national seminar on applications of nano-materials feb. 2011
TRANSCRIPT
11-12 February, 201111-12 February, 2011
National Seminar on
Applications of
Nanomaterials for Environment and Technology Development
Proceedings Of The Seminar
ANETD 2011
Supported by: ICMR, CSI and IETE, Delhi
Supported by: ICMR, CSI and IETE, Delhi
College of Engineering, Gurgaon
Organized by:
ANETD 2011KIITKIIT
KIIT WorldSohna Road, Near Bhondsi, Gurgaon (Haryana)
Phone : 0124-2266667, 4709010-50, 4709060 - 80Website : www.kiit.In or write to [email protected]
49
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With Best Compliments From
Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi
Initiation of organizing the seminars is really praiseworthy. Such programmes provide enlightenment and enrich the knowledge. “Application of Nanomaterials for Environment and Technology Development” is the topic of thought-provoking choice. Nanotechnology is quite relevant matter for researchers & intellectuals. Students, faculty and all the participants will be gaining much out of this initiative particularly when they will be getting exchange of views on this wonderful topic.
I hope & pray for the success of the seminar which is being organized and to be conducted on 11th & 12th February 2011 in the KIIT Campus.
B. R. Kamrah Chairman, VPS and KIIT
It gives me immense pleasure to state that KIIT, Gurgaon is organizing a National Seminar on “Nanomaterials for Environment and Technology Development” during 11th and 12th February, 2011. The topic of Nanotechnology is an important area of research having numerous applications in various areas, such as Medicine, Industry, Environment, Agriculture, Power sector etc. In fact, it has revolutionized the very face of these sectors of applications. Therefore, it has also become important that this topic is taken as specialized subjects of teaching in technical institutions. KIIT promotes research and teaching in such advance areas of Science and Technology. It has taken an initiative to organize a National Seminar in this area and invited eminent experts and researchers to deliver their lectures and share the knowledge among the participants of the Seminar.
I wish the Seminar a great success and hope that the participants will be greatly benefited by the deliberations.
Prof. (Dr.) S. S. Aggarwal Executive Director, KIIT
MESSAGE
KIIT
MESSAGE
It is my pleasure to learn that KIIT College of Engineering, Gurgaon has taken upon itself the responsibility to hold the National Seminar on “Nanomaterials for Environment and Technology Development” on 11th and 12th February, 2011. I am further happy to learn that this Seminar is a joint venture of the College, CSI, IETE and AIMA. I have always been an ardent proponent of networking. While the society, at large, has been benefited by the networking of machines, networking of organizations in the real sense is still to deliver in the right earnest. I therefore, wish this Conference a grand success.
Nanotechnology is a branch of Science, which is poised for unprecedented growth and applications in almost all areas of human endeavour. As a matter of fact, today we talk of “Info-Bio-Nano” as one discipline. With such fast diffusion of disciplines, a Conference like this is a highly welcome step.
I take this opportunity to wish this Seminar all success.
Prof. K. K. Aggarwal
MESSAGE
KIITProf. K. K. Aggarwal
Ex-Vice Chancellor G.G.S.I.P. University, Delhi
This proceeding is devoted to the various research works being carried out in the field of Nanotechnology & Nanomaterials beneficial to the students & faculty pursuing B.Tech, M.Tech & research in this field.
This Proceeding book has been divided into three parts consisting of messages from various dignitaries, renowned researchers from academies and industry, college information, research papers and industrialist research papers which will enhance knowledge and provide development skill for researchers, industrialists, academies and students in the field of Nanotechnology.
This is the time when we are seeing an exciting new development in cutting edge like Nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is the study of the controlling of matter on an atomic and molecular scale, which deals with structures sized between 1-100 nanometers in at least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices within that size.
Nanomaterials is a field that takes materials science-based approach to nanotechnology. It studies materials with morphological features on the nanoscale, and especially those that have special, properties stemming from their nanoscale dimensions.
Eminent researchers, renowned academicians and experts from the industry have delivered their talk and shared their knowledge and experience in two day National Seminar” APPLICATIONS OF NANOMATERIALS FOR ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT” held at KIIT College of Engineering ,Gurgaon on 11th and 12th Feb-2011.
There has been encouraging response from the speakers and the participants in the national seminar. A large number of technical papers have been received from various technical institutions, industries and individuals. We have received valuable guidance and suggestions time to time from advisory committee. The abstracts are reviewed by panel of experts in relevant areas and then accepted for presentations in the seminar.
we wish to thank the Management Authorities, Advisory Committee, organizing committee members & various faculty members of KIIT Group of Colleges, Gurgaon, those have directly and indirectly helped us to prepare case studies on various new emerging technology.
We are glad to present the proceeding of the National Seminar for permanent record to all recipients and wish great success for this seminar
Prof. V K Syal, Principal (Convener ANETD-2011) Assoc. Prof. Kanika Kaur(Co-Convener ANETD-2011)
Dr. Neeraj Sood ( Organizing Secretary ANETD-2011
Preface
PREFACE
KIIT
Dr. Pawan KapurDirector
Central Scientific Instruments OrganisationSector 30-C, Chandigarh
email: [email protected]
Nano-Technology Research & Application
Nanotechnology is the study of controlling matter on an energy, environment and most important of all, medical atomic and molecular scales. It is different from other field. Due to merging of Nanotechnology with other technologies because unusual physical, chemical and technologies and the subsequent emergence of complex biological properties emerge in materials at the nanoscale and innovative hybrid technologies, some of the practical which are governed by a new science. Similarly, nanoscale applications within reach are; Smart drugs, targeted drug features when incorporated into bulk materials and large delivery systems, military applications, smart battle suit, surfaces give them completely different properties. next-generation computer processing, programmed Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from extensions bilogy-the smallest batteries, complex materials- a super of conventional device physics to completely new adhesive, new meta materials, energy generation, etc. The approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, from nano level gadgets and materials are used for diagnosing developing new materials with dimensions on the and treatment of diseases. Nano-Pharmacology has nanoscale to investigating exiciting application. generated a specific category of smart drugs that have
negligible side effects. The use of Nanotech has helped in Nanotechnology is not a mono-faculty but follows a the detection of narcotics and finger prints of the concept of ‘catch-all’ term involving multiple fields thereby suspected criminals. Nanomaterials can have wide affecting a whole gamut of areas, ranging from the applications not only in making nanomedicines, but also in environment, to healthcare, offering variety of commercial diagnosis and in manufacturing better medical implants. products. The application domain include: sunscreens and Nanocrystalline Silicon Carbide (SiC), for instance can be cosmetics, surface coatings, paints and some food used to manufacture artificial heart valves, which are products and many more. The electronic devices to realise lighter, stronger, harder, wear resistant and most many complex functions has vast scope in electronics and importantly, do not react with biological fluids. ICT sectors also. The next generation computers are all Nanorobots, to help in treatment at a cellular level, are seen being aimed in this direction to process and store huge as a possibility in the future. Q-Dots can be an effective tool amount of data for information exchange. The inherent for monitoring cancerous cells. Carbon nanotubes can be ability in nanotechnology to engineer matter at the applied in plastic, water purification, cosmetics, computer smallest scale is opening unexpected doors that will allow discs, textiles, paints & emulsions and many more.limitations in many existing technologies to be overcome
and thus has the potential to be part of every industry in The talk highlights the R&D activities being pursued at CSIO one or other form such as Nanoelectronics, Nanomaterials in broad areas of Sensing techniques for application in and Nano-Biotechnology. environmental aspects including agro-based & health
sectors. Coverage is given on Bio-Mems, CNT’s, Nano-The implications of Nanotechnology can be found in the particles, Bio-photonics, etc.field of telecommunications, computing, aerospace, solar
Abstract:
KIIT Invited Talks
01
Abstract:
Self-Assembled Monolayers as a Form of Bio-Nano Technology
Prof. Ranjit ChaudharyDirector
Advance Institute of Technology and ManagementDelhi-Mathura Road, Palwal
Molecular Self Assembly is the organization of molecules in general understanding of the origin of life would be an ordered fashion without any external intelligent achieved. For a physical chemist, the meaning of molecular intervention. There are numerous examples of molecular self assembly has to do with the ability of a system of self assembly in nature. Human beings, plants, trees, molecules to spontaneously form an ordered molecular animals etc. have molecular self assembly processing structure.occurring somewhere in their bodies. Molecular self In this lecture, preparation of Self Assembled Monolayers assembly is crucial to the function of cells and it is exhibited of Organic Molecules under the controlled and standard in the self assembly of lipids to form membrane, the laboratory conditions would be discussed. Electrochemical formation of double helical DNA through hydrogen techniques l ike cycl ic voltammetry technique, bonding of the individual strands, the assembly of proteins electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and the to form quaternary structures. Supra molecular calculation of various important parameters to assemblies, micelles, liquid crystal phases are examples of characterize the self assembled monolayers will be molecular self assembly in chemistry. Molecular self elaborated for various organic molecules like Mercapto assembly is an important aspect of bottom – up approach Nicotinic acid, thioctic acid, cystamine etc. These SAMs can to nanotechnology. An advantage to constructing be further modified by attaching other molecules in a tailor nanostructure using molecular self assembly for biological make fashion to generate new organic interfaces of nano materials is that they will degrade back into individual dimensions which are biologically active and may find molecules that can be broken by the body. The oral process applications in the analysis and recognition of other of self assembly is not yet understood, indeed, if it were, a important bio-molecules.
KIIT
Frontiers of Research in Spintronics & Nanomagnetics
R. K. KotnalaNational Physical Laboratory
New Delhi 110012,[email protected]
Nanomaterials diversified applications in day today’s life Recently much attention is being devoted to study the DMS has brought revolution in material science. Synthesis of and Half metallic materials like Strontium Ferro-nanoparticles has become a trick of trade. Besides other Molybdenum Oxide,SFMO, to be used as spintronics areas of research magnetic nano structures have got devices. The DMS and Half metallic material (compounds commercial applications in magnetic hard discs for and alloys) based Hall elements can be easily incorporated computer information storage, magnetic sensors, spin with such spintronics devices. Further, the half metallic valves, high speed non-volatile magnetic random access materials may be utilized to provide the simultaneous field memories (MRAMs) , magnetic imaging, magnetic sensing due to Hall voltage and due to magnetoresistive recording heads, magneto-optics; spintronic devices and so effect. In this talk future spintronics metal oxide materials many. In medical science drug delivery, burning of cancer have been discussed briefly and what is being done in our tissues by hyperthermia effect of nanomagnetic particles Lab has been described.are glaring examples of nanotechnology potential.
02
Nanotechnology is the science of manipulating material at strength and reduced in weight, which leads to fuel savings the atomic level. Nanotechnology deals with the very small and increased longevity. And in 2001, Toyota started using sizes ~ 1/80,000th the diameter of a human hair. The uses of nano-composites in a bumper that makes it 60% lighter and new instruments and tools to manipulate atoms like AFM - twice as resistant to denting and scratching. The pace of atomic force microscope, dip-pin lithography and STM have development of Nanotechnology from concept to practice contributed to the development of nanotechnology. Its in all sectors will however depend upon how fast the applications are going to be tremendous. From the food we instrumentation and technology to manipulate atoms and eat, the clothes we wear and the products we manufacture molecules advance. This would also aid the fields of to the composition of our bodies, everything is made of electronics, computers, medicine, biology and chemistry atoms. And if we can manipulate the atoms then we can which could see advances rapidly. Artificial life, nanobots & change almost every product to our desired specifications. Borgs, MEMS, Quantum Nanotechnology, Nano-Coal and diamonds, for example, are both constructed electronics, Nano-medicine, Self-assembly of nano from carbon atoms. Even though it may sound far-off at materials for repairs. The nanotechnology manufacturing times, within ten years nanotech will have huge effects on atom-by-atom promises new materials that will be many industries, including manufacturing, health care, stronger, cheaper, faster, powerful and more durable. energy, agriculture, communications, transportation, and Poss ib i l i ty of revolut ionary breakthroughs in electronics. Within a decade, nanotechnology is expected detection/treatment of diseases are not ruled out. Nano-to be the basis of $1 trillion worth of products and will create scale electronic devices using carbon nanotubes , quantum anywhere from 800,000 to 2 million new jobs in the United dots spintronic devices, neuron regeneration using carbon States alone. The clothing industry has already started to nano-tube prosthetics devices, Chemical and biological feel the effects of nanotech. Eddie Bauer, for example, is sensors Carbon Nano-tubes. The bottoms up approachin currently using embedded nanoparticles to create stain- the field of nanotechnology are introduced. The scale levels repellent khakis. A plastic nano-composite is being used for of objects are compared. The techniques of making and "step assists" in the GM Safari and Astro Vans. It is scratch- manipulating nano-materials are discussed.resistant, light-weight, and rust-proof, and better in
Abstract:
Nanotechnology - The Science of Manipulating Atoms
Shatendra K SharmaProfessor and Director
University Science Instrumentation CentreJawaharlal Nehru University
New Delhi-1100067 Indiae-mail: [email protected]
KIIT
Small Wonders with Giant Societal ImpactS.K.Chakarvarti
Director, Research and DevelopmentManav Rachna International University
Faridabad, Haryana, Indiae-mail:[email protected]
Abstract:
03
The science of the miniature- nanotechnology, though a Matters Do Not Matter Small! This promises exiting relatively new field, is fast emerging as the 'favourite of all' applications in bioscience, medical science, environment, kind of technological arena due to its applications in almost electronics, cosmetics, security and variety of other fields.every field, from medicine to fabrics. In Greek, the word We all know that all things on this earth are made up of 'Nano' means ‘dwarf’ and materials when reduced to nano atoms, which are the smallest particles. The properties of dimension (10-9metre =1namometre) show drastic changes everything are determined by the arrangement of the in physical, chemical, magnetic, optical, mechanical and atoms. Thus, if atoms in coal are rearranged, we can get electrical properties. It is now being realized that Small diamond. At present, though scientists are able to move
04
KIIT
Novel Nanomaterials: Preparation and Characterization
Subhash C. KashyapDepartment of Physics
Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110 016e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract:
molecules and atoms in a mass yet they are still not able to going to be 5th Industrial revolution touching every aspect precisely manipulate them. But in future, nanotechnology of mankind and society. The societal impact of this will allow as redesign easily and create what we want technology will be enormous. The scope and application exactly. Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary subject of nanotechnology is tremendous and mind-boggling. which essentially combines Physics, Chemistry, Bio- Nano-biotechnology can make tiny medical devices and informatics Bio- technology, etc besides engineering. sensors with fantastic military and civilian use. Converting Though the field at present is in infancy (started some 16 sunlight into power, targeting a drug to a single malignant years ago in India), the country is making dedicated efforts cell, cleaning ponds and creating sensors in the form of not to lag behind. Further, nano materials would be very biochip, to be interested in the human body are some of the light, strong, transparent, and totally different from bulk important landmark breakthroughs of nanotechnology. material because they are a thousand times smaller than The technology has the potential to produce garments the diameter of human hair, which is around 60 microns. which can block chemical and biological weapons from
touching the skin of a person. According to the scientists, 21st century would be the nanotechnology century. It is est imated that This talk is going to enlighten and address non-specialists so nanotechnology would revolutionize every area, be it as to create awareness, inquisitiveness and generate medicine, aerospace, engineering, various industrial and inspiration and stimulation for undertaking research in the technological areas, health or any other field and there is area of nano-/ micro technology.
In the context of materials, the word “nano” means that a carriers:(i) All metal nano-multilayer systems (spin valves) tiny sample/cluster of atoms is crystalline and its exhibiting GMR and magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) dimensions lie in the range of a few nm. We can of course having TMR are employed for ultra-high density magnetic have clusters of different morphologies - a few nm in each data storage, and (ii) ferromagnetic semiconductors dimension called quantum dots (zero dimensional- or 0D-), exhibiting room temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) and a few nm long called quantum rods/nanowires (1D-) and a fully spin-polarized compounds are potential candidates few nm thick single film/epitaxy or multilayers (MLs) for new electronic device structures. Nanometric magnetic (i.e.2D-structure). Understandably surface to volume ratio multilayers separated by an insulating layer (e.g. CoFeB, of atoms in any of these nanostructures is higher than in InMn, MgO etc) form MTJs. The room temperature poly- and single-crystalline bulk materials, which renders ferromagnetism (RTFM) has recently been predicted, and is them different properties which are useful for several being actively investigated in transition metal (TM) doped applications, and thus make these materials so important. TiO2, ZnO and SnO2 etc and explained by different
mechanisms of their origin, though without converging to a Nanomaterials for spintronics, data storage and optical single one. Multicomponent chalcogenides materials are devices having exotic characteristics fall in the category of employed for optical data storage.novel materials. Spintronics (spin electronics) refers
basically, to the study and application of the extra degree of In our laboratory we are pursuing research work on both freedom of carriers (e.g. electrons), namely their spin for types of magnetic nano- materials/ systems. We are also the development of multifunctional and novel devices like synthesizing nanowires of both Si and SiGe alloy in a single-spin valves, magnetoresistive sensors, read heads, spin- mode field-separated (H011) cylindrical microwave (MW) FET, magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) for MRAM etc. resonant cavity at 2.45GHz. In the case of SiGe alloy the PL Essentially, there are two kinds of nanomaterials systems spectrum has shown two peaks with higher intensity than for such devices which can exploit the spin of charge in the PL spectrum of pure Si, thereby establishing that the
05
KIIT
Abstract:
Application of NANO in PharmaceuticalsVinod Arora, Vice President
Pharma Research, Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited R&D Centre, Gurgaon
Nano technology is essentially the creation of materials, everyone. In drug development ~30% of discovery actives devices and systems at the nano meter scale. It is an are water insoluble drugs and are not evaluated in animal extension of miniaturization. The prefix nano means one studies because of formulation problems. This will result in billionth and is derived from the greek word Dwarf. As per reducing cost and improve success rate of NCE. Nano James Murday & Mike Roco by 2015 Nano technology technology will serve as a tool to formulate insoluble market prediction is of ~ $ 1 trillion. Out of this 34% will be potential drug candidates. Through nano technology one for nano materials and 20% for pharmaceutical and can increase solubility, improve bio availability of the drugs healthcare. Healthcare will provide highest returns on and also reduces dose/pill burden. It is said that 21st nano technology and therefore it is catching attention of Century will witness nano tech led revolutions.
