp or Cooled Paramp and FET



LUie

VLA 14 400- 15 400

Cooled FET



LiUe

VLA 22 000- 24 000

Cooled Mixer



LUie

23

NRAO - Staff and Visitor Publications 1984

Abbott, D. C; Bieging, J. H.; and Churchwell, E. "The Detection of Variable, Nonthermal Radio Emission from TWo 0 Type Stars." Astrophys. J., 280, 671-678, 1984.

Altschuler, D. R.; Broderick, J. J.; Condon, J. J.; Dennison, B.; Mitchell, K. J.; (VDell, S. L.; and Payne, H. E. "Multifrequency Light Curves of Low-Frequency Variable Radio Sources." Astron. J., 89, 1784-1798, 1984.

Altschuler, D. R.; Glovanardi, C; Glovanelli, R.; and Haynes, M. P. "A 1405-MHz Continuum Survey of Dwarf Galaxies." Astron. J., 89, 224-230, 1984.

Andrews, M. D. and Basart J. P. "High-Resolution Radio Observations of Nonthermal Sources in the Rho Ophiuchus Dark Cloud." Astron. J., 89, 417-420, 1984.

Antonucci, R. R. J. "A Statistical Study of the Properties of Radio Galaxies." Astrophys. J., 281, 112-125, 1984.

Antonucci, R. R. J. "Optical Spectropolarimetry of Radio Galaxies." Astrophys. J., 278, 499-520, 1984.

Antonucci, R. R. J. and Ulvestad, J. S. "Blazars Can Have Double Radio Sources." Nature, 308, 617-619, 1984.

Archer, J. W. "An Efficient 200-290-GHz Frequency Tripler Incorporating a Novel Stripline Structure." IEEE Trans. Micro. Theory Tech., MTT-32, 416-420, 1984.

Archer, J. W. "A Novel Quasi-optical Frequency Multiplier Design for Millimeter and Submillimeter Wavelengths." IEEE Trans. Micro. Theory Tech., MTT-32, 421-427, 1984.

Archer, J. W. and Faber, M. T. "A Very Low-Noise Receiver for 80-120 GHz." Int. J. Infrared Mm. Waves, _5, 1069-1081, 1984.

Baan, W. A. and HaSchick, A. D. "The Peculiar Galaxy IC 4553: VLA-A Observations of the OH Megamaser." Astrophys. J., 279, 541-549, 1984.

Bania, T. M. and Lockman, F. J. "A Survey of the Latitude Structure of Galactic H I on Small Angular Scales." Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 54, 513-545, 1984.

24

Bartel, N.; Shapiro, I. I.; Corey, B. E.; Marcaide, J. M.; Rogers, A. E. E.; Whitney, A. R.; Cappallo, R. J.; Ruhr, H.; Graham, D. A.; and Baath, L. "The Compact Radio Source 2021+614: Simultaneous 2.3 and 8.3 GHz Mark III VLBI Observations." Astrophys. J., 279, 116-121, 1984.

Barthel, P. D.; MLley, G. K.; Schilizzi, R. T.; and Preuss, E. "Compact Radio Cores in Extended Quasars." Astron. Astrophys., 140, 399-404, 1984.

Barvainls, R. and Clemens, D. P. "A Search for SiO Masers in Orion-Like Regions." Astron. J., 89, 1833-1835, 1984.

Becker, R. H. and Helfand, D. J. "New Radio Observations of the Composite Supernova Remnant G29.7-0.3." Astrophys. J., 283, 154-157, 1984.

Bennett, C. L.; Lawrence, C. R.; and Burke, B. F. "5 GHz Source Variability and the Gain of the NRAO 300-foot Telescope." Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 54, 211-227, 1984.

Benson, J. M. and Johnston, K. J. "Arc-Second Resolution Maps of the Compact Sources in Sagittarius B2 and G34.3+0.2." Astrophys. J., 277, 181-188, 1984.