Carbon Nanotubes and Its ApplicationsMushahid Husain
Nanotechnology program, Department of PhysicsJamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi-110025
Email: [email protected]
The discovery of carbon nanotubes added a new dimension their quantum mechanical structure. Their electronic to the knowledge of carbon science and nanotechnology. properties can be either semiconducting or metallic Today, nanotechnology is the hot topic attracting depending on the degree of graphitization, helicity and scientists, industrialists, government and even the general tube diameter. These properties have great potential for public. Nanotechnology is the creation of functional nanoelectronic device applications, which are also material, devices and systems through control of matter on important, both for scientific and technological the nanometer scale and exploitation of novel phenomena development. Nanotubes are potentially useful in field and properties of matter at that length scale. Carbon emitters, flat panel displays, hydrogen storage, scanning nanotubes are supposed to be key component of probes etc.nanotechnology. Carbon nanotubes are currently attractive materials for a Carbon nanotubes are unique nanostructures with diverse range of applications because of their remarkable electronic and mechanical properties, some extraordinary mechanical and electrical properties. Their stemming from the close relation between carbon application has already been demonstrated in field nanotubes and graphite, and some from their one- emission displays, nanoscale electronic devices, biosensors dimensional aspects. The manner in which carbon forms and hydrogen storage mediums. The proposed bonds is the basis for the variety of carbon nanotubes applications of CNTs are in micro-electronics/ structures that are seen. These have generated a great of semiconductors conducting composites, controlled drug interest due to their unique band structure and have delivery / release, artificial muscles, batteries, polymer noticeable electrical properties that are directly related to composites and sensors.
Abstract:
alloying improves the quantum efficiency. Besides, a In the present review talk an attempt will be made to briefly polycrystalline hard ferrite (M-type barium hexaferrite, describe some of our recent work on the preparation and BaFe12O19) has been transformed into a nano-phase, characterization of some of the above-mentioned which has now turned into a soft ferrite, by an efficient and nanomaterials.rapid method of microwave processing.
06
Abstract:
Synthesis, Characterization and Photo-Luminescence Properties of Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+ Nanophosphor
V.B. Taxak, Mukesh Kumar and S. P. Khatkar Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001
Participant’s Papers
Europium-activated Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3 nanocrystals were glow [1-2] Rare earth activated multicomponent oxide synthesized by combustion method using an aqueous phosphors have been widely investigated for application in concentrated paste of calculated amounts of metal nitrates display devices, lights and detectors. However, for these and organic fuel. The paste is kept in a preheated furnace applications phosphor particles must have good maintained at 500oC. Comparing with traditional material characteristics such as high brightness, spherical shape and processing techniques, combustion method is a relatively narrow size distribution. In recent years, rare earth ions-simple method. The advantages of short time reaction and activated phosphors on the nano scale have been low temperature solution base process have been attracting much interest of the scientists due to the exploited to produce Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+ nano excellent luminescence and potential applications in particles. The phase transformation involved in the pure luminescent devices and display equipment, such as field homogeneous mixture formation. Synthesis conditions emission display (FED), vacuum fluorescent display (VFD), such as calcinations temperature and organic fuel electroluminescent (EL) devices, and plasma panel display concentration are varied in order to determine the exact (PDP) devices[3-6].optimum conditions for synthesizing nano particles with With the development of scientific technologies on superior optical properties and smaller particle size. The
phosphors, several chemical synthetic techniques such as nano crystals obtained through combustion method was
sol-gel [7], co- precipitation [8] and solvothermal [9] characterized by using scanning electron microscopy methods, have been used to synthesize phosphors. In (SEM), and photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The contrast, the combustion synthetic technique [10] is quite morphology of the phosphor was studied by SEM. The simple and rapid in which the reaction lasts for only few average nanoparticle size of the synthesized phosphor seconds.was found in the range from 30 nm to 50 nm.. The
photoluminescence (PL) spectra shows predominant red In the present work,: Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+
colour of the nano crystals prepared under an UV source nanocrystals have been synthesized by combustion
revealed red luminescence that was attributed to method. The advantages of short time reaction and low
transitions [5D0 → 7F2] at 612 nm .In addition, effect of temperature solution based process have been
heat treatment on the size of the nano crystals and the exploited to produce Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+ nano
dependence of the luminescence intensity on the Eu3+ particles. The phase transformation involved in the pure
concentrations have also been discussed. homogeneous mixture formation. Synthesis conditions
such as calcinations temperature and Eu3+ ions concentration are varied in order to determine the exact Introductionoptimum conditions for synthesizing nano particles with
Nanotechnology for materials, as an innovative technology superior optical properties and smaller particle size.
in the twenty-first century, is expected to revolutionize the materials technology. This technology realizes improvement in functions and characteristics of materials
Experimental detailsas well as creation of new functions through controlling materials structure on a super-fine scale. Phosphors are High purity gadolinium, aluminium and europium nitrate the photoluminescence materials which can absorb the from Aldrich chemicals were taken as starting materials. visible light, store the energy and gradually release the The phosphor nano materiales were prepared by rapidly energy as visible light, which leads to a long persistent after heating an aqueous concentrated paste containing
07
Figure 1(a and b) : PL emission spectra and excitation spectra
of Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+ nanoparticles.
KIITcalculated amounts of metal nitrates and fuel in preheated
furnace maintained at 500oC. Eu3+ doping in the host lattice involves trace level substitution of ions present in
these lattices by activators ions. These type of substitutions generally require high temperature and long
processing times, whereas the facile combustion synthesis of these phosphors require low ignition temperature and
short time duration. The material undergoes rapid
dehydration and foaming with the evolution of gases. These volatile combustible gases ignite and burn with a
flame yielding voluminous solid. The combustion process utilizes the enthalpy of combustion for the formation and crystallization of the nanophosphor at low ignition
temperature. The solid obtained was milled to a fine
powder and again fired at 500oC to 900oC for 2-3 hrs to
increase the brightness. The morphology of the phosphors
was studied by SEM using Jeol JSM 6510 model. P h o t o l u m i n e s c e n c e w a s o b s e r v e d w i t h a
spetrofluorometer F-7000.
Results and discussion
Photoluminescence properties Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+ of nanophosphor
The photoluminescence (PL) spectra and excitation spectra of the nano crystals prepared shows predominant
red colour under an UV source ( Fig.1a and b) which is
attributed to the transitions [5D0 → 7F2] of Eu3+ at 612 nm
.In addition the dependence of the luminescence intensity
on Eu3+ ions concentrations and effect of heat treatment on the particle size of the nanocrystals have also been investigated as a function of Eu3+ concentration in Al2xGd
investigated. It was observed that the luminescent 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+ nanoparticles. It was found that the PL intensity of the synthesized nanoparticles strongly depend emission intensity of Eu3+ increased with the increase of on the calcination temperatures. Furthermore, it was the concentration, reaching a maximum value at 3mol% observed that the PL intensity of the nanoparticles for Eu3+, and then decreased with increasing the increased rapidly on calcination up to 900° C and beyond concentration. This is because of a well known this there was no observable change in the PL intensity. phenomenon of concentration quenching in rare earth-This is mainly due to the improvement in doping, doped system due to mutual Eu3+- Eu3+ interactions.crystallinity and the increase of particle size, as small particles do not have high luminous efficiency arising from
grain boundary effects. Also, this is an indication that SEM images of Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+ nanophosphorcertain properties of the nanoparticles, such as crystallite
The surface morphological features of the nanocrystals size or disorder of the local environment surrounding the
were studied by Jeol JSM 6510, scanning electron activator ions, influenced the PL spectra and calcination is
microscope (SEM). The SEM image of Al2xGd 2(1-x-important to extract the maximum luminous efficiency.
y)O3:2yEu3+ particles are shown in the figure 2. The as-The emission intensity at 612 nm of Eu3+ ions was also, synthesized nanophosphors show an unusual morphology
08
Figure 2: SEM images of Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+ nanoparticles
KIITi.e. forming cracks and porous network due to rapid method is to produce fine powder phosphors that may be
used as more promising and intensity materials in release of gases by-products during the combustion. This displaying bright luminescent red color.type of porous network is typical of combustion-
synthesized powders [11]. These porous powders are highly friable which facilitates easy grinding to obtain finer
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Ravindran, J. Alloys Comp. 350, 123 (2003). Comparing with traditional material processing
techniques, combustion method is relatively a safe, simple 11. S.P. Khatkar, V.B. Taxak, D. Kumar, S. D. Han, C.H. Han, and rapid method. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of G. Sharma, J. Korean Phy. Soc. 48, 1355 (2006). the nano crystals prepared shows predominant red colour
12. C.A. Morrison, D.E Wortman, Gavernment Document under an UV source which is attributed to the transitions AD−7350319, Harry Diamond Laboratory Report, [5D0 → 7F2] of Eu3+ at 612 nm. The particle size of Al2xGd HDL−TR−1563 (1971).2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+ nanocrystals have been observed in the
range from 30 nm to 50 nm. Advantage of the present
Abstract:
09
Combustion Synthesis and Photoluminescence Characteristics of KBaPO4:Eu Nanoparticles
Mukesh Kumar, V.B. Taxak and S. P. Khatkar Maharshi Dayanand University,
Rohtak-124001, India
KIIT
Europium-activated KBaPO4 nanocrystals were of rare earth oxides [7-8]. The origion of nanoparticle synthesized by combustion method using an aqueous research can be said to be in study of colloids ,their concentrated paste of calculated amounts of metal nitrates synthesis and characteristics . The quantum confinement and urea. The paste is kept in a preheated furnace and major changes observed in other properties have maintained at 500oC. Comparing with traditional material been the subject of intense research .The surface and processing techniques, combustion method is a relatively interface of nanocrystal play an important role in the simple method. The advantages of short time reaction and
optical and electronic properties . Many phosphors have low temperature solution base process have been
been made in nanophase by employing different exploited to produce KBaPO4:Eu nano particles. The
techniques . In the present work KBaPO4:Eu nanocrystals phase transformation involved in the pure homogeneous
have been synthesized by combustion method. The mixture formation. Synthesis conditions such as advantages of short time reaction and low temperature calcinations temperature and urea concentration are varied solution based process have been exploited to produce in order to determine the exact optimum conditions for KBaPO4:Eu nano particles.synthesizing nano particles with superior optical properties
and smaller particle size. The nano crystals obtained through combustion method was characterized by using
Experimentals c a n n i n g e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p y ( S E M ) a n d photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The average nanoparticle High purity chemicals were taken as starting materials. The size of the synthesized phosphor was around 25nm to 40 phosphor nano materiales were prepared by rapidly nm. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra shows heating an aqueous concentrated paste containing predominant red colour of the nano crystals prepared calculated amounts of metal nitrates and fuel in preheated under an UV source revealed red luminescence ,that was furnace maintained at 500oC. Eu3+ doping in the host attributed to transitions [5D0 → 7F2] at 613 nm .In addition, lattice involves trace level substitution of ions present in effect of heat treatment on the size of the nano crystals these lattices by activators ions. These type of and the dependence of the luminescence intensity on the substitutions generally require high temperature and long Eu3+ concentrations have also been discussed. processing times, whereas the facile combustion synthesis
of these phosphors require low ignition temperature and
short time duration. The material undergoes rapid Introductiondehydration and foaming with the evolution of gases.
In recent years, rare earth ions-activated nanostructure These volatile combustible gases ignite and burn with a materials have been attracting much interest due to the flame yielding voluminous solid. The combustion process excellent luminescence and potential applications in utilizes the enthalpy of combustion for the formation and luminescent devices and display equipment, such as crystallization of the nanophosphor at low ignition lighting, field emission display (FED), cathode ray tubes temperature. The solid obtained was milled to a fine (CRT), and plasma display panels (PDP) resolution [1-6]. In powder and again fired at 500oC to 900oC for 2-3 hrs to the present time, field emission display (FEDs) , plasma increase the brightness. The morphology of the phosphors display panels (PDPs) are attracting deal of attention as was studied by SEM using Jeol JSM 6510 model. new display technology . Scientist have undertaken P h o t o l u m i n e s c e n c e w a s o b s e r v e d w i t h a investigations of the influence of particle size on the spetrofluorometer F-7000.optical and electronic properties of nanocrystal materials
10
Figure 1 : PL emission spectra of KBaPO4:Eu nanoparticles
SEM images of KBaPO4:Eu nanophosphor
Figure 2: SEM images of KBaPO4:Eu nanoparticles
KIITResults and discussion
Photoluminescence properties KBaPO4 :Eu of nanophosphor
The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the nano crystals prepared shows predominant red colour under an UV
source ( Fig.1) which is attributed to the transitions [5D0
→ 7F2] of Eu3+ at 613 nm .In addition the dependence of
the luminescence intensity on Eu3+ ions concentrations and effect of heat treatment on the particle size of the Conclusionnanocrystals have also been investigated. It was observed
The present method gives homogeneous and fine sized that the luminescent intensity of the synthesized
particles of KBaPO4:Eu nanophosphor. Comparing with nanoparticles strongly depend on the calcination traditional material processing techniques, combustion temperatures. Furthermore, it was observed that the PL method is relatively a safe, simple and rapid method. The
photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the nano crystals prepared shows predominant red colour under an UV
source which is attributed to the transitions [5D0 → 7F2]
of Eu3+ at 613 nm. The particle size of KBaPO4:Eu nanocrystals have been observed in the range from 25 nm
to 40 nm. Advantage of the present method is to produce fine powder phosphors that may be used as more promising and intensity materials in displaying bright
luminescent red color.
References
1. A.J.Kenyonn, C.E.Chryssou and C.W.Pitt, J.Appl. Phys.
91, 367 (2002).
2. Y.H. Li and G.Y. Hong, J. Solid State Chem.178, 645 intensity of the nanoparticles increased rapidly on (2005).calcination up to 900° C and beyond this there was no
3. J. Dhanaraj, R. Jagannathan, T.R.N. Kutty and C.H. Lu, J. observable change in the PL intensity. Phys. Chem. B 105, 11098 (2001).
4. Z.G. Wei, L.D. Sun, C.S. Liao, C.H. Yan and S.H. Huang, SEM images of KBaPO4:Eu nanophosphor
Appl. Phys. Lett. 80,1447 (2002).The surface morphological features of the nanocrystals
5. S.P. Khatkar, S. D. Han, V.B. Taxak, D. Kumar, R. Kumar, were studied by Jeol JSM 6510, scanning electron
J.Lumin.,126, 597 (2007).microscope (SEM). The particle size of KBaPO4:Eu nanocrystals has been observed in the range from 25 nm to 6. K.S. Sohn, W. Zeon, H. Chang, S.K. Lee and H.D. Park,
40 nm. Chem. Mater. 14, 2140 (2002).
The narrow size distribution of these nanoparticles is very 7 W.Y. Jia, Y.Y. Wang and F. Fernandez. Mater.Sci. Eng. C uniform with regular shape. The particle size cannot be 16, 55 (2001).measured exactly from the SEM micrographs shown in
8 A.J. Kenyonn, C.E. Chryssou and C.W. Pitt.J. Appl. Phys. Figure2. The particle size of KBaPO4:Eu nanocrystals have 91, 367 (2002).been observed in the range from 25 nm to 40 nm.
Abstract:
11
Powering the Future with Carbon Nanotubes: Engineering at the Nano Scale
Parul SharmaDepartment of Chemistry
Amity School of Engineering and TechnologyAmity University, Manesar, Gurgaon.
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
KIIT
Engineering at the nano-scale is challenging and we are in been recognized as the stiffest and strongest man-made the early stages of figuring out how we can do it right, to material known to date. In addition to high electrical build structures, devices and systems that would embody conductivity, their other eyecatching features viz the Nanotechnology revolution. Engineers/Scientist can mechanical, optical and chemical characteristics opened a create new building blocks that produce materials with the new window for future applications. However, due to their exact properties they desire, which are generally smaller, miniscale size, the excellent properties of these stronger and lighter than current technologies. In this nanostructures can only be exploited if they are endeavor Carbon Nano-tubes have had a special role. homogenously embedded into light-weight matrices as Carbon nano-tubes are very thin hollow cylinders made of those offered by a whole series of engineering polymers. carbon atoms. The beauty of these carbon nano-tubes is CNTs are basically classified into three categories-Single that they are 10,000 times thinner than human hair. It is this Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT), Double Walled Carbon property which makes them vulnerable to be use in varied Nanotubes (DWCNT) and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes fields. Nano-tubes are fascinating materials from the point (MWCNT). SWCNT and MWCNT can be fabricated using of view of structure, form, growth and properties. various techniques; the commonest and relatively simple is
the Simple Vapour Deposition Technique. Carbon-The talk will focus on several novel applications of Carbon Nanotubes are an important new class of technological nano-tubes such as nanostructured electrodes for sensors, materials that have numerous novel and useful properties. electrical interconnects, unique filters for separation Besides CNT, Zinc Oxide (ZnO), Graphene, Fullerene has t e c h n o l o g i e s , t h e r m a l m a n a g e m e n t s y s t e m , received full attention over the past few years as multifunctional brushes, bulk composites and so on. One of Nanodevices.the major and useful applications of CNTs is in the area of
Biomedical Engineering. Currently, the technique is very useful in site-specific drug delivery and medical imaging. ZnO Nanostructures Clean energy generation and efficiency is critical to our ZnO nanostructures have increased drastically in recent future. Through Nanotechnology innovation, we can years. Intense research by many different groups has improve the efficiencies of the technologies we have and focused on novel nanostructures with different shapes discover new ways to achieve sustainable development. ranging from nanowires to nanobelt and nanosprings. ZnO Just as with every good technique, along-with merits, there nanostructure can be obtained using Chemical Vapour are demerits as well. The paper will also highlight the Deposition Technique including growth with and without potential pitfalls or side effects associated with nano- catalyst (Wagner et al., 1964). These nanostructures have particles. been widely used for sensing applications because of their Keywords: Carbon Nanotubes; Nanotechnology; Novel high sensitivity to the chemical environment. ZnO applications, Efficiency nanostructures are currently used in various applications
such as Light Emitting Diode , sensors, Solar cells . ZnO at nanoscale in a nanostructure form serves as an electrode
INTRODUCTIONmaterial as well as a template for Phase Separation.
As world wide demand for energy surges at an ever-increasing rate, there is a new urgency to improve the
Graphene: a promising Nano deviceefficiency and sustainability of Existing technologies. One of the keys to addressing this challenge is innovation and Graphene has attracting an increasing interest due to its some of the most promising solutions are occurring at remarkable physical properties ranging from Dirac Electron nanoscale-the smallest scale. Carbon Nanotubes have long spectrum to Ballistic Transport under ambient conditions.
12
KIITGraphene is the two dimensional building block for Carbon of drugs or genes and in Hyperthermia (Ito et al., 2005)allotropes of every other dimensionality. Its recent discovery in Free State has finally provided the possibility to
POTENTIAL PITFALLS OF NANOPARTICLESstudy experimentally its electronic and phonon properties.
Although the power of Nanotechnology is indisputable, the Graphene a layer of carbon lattice arranged in honeycomb possibilities of irreversible harm from its indiscriminate use lattice is extremely promising for use in new generation must also be taken into consideration. Many of us are digital electronic devices (Wang et al., 2010).aware of this fact that Nanoscience can produce all kinds of new and improved products, the particles that are created
Fullerene are so incredibly small that they may very well cause Nanoparticles are recognized as promising building blocks eventual health problem to the users. The need of the hour for future applications; however their fixation on surfaces is to eradicate or lessen this load of demerits which or in a matrix is an ardent task. Double layer of spherical C60 ultimately and surely proves Nanotechnology as a boon to carbon-molecules, called fullerenes, can be an ideal mankind. substrate for this. Fullerene is a molecule composed entirely of carbon in the form of hollow sphere, ellipsoid or
ACKNOWLEDGMENTtube. Spherical Fullerenes or Buckyballs or Carbon
Author is Grateful to Dr. Shalini Srivastava, Dayalbagh Nanotubes have a wide variety of applications. They are Educational Institute, Agra for providing academic extremely useful in medicine in Cancer therapy, as a light guidance for this piece of work. Dr. Ashok K. Chauhan, activated antimicrobial agent (Tegos et al., 2005).Chancellor, Amity University, Manesar and Dr. V.K. Sayal, Principal, KIIT College of Engineering, Gurgaon is highly
Noble Metal Nanoparticles for Water Purification acknowledged. Metal Oxide like Silver and Titanium Dioxide are the most promising antimicrobial nanoparticles for water
REFERENCESpurification. They are used for analytical detection of
R.S. Wagner and W.C. Ellis, Graphene: a promising contaminants in water sample. Water purification using Nanoparticle. Applied Physics Letter 4 (1964), p. 89nanotechnology exploits nanoscopic materials such as
carbon nanotubes and alumina fibers for nanofiltration. Zhenxing Wang. “A high-performance top-gate Nanofilters made by Carbon nanotubes can remove all graphene field-effect transistor based frequency kinds of water contaminant like turbidity, oil, bacteria, virus doubler,” Applied Physics Letters (2010).and other organic contaminants. Surface Engineered Silica Tegos, G. (2005). Cationic Fullerenes: an effective and nanoparticles can remove biological molecules, pathogens selective antimicrobial photosensitizers. Chemistry & such as viruses like the Polio virus, bacteria like Escherichia Biology, 12 (10): 1127–1135.coli, and Cryptosporidium parvum, which is a waterborne
Ito A, Shinkai, M., Honda H., Kobayashi T. Medical parasite. Supra paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are
applications of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles, being widely used for various biomedical applications for
Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 2005, 100, 1-11example, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Targeted delivery
13
Nanotechnology: A Giant Leap in Space Exploration
1 2 3Yamini Sarada , Kavita Gupta and S.C.Gupta1 2 and Professor, Department of Applied Sciences & Humanities
3 Professor in Electronics & DirectorNorthern India Engineering College, Shastri Park, Delhi-53
KIIT
Introduction In laboratories across the country, NASA is supporting the burgeoning science of nanaotechnology. NASA Institute Ever since Neil Armstrong landed on the moon on 20 July, for Advanced Concepts (NAIC) grant was awarded to Chris 1969 the space exploration had advanced a lot with its new Phoenix of the Centre of Responsible Nanotechnology to technologies. Various space missions were made mainly by study the feasibility of this new technology in space USA and USSR and some of them were spectacularly exploration. In his report Phoenix explains that a successful. When it comes to taking the next giant leap in nanofabrication could produce spacecraft parts with space exploration, NASA is thinking really small. The official atomic precision, meaning that each atom within the object site of NASA says: “The science of nanotechnology could is placed exactly where it belongs. The resulting piece lead to radical improvements for space exploration.’’ would be extremely strong, and its shape could be within Foremost among the challenges facing the US space the width of ideal design with no more than a single atom of program are improving the performance, reliability and difference. Ultra smooth surfaces would need no cleaning cost effectiveness of spacecraft. Recent advances in the or lubrication and almost never suffer the ravages of time. field of nanotechnology promise techniques that will meet Such a high accuracy and reliability of the parts of a these challenges through molecular scale manufacturing of spacecraft is of utmost importance when it comes to the sensors, machines and computers. These nanometer sized lives of astronauts. Information systems and science devices have the potential to revolutionize spacecraft systems based on nanoscale electronics will extend beyond design and thus may bring an end to the space shuttle era.the limit of silicon, leading to the capability to conduct highly complex missions with nearly autonomous spacecraft. Key areas of NASA research and technology Why Nanotechnology?development involve high performance aerospace
“The principles of Physics, as far as I can see, do not speak materials including carbon nanotubes and high against the possibility of maneuvering things atom by temperature nanoscale composites, ultrahigh density low atom’’ Richard Feyman power space-durable information systems, electronics and
sensor systems.
Nanotechnology works on the molecular scale to assemble new materials using the most fundamental of structures. Carbon Nano-Tubes (CNT)All work is done in nano-scale, where one nanometer is
Researchers have found that the effects of radiation on equal to one bi l l ionth of a meter. Molecular electronic devices are greatly reduced when the devices are nanotechnology expresses the concept of ultimately being made smaller. Corrosion, electrical interference and able to arrange atoms in a predetermined fashion by mechanical strain are all environmental effects caused by manipulating individual atoms [Aono]. Molecular continued exposure to radiation. Carbon nanotubes and nanotechnology promises revolutionary advances not only boron nanotubes are two molecular materials developed in manufactured products, but in the processes used to which are capable of hardening when exposed to radiation make them. It is the culmination of many fields like for long periods of time (Jacquelyn). The extraordinary microelectronics, chemistry, molecular biology and features of these nanotubes are that they have 100 times material sciences. Each of these fields reaches its ultimate the strength of steel, but only 1/6th of their weight. They are in precise molecular control, which is the ability to build 40 times stronger than graphite fibers and conduct large structures to complex atomic specifications by direct electricity better than copper.positional selection of reaction sites [Drexler].
14
KIITThe technology that designs the future fashion, but slows at an altitude a few times the Earth’s
radius, and then gradually becomes parallel when it finally The field of nanotechnology is so new that scientists are still reaches maximum thickness at geostationary orbit.discovering new capabilities and applications. Foreseen
developments within space exploration include establishing colonies of nanorobots on Mars and Venus and Potential Benefits and Risksbuilding space elevators that will place spaceships and
Nanotechnology promises to give us great benefits, but it satellites into Earth’s orbit (Jacquelyn). Space colonization also holds great potential for misuse and raises ethical efforts would use nanorobots to construct projects on questions related to health, privacy, human enhancement, other planets by remote control using the environmental military, economics etc. The medium and long term materials at hand. Sensors and cameras would be built by benefits of nanotechnology are truly amazing. In the the nanotubes and used to monitor the construction medium term, the nanosystem devices would be directly projects. Plans for space elevators entail constructing a involved in the manufacturing process. The technology cable leading from earth surface to a point beyond enables the fabrication of stronger materials that could geosynchronous orbit using carbon nanotubes as the improve reliability and reduce spacecraft dry weight, material. As the planet rotates, the inertia at the end of the resulting in increased payload capacity and higher orbital cable counteracts gravity and also keeps the cable taut. altitude , ultimately reducing the cost to orbit [Drexler]. Electric lifts would run the length of the cable. Due to Tiny, inexpensive inertial guidance systems could assist lightweight durability of carbon nanotubes the satellites unmanned exploratory spacecraft, planetary roversand and space stations can climb the cable and reach the orbit interplanetary probes. A dense network of distributed without the use of rocket propulsion. Due to its enormous embedded sensors throughout a spacecraft could length a space elevator cable must be carefully designed to continuously monitor mechanical stresses, temperature carry its own weight as well as the weight of the climber. A gradients, incident radiation, and other parameters to tapered design is suggested as the required strength of the ensure mission safety and optimize system control. With cable will vary along its length and at various points it has to such extensive monitoring and increasingly efficient carry the weight of the cable below,or provide a centripetal control of propulsion systems, mission success rates would force to retain the cable and counter weight above [Phani increase at lowered cost.Kumar].
The long term benefits of molecular nanotechnology are Taking into account the Earth’s gravitational and most relevant as the settlement of space is a long term centrifugal forces, it is possible to show that the optimal enterprise. The most important benefit arises from the cross-sectional area of the cable as a function of height is ability to bootstrap production via self-replicating universal given byassemblers. This capability would probably lower the
A(r) = Ao exp { P/S[ ½ W2(R2-r2) + G r (1-R/r)]} manufacturing cost by many magnitudes and also make where A(r) - the cross-sectional area as a function of possible inexpensive access to space.distance r from the Earth’s center. While it is true that nanosystems could significantly lower
Ao - the cross-sectional area of the cable on the Earth’s the cost of Space missions, other factors must also be surface considered. The prime concern is that if the policy makers
make decisions about molecular nanotechnology with the P - the density of the material of the cableassumption that humanity is limited to Earth, the results
S - the tensile strength of the material will most probably be catastrophic. Secondly it is not known how quickly nanosystems will reach maturity, or W - the angular velocity of the Earth about its axishow much effort will be directed toward including them in
R - the distance between the Earth’s center and the base the design of space application. The absence of a significant of the cable which is approximately the Earth’s equatorial human direction toward space may allow social inertia radius including cultural attitude toward frontiers, civil and
G - the acceleration due to gravity at the base of the cable criminal law to become major obstacle in developing nanosystems for space applications. An umbrella of The above equation gives a shape where the cable regulations is already in place for assessing and regulating thickness initially increases rapidly in an exponential the hazards new materials impose on human health and
15
KIIT
Abstract:
Role of Nanostructured Materials & Devices in Environmental Pollution Control
1 2Sanjeev K. Sharma and A. K. JainAnsal Institute of Technology, Gurgaon-122 003, Haryana, India.
1 2E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
environment. In the light of the findings that the workers molecular nanotechnology can and must be encouraged.who are repeatedly exposed to high levels of carbon materials are at risk, researchers have started to investigate
References:whether the carbon exposure and skin disease relationship applies to carbon nanotubes as well. Aono, Masakazu, Atomcraft, JPRS-JST-92-052-L,22 June
1992.
Feyman, Richard, “ There’s plenty of room at the Conclusionbottom’’, Engineering and Science, California Institute
Mark Freeman a researcher in Embry-Riddle Aeronautical of Technology, 1960.University conducted a survey in 2008 to determine what
K. Eric Drexler, Nanosystems: Molecular machinery, the public thinks about this new technology. The study was manufacturing and computation, John Wiley and Sons, based on the assumption that as ours is a democratic 1992.political structure the public opinion reasonable matters.
The result showed a majority of participants believing that Jacquelyn Jeanty, How is Nanotechnology used in nanotechnology is the right technology to lead to Space?improvements in space exploration. The National Space
Mark Freeman, A study to determine if nanotechnology Society believes that the serious development of the long should be applied to space exploration.range field of molecular nanotechnology must be
supported as it will benefit the entire human race. Phani Kumar, Principles of Nanotechnology, Scitech Extraterrestrial activities are a natural application for publications.nanosystems, and synergistic effects between space and
Nanotechnology is the natural progression of technology and contaminants. Nanotechnology is also likely to help miniaturization from the bulk macroscopic world to micro prevent a great deal of pollution in the future by affording dimensions (e.g., integrated circuits), and, finally, into the the opportunity to “reinvent the energy infrastructure that nanoworld (e.g., the quantum dot). The diverse powers the economy. Nanoscale materials and devices applications of nanotechnology across a number of could result in game-changing breakthroughs in energy disciplines in recent years have inspired environmental production through advances in hydrogen and solar researchers address the need for efficient and effective energy, and could even beget vast improvements in the methods and devices for the reduction of environmental efficiency and cleanliness of carbon-based energy.burden by conserving resources, reducing chemical waste, Key words: Nano remediation, Nano-catalyses, Nano-and utilizing less raw materials, chemicals, and energy. filtration, Green chemistryIndustrial and agriculture waste, air pollutants, and waste waters can be reduced and/or treated by process control, emission control, and waste treatment Rapid progress of the nanotechnology and advanced Nanomaterials
Advancement in science and technology have allowed for production offers significant opportunities for a wide range the broadening of horizons and miniaturization of of applications for detection monitor, control, and amazingly complex devices and touted as next technology remediation of a broad range of environmental pollutants
1. Introduction
16
Source: www.wikipedia.orgFigure 1 % Distribution of Earth’s Water
KIITrevolution. Nanotechnology, defined as techniques aimed into functional analytical devices for future environmental to conceive, characterize and produce material at the applications.nanometer scale [1], represents a fully expanding domain, which can be assumed to predict more production and utilization of nanomaterials without risk in future. The size particularity of these nanomaterials gives them novel The objectives of this review article are-properties, allowing them to adopt new compartments
I. To investigate the current state of knowledge of because of the laws of quantum physics that exist at this applications of nanoscience and nanotechnology in the scale level and thus, offers enormous potential to change environment.
and benefit society. Nanotechnology is today‟s version of II. To study the involvement of nanoparticles and devices in the space race, and countries around the globe are preventing and controlling the various factors leading to enthusiastically pouring billions of dollars into support of the pollution.research, development, and commercial ization
Applications of nanotechnologies are numerous, in constant development, and their potential use in medicine, energy, information technology and many other societal benefits [2]. The purpose of this article is to help in explore the
implausible implications of nanoscience and technology for Although research and development of environmental influencing the larger society benefits from attentive and applications is still a relatively narrow area of accountable accomplishment at present and in future. nanotechnology work, it is growing rapidly, and Advancement at the nanoscale is constantly improving to nanomaterials promise just as dazzling an array of benefits increase energy efficiency, improve human health, here as they do in other fields. Nanotechnology will be moderate environmental degradation by nanoscientists applied to both ends of the environmental spectrum, to and engineers and creating new economic opportunities. clean up existing pollution and to decrease or prevent its This article is based on an extensive review of literature generation. Rapid progress of the nanotechnology and published in the last two decades. The selected literature advanced nanomaterials production offers significant consisting mainly of scientific publications, but also books, opportunities for a wide range of applications including information from conferences and patent data and World treatment of waste streams effluents, elimination or Wide Web were used.minimizing the generation of wastes, remediation of
existing polluted sites, development of pollution monitoring devices like solid state nanobased sensor for real time remote detection of certain heavy metals ,
Water resources and its conservation is the key area which engineered nanoparticles to scavenge for pollutants and requires immediate attention due to less amount of usable toxins in ground water systems and for treatment of water is available for survival to meet the needs ofautomobile exhaust gas to provide emission control of
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) etc. The convergence of analytical techniques and
nanotechnology provides attractive possibilities for development of miniaturized, rapid, ultra sensitive and inexpensive methods for in situ and field-based environmental monitoring devices [3].