Benson, J. M.; Mutel, R. L.; and Gaume, R. A. "High Angular Resolution Observations of the OH Masers in W51 (Main)." Astron. J., 89, 1391-1397, 1984.

Bertola, F.; Casini, C; Bettoni, D.; Galletta, G.; Noreau, L.; and Kronberg, P. P. "NGC 3448 Revisited: A Combined Optical, Radio, and UV Investigation." Astron. J., 89, 350-355, 1984.

Bieging, J. H.; Cohen, M.; and Schwartz, P. R. "VLA Observations of T Tauri Stars. II. A Luminosity Limited Survey of Taurus-Auriga." Astrophys. J., 282, 699-708, 1984.

Bothun, G. D.; Margon, B.; and Balick, B. "An Unsuccessful Search for Very Extended Halos Around NGC 1300 and M 61." Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific, 96, 583-587, 1984.

Bowers, P. F. "OH Maser Emission as a Probe of Circumstellar Envelope Structure." Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars, 3, 356-358, 1984.

25

Bowers, P. F. "VLA Observations of 1612 and 1667 MHz OH Masers Associated with IRC +10420." Astrophys. J., 279, 350-357, 1984.

Bowers, P. F. and Hagen, W. "Luminosities and Mass Loss Rates of OH/H2O Maser Stars." Astrophys. J., 285, 637-647, 1984.

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Perley, R. A.; Bridle, A. H.; and Willis, A. G. "High-Resolution VLA Observations of the Radio Jet in NGC 6251." Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 54, 291-334, 1984.

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Perley, R. A.; Dreher, J. W.; and Cowan, J. J. "The Jet and Filaments in Cygnus A." Astrophys. J., 285, L35-L38, 1984.

Phillips, T. and Flory, R. "Reconstructed Antenna." Sky & Telesc, 68, 493, 1984.

Pye, J. P.; Becker, R. H.; Seward, F. D.; and Thomas, N. "Radio and X-ray Maps of the Supernova Remnant W49B." Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc, 207, 649-657, 1984.

Readhead, A. C. S.; Preston, R. A.; Meier, D. L.; Linfield, R. P.; Lawrence, C. R.; Dhawan, V.; Simon, R. S.; Wilkinson, P. N.; Bolton, S.; Burke, B. F.; Cornwell, T. J.; Evans, R. F.; Johnston, R. J.; Jordan, F.; Moffet, A. T.; Neill, A. E.; Pearson, T. J.: Spencer, J. H.; Roberts, D. H.; and Unwin, S. C. "A Study of the Imaging Potential of QUASAT." In: QUASAT - A VLBI Observatory in Space. ESA SP-213. (Paris: European Space Agency, 1984) 101-110.

Resch, G. M.; Hogg, D. E.; and Napier, P. J. "Radiometric Correction of Atmospheric Path Length Fluctuations in Interferometric Experiments." Radio Sci., 19, 411-422, 1984.

Reynolds, S. P. and Chanan, G. A. "On the X-ray Emission from Crab-Like Supernova Remnant." Astrophys. J., 281, 673-681, 1984.

Reynolds, S. P. and Chevalier, R. A. "Evolution of Pulsar-Driven Supernova Remnants." Astrophys. J., 278, 630-648, 1984.

Reynolds, S. P. and Chevalier, R. A. "A New Type of Extended Nonthermal Radio Emitter: Detection of the Old Nova GR Persei." Astrophys. J., 281, L33-L35, 1984.

Roberts, J. A.; Berge, G. L.; and Blgnell, R. C. "High-Resolution Maps of the 1.5 GHz Emission from Jupiter's Disk and Radiation Belt." Astrophys. J., 282, 345-358, 1984.

Roberts, M. S. and Havlen, R. J. "National Radio Astronomy Observatory (Annual Report, July 1982 - June 1983)." Bull. Am. Astron. Soc, 16, 252-290, 1984.

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Rood, H. J. and Williams, B. A. "The Intergalactic HI Cloud in Leo: A Spltzer-Baade Collision Product?" Astrophys. J., 285, L5-L9, 1984.