The technology that is expected to be proliferated is also anticipated to be very simple and very inexpensive. These developments are expected to eventually go a long way toward ameliorating the shortages of clean, plentiful, low-cost drinking water that plague many areas of the world. This review provides an overview of the various nanoparticles and nanostructures and their integration
2. Objectives:
3. Scope of Study
4. Importance of Natural Source as Water
KIIT
17
increasing population on earth. As per the water ions from water, who coated iron oxide magnetic distribution statistics only 3% of total earth water is fresh nanoparticles (Fe3O4 – magnetite) with humic acid (HA) water (Fig.1) and less than 0.08 of 1% of the total freshwater and observed the stability of material and heavy metal is utilizable [4]. Based on this fact we have an idea of water removal efficiency of the nanoparticles are significantly availability, need proper attention for conservation and enhanced due to the coating [8].
treatment to reuse water. If we don‟t manage this properly One of the most important stages of any water treatment is then almost 2.7 billion people may be living in either water- to remove micro-organisms as even after treatment, the scarce or waterstressed conditions in future. Water stress water still contains organic compounds. Currently, chlorine and scarcity are directly proportional to population is used as the disinfectant; however, it removes the micro-dynamics and renewable freshwater availability. Thus, organisms but reacts to the organic pollutants. Resultantly, keeping in view the term „stress and scarce‟, this review disinfected by-products are formed those are biologically
undegradable and toxic and can not be removed from the majorly highlights the uses of nanotechnology in areas water. On exposure of these by products to the eco- system relevant to water storage, water quality treated by and if used in agriculture and other industries, they can bioremediation and disinfection.cause serious health hazards. Disinfection process through
Targeted pollutants can be effectively removed from chlorine can be replaced by a single step solar nano-
contaminated water by using less costly, renewable and photocatalytic wastewater treatment process as a tertiary
eco-friendly manufactured products by using nanomaterial treatment process to disinfect the micro-organisms and at
based technology. The inherent societal implications of the same time it removes the organic compounds and
existing technologies and future potential for groundwater makes the wastewater suitable as a water resource.
remediation, pollution prevention, and sensors may affect Microorganisms are used to break down large organic
acceptance of widespread applications [5]. In this section compounds but, because these compounds are biologically
of review, application of nanotechnology in water and not degradable, another form of energy can be used like UV
waste water treatment is considered, which is explained sunlight in association with photocatalysts to break them
under three categories- treatment and remediation, down. Energy generated from the photocatalyst cell
sensing and detection, and pollution prevention.reaction can destroy micro-organisms and break down the undegradable compounds, resulting in eco-friendly clean water that can be used for agriculture and aquatic uses [9]. Remediation of contaminated water is the process of
Commonly, there are different techniques which can be removing, reducing or neutralizing water contaminants used for treatment and remediation of water such as that poses human health and ecosystem. Remediation boiling, distillation, halogen and its derivatives, UV light, technologies can be categorized into physico-chemical and ultrasonic irradiation, reverse osmosis, sediment filters, biological methods. Advanced environmental remediation ozonization etc. A new research is in steps forward to use technologies could be helpful to provide cost-effective nanotechnology in water purification for safe drinking. A solution to a number of the most challenging research was conducted in this regard, based on water environmental cleaning problems. In this regards, the treatment, purification and disinfection by using nanostructures reviewed as the fabrication metal and nanostructured catalytic membranes, nanosorbents, semiconductor nanoparticles for environmental nanocatalysts and bioactive nanoparticles. Toxicological remediation applications, chiefly in ground water. The effects due to the application of these engineered results particularly tailored for remediation of nanomaterials on humans and the environment were also environmental contaminants including organohalides, observed [6]. Magnetic nanoparticles are used to separate trinitrotoluene, and phenols [10]. Modified iron particles heavy metals from water. Exposed magnetite like catalysed and supported nanoparticles have been nanoparticles in aqueous systems are very much prone to synthesized to further enhance the speed and efficiency of air oxidation and are easily aggregated, consequently, remediation. These results corroborate a report that iron saturation magnetization and adsorption capacity for nanoparticles are good option for the remediation of heavy metals are reduced. Recently, resuspended Fe3O4/HA metals in groundwater [11] and pursued a comprehensive encumbered with heavy metals de-ionized in water [7]. This assessment of hexavalent chromium removal in aqueous result is followed by a new finding of a novel low-cost solution using iron (Fe0) nanopartcles. Cr (VI) is highly magnetic sorbent material for the removal of heavy metal
5. Treatment and Remediation
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KIITtoxic, carcinogenic and has great mobility which is chemical sensors such as Guided-Optics Intrinsic Chemical commonly notorious contaminant in soil and groundwater Sensors and produce new development [17]. These sensors applied in industries. In contrast, Cr (III) is less toxic and are based on the principle that the chemical species can immobile. Physico-chemical adsorption of Cr (VI) is just affect the waveguide properties. Therefore, it is not the transferred but not removed in the reaction of Cr (VI) and Cr absorption or emission properties of an analyte that are (III) and significant to the environment and feasible measured, but rather the effect of the analyte upon the method in the remediation of environmental sites [12]. It optical properties of the optical waveguide. These sensors was concluded as Cr(OH)3 should be the final product of are based on effects of the analyte e.g. an increase in the Cr(VI).. Bioremediation by strains of bacteria can also be strain/stress of the coating, modification of the waveguide degrade the Cr(VI) [13]. Starch becomes more reactive and temperature, attenuation of the guided light amplitude, prevents nanoparticles from agglomeration. Improved change of the effective refractive index of the mode or class of starch- stabilized bimetallic nanoparticles could be modification of the polarization of the light. The specific active as a good dispersant to prepare nanoscale Ag sequence of NANO sensors detects and identifies a particles in aqueous media [13]. The starch-stabilized Fe0 majority of chemical species in same and may also from the nanoparticles revealed higher removal efficiency since gas/mixtures. When a target molecule reacts with starch as a good dispersant could prevent agglomeration of nanoparticles, the shape of nanoparticle changes and Fe0 nanoparticles [15]. Recent research has revealed that modifies the reflectivity of the sensor [0]. Single-walled bimetallic gold-palladium nanoparticles provide an active carbon nanotube (SWNT) sensor platform has been catalyst to break down trichlorethene [24] which is a major developed for gas and organic vapor detection at room pollutants of groundwater are linked to liver damage, temperature and can be understood by charge-transfer impaired pregnancy and cancer. mechanisms [48]. Changes in the electrical properties of
CNTs are used to make gas sensors. Gas sensors have been used to detect NO2 [49–52], NH4 [52,53], H2 [53], and inorganic vapors [54] through the changes in the resistance of the CNT layer.Secondly, the focus of the review deals with sensing device
after treatment and remediation followed by pollution In modern agricultural practice, nanosensors are being prevention and green nanotechnologies. used for detection of pest, pest nanocides, genetic
selection of plants and animals for optimal production and targeted therapies. In the food industries, nanotechnology is applied in different ways such as in packaging that
Solid state nanobased sensor is used for real time and responds to environmental conditions and protect food remote detection of heavy metals. quality, in food Safety for which nano based sensors (e.g.
FRID) are used to track and monitor agricultural and food Advancement in nanotechnology has improved chemical products to prevent interfering and ensure safety and and biochemical sensing which consist of a series of steps nanoparticle compounds are used to improve food quality including sample col lection, preconcentration, by preventing oxidiation or environmental degradation of amplification, separation, detection and transduction. On health promoting compounds such as antioxidants and the basis of the application, nanomaterials are integrated micronutrients. Nanochips, an advanced applications of into a large array of hydrocarbon extraction, gas sensors for real-time continuous monitoring and utilize lab-separations and solid state gas sensors and these are used on-a-chip technology including sensing in impure streams, for monitoring of air pollution, nanoadsorbent materials in situ water quality monitoring of biological and chemical for pollutant separations and corrosion inhibitors which are species, and studying interactions of pollutants in the used in gas industry markets [16]. Now the question arises, environment. Specifically engineered nanoparticles that how Nanomaterials could be used to produce new can be placed in ground water systems to scavenge for development in the field of sensing devices? In this context, pollutants and toxins, catalysts could be developed that electronic materials based sensors are capable to sense and weaken pollutants [20]. The first protein biochips made up respond properly to mitigate unwanted problems related of silicon with proteins consist of functional groups protein with structural health monitoring that could quickly screen that can sense low concentrations of target substances and many pathogens and toxic chemicals and find the primary organisms [21].signs of disease [16]. The NANO-elements can be used as
Sensing and Detection
(a) Detection of certain heavy metals
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Figure 2: Removal of arsenic from water by using magnetic batch separation
Treatment of Automobile exhaust
Removal of arsenic and other toxic metals
Pollution prevention
sorbent used to remove mercury from waste stream [32] and nanomembranes can also be used to remove hardness Nanoparticles can be used to react with and treat and Desalination [33]. Recently, magnetic nanoparticles automobile exhaust gas to provide emission control of were used to remove arsenic from water [34]. Table 1 shows volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Recently a U.S. a comparative analysis of As removal efficiency which is the company Nanostellar has developed an automotive result of the treatment of known concentrations of As pollution control catalyst for diesel engines that contains solution and Fe3SO4. Figure 2 shows removal of arsenic gold platinum and palladium ingredients. This is a major from water by using magnetic batch separation of 16-nm step forward in cost effective emission control as the result water-soluble Fe3O4 NCs with a conventional separator showed that NS Gold™ increases hydrocarbon oxidation (Dexter Magnetic LifeSep 50SX). The field gradient at full activity by 15-20% at equal precious-metal cost. A tri-metal field was 23.3 T/m.formulation of NSGold™ allows the proportions of each
metal to be adjusted to help catalyst [25], volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from stationary sources and
Particle Size(nm) As(v)/As(III) Concentration of Asammonia slip in selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems
Residual (500 μg/liter) Removal (%)[26]. Another example of nanomaterial is a non toxic lubricant has dispersion of nanometer size particles that 12 As(III) 3.9 99.2 20 As(III) 45.3 90.9coagulate, smoothen and repair surfaces of the engine and
300 As(III) 375.7 24.9 12 As(v) 7.8 98.4result in the reduction of friction and wear [27]. On the other hand, most oil additives contain sulphur and 20 As(v) 17.3 96.5 300 As(v) 354.1 29.2phosphorous in complex organic molecules that
Table 1: A comparative analysis of As removal efficiency, breakdown under pressure and high temperatures and
assuming a treatment of 2 litres of As solution contribute to the pollutants in the emission. The
(500μg/liter) with 1g of Fe3O4. nanoscopic airborne pollution already in existence, from the carbon particles in car exhaust, the manganese oxide in welding fumes and from coating process [28].
Nanocomposite filters can remove arsenic and other toxic metals from drinking water. High arsenic levels may come from certain fertilizers, animal feedlots, and industrial waste used to indicate improper well construction, the location, overuse of chemical fertilizers and herbicides. Several organizations like World Health Organization (WHO), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have determined that inorganic arsenic can cause cancer in humans [29]. Nanotechnology might help improve water The Pollution Prevention can be defined as source problems by solving the technical challenges that removing reduction i.e. any practice that can diminish the amount of water contaminants including bacteria, viruses, arsenic, any hazardous substance, pollutant and reduce the hazards mercury, pesticides and salt pose. Use of nanoparticles for to public health and the environment allied with the release water treatment will allow manufacturing that is less of such substances, pollutants, or contaminants [35]. The polluting than traditional methods and requires less labour, application of nanotechnology to pollution prevention is capital, land and energy [30]. A team at Pennsylvania State two-fold i.e. it could be used to make a manufacturing University has developed a way of detecting arsenic in process environmentally benign or it could itself be an water by using nanowires on a silicon chip [31]. Nano- environmentally benign product that replaces raw technology developed and patented a resin called Nano- materials or a toxic substance. Green nanotechnology can Composite Arsenic Sorbent (N-CAS), to remove arsenic access to this direction.from water. Another study has revealed that nanoporous
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treatment‟, Nanowerk.
Green nanotechnology is a chemical philosophy promotes http://www.csid.com.cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=88545the design of industrial chemicals and processes that
9. Theron, J., Walker, J. A. and Cloete, T. E. (2008). reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous „Nanotechnology and water treatment: applications substances. Green Chemistry or sustainable chemistry, and emerging opportunities‟ Critical Reviews in Green Engineering, and Industrial Ecology are the fields of Microbiology, vol. 34, No.1 pp. 43-69.Green Nanotechnology which is about gearing precisely at
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19. Hauser, John D. (2008). „White Paper To provide http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/healthywater/factsheinformation in support of a Business/Industry Economic ets/arsenic.htmDevelopment Program for the North Carolina Emerging 30.Workshop Summary (2007). „Nanotechnology, Advanced Materials Industry‟ Northwest North commodities and development- Overview Document‟. Carolina Advanced Materials Cluster, Inc. 336,pp838- International Workshop on Nanotechnology, 6149. Commodities, and Development. Rio de Janeiro.http://www.nccommerce.com/nr/rdonlyres/e3c02ab0- 31. Patel, P. (2009). ‘Nanosensors made easy: A trick to 5 4 7 d - 4 3 0 c 9 a 0 2 e 1 2 3 e e e 4 1 e 3 5 / 2 1 8 5 / assemble nanowires on silicon could lead to cheap, tiny northwestncadvancedmaterialsclusterssummary3.pdf
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nanocrystals‟. Science vol.10.22. Karn, B. (2002). „U.S. Regulators Want To Know
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27. Theron, J., Walker, J.A. and Cloete, T.E.(2008).„ 41. Smith, G.P. , Dworkin , A.S., Pagni, R.M., and Zingg, S.P., Nanotechnology and water treatment: applications and (1989).J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 111, pp525.emerging opportunities‟ Crit ical Reviews in
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Abstract:
Nanotechnology In Biomedical Engineering
1 2 3Meenakshi Yadav , Aditya Sharma , Akriti Singh ChauhanDepartment of Bio-Medical Engineering
Dronacharya College of Engineering.Gurgaon-123506, India.
[email protected]@yahoo.com
Nanotechnology is the use of materials with fundamental specificity. This could be potentially translated into length scales less than 100 nm in at least one dimension. targeted cellular and tissue-specific clinical applications Nanotechnology has begun to revolutionize materials used aimed at maximal therapeutic effects with very limited for many traditional sciences and engineering. However, adverse-effects. Nanotechnology in biomedical sciences the use of nanotechnology in biomedical applications presents many revolutionary opportunities in the fight remains at its infancy. Diagnostics, drugs delivery, and against all kinds of cancer, cardiac and neurodegenerative prostheses & implants are three areas where disorders, infection and other diseases. nanotechnology is entering the bio-medical sector. Keywords: Diagnostics, Therapeutics, drug delivery, Convergence of Nanotechnology and biomedical prostheses, implant, Nanorobots.engineering along with biotechnology results in growth of Nanobiotechnology. The biomedical applications of
I. INTRODUCTIONnanotechnology are the direct products of such convergences. However, the challenges facing scientists Definitions of nanotechnology are as diverse as the and engineers working in the field of nanotechnology are applications that are available, it can be best explained as quite enormous and extraordinarily complex in nature. “the ability to design and control the structure of an object Utility of nanotechnology to biomedical sciences imply at all length scales from the atom up to macro scale.” creation of materials and devices designed to interact with Nanotechnology is emerging as a new field enabling the the body at sub-cellular scales with a high degree of creation and application of materials, devices, and systems
44.http://molbio.info.nih.gov/doc/mrus/mol_r_us.html Kenny, S. Santucci, Mater. Sci. Eng., C 23 (2003) 523.
45. Nutt , M. O., Hughes , J. B., and Wong, M. S.(2007). 48.L. Valentini, C. Cantalini, L. Lozzi, I. Armanetano, J.M. “Designing Pd-on-Au Bimetallic Nanoparticle Catalysts Kenny, S. Santucci, Sens. Actuators, B 93 (2003) 333.for Trichloroethene Hydrodechlorination.”, Environ. 49.L. Valentini, C. Cantalini, L. Lozzi, I. Armanetano, J.M. Sci. Technol.In Press Kenny, S. Santucci, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 24 (2004) 1405.http://www2.vrom.nl/pagina.html?id=5969 50.P. Qi, O. Vermesh, M. Grecu, A. Javey, Q. Wang, H. Dai, S.
46.Jing Li, Yijiang Lu, Qi Ye, Martin Cinke, Jie Han, and M. Peng, K.J. Cho, Nano Lett. 3 (2003) 347. Meyyappan (2003). Carbon Nanotube Sensors for Gas 51. K.S. Ahn, J.H. Kim, K.N. Lee, C.O. Kim, J.P. Hong, J. and Organic Vapor Detection. Nano Letters, Vol. 3, No. 7. Korean. Phys. Soc. 45 (2004) 158.Pp.929-933.
52. L. Valentini, V. Bavastrello, E. Stura, I. Armanetano, C. 47. Valentini, C. Cantalini, L. Lozzi, I. Armanetano, J.M. Nicolini, J.M. Kenny, Chem. Phys. Lett. 383 (2004) 617.
at atomic and molecular levels and the exploitation of novel nanosensor devices for detecting the biological signatures properties that emerge at the nanometer scale [9]. Many of cancer. Combined, such technologies could lead to areas of biomedical engineering are expected to benefit earlier diagnosis and better treatment for patients with from nanotechnology including sensors for use in the cancer. An overview of clinical diagnostic.laboratory, the clinic, and within the human body, new In vitro diagnostics—DNA chip, lab-on-chip, cell-on chip [11].formulations and routes for drug biocompatible, high-
In vivo diagnostics-- Molecular imaging, Implantable performance materials for use in implants. Interest is devices, Nanobiopsybooming in biomedical applications for use outside the On vivo diagnostics-- Wearable sensorsbody, such as diagnostic sensors and “lab on- a-chip”
techniques, which are suitable for analyzing blood and other samples, and for inclusion in analytical instruments
B. Nano-Drugs for R&D on new drugs [1]. For inside the body, many
Cosmetics based on quantum dots are already sold in large companies are developing nanotechnology applications quantities it uses one type of particle in sunscreens. These for anticancer drugs, implanted insulin pumps, and gene particles are protective and cause minimal damage to DNA therapy. Other researchers are working on prostheses and in sunlight. The quantum dots are luminescent particles, implants that include nano-structured materials.more stable than the organic dies used today. And they are nontoxic. Drugs come in many categories: Simple continues structures like creams or lotions: change the properties of skin or control its exposure to external
A. Diagnostic use
Virus: The development and potential application of nanotechnology tools for single-virus particle detection by emergent nanotechnology is likely to revolutionize diagnosis and determining treatment endpoints for life threatening virus infections. Direct detection of biological macromolecules using semiconducting nanowires or carbon nanotubes for e lectr ical f ie ld change measurements is a milestone application in this field [6]. The promise of selective detection at a single particle level (stochastic sensing) with nanowire or nanotube field-effect transistor-based devices is a major breakthrough for outbreak situations, where a rapid and specific detection of the viral agent allows intervention at public health level. Alzheimer's disease: it is an extremely sensitive technique for finding minute amount of certain disease protein in body fluids. In this marker is a ADDL which is a sub unit of protein that aggregates into nerve entangling amyloids plaques that come to riddle the brain in later stages of disease. Bio barcode amplification is done due to which presence of ADDL molecules is done even at the lowest level, it raises the exciting possibility of an accurate diagnosis years earlier, even before the onset of disease. elements such as sunlight. Large macromolecular Cancer: It includes detecting cancer at its earliest stages, biological structures include vaccines (modified viruses): pinpointing its location within the body, and even interact specifically with DNA or protein within the body. determining these drugs are killing malignant cells [3]. Molecular drugs are nano-size.Nanotechnology is being applied to cancer in two broad Drugs are designed specifically to interact with known areas: the development of nanovectors, such as biological targets. Example: neurotransmitter molecules nanoparticles, which can be loaded with drugs or imaging (molecular carriers) concentration too high or too low cause agents and then targeted to tumours, and high-throughput depression: intelligent nanoscale development by blocking
II. MAJOR APPLICATIONS OF NANO TECHNOLOGY IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING:
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Figure.1 Image of calcium phosphate nano compositeparticles (CPNPs) used for breast cancer therapy.
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or decreasing the destruction Of this molecule by modifying nervous system into the brain, where they are interpreted their binding properties. Same approach to drug therapy is and processed. The aim of neuro-electronic interface now applying in AIDS and Breast cancer therapy [figure.1].
C. Drug delivery
Drug delivery increases bioavailability (presence of drug molecule where they are needed in the body). Example anti-depressants should be in the brain, anticancer drugs at the tumor sites, anti-inflammatory at sites of stress. Targeted drug-delivery allows doctors and patients to benefit from small dosages at just the right place and thus from fewer side-effects [4]. The lipid or polymer based nanoparticles have been developed which are capable to alter the pharmacokinetics and bio-distribution of a drug [5].
Molecules can be encapsulated within nanoscale cavities
technology is to permit the registration, interpretation, and response to these signals to be handled by a computer [figure.3].
Figure.3 Conceptual drawing of the 3D interfacing system with Fluidic channels (yellow square) & Recording Electrodes (red square)e.3
E. Tissue Engineering
Nanotechnology can help to reproduce or to repair damaged tissue. “Tissue engineering” makes use of
inside polymers, CNTs, Liposome's structure [figure.2] & artificially stimulated cell proliferation by using suitable Magnetic nanoparticles. nano-material-based scaffolds and growth factors as
cleared in figure.4. Tissue engineering might replace
D. Neuro-Electronic Interfaces
It involves neuro-electronic interfaces—the idea of constructing nano-devices that will permit computers to be joined and linked to the nervous system. The construction of a neuro-electronic interface simply requires the building of a molecular structure that will permit control and detection of nerve impulses by an external computer [11]. The nerves in the body convey messages by permitting electrical currents (due to ionic motion) to flow between the brain and the nerve centers throughout the body. The most important ions for these signals are sodium and potassium ions, and they move along sheaths and channels that have evolved specially to permit facile, controllable, rapid ionic motion. This is the mechanism that allows us to feel sensations such as putting our foot in hot water and feeling the heat move from the local nerve through the
Figure.4 SEM Image of Nanoporous 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering
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Figure.2 Structure of Liposome for drug delivery
Figure.4 SEM Image of Nanoporous 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering
today’s conventional treatments like organ transplants or increase the risk of sepsis or septic shock because the artificial implants [2]. Advanced forms of tissue engineering pathogens are completely digested into harmless sugars, may lead to life extension. Nano-fibers and nano- amino acids and the like, which are the only effluents from composites are highly promising recent additions to the nanorobot.materials in relation to tissue engineering. To achieve the goal of tissue reconstruction, nano-fibrous scaffolds must meet some specific requirements: A high porosity and an adequate pore size are necessary to facilitate cell seeding and diffusion throughout the whole structure of both cells and nutrients. Biodegradability is essential since scaffolds need to be absorbed by the surrounding tissues without the necessity of a surgical removal. The rate at which degradation occurs has to coincide as much as possible with the rate of tissue formation.
F. Implants and Prosthesis
The techniques based on biological nanostructures are feasible. Researchers put a biological material in a mold—a straitjacket, as it were—which forces it to assume the shape of a body part, such as a hipbone. Biomimetic II. ANALYSIS OF RESULTSnanostructures start with a predefined nanochemical or
Nanotechnology has become an integrated subject. It has physical structure [7]. A nanochemical structure may be an flourished its arms in every field. The biomedical array of large reactive molecules attached to a surface, applications of nanotechnology are the direct products of while a nanophysical structure may be a small crystal. integration of nanotechnology and biotechnology.. This Researchers hope that by using these nanostructures as could be potentially translated into targeted cellular and seed molecules or crystals, a material will keep growing by tissue-specific clinical applications aimed at maximal itself [8]. Other groups want to apply nanostructured therapeutic effects with very limited adverse-effects. materials in artificial sensory organs such as an electronic Nanotechnology in biomedical sciences presents many eye, ear, or nerve. Both feats are far off.revolutionary opportunities in the fight against all kinds of cancer, cardiac and neurodegenerative disorders, infection
G. Nano-robots -Respirocytes & Microbivores and other diseases.
A hypothetical artificial mechanical red blood cell or III. CONCLUSION respirocyte made of 18 billion precisely arranged structural Utility of nanotechnology to biomedical sciences imply atoms. The respirocyte is a blood borne spherical 1- mm creation of materials and devices designed to interact with diamondoid 1000-atmosphere pressure vessel with the body at sub-cellular scales with a high degree of reversible molecule-selective surface pumps powered by specificity. Its diverse strength ranges from medical nano-endogenous serum glucose. This nanorobot would deliver devices that are routinely implanted or even injected into 236 times more oxygen to body tissues per unit volume the bloodstream to monitor health to the automatically than natural red cells and would manage carbonic acidity, participate in the repair of systems that deviate from the controlled by gas concentration sensors and an onboard normal pattern.nano-computer [12]. Nano-robotic artificial phagocytes called ‘Microbivores’could patrols the bloodstream,
REFERENCESseeking out and digesting unwanted pathogens including bacteria, viruses, or fungi as in figure.5. Microbivores would [1] Mark Ratner/Daniel Ratner, Nanotechnology: A Gentle achieve complete clearance of even the most severe Introduction to the Next Big Idea, 2/e ed.: Prentice Hall, septicemic infections in hours or less [10]. This is far better Pages (94-99) than the weeks or months needed for antibiotic-assisted
[2] Principles of Tissue Engineering 2nd ed. San Diego: natural phagocytic defences. The nano-robots do not
Academic Press, 2000.
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Figure.5 Nanorobotic artificial phagocytes called ‘‘Microbivores’’
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[3] Ludwig, J.; Weinstein, J. Biomarkers in cancer staging, approaches in biotechnology. Trends Biotechnol 19, prognosis and treatment selection. Nature Rev. Cancer 97–101, 2001.2005, Pages (5, 845-856). [9] Roco MC, Williams RS, and Alivisatos P, Eds.
[4] Mads Brandbyge Carbon Nanotubes: Introduction to Nanotechnology Research Directions. KluwerNanotechnology 2003,
Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 2000, chap. 8. [5] http: / /en.wikipedia.org/wiki /Appl icat ions of
[10] D. Hansford, T. Desai, J. Tu, and M. Ferrari.NanotechnolgyBiocompatible silicon wafer bonding for biomedical[6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology.microdevices. Micro and Nanofabricated Electro-[7] Cooke, F.W. Bulk properties of materials, in Ratner, Optical-Mechanical Systems for Biomedical and B.D.,Hoffman, A.S., Schoen, F.J., and Lemons, J.E., Environmental Application. Vol. 3258, pp. 164–168,Eds., Biomaterials Science: Introduction to Materials in
Medicine. Academic Press, London, 1996.
[8] Curtis, A. and Wilkinson, C. Nantotechniques and
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Applying Nanotechnolgy to Electronics:Recent Progress in Si-Lsi to Extend Nano Scale
Neha Gupta and Neeru Bala (ECE Deptt.) Northern
India Engineering College, New DelhiAbstract:
Nanotechnology broadly includes all technologies that 2.RECENT PROGRESS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY IN handle nano scale materials having the range of 10 to 100 ELECTRONIC DEVICES: As an example of nanotechnology, nm. Materials of these sizes have been prepared using two five research works are discussed.The first three are related techniques namely bottom-up technique and top –down to a material and a single element in terms of Si-LSI technique. The top-down method is applied to process architecture, and the latter two are related to the basic macro scale materials into smaller size like in circuit and the functional block.semiconductor process whereas the bottom –up method 2-1.MOLECULAR MEMORY: A dielectric integrate molecules or atoms into nano scale materials like
Film for a DRAM capacitor was fabricated using the bottom- in DNA and proteins. This paper discussed the recent
up method of nanotechnology.A primary cell of DRAM progress and current trends in nanotechnology R&D
comprises a pair of a transistor and a capacitor. As the towards industrial application.
depth of the dielectric film decreases, the leakage current of the capacitor increases and as the area of the film
1.ARCHITECTURE LEVEL OF SI-LSI TECHNOLOGY: decreases, the capacitor decreases.But this technique has the disadvantage of higher cost.Prof. Werner G. Kuhr and One candidate in constructing an electronics device using his colleagues,proposed a two layer film as a dielectric film the bottom- up method is to combine it with the bottom-which comprises a self assembled monolayer (SAM) and an down method.When the device is constructed not only the electrolyte.The film is so designed that its capacitance and bottom- up method, we must examine the following:electromotive force can be controlled by a redox reaction between the SAM and a electrolyte.The SAM is fabricated on a silicon or metal substrate allowing the self alignment of molecules and is compatible with the present semiconductor manufacturing equipment.
2-2. FINE PROCESSING:
Flash Memory, a major non volatile semiconductor
Architecture Level No. of Technology Devices
Materials <1 Manufacturing
Single Device 1 Manufacturing2Basic Circuit 10-10 LSI Design
2 8Functional Block 10 -10 LSI Design
Table1: Architecture levels(1 to 4) of Si-LSI Technology.
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memory, comprises a unit of a single transistor, in contrast Fs(repetitive size: Fs) in pattern size F(repetitive size: 2x to DRAM which comprises a unit of two element.Highly F,F> Fs) where the pattern size F is achieved using the integrated flash memory is in big demand for portable conventional lithography whereas the pattern size Fs is devices such as cellular phones and can now show static achieved without lithography. The periodic pattern and dynamic images that require large memory capacity. fabricated by the pattern size Fs is ready to construct
functional block such as memory cell or gate array in which Flash memory has the size limit in the depth of the a transistors are periodically arranged. A primary device in a tunneling oxidized film. A floating –gate-type transistor, a cell is a logic circuit built by diodes and transistors that are typical element of flash memory, stores information using a built by crossing nano- wires.charge at the floating gate that is fabricated by stacking
two gates. A charge is injected using a tunneling oxidized In this LSI design, the connection between circuits film by applying voltage at the control gate. The tunneling constructed by conventional lithography and arrays of oxidized gate must be sufficiently insulating to store the nano- wires etc. is realized as a key technology. A decoder charge during the guaranteed data retention built using a 2x Fs repetitive size is proposed for binding the period(usually 10 years). The depth of the tunneling 2xFs and 2xF, whereas the decoder must be built without oxidized film cannot be reduced in accordance with the using lithography. Doping to nano- wires or nano- scaling rule, and is limited beyond the certain depth. This imprinting may be a solution. prevents transistor in flash memory from being If the problems are solved using the present miniaturized further and prevents the operating voltage manufacturing technology, the LSI design has the potential from being reduced. for immediate commercialization. A new structure that may solve the problem has been presented where the floating gate is replaced by a number
2-5. QCA LOGIC LSI: of nano-dots(non continuous film). A charge accumulating
QCA is attractive because the design element in QCA is electrode made of continuous film does not work when potentially reduced in size to that one which we use in the film contains atleast one defect while an electrode CMOS. Although the architecture of QCA was proposed ten made of non-continuous film works even when the film years ago, its impressive applications to integrated circuits contains a sufficient amount of defects. The nano- dots has not yet been reported. The lack of design methodology tunneling oxidized film provides higher fault tolerance and of QCA by which functional elements are integrated in a allows thinner depth of the film.system account for some of the difficulties facing by QCA.
When nano dots are fabricated using the conventional Prof. Steven C. Henderson has designed a design semiconductor process,the size and geometrical methodology that built a structured model of elements and placement of dots are not well controlled as designed conducts modeling and verification on a lower which leads to non-reproducible devices.This suggest that a architecture. new technique is needed to fabricate nano dots of a
designed,uniform size. Complicated LSIs have recently been effectively designed in a short period using commercially available reusable LSI design assets (IP). A technology to reuse IP plays an
2-3. ELECTRO- MIGRATION SWITCH USING IONS : important role in effectively integrating elements that are
It is a migration of metal atoms in solids when electric governed by new physical phenomena.current flows at high density which has been avoided to due to the malfunction of LSIs.The eFuse uses electo-migration
3. TOWARDS STEADY PROGRESS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY:for rewiring elements,cells and units inside LSI.The eFuse features reproducible fine wiring without damage. Nanotechnology might not replace all micro- scale
technology immediately. Smooth transition from micro to nano or smooth integration of nanotechnology with
2-4. DEVICE ARRAYS: conventional technologies is essential.The concept of
It is been attempted to combine conventional integrated “Evolutionary nano” and the “ Revolutionary nano” should circuits, which are even now being miniaturized further not be confused as both the concept are entirely different using the top- down method, with nano- tubes or nano from each other and comprises the different idea. Long wires which focuses on the element that need to be further term investment based on well planned strategy is reduced in size. The LSI accommodates pattern size essential for the materialization of the next generation
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Abstract:
Green Nanotechnology1 2Praveen Choudhary and Meenu Vijarania
Computer Science DepartmentDronacharya College of Engineering, Farrukhnagar, Gurgaon
[email protected]@gmail.com
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technologies such as nano- technologies, where planning p.32 (December 2005). should include impressive success in industry signifying the 2. Prasher R., Proceedings of the IEEE Vol.94, No.8, bright future of the technology. p..1571(August 2006).