Rood, R. T.; Bania, T. M.; and Wilson, T. L. "The 8.7 GHz Hyperfine Line of 3He+ in Galactic H II Regions." Astrophys. J., 280, 629-647, 1984.

Rudnick, L.; Jones, T. W.; Edgar, B. R.; and Pedelty, J. A. "BL Lac's Rotation Measure." Astron. J., 89, 316-318, 1984.

Rudnick, L.; Sitko, M. L.; and Stein, W. A. "The Nature of Radio-Quiet QSOs - VLA Observations of 0026+129, 0205+024, and 1351+640." Astron. J., 89, 753-757, 1984.

Sahal, R.; Wootten, A.; and Clegg, R. E. S. "SiS in Circumstellar Shells." Astrophys. J., 284, 144-156, 1984.

Saikia, D. J.; Shastri, P.; Sinha, R. P.; Rapahi, V. K.; and Swarup, G. "Extragalactic Sources with Asymmetric Radio Structure I. Observations of 17 Sources." J. Astrophys. Astron., J5, 429-473, 1984.

Saikia, D. J.; Swarup, G.; and Sinha, R. P. "Radio Observations of the BL Lac Object 1400 + 162." J. Astrophys. Astron., _5» 475-482, 1984.

Sanders, D. B.; Solomon, P. M.; and Scoville, N. Z. "Giant Molecular Clouds in the Galaxy. I. The Axisymmetric Distribution of H2.,, Astrophys. J., 276, 182-203, 1984.

Sanders, R. H.; van Albada, T. S.; and Oosterloo, T. "Gravitational Imaging by Superclusters." Astrophys. J., 278, L91-L94, 1984.

Saslaw, W. C. and Hamilton, A. J. S. "Thermodynamics and Galaxy Clustering: Nonlinear Theory of High Order Correlations." Astrophys. J., 276, 13-25, 1984.

Schwab, F. R. "Optimal Gridding of Visibility Data in Radio Interferometry." In: Indirect Imaging: Measurement and Processing for Indirect Imaging. Ed. J. A. Roberts. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984) 333-346.

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Schwab, F. R. "Relaxing the Isoplanatism Assumption In Self-Calibration; Applications to Low-Frequency Radio Interferometry." Astron. J., 89, 1076-1081, 1984.

Schwartz, P. R.; Simon, T.; Zuckerman, B.; Dyck, H. M.; and Howell, R. R. "The T Tauri Radio Source." Astrophys. J., 280, L23-L26, 1984.

Seaquist, E. R.; Taylor, A. R.; and Button, S. "A Radio Survey of Symbiotic Stars." Astrophys. J., 284, 202-210, 1984.

Shevgaonkar, R. R. and Rundu, M. R. "Three-Dimensional Structure of Two Solar Active Regions from VLA Observations at 2, 6, and 20 Centimeter Wavelengths." Astrophys. J., 283, 413-420, 1984.

Simon, M.; Cassar, L.; Felli, M.; Fischer, J.; Massi, M.; and Sanders, D. "Star Formation in the M8E Region." Astrophys. J., 278, 170-175, 1984.

Sitko, M. L.; Rudnick, L.; Jones, T. W.; and Schmidt, G. D. "Optical and Radio Polarimetry of the Quasar 0846+513." Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific, 96, 402-405, 1984.

Snell, R. L.; Mundy, L. G.; Goldsmith, P. F.; Evans, N. J. II; and Erickson, N. R. "Models of Molecular Clouds. I. Multitransition Study of CS." Astrophys. J., 276, 625-645, 1984.

Spangler, S. R.; Myers, S. T.; and Pogge, J. J. "VLA Observations of Radio Galaxies with Extended Lobe Emission: 3C 79 and 3C 430." Astron. J., 89, 1478-1486, 1984.

Spangler, S. R. and Pogge, J. J. "VLA Observations of the Distant Radio Galaxy 3C 411." Astron. J., 89, 342-349, 1984.

Sramek, R. A.; Panagia, N.; and Weiler, R. W. "Radio Emission from a Type I Supernova: SN 1983.51 in NGC 5236." Astrophys. J., 285, L59-L62, 1984.

Stier, M. T.; Jaffe, D. T.; Rengarajan, T. N.; Fazio, G. G.; Maxson, C. W.; McBreen, B.; Loughran, L.; Serio, S.; and Sciortino, S. "Far-Infrared and CO Observations of the W33 Complex." Astrophys. J., 283, 573-579, 1984.

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Stinebrlng, D.; Cordes, J. M.; Rankin, J. M.; Weisberg, J. M.; and Borlakoff, V. "Pulsar Polarization Fluctuations. I. 1404 MHz Statistical Summaries." Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 55, 247-277, 1984.

Stinebrlng, D.; Cordes, J. M.; Weisberg, J. M.; Rankin, J. M.; and Borlakoff, V. "Pulsar Polarization Fluctuations. II. 800 MHz Statistical Summaries." Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 55, 279-288, 1984.

Stocke, J. T.; Foltz, C. B.; Weymann, R. J.; and Christiansen, W. A. "The Radio Properties of the Broad Absorption-Line Quasars." Astrophys. J., 280, 476-482, 1984.

Swarup, G.; Sinha, R. P.; and Hilldrup, R. "Hotspots and Radio Lobes of Quasars." Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc, 208, 813-843, 1984.

Taylor, A. R. and Seaquist, E. R. "H I Absorption in the Direction of Galactic-Plane Variables: Evidence for Rapidly Variable Extragalactic Radio Sources." Astron. J., 89, 1692-1694, 1984.

Taylor, A. R. and Seaquist, E. R. "Radio Emission from Symbiotic Stars: A Binary Model." Astrophys. J., 286, 263-268, 1984.

Taylor, A. R.; Seaquist, E. R.; and Gregory, P. C. "High-Resolution Observations of Galactic-Plane Radio Variables." Astron. J., 89, 1180-1189, 1984.

Thronson, H. A. Jr. and Lada, C. J. "A Search for High-Velocity Carbon Mbnosulfide Emission in Star-Forming Regions." Astrophys. J., 284, 135-140, 1984.

Thronson, H. A. Jr.; Lada, C. J.; Schwartz, P. R.; Smith, H. A.; Smith, J.; Glaccum, W.; Harper, D. A.; and Loewenstein, R. F. "NGC 2024: Far-Infrared and Radio Molecular Observations." Astrophys. J., 280, 154-162, 1984.

Thronson, H. A. Jr.; Schwartz, P. R.; Smith, H. A.; Lada, C. J.; Glaccum, W.; and Harper, D. A. "W3 North: Far-Infrared and Radio Molecular Observations." Astrophys. J., 284, 597-600, 1984.

Thuan, T. X.; Windhorst, R. A.; Puschell, J. J.; Isaacman, R. B.; and Owen, F. N. "Near-Infrared Photometry of Faint Radio Galaxies in Selected Areas." Astrophys. J., 285, 515-526, 1984.

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Turner, B. E. and Matthews, H. E. "Shell Structure in Ultracompact H II Regions." Astrophys. J., 277, 164-180, 1984.

Ulrich, M.-H. and Meier, D. L. "5-GHz Observations of Cores in Extended Radio Galaxies." Astron. J., 89, 203-215, 1984.

Ulvestad, J. S. and Johnston, R. J. "A Search for Arcminute-Scale Radio Emission in BL Lacertae Objects." Astron. J., 89, 189-194, 1984.

Ulvestad, J. S. and Wilson, A. S. "Radio Structures of Seyfert Galaxies. V. A Flux-Limited Sample of Markarian Seyferts." Astrophys. J., 278, 544-557, 1984.