3. R e a c t i v e N a n o T e c h n o l o g i e s ( R N T ) 4. CONCLUSION: http://www.rntfoil.com
Nano- scale materials for nanotechnology have been 4. Takagi, A., et al. (2008). Induction of mesothelioma in prepared using two techniques: the top- down and bottom- p53+/- mouse by intraperitoneal application of multi-up methods. The top-down method is applied to process wall carbon nano-tubes, J. Toxicol. Sci. 33:105-116 .macro scale materials into smaller size like in 5. Lademann, J., et al (2001). Investigation of follicular semiconductor process whereas the bottom –up method penetration of topically applied substances. Skin integrate molecules or atoms into nano scale materials like Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 14:17-22.in DNA and proteins. This paper discussed the recent
6. Federal Register: November 5, 2008 (Volume 73, progress and current trends in nanotechnology R&D
Number 215); EPA SNUR for Siloxane modified silica and towards industrial application.
s i l o x a n e m o d i f i e d a l u m i n a n a n o p a r t i c l e s Nanotechnolgy is presented as a realistic, promising (http://www.epa.gov/EPA-TOX/2008/November/Day-technology for the future due to the recent progress in this 05/ t26409.htm).field, where nanotechnology is combined with
7. Kreilgaard, M. (2002) Influence of microemulsions on conventional Si- based electronics.
cutaneous drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 54:S77-Although the pros and cons of the top down and the S98.bottom up method have been discussed but there are
8. Utilizing the Thermodynamic Nanoparticle Size Effects much far development which has yet to be done.
for Low Temperature Pb-Free Solder Applications Koppes John P., Grossklaus Kevin A., Muza Anthony R.,
REFERENCES: Revur R. Rao, Sengupta Suvankar, Stach Eric A., and Handwerker Carol submitted to Acta Materialia.1. Marquis F.D.S., Chibante L.P.F., Journal of Materials,
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Green nanotechnology refers to the use of nanotechnology Designing nanoproducts for the environment and with the to enhance the environmental-sustainability of processes environment in mind is the essence of nanotechnology. c u r r e n t l y p r o d u c i n g n e g a t i v e e f f e c t s . G r e e n Nanotechnology is one of those exciting ,albeit infrequent, nanotechnology is the development of clean technologies, technological change agents that can influence all "to minimize potential environmental and human health industries. Nanotechnology hold the potential for risks associated with the manufacture and use of pervasive and revolutionary changes. These changes can nanotechnology products, and to encourage replacement follow a path leading to waste, pollution and energy of existing products with new nano-products that are more inefficiency or follow a path of green technology to a more environmentally friendly throughout their lifecycle." The sustainable future.ability to eliminate waste and toxins from production
Nanotechnology offers the opportunity to head off processes early on, to create more efficient and flexible
adverse effects before they occur. solar panels, and to remove contaminants from water is
Green Nanotechnology can proactively influence the becoming an exciting reality with nanotechnology.
design of nanomaterials and products by eliminating and session will explore industry’s role in preventing negative minimizing pollution from the production of nanomaterial, environmental impacts from nanotechnologies, the taking a life cycle approach to nanoproducts to estimate economics of being green, and whether green and mitigate where environmental impacts might occur in nanotechnology offers companies a competitive the product chain. Green Chemistry and Green Engineering advantage. It also will look at market and regulatory priciple are put to use to make nanomaterials and nano- obstacles and incentives.products without toxic ingredients, at low temperatures using less energy and renewable inputs. Manufacturing
1.1 Green Nanotechnologyprocesses for non-nano materials and products more
In the environmental technology industry alone, environmentally friendly using nanotechnology.nanomaterials will enable new means of reducing the
1. INTRODUCTIONproduction of wastes, using resources more sparingly,
New generation of highly efficient environmental cleaning up industrial contamination, providing potable technologies—from solar technologies and water- water, and improving the efficiency of energy production purification systems to sensors that detect pollution and use. Commercial applications of nanomaterials l e v e l s — i s b e c o m i n g a r e a l i t y a s a r e s u l t o f currently or soon to be available include nano-engineered nanotechnology’s revolutionary properties and increased titania particles for sunscreens and paints, carbon investment in this field. But some researchers are nanotube composites in tires, silica nanoparticles as solid beginning to integrate green engineering and chemistry lubricants, and protein-based nanomaterials in soaps, principles early on into their production methods for shampoos, and detergents. nanomaterials and nanoproducts.
The production, use, and disposal of nanomaterials will Green nanotechnology involves an approach to risk inevitably lead to their appearance in air, water, soils, or mitigation in an emerging and important set of industries. It organisms. Research is needed to ensure that involves three complementary goals: (a) advancing the nanomaterials, and the industry that produces them, development of c lean technologies that use evolve as environmental assets rather than liabilities. nanotechnology, (b) minimizing potential environmental
The rapidly developing nanomaterials industry is the and human health risks associated with the manufacture
nanotechnology that is most likely to affect our lives first. A and use of nanotechnology products and (c) encouraging
2003 estimate by the Nanobusiness Alliance identified replacement of existing products with new nanoproducts
nanomaterials as the largest single category of nanotech that are more environmentally friendly throughout their
start-ups. life cycles. These approaches not only offer environmental benefits but also will help give us greater security and help us address public health crises among other benefits. This 1.1.1 Green Engineering and Green Chemistrycritically important approach of nanotechnology needs “Green engineering” likewise seeks to avoid harming the further attention and integration into manufacturing environment, but focuses more on the design of products processes, educational curricula and policy efforts. The U.S. and processes—for instance, making them more energy government needs a strategy for encouraging and efficient and building them out of biodegradable materials. stimulating green nanotechnology. The green approach relies on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), a Green nanotechnology is the development of clean way of examining all of the impacts that a particular technologies, "to minimize potential environmental and product has on the environment. This approach requires human health risks associated with the manufacture and that the engineer consider the product’s manufacture, its use of nanotechnology products, and to encourage use over many years and its ultimate resting place and replacement of existing products with new nano-products decomposition. An LCA looks at such things as the impacts that are more environmentally friendly throughout their of mining or manufacture of the raw materials, factory lifecycle. emissions released during production, the waste materials
disposed of, and the product’s fate at a landfill, a recycling As part of its GreenNano initiative to advance the center or elsewhere. Another approach to LCA would be to application of green chemistry and green engineering examine each step in the product’s life span for principles to nanotechnology, the Project on Emerging opportunities to make better choices for the environment.Nanotechnologies will host a program focused on
corporate perspectives of green nanotechnology. The Green chemistry/engineering might seem like an odd mate
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for nanotechnology, but, in fact, both respect and seek to are as inherently safe and benign as possible.emulate natural processes. The goal of green l Minimize depletion of natural resources.chemistry/engineering is to make industries function more
l Develop and apply engineering solutions, while being like ecosystems or like cells, in which benign materials are
cognizant of local geography, aspirations and cultures.used wisely, wastes are recycled and energy is used
l Create engineering solutions beyond current or efficiently. As it turns out, biological systems accomplish dominant technologies; improve, innovate and invent this feat by exploiting properties that occur in the nano (technologies) to achieve sustainability.dimension. Indeed, the cell is the quintessential “green
nano factory”. It uses natural ingredients at room l Actively engage communities and stakeholders in temperature to assemble nanostructures, carries out its development of engineering solutions.chemical reactions in water rather than in harmful solvents, employs smart controls with feedback loops, conserves
1.1.2 Green Chemistryenergy and reuses wastes. So, it should be no surprise that
Green Chemistry reduce or eliminate hazardous substances many researchers view nanotechnology and green in the design, manufacture, and application of chemical chemistry/engineering as capable of working hand-in-hand products which also holds promise for reducing toxic to produce environmentally sustainable products and health effects of nano-based entities. The use of eco-processes.friendly and biodegradable materials in the production of
A marriage of nanotechnology with green chemistry/ metal nanoparticles is important for pharmaceutical and
engineering serves two important purposes. First, biomedical applications. Generating nanoparticles often
emerging nanotechnologies could be made clean from the requires toxic and aggressive chemical reducing agents like
start. While nanotechnology might never be as green as sodium borohydride and hydrazine, a capping agent to
Mother Nature, adopting a green nano approach to the stabilize the particles, and volatile organic solvents such as
technology’s development ultimately promises to shift toluene or chloroform. Although these methods may
society into a new paradigm that is proactive, rather than successful ly produce pure, well -defined metal
reactive, when it comes to environmental problems.nanoparticles, the material, environmental and health cost
Second, green technologies that benefit the environment of production is high. We urgently need to develop more could use nanotechnology to boost performance. In other cost-effective and benign alternatives. words, nanotechnology could help us make every atom
“Green chemistry is a terrific way to do nanotechnology count—for example, by allowing us to create ultra-efficient
responsibly.”catalysts, detoxify wastes, assemble useful molecular machines and efficiently convert sunlight into energy. It could potentially contribute to long-term sustainability for Principles of Green chemistryfuture generations, as more green products and green l Design safer chemicals and products: Design chemical manufacturing processes replace the old harmful and products to be fully effective, yet have little or no wasteful ones. toxicity.
l Design less hazardous chemical syntheses: Design Principles of Green Engineering syntheses to use and generate substances with little or
no toxicity to humans and the environment.The following green engineering principles were developed: l Avoid chemical derivatives: avoid using blocking or
protecting groups or any temporary modifications if l Engineer processes and products holistically, use possible. Derivatives use additional reagents and systems analysis and integrate environmental impact generate waste.assessment tools.
l Increase energy efficiency: run chemical reactions at l Conserve and improve natural ecosystems while ambient temperature and pressure whenever possible.protecting human health and well-being.
l Design chemicals and products to degrade after use: l Use life cycle thinking in all engineering activities.Design chemical products to break down to innocuous
l Strive to prevent waste.substances after use so that they do not accumulate in
l Ensure that all material and energy inputs and outputs the environment.
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1.2 Nano-Enhanced Energy Technologies 3. GREEN NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS
Semiconducting nano crystals show promise in new kinds Space: Nanotechnology may hold the key to making space-of solar cells.To make rolls of flex ible, durable, inexpensive flight more practical. Advancements in nanomaterials solar cells using solution chemistry. These could be used make lightweight spacecraft and a cable for the space broadly throughout the landscape to generate electricity elevator possible. By significantly reducing the amount of from sunlight. rocket fuel required, these advances could lower the cost
of reaching orbit and traveling in space.Nanotechnology can help overcome obstacles in developing dye-sensitized solar cells. The goal is to print Medicines: Researchers are developing customized flexible, highly efficient, organic solar cells that perform a nanoparticles the size of molecules that can deliver drugs kind of “artificial photosynthesis.” directly to diseased cells in your body. When it's perfected,
this method should greatly reduce the damage treatment such as chemotherapy does to a patient's healthy cells.
2. GREEN SYNTHESIS OF NANOMATERIALCleaner Water: Nanotechnology is being used to develop
Green method for making water-soluble carbon solutions to three very different problems in water quality.
nanotubes—which have promising applications in thin One challenge is the removal of industrial wastes, such as a
films, electronics, composite materials and drug delivery.cleaning solvent called TCE, from groundwater.
The technique allows a variety of functional groups to be Nanoparticles can be used to convert the contaminating added to the nanotubes to tailor them for different chemical through a chemical reaction to make it harmless. applications. To spur the synthesis reactions, Mitra’s group Studies have shown that this method can be used uses microwave energy. successfully to reach contaminates dispersed in The new technique generates products in minutes, rather underground ponds and at much lower cost than methods than days, and requires less energy and fewer chemicals. which require pumping the water out of the ground for
treatment.Metallic nanorods and nanowires potentially important for applications in optics and electronics can be synthesized Solar Cell :Companies have developed nanotech solar cells using green chemistry, how to produce gold and silver that can be manufactured at significantly lower cost than nanorods, as well as silver nanowires, using reactions in conventional solar cells. water, at room temperature and by employing cheap Chemical Sensors: Nanotechnology can enable sensors to surfactants to exert some control over size and shape. detect very small amounts of chemical vapors. Various Quantum dots semiconducting nanocrystals—might soon types of detecting elements, such as carbon nanotubes, be made using green chemistry. Quantum dots hold zinc oxide nanowires or palladium nanoparticles can be promise in medical imaging, solar cells and sensing and used in nanotechnology-based sensors. Because of the electronic devices, but the most small size of nanotubes, nanowires, or nanoparticles, a few
gas molecules are sufficient to change the electrical useful kinds—such as cadmium selenide are highly toxic. properties of the sensing elements. This allows the Peng’s lab is investigating ways to synthesize quantum dots detection of a very low concentration of chemical vapors. using less toxic compounds, and he expressed hope that
zinc chalcogenide nanocrystals doped with transition metal ions could effectively replace cadmium selenide nano CONCLUSIONcrystals.
• Challenging cooperative work.A new method for synthesiz ing metal lurgical
• Great variety of fields and industrial applications: textile, nanomaterials could save energy while giving scientists
polymers, printing inks, etc.greater control of nanostructure and morphology, as well
• Improvement of life quality.as greater access to metastable phases at low temperatures. Intermetallic compounds and alloys are • Highly competitive environmentally friendly European useful in magnets, batteries, catalysts, computer memory, industry.thin films and robotics. Schaak described his lab’s • Enhance and boost European institutions in nanoscience “metallurgy in a beaker” method, which involves mixing and nanotechnology.nanoparticles in water at low temperature and in the presence of a catalyst.
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Role of Nanotechnology in Disease Cure: A Review1 2 3 4Smriti Jha , Anupriya Sundaram , Meha Sharma and Swati Jha
1 2 and M. Tech. I Semester, Department of Biotechnology
Amity University, Manesar, Gurgaon, India.1
Department of Electronics and CommunicationAnsals Institute of Technology
Sector 55, Gurgaon, [email protected]
Department of Electronics and CommunicationDronacharya College of Engineering.
Gurgaon-123506, [email protected]
Abstract:
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REFRENCES [4] H. Fischer, Polymer nanocomposites: from fundamental research to specific applications, [1] Schmidt, karen.(2007) Green nanotechnology: It’s Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 23,763–72, 2003.Easier Than You Think Technical Report. Project on
Emerging Nanotechnologies [5] G. Buxbaum and G. Pfaff, Industrial Inorganic Pigments, Weinheim, Wiley-VCH, 2005.[2] Mark R. Wiesner is Director of the Environmental and
Energy System at Rice University http://www.project- [6] K. Hunger, Industrial Dyes: Chemistry, Properties syndicate .org/commentary/wiesner1/English and Applications, Weinheim, Wiley-VCH, 2003.
[3] Safer nanomaterials and nanomanufacturing [7] W. Herbst and K. Hunger, Industrial Organic initiative, University of Oregon. Pigments, 3rd ed., Weinheim, Wiley-VCH, 2004.
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Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary science involving the s, Parkinson’s etc. Application of this new technology will creation and utilization of materials, devices or systems on let us build lots of computer controlled molecular tools
much smaller than a human cell and build with accuracy the nanometre scale. This term can be applied to many and precision. Such tools let medicine, for the first time, areas of research and development, from medicines to intervene in a sophisticated and controlled way at the manufacturing to computing and even to textiles and cellular and molecular level. In other words nano-medicine cosmetics. Nanotechnology plays a critical role in various is actually a way of monitoring, repairing, constructing, biomedical applications, not only in drug delivery, but also and controlling of human biological system at the in molecular imaging, biomarkers and biosensors. Target-molecular level using engineered nano devices and nano specific drug therapy and methods for early diagnosis of structures that could remove obstruction in the circulatory pathologies are the priority research areas where system, kill cancer cells, or take over the function of sub nanotechnology would play a vital role. Nanotechnology cellular organelles. Nanotechnology has already started has attracted over $3 billion in funds from governments revolutionizing important areas in molecular biology and globally, which is being applied to a broad range of medicines, especially diagnostics and therapy at the disciplines including pharmaceuticals, drug delivery, molecular and cellular levels. This paper presents a review aerospace/defence and food. As science and technology on applications of nanotechnology in curing diseases for do not contribute only to economic growth; this provide the betterment of mankind. us means to improve the quality of human life and one of
the key area is to provide medical care for a growing world Keywords :Nanotechnology, Nano-medicine, Biosystem, with modern day diseases such as Cancer, HIV, Alzheimer’ immuno-cyto-chemical probe, Nanoparticles, Nano-shells.
I. INTRODUCTION targeted drug delivery systems are already in the market,
others are in clinical trials or, by far the largest part, are Mankind is still fighting against a high number of serious under development [5]. New concepts for Regenerative and complex illnesses like cancer, cardiovascular diseases, medicine give hope to many patients with organ failure or multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’ s, Parkinson’ s disease and severe injuries. Today artificial skin, bone and cartilage are diabetes as well as different kinds of serious inflammatory already in an advanced stage of development and partly in or infectious diseases (e.g. HIV). Most of theses diseases the market.have a tremendous negative impact not only on the
patient himself but also on the whole society and linked
social and insurance systems. It is of utmost importance to II. DIAGNOSISface these plagues with appropriate means.