Ulvestad, J. S. and Wilson, A. S. "Radio Structures of Seyfert Galaxies. VI. VLA Observations of a Nearby Sample." Astrophys. J., 285, 439-452, 1984.

Uson, J. M. and Wilkinson, D. T. "Improved Limits on Small-Scale Anisotropy in Cosmic Microwave Background." Nature, 312, 427-429, 1984.

Uson, J. M. and Wilkinson, D. T. "New Limits on Small-Scale Ani sot ropy in the Microwave Background." Astrophys. J., 277, L1-L3, 1984.

Uson,' J. M. and Wilkinson, D. T. "Small-Scale Isotropy of the Cosmic Microwave Background at 19.5 GHz." Astrophys. J., 283, 471-478, 1984.

van Breugel, W. and Fomalont, E. "Is 3C 310 Blowing Bubbles?" Astrophys. J., 282, L55-L58, 1984.

van Breugel, W.; Heckman, T.; and Miley, G. "Optical Line Emission Associated with the Radio Galaxy 4C 26.42 in the Cluster of Galaxies Abell 1795." Astrophys. J., 276, 79-91, 1984.

van Breugel, W.; Miley, G.; and Heckman, T. "Studies of Kiloparsec-Scale, Steep-Spectrum Radio Cores I. VLA Maps." Astron. J., 89, 5-22, 1984.

van Gorkom, J. H.; Balkowski, C; and Rotanyi, C. "HI Deficiency in the Virgo Cluster: VLA Observations. In: Clusters and Groups of Galaxies. Ed. F. Mardirossian et al. (Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1984) 261-265.

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Velusamy, T. "Radio Detection of a Jet in the Crab Nebula." Nature, 308, 251-252, 1984.

von Hoemer, S. "Design Principles for Large Millimeter-Wave Telescopes." J. Space Astron. Res., ^, 1-15, 1984.

von Hoerner, S. "Is There Intelligent Life in Space?" J. Space Astron. Res., l_f 23-33, 1984.

Walker, R. C. "H2O in W49N. II. Statistical Studies of Hyperfine Structure, Clustering, and Velocity Distributions." Astrophys. J., 280, 618-628, 1984.

Walker, R. C. "VLBI Array Design." In: Indirect Imaging: Measurement and Processing for Indirect Imaging. Ed. J. A. Roberts. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984) 53-65.

Wardle, J. F. C; Moore, R. L.; and Angel, J. R. P. "The Radio Morphology of Blazars and Relationships to Optical Polarization and to Normal Radio Galaxies." Astrophys. J., 279, 93-111, 1984.

Weliachew, L.; Fomalont, E. B.; and Greisen, E. W. "Radio Observations of HI and OH in the Center of the Galaxy M82." Astron. Astrophys., 137, 335-342, 1984.

Wilking, B. A.; Harvey, P. M.; Lada, C. J.; Joy, M.; and Doe ring, C. R. "The Formation of Massive Stars Along the W5 Ionization Front." Astrophys. J., 279, 291-303, 1984.

Wilkinson, P. N. "Potential Affiliate Stations to Work with the EVN." In: QUASAT - A VLBI Observatory in Space. ESA SP-213. (Paris: European Space Agency, 1984) 111-113.

Wilkinson, P. N.; Booth, R. S.; Cornwell, T. J.; and Clark, R. R. "Peculiar Radio Structure in the QSO 3C380." Nature, 308, 619-621, 1984.

Williams, B. A. "A Dynamical Study of TWo Groups in the Coma/Al367 Supercluster. In: Clusters and Groups of Galaxies. Ed. F. Mardirossian et al. (Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1984) 375-380.

Wlllson, R. F. and Lang, R. R. "Very Large Array Observations of Solar Active Regions. IV. Structure and Evolution of Radio Bursts from 20 Centimeter Loops." Astrophys. J., 279, 427-437, 1984.

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Wolstencroft, R. D.; Tully, R. B.; and Perley, R. A. "VLA Observations of the Optical Jets and Nucleus of NGC 1097." Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc, 207, 889-896, 1984.