New diagnostic tests making use of nano-technology to Nanotechnology is the coming revolution in molecular
quantify disease-related biomarkers could offer an earlier manufacturing, the idea of which was first floated by the and more personalized risk assessment before symptoms nobel winning physicist Richard Feynman in 1959. He along show up. In general, these analyses must be cost effective, with his associate suggested that it could be helpful in
sensitive, and reliable. The test itself should inflict only surgery if one could swallow the surgeon and this
minimal discomfort on the patient. Supported by such an mechanical surgeon invades the blood vessels into the
analysis and bioinformatics, health professionals could heart and after finding which valve is faulty it takes out a advise patients with an increased risk to take up a
little knife and slices it out and repairs [1]. The combination personalized prevention program. People with an
of nanotechnology, biology, advanced materials and increased risk for a certain disease could benefit from
photomics have opened up the possibilities of detecting regular personalized check-ups to monitor changes in the
and manipulating atoms and molecules using nano devices. pattern of their biomarkers. Nanotechnology could Such tools will let medicine intervene in a sophisticated improve in vitro diagnostic tests by providing more
and controlled way at cellular and molecular level. They sensitive detection technologies or by providing better
would remove obstructions in the circulatory system, kill nano labels that can be detected with high sensitivity once
cancer cells and take over the function of sub-cellular they bind to disease-specific molecules present in the
organelles. Just as today we have artificial heart, so in the sample [6]. Nanotechnology could also improve the ease-
future we could have the artificial mitochondrion [2].of-use of in vitro diagnostic tests done by untrained users
Nano-medicine, the application of nano-technology to or even by patients at home. Diseases with no secretion of biomarkers into blood or urine will require imaging health, raises high expectations for millions of patients for procedures of high specificity for their early better, more efficient and affordable healthcare and has detection.Within MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical the potential of delivering promising solutions to many
Systems), laboratory-on-a-chip technology for quicker illnesses [3]. Nanotechnology offers new solutions for the diagnosis which requires less of the sample is being transformation of biosystem and provides a broad
developed in conjunction with micro fluidics. In the technological platform for application in several areas (e.g.
medium term, it could be expected that general personal for detection and treatment of illnesses, body part
health monitors may be available. Developments in both replacement and regenerative medicine, nano-scale genomics and nanotechnology are likely to enable sensors surgery, synthesis and targeted delivery of drugs) [4].that can determine genetic make-up quickly and precisely,
Three critical areas of healthcare discussed in detail in this enhancing knowledge of people’ s predisposition to
literature are taking services of nano-science and genetic-related diseases [7]. A noteworthy example is
technology. The first is early diagnosis of diseases which Quantum dots or Fluorescent semiconductor nano-could greatly enhance the success rate of existing particles that have been developed for use in imaging and treatment strategies and significantly advance our ability have been employed as markers for biological processes. to employ prevention strategies. The second is delivery of Semiconductor nano-crystals are highly light absorbing, drugs, gene therapies and other therapeutics. The third luminescent nano-particles whose absorbance onset and one is improved implants developed by using emission maximum shift to higher energy with decreasing biocompatible materials. The first nano-technology-based
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Targeted delivery systems and nano-technology-assisted particle size, due to quantum confinement effects. These regenerative medicine will play the central role in future nano-crystals are in the size range of 2–8 nm in diameter therapy. Targeted delivery agents will allow a localized [8]. Recent studies of quantum dots have resulted in therapy which targets only the diseased cells, thereby developing new fluorescence immuno-cyto-chemical increasing efficacy while reducing unwanted side effects.
probes. A probe is a substance that is radioactively labeled Thanks to nano-technology, pluripotent stem cells and
or otherwise marked and used to detect or identify bioactive signaling factors will be essential components of
another substance in a sample. A fluorescence immuno-smart, multi-functional implants which can react to the
cyto-chemical probe is usually used to detect antigens in surrounding micro-environment and facilitate site-specific, tissues. In contrast to organic fluorophores, which are not endogenous tissue regeneration (making lifelong immune-photostable, quantum dots have properties of high suppressing medication obsolete) [10]. brightness, photostability, and narrow emission spectra,
Gold Nano-shells – application to Therapy using Nano-thus they can replace the usage of organic fluorophores.
Technology: One of the most highly publicized areas of The current mode of detecting the antigens which takes
nano-medicine research involves gold nano-shells to from two to six days can speed up to a matter of hours
detect and treat cancerous tumors. Here is a case where using quantum dots [9]. Key challenges for the further detection and therapy overlap: The nano-shells are development of quantum dots relate to their imaging agents that also function as therapeutic agents. encapsulation with a biocompatible layer and the need to Though the idea of nano-shells goes back to the early avoid nonspecific adsorption. 1950s, their creation was put off for several decades until it
was possible to engineer particles on the nano-scale. Another example is the use of Nanoparticles of gold. Naomi Halas [11] of Rice University developed gold Nanosphere, is getting close to commercializing a number nanoshells in the 1990s. Halas’s nano-shells are particles of of very sensitive genetic tests that could give very early silica (glass) completely coated with gold, made up of a few warning of a patient's potential for developing Alzheimer's million atoms. They can be produced in a range of sizes, or Parkinson's diseases. The tests would use nanoparticles with diameters smaller than 100 nm to as large as several of gold to detect this tiniest of traces of the proteins hundred nm. When injected into the blood stream, they associated with these devastating illnesses.naturally congregate at tumor sites – so no additional
Then there are Carbon nanotubes which can be used to targeting is necessary. In order to feed their growth,
gauge levels of carbon dioxide in a patient's breath, a tumors create many, many blood vessels very quickly, so
measure of lung function [5]. A portable device for tracking the vessels are often defective, allowing the nanoshells to
a patient's oxygen level could be invaluable in emergency slip through vascular “ leaks” and gain access to the tumor.
transport to a hospital and help prevent brain damage. A Detecting and targeting tumors by exploiting their
similar device based on nanotube detectors could help surrounding vascular defects is known as “ enhanced
people with asthma by continually monitoring their levels permeability and retention,” or EPR, effect. Halas describes
of nitrous oxide, an indicator of lung function. Better, a nanoshell as “ essentially a nanolens” that captures light
round-the-clock monitoring could help patient improve and then focuses it around itself [12]. By manipulating the
their conditions by sticking to their medication regime, and size of the nanoshells – both the size of the glass core and
prevent hospitalizations.its gold coating – it’ s possible to change the way they
absorb light. The goal in cancer detection and therapy is to
“ tune” the nanoshells to interact with near-infrared light III. THERAPY(NIR) [13]. When exposed to NIR, the nanoshells act like a
In many cases, therapy will not be restricted to medication swarm of fireflies and light up the area where they’ ve only but requires more severe therapeutic action such as congregated (i.e., tumor sites). Once the nanoshells have surgery or radiation treatment. Planning of therapeutic completed their imaging tasks, they become therapeutic interventions will be based on imaging, or may be agents. Shining a near-infrared laser on the tumor site from performed under image guidance. Here, nano-technology outside the body (light can travel through tissue more than will lead to a miniaturization of devices that enable 10 cm), the nanoshells absorb the light and focus it on the minimally invasive procedures and new ways of treatment. tumor. The area around the nanoshells heats up and the The possibilities range from minimally invasive tumor “ cooks” until it is ablated (dissipated). It’ s not so catheterbased interventions to implantable devices.
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different from the familiar childhood science experiment: cell surfaces. The “biological” fine-tuning of these scaffolds
The nanoshell functions as the magnifying glass, the laser is toward particular cell types is of growing interest. Once
the sun and the tumor heats up like the blade of grass. challenges in materials design and solvent compatibility
have been overcome, bioactive composite and core-shell fibers may be engineered to deliver growth factors,
IV. IMPLANTS AND PROSTHETICSpeptides, enzymes, drugs, and even DNA so as to facilitate
With the advent of new materials, and the synergy of gene therapy. Nano-technology also allows for nanotechnologies and biotechnologies, it could be improvement of nonresorbable biomaterials and effective possible to create artificial organs and implants that are manipulation of biological interactions at the nano-meter more akin to the original, through cell growth on artificial level, which will dramatically increase the functionality and scaffolds or biosynthetic coatings that increase longevity of implanted materials. By applying bioactive biocompatibility and reduce immune rejection. These nano-particle coatings on the surface of implants, it will be could include retinal, cochlear and neural implants, repair possible to bond the implant more naturally to the of damaged nerve cells, and replacements of damaged adjoining tissue and significantly prolong the implant skin, tissue or bone [14]. lifetime. Similarly, it may be possible to surround implanted
Artificial biomaterial scaffolds designed to support cell and tissue with a nano-fabricated barrier that would prevent tissue growth have traditionally aimed, at a macroscopic activation of the rejection mechanisms of the host, level, to match the properties of the organs they are to be allowing a wider utilization of donated organs. In
replaced without recreating the intricate and essential conclusion, nano-technology can assist in the development nano-scale detail observed in real organs. In the body, the of biomimetic, intelligent biomaterials, which are designed
nano-scale structure of the extra-cellular matrix provides a to positively react to changes in their immediate
natural web of intricate nano-fibers to support cells and environment and stimulate specific regenerative events at present an instructive background to guide their behavior. the molecular level. Advances in the areas of fundamental Unwinding the fibers of the extra-cellular matrix reveals a matrix biology, nano-fabrication, synthetic molecular self-level of details unmatched outside the biological world. assembly, recombinant DNA technologies, and printing
Each hides clues that pave the way for cells to form tissue as technologies will enable the generation of materials that complex as bone, liver, heart, and kidney. The ability to can provide enhanced 3D tissue context maps of molecular engineer materials to a similar level of complexity is fast and structural information [15].
becoming a reality. Engineering extra-cellular matrix
ligands, such as the RGD-sequence, into artificial surfaces V. FUTURE EXPECTATONS
enhances functionality in terms of cell behavior. Thus, With more and more advancement in science the horizon intricate nano-scale engineering will enable the creation of of nanotechnology is also expanding. The greatest power more biomimetic cellular environments. Nano-scale of nanomedicine will emerge, perhaps in the 2020s, when alterations in topography elicit diverse cell behaviour, we can design and construct complete artificial ranging from changes in cell adhesion, cell orientation, cell nanorobots using rigid diamondoid nanometer-scale parts motil ity , surface antigen display , cytoskeletal like molecular gears and bearings [16]. These nanorobots condensation, activation of tyrosine kinases, and will possess full panoply of autonomous subsystems modulation of intracellular signalling pathways that including onboard sensors, motors, manipulators, power regulate transcriptional activity and gene expression. For supplies, and molecular computers.example, new generations of synthetic polymers are being
A nanomedicine approach of improving the levels of developed which can change their molecular conformation
available oxygen despite reduced blood flow would be to in response to changes in temperature, pH, electrical, provide an “artificial red blood cell” or “respirocyte” made of physical stimuli or energetic status. Access to nano-
18 billion precisely arranged structural atoms. The technology has offered a completely new perspective to
respirocyte is a bloodborne spherical 1-µm diamondoid 1000-the material scientist to mimic the different types of extra-
atmosphere pressure vessel with reversible molecule-cellular matrices present in tissues. Techniques are now
selective surface pumps powered by endogenous serum available which can produce macromolecular structures of glucose. This nanorobot would deliver 236 times more nano-meter size, with finely controlled composition and
oxygen to body tissues per unit volume than natural red cells architecture. In addition, it is also possible to build mimics
and would manage carbonic acidity, controlled by gas of cell membranes, which can imitate certain features of
concentration sensors and an onboard nanocomputer. A 5- REFERENCEScc therapeutic dose of 50% respirocyte saline suspension [1] Feynman, R. P. There’s plenty of room at the bottom, containing 5 trillion nanorobots could exactly replace the gas Eng sci Feb. 1960 23:22-36.carrying capacity of the patient ’s entire 5.4 l of blood [17]. [2] Ganguly N.K. The Magic of Nanotechnology for Medical
Sciences, University news, 2005, 43(17) 19-23.With nanomolecular tools, we could design a small device able to identify and kill cancer cells. The device would have a [3] Freitas, Jr. R.A. Nanomedicine, Vol II A : Biocompatibility, small computer, several binding sites to determine the Landes Biosciences, Georgetown, 2003.concentration of specific molecules, and a supply of some [4] Roco, M.C. Nanotechnology: Convergence with modern poison which could be selectively released and able to kill a biology and medicine, 2003.cell identified as cancerous [18].The device would circulate [5] Mason,J. Nanotech notebook: healthy and green, freely throughout the body, and would periodically sample April 2007.its environment by determining whether the binding sites [6] Shackman, J.G., Dahlgran, G.M., Peters, J.L., Kennedy, were or were not occupied. Occupancy statistics would R.T. Perfusion and chemical monitoring of living cells on allow determination of concentration. Today's monoclonal a microfluidic chip, Lab on a chip 2005, 5:56-63. antibodies mediated treatments are able to bind to only a
[7] Silva, G.A. Introduction to nanotechnology and its single type of protein or other antigen, and have not proven
application to medicine, 2004,218.effective against most cancers. The cancer killing device
[8] West, J.L., Halas,N.J., Application of nanotechnology to suggested here could incorporate a dozen different
biotechnology, 2000.binding sites and so could monitor the concentrations of a
[9] Kang, C.H., Brooks,B., Tan, H.B. Quantum dots:in a new dozen different types of molecules. The computer could light, July 2005.determine if the profile of concentrations fit a pre-
[10] Frietas Jr. R.A., Nanomedicine, Vol 1: Basic capabilities, programmed "cancerous" profile and would, when a Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, 1999.cancerous profile was encountered, release the poison.
[11] Loo,C.,Lowery,A., Halas N.J., West,J., Drezek.R. Immunotargeted nanoshells for integrated cancer
VI. CONCLUSION imaging and therapy, Nano letters. 2005, 5:709-711. Nanotechnology has already started revolutionizing [12] Loo,C., Hirsch.L.R., Lee,M.,Chang,E., West,J., Drezek.R., important areas in molecular biology and medicine, Halas N.J. Gold nanoshells biconjugates for molecular especially diagnostics and therapy at the molecular and imaging in living cells, Optics Letters, 2005, 30 :1012-1024. cellular levels. Once these technologies are available, the [13] O’Neal D.P., Hirsch L.R., Halas N.J., Payne J.D., West J.L., ultimate dream of every healer, medicine man, and Photothermal timer ablation in mice using near infrared-physician throughout recorded history will at last, become absorbing nanoparticles. Cancer Lett. 2005; 15:1107-9.a reality. Programmable and controllable microscale robots [14] Wood, S.,Jones,R., Gledart.A., Commercial application comprised of nanoscale parts fabricated to nanometer of nanotechnology in medicine and health.ESRC the precision will allow medical practioners to execute curative social and economic challenges of nanotechnology and reconstructive procedures in the human body at the report, July 2003.cellular and molecular levels. Refinement in biochip
[15] Renzo, T.,Uta faure, P.Oliver, Nanomedicine: miniaturization along with the advent of nanotechnology
nanotechnology for health,2006.will further advance the molecular diagnosis and
[16] Drexler, K.E., Newsystems, molecular machinery, personalized medicine. The promising possibilities that manufacturing and computation, Newyork, John nano-medicine might offer in the future have to be Wiley, 1992.counterweighted against possible risks of this new
[17] Freitas, Jr. R.A. Exploratory design in medical technology. It is of utmost importance to examine upfront nanotechnology: a mechanical artificial red cell. Artif with care and responsibility, its possible side effects to Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnology,1998.human beings and the environment. Several European
[18] Ishiyama, K., Sendoh, M., Arai, K.I. Magnetic projects are already dealing with this highly important micromachines for medical applications. J Magn Magn issue. Also ethical concerns have to be taken into account. Mater 2002 (242-245)1163-5.It may also be necessary to examine existing legislation for
its applicability to nano-medicine.
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Abstract--Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary science changes that enable escape from normal cellular and involving the creation and utilization of materials, devices environmental control. Cancer is a generic term for a group or systems on the nanometre scale. This term can be of more than 100 diseases that can affect any part of the applied to many areas of research and development, from body. Other terms used are malignant tumors and medicines to manufacturing to computing and even to neoplasm. One defining feature of cancer is the rapid textiles and cosmetics. A number of commentators during creation of abnormal cells which grow beyond their usual the past few years have speculated that nanotechnology is boundaries, and which can invade adjoining parts of the the wave of the future in biotech and pharma. body and spreads to other organs, a process referred to as Nanotechnology plays a critical role in various biomedical metastasis, which is the major cause of death from cancer. applications, not only in drug delivery, but also in molecular Nanomaterials, which measure 1–1000 nm, allow unique imaging, biomarkers and biosensors. Target-specific drug interaction with biological systems at the molecular level therapy and methods for early diagnosis of pathologies are [2]. They can also facilitate important advances in the priority research areas where nanotechnology would detection, diagnosis, and treatment of human cancers and play a vital role. The focus of this paper is cancer, which is have led to a new discipline of nano-oncology. Traditionally, one of the most widely researched diseases in today’s the most common cancer treatments were limited to medical and scientific community. The purpose of this chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. Limitations in paper is to discuss some of the more recent and innovative cancer treatment are a result of current challenges seen in solutions that have been made possible by the advent of established cancer therapies, including lack of early disease nanotechnology. detection, nonspecific systemic distribution, inadequate
drug concentrations reaching the tumor, and inability to Keywords: Cancer, Neoplasm, metastasis, cytotoxicity, monitor therapeutic responses. Poor drug delivery and immunoconjugates, Dendrimersresidence at the target site leads to significant compl icat ions, such as mult i -drug res istance.
I. INTRODUCTION Nanotechnology has achieved the status as one of the According to the US National Cancer Institute (OTIR, 2006) critical research endeavors of the early 21st century, as “Nanotechnology will change the very foundations of scientists harness the unique properties of atomic and cancer diagnosis, treatment, and prevention”[1]. Even the molecular assemblages built at the nanometer scale. Ability most seemingly impossible problems like HIV and cancer to manipulate the physical, chemical, and biological become only obstacles in the path to solutions, if we take properties of these particles affords researchers the an imaginative approach. Of course, this is quite logical, capability to rationally design and use nanoparticles for since everything around us is made up of atomic and drug delivery, as image contrast agents, and for diagnostic molecular matter, and all of our problems are ultimately purposes. New technologies using metal and rooted in atomic and molecular arrangement. semiconductor nanoparticles are also under intense Cancer is a complex disease occurring as a result of a development for molecular profiling studies and progressive accumulation of genetic and epigenetic multiplexed biological assays. Recently functional
Abstract:
Nanotechnology: A Boon For Cancer Treatment
1 2 3 4Swati Jha , Ritu Sharma , Nidhi Sharma , and Meenakshi Gautam ,1Department of Electronics and Communication
Dronacharya College of Engineering.Gurgaon-123506, India.
[email protected] M.Tech., First Year, Department Electronics and Communication Engineering
J.C.D.V., Sirsa, Haryana, [email protected]
3 M.Tech., First Year, Department Electronics and Communication Engineering YMCA University, Faridabad, India.
3 [email protected] Department of Computer Science
DAV College, Karnal, Haryana, India4 [email protected]
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nanoparticles have developed that are covalently linked to caused primarily by ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. The biological molecules radiation, and surgery. Limitations in current method of preventive treatment against cancer treatment are a result of current challenges seen in bombardment with this kind of harmful radiation involves established cancer therapies, including lack of early disease suspending a substance that either absorbs or scatters detection, nonspecific systemic distribution, inadequate ultraviolet radiation in a thick emulsion. We use this drug concentrations reaching the tumor, and inability to emulsion, called sunscreen, to coat our skin prior to monitor therapeutic responses [3]. prolonged exposure to sunlight. Some of the problems
with this method are that this emulsion can be easily rubbed off and can loose its effectiveness over time, thus II. THE CANCER DISEASEneeding to be reapplied periodically. An even bigger
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. From a total problem is that we leave openings in the sunscreen coating of 58 million deaths worldwide in 2005, cancer accounts for during sunscreen application due to macro-scale and micro-7.6 million (or 13%) of all deaths [4]. More than 70% of all scale imperfections in our skin. This allows the Ultra Violet cancer deaths in 2005 occurred in low and middle-income (UV) radiation to permeate through the dead layer of skin, countries. Deaths from cancer in the world are projected to spreading out to a wider area due to slit diffraction and continue rising, with an estimated 9 million people dying causing more widespread damage. All of these problems from cancer in 2015 and 11.4 million dying in 2030 [5].The take away from the overall effectiveness of this preventive most frequent cancer types worldwide are (a) among men: methodology approach.lung, stomach, liver, colorectal, oesophagus and prostate; and (b) among women: breast, lung stomach, colorectal
III. CANCER THERPY USNG NANOMATERIALSand cervical.A. Quantum DotsNanotechnology problem can be perceived differently at
various stages of the disease. Most apparently, if genetic Quantum dots are novel semiconductor nanocrystals with mutations are the underlying cause, then we must broad potential for use in various applications in the counteract the causes of the mutations. Unfortunately, research, management, and treatment of cancer, Quantum genetic mutations are caused by artificial or natural dots owe their fluorescence emission to electron carcinogens only some of the time. At other times, they excitation. To overcome the limitations of imaging in the may occur spontaneously during DNA replication and cell visible spectra, such as auto fluorescence from tissues like division. With present science and technology there is very intestine and suboptimal tissue penetrance, some little we can do to prevent this from happening. However, investigators have constructed quantum dots that in all other cases, eliminating the carcinogens is indeed a fluoresce in the near infrared (NIR) spectra (700–1000 highly effective way of cancer prevention. But most nm).This property potentially makes NIR quantum dots patients do not recognize the problem until it has actually attractive for in vivo imaging. NIR quantum dots have been occurred, which makes preventive medicine, utilized rarely, used for in vivo lymphatic mapping in several animal although, a highly effective form of cancer prevention. Of models. Because of their composition of heavy metals and course, there is a way to eliminate cancer through previous reports of cytotoxicity, the potential use of nanotechnology. Unfortunately, there is little current quantum dots in humans may be limited. Uncoated or research on preventive treatments using nanotechnology. nonpolymer-protected quantum dots are unstable when After a careful review of the most advanced disease-time exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and have been shown nanoscale treatment methods, one can easily see why the to release toxic cadmium. Modification of quantum dots proposed nanotechnology alternatives to current (i.e., PEGylation and micelle encapsulation) may limit the preventive treatments have so strongly attracted the release of toxic metals in response to UV radiation [6]. attention of the scientific and medical communities in B.Gold Nanoparticlesrecent years. In fact, nanotechnology-based treatments Colloidal gold nanoparticles are attractive because gold has are no more challenging to devise than the currently used been approved and used for treatment of human disease. disease-time treatment methods. Nonetheless, it requires Gold nanoparticles have been used as contrast agents in time and monetary investments to develop such treatment vitro based on their ability to scatter visible light. Sokolov methods in short time. To demonstrate the viability of the etal. successfully used gold nanoparticles conjugated to nanotechnology-based treatments, let us consider EGFR antibodies to label cervical biopsies for identification melanoma for example. Melanoma, a form of skin cancer, is of precancerous lesions [7]. Photoacoustic tomography
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has been used to image gold nanoparticles to a depth of 6 reduced binding efficiency, can be addressed using cm in experiments using gelatin phantoms. dendrimers as carrier molecules attached to antibodies.
Several groups have studied the conjugation of dendrimers C. Alkylating Agentsto antibodies for targeting application. Antibody-Alkylating agents are able to target tumor cells in various dendrimer conjugates have been used for radiolabeling and multiple phases of the cell cycle and are better suited with minimal loss of immunoreactivity. for the treatment of slow growing cancers. Alkylating
agents stunt tumor growth by cross-linking guanine nucleobases resulting in abnormal base pairing or DNA IV. PRINCIPLE OF CANCER TREATMENTstrand breaks. Tumor DNA is unable to uncoil and separate Aside from destroying cells directly, one can take a more which prevents the cell from dividing. Cisplatin is one of the elegant approach to tumour elimination. Mass and energy most widely used antineoplastic alkylating agent for the balance are well understood and are widely used in all types treatment of certain cancers such as testicular and ovarian of science and engineering. Furthermore, these concepts carcinomas, and carcinomas of the head and neck. The are quite general, and can be applied to other fields as well, aqua cisplatin-DPPG micelles were converted into such as medicine. The general principles of mass balance, liposomes 100-160 nm in diameter by mixing with vesicle energy conservation and entropy production are applicable forming lipids followed by dialysis and extrusion through to bio systems as well as industrial processes. Thus, one membranes, entrapping and encapsulating cisplatin with a may define the malignant tumour as a bio system and very high yield. proceed to investigate the mass, energy and entropy D. Lipid/Polymer inputs, outputs and accumulations. Since the ultimate goal
is to destroy the tumour, it can be achieved by limiting or Positively charged lipid-based nanoparticles are known to eliminating the inputs of the needed nutrients and the trigger strong immune responses when injected into the useful energy that are vital to its growth and survival. body. This can be problematic when attempting to use this Likewise, the outputs can be also limited, which are type of nanoparticle as a drug delivery vehicle. Lipid-based necessary for the tumour cells to get rid of toxic waste cationic nanoparticles are a new promising option for products that are left over from the multitude of tumor therapy, because they display enhanced binding and biochemical reactions continuously taking place. uptake at the neo-angiogenic endothelial cells, which a Furthermore, basic anatomy and biology tells that cells tumor needs for its nutrition and growth. By loading within the human body get a vast majority of their nutrients suitable cytotoxic compounds to the cationic carrier, the and energy from the bloodstream, and likewise use the tumor endothelial and consequently the tumor itself can be bloodstream to eliminate the toxins [10]. Cells that are cut destroyed [8]. For the development of such novel anti-off from circulation quickly undergo necrosis and are tumor agents, the control of drug loading and drug release effectively eliminated. Therefore, the goal is to separate from the carrier matrix is essential. Screening of different the tumour from the circulation in order to kill it. Numerous matrices for a given drug may be useful for fast and efficient studies have explored the possibility of isolating cancer optimization of drug/lipid combinations in pharmaceutical tumours from the blood stream. The underlying principle of development.the study is that the cells within the growing tumour E. Dendrimersproduce and send out basic Fibroblast Growth Factor
D e n d r i m e r s a r e s y n t h e t i c , n a n o m e t e r - s i z e d (bFGF) accompanied by Vascular Endothelial Growth macromolecules that can be modified to suit a specific Factor (VEGF), the combination of which stimulates the application. Several types of dendrimers are commercially development of new capillaries that grow into the tumour.available, among which Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers are the most extensively studied for biological
V. DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS OF CANCERapplication. They have a unique architecture based on â-alanine subunits with primary amine groups on the surface Another important issue to be addressed is cancer that are available for the attachment of several types of diagnosis through nanotechnology. In order to provide biological material. Their aqueous solubility and early and thus more effective cancer treatment, early biocompatibility are well suited to carry ligands, detection of the disease is crucial. Two approaches to fluorochromes, and drugs for targeting, imaging, and drug cancer detection may be envisioned and they include:delivery [9]. Some of the issues associated with a) In vitro (laboratory-based) diagnostics.immunoconjugates, such as decreased solubility and
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b) In vivo diagnostics. unfortunate to develop it. Cancer will continue to be a big problem since it is a disease related mostly to age. As our Although in vivo detection is still a challenge, in vitro population average age increases due to medical advances, detection studies have recently produced some impressive cancer will be a major disease of the aging. Nanotechnology breakthroughs.is definitely a medical boon for diagnosis, treatment and Laboratory-based (in vitro) nanotechnology methods are prevention of cancer disease. It will radically change the based on the concept of computer chips. For example, with way we diagnose, treat and prevent cancer to help meet the use of some recent discoveries in nanoarrays, we can the goal of eliminating suffering and death from cancer. now detect multiple biomolecular markers at very low The integration of nanotechnology into cancer diagnostics concentrations in various biological fluids. There are and therapeutics is a rapidly advancing field, and there is a currently two equally effective nanoarray methods. The need for wide understanding of these emerging concepts. first method involves nanowires connected to a high-The development of new nanoscale platforms offers great sensitivity electronic ammeter. Each nanowire is designed potential for improvements in the care of cancer patients in to be a good binding site for a specific biomolecule. The the near future. biofluid under study is passed through a channel where it is
allowed to come into direct contact with the wire array. The conductance of the wires changes as the molecules bind, REFERENCESand detection is made possible by measuring the [1] Andrievsky, G.V. and Burenin, I.S. (2001) ‘On medicinal conductance in real time. The second method involves a and preventive efficacy of small doses of hydrated C60 nanoarray of Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) cantilevers fullerenes at cancer pathologies’, Chemistry Preprint which are equipped with antibodies specific to selected Archive, 2002, No. 6, June, pp.50–65.molecules. The array is submerged in a biofluid where the [2] Basu, S.C. and Basu, M. (Eds.) (2002) ‘Liposome molecules that are present are allowed to bind to the methods and protocols’, Methods in Molecular antibodies. As they bind, they are measured by a Biology, Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, May.combination of a highly focused laser beam and sensitive
[3] Denmeade, S.R. and Isaacs, J.T. (2002) ‘A history of photodetectors, with a technique similar to that used in prostate cancer treatment’, Nature Rev. Cancer, Vol. 2, AFM. Both methods can yield data that are highly accurate, pp.389–396.even with concentrations in the range of parts per million.
[4] Gao, X., Cui, Y., Levenson, R.M., Chung, L.W.K. and Nie, In vivo diagnostic techniques are currently under S. (2004) ‘In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with development. One method is to use nanoarrays similar to semiconductor quantum dots’, Nature Biotechnology, those described above. However, due to conditions that Vol. 22, pp.969–976.are much more adverse in a living patient, significantly
higher concentrations of the desired molecules are [5] Gao, X., Yang, L., Petros, J.A., Marshall, F.E., Simons, necessary for accurate detection. Another method is to J.W. and Nie, S. (2001) ‘In vivo molecular and cellular implant biosensors directly into the patient and to have imaging with quantum dots’, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., them relay, gathered information to an external data Vol. 16, No. 1, February, pp.63–72.collector [11]. The major problem with these methods that [6] C. B. Murray, C. R. Kagan, M. G. Bawendi, Annu Rev still remains unresolved is biofouling, or the nonspecific Mater Sci 30, 545-610 (2000). adoption of serum proteins to the sensors. Since serum [7] Jain K. ,Nanotechnology in clinical laboratory proteins are present in healthy as well as malignant diagnostics: Clin Chim Act 358,37–54 (2005). environments, the accuracy of the measurements can be
[8] Ferrari M., Cancer nanotechnology: opportunities and greatly impaired. This problem has been in the way of challenges: Nat Rev Cancer, 5, 161– 71 (2005) effective in vivo detection for quite some time.
[9] B. Ehdaie, Int. J. Biol. Sci., 3, 108-110 (2007).
[10] James R Baker , Jr., Antonia Quintana, Lars Pehlerel, VI. CONCLUSIONMark Banazak- Holl al, Donold Tomalia, Ewa Raczka. The
Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer have always synthesis and testing of anti- acancer therapeutic been a formidable medical challenge. In fact, cancer has nanodevices: Biomedical microdevices, 3:1, 61-69 (2001). long been considered an incurable disease and it is grouped
[11] Scott E. Mc Neil , Nanotechnology for Biologist: with Hepatitis C and AIDS. Throughout the bulk of human Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 78, 585- 591 (2005).history, cancer tended to be fatal in those who were
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Nanoscience and its emerging technologies are expected to bring a fundamental change in manufacturing in the next An exciting revolution in health care and medical few years and will have an enormous impact on Life technology looms large on the horizon. The agents of Sciences, including drug delivery , diagnostics and change will be microscopically small,future products of a production of biomaterials. Nanotechnology presents new discipline known as nanotechnology. Nanotechnology opportunities to create new and better products. It also has is the engineering of molecularly precise structures the potential to improve assessment, management, and typically 0.1mm or smaller and, ultimately, molecular prevention of environmental risks. By considering risk in machines.Nanomedic ine is the appl icat ion of the early stages of a technology,costs of identifying nanotechnology to medicine. It is the preservation and important health and environmental impacts after a improvement of human health, using molecular tools and technology has widely diffused can be avoided. The key molecular knowledge of the human body. These factors for discussion herein include the importance of nanoparticles may serve as diagnostic and therapeutic particle characterization studies; development of a antiviral,antitumor or anticancer agents. But as this nanomaterial risk framework; as well as corresponding technology matures in the years ahead, complex h y p o t h e s i s - d r i v e n , m e c h a n i s t i c a l l y - o r i e n t e d nanodevices and even nanorobots will be fabricated,first of investigations,concomitant with base set hazard studies biological materials but later using more durable materials which clearly demonstrate that particle size is only a single such as diamond to achieve the most powerful results.(and perhaps minor) factor in influencing the safety of
The presence of nanomaterials (materials that contain nanomaterials.nanoparticles) is not in itself a threat. It is only certain
This paper examining potential environmental applications aspects that can make them risky, in particular their and implications of nanotechnology. It also describes the mobility and their increased reactivity. Only if certain issues to ensure that society benefits from advances in properties of certain nanoparticles were harmful to living environmental protection that nanotechnology may offer, beings or the environment would we be faced with a and to understand and address any potential risks from genuine hazard. In this case it can be called nanopollution In environmental exposure to nanomaterials. The research addressing the health and environmental impact of has already borne fruit, particularly in the use of nanomaterials we need to differentiate between two types nanomaterials for environmental clean-up and in beginning of nanostructures: (1) Nanocomposites, nanostructured to understand the disposition of nanomaterials in biological surfaces and nanocomponents (electronic, optical, sensors systems. Some environmental applications using etc.), where nanoscale particles are incorporated into a nanotechnology have progressed beyond the research substance, material or device (“fixed” nano-particles); and stage. Nanotechnology also has the potential to improve (2) “free” nanoparticles, where at some stage in the environment, both through direct applications of production or use individual nanoparticles of a substance nanomaterials to detect, prevent, and remove pollutants, are present. These free nanoparticles could be nanoscale as well as indirectly by using nanotechnology to design species of elements, or simple compounds, but also cleaner industrial processes and create environmentally complex compounds where for instance a nanoparticle of a responsible products.. As products made from particular element is coated with another substance nanomaterials become more numerous and therefore (“coated” nanoparticle or “core-shell” nanoparticle).more prevalent in the environment.
Introduction
Abstract:
Ashu Soni and Mrs.Bhawana VermaECE Dept.
Dronacharya College of Engineering ,[email protected]
Assessing the Potential Impact of Nonmaterials and Risk Involved
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There seems to be consensus that, although one should be aware of materials containing