Woodward, C. E.; Heifer, H. L.; and Plpher, J. L. "Observations of an Ionization Ridge Containing an Embedded O-B Cluster in the G10.2-0.3 HII Region of W31." Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc, 209, 209-214, 1984.

Wootten, A.; Loren, R. B.; and Bally, J. "Formaldehyde in the Orion Molecular Flow: Evidence for a Gentle Acceleration." Astrophys. J., 277, 189-195, 1984.

Wootten, A.; Loren, R. B.; Sandqvlst, A.; Friberg, P.; and Hjalmarson, A. "The Evolution of Star-Bearing Molecular Clouds: The High Velocity HC0+ Flow in NGC 2071." Astrophys. J., 279, 633-649, 1984.

Worrall, D. M.; Puschell, J. J.; Bruhweiler, F. C; Sitko, M. L.; Stein, W. A.; Aller, M. F.; Aller, H. D.; Hodge, P. E.; Rudy, R. J.; Miller, H. R.; Wisniewski, W. Z.; Cordova, F. A.; and Mason, R. 0. "Multifrequency Observations of the BL Lacertae Objects." Astrophys. J., 284, 512-518, 1984.

Wrobel, J. M. "Radio Continuum Activity in the Elliptical Galaxy NGC 1052." Astrophys. J., 284, 531-543, 1984.

Wrobel, J. M. and Heeschen, D. S. "Compact-Core-Dominated Radio Emission from Bright E/S0 Galaxies." Astrophys. J., 287, 41-65, 1984.

Young, J. S. and Scoville, N. Z. "Molecular Clouds in M82." Astrophys. J., 287, 153-166, 1984.

Yusef-Zadeh, F.; Morris, M.; and Chance, D. "Large, Highly Organized Radio Structures Near the Galactic Center." Nature, 310, 557-561, 1984.

Zensus, J. A.; Porcas, R. W.; and Pauliny-Toth, I. I. R. "VLBI Study of 57 Flat Spectrum Radio Sources at 5 GHz." Astron. Astrophys., 133, 27-30, 1984.

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Additions to the 1983 Bibliography

Calvet, N.; Canto, J.; and Rodriguez, L. F. "Stellar Winds and Molecular Clouds: T Tauri Stars." Astrophys. J., 268, 739-752, 1983.

Fomalont, E. B. "General Relativity and the VLBA." In: Multidisciplinary Use of the Very Long Baseline Array. (Washington: National Academy Press, 1983) 11.1-115•

Mattauch, R.; Archer, J.; Lundien, K.; and Malik, R. "Hyper-abrupt Junction Varactor Diodes for .Millimeter Wavelength Harmonic Generators." IEEE Trans. Micro. Theory Tech., MTT-31, 235-238, 1983.

Reynolds, S. P. and Chevalier, R. A. "Are Young Supernova Remnants the Acceleration Sites of Cosmic Ray Electrons?" Cosmic Ray Conf., 18, vol. 2, 297-300, 1983.

Rodriguez, L. F. and Canto, J. "Stellar Winds and Molecular Clouds: A Search for Ionized Stellar Winds." Rev. Mex. Astron. Astrof., 8, 163-173, 1983.

Torrelles, J. M.; Rodriguez, L, F.; Canto, J.; Marcaide, J.; and GyuTbudaghian, A. J. "A Search for Molecular Outflows Associated with Peculiar Nebulosities and Regions of Star Formation." Rev. Mex. Astron. Astrof,, 8, lkl~15h, 1983.

Velusamy, T. and Kundu, M. R. "VLA Observations of 'Compact' Sources in CTB 80." J. Astrophys. Astron., k_9 253-260, 1983.

von Hoerner, S. "The Derivative Tensor of the Stiffness Matrix as a Tool for Optimizations." In: Optimization Methods in Structural Design, Ed. H. Eschenauer and N. Olhoff. (Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut Mannheim, 1983) 814-90.

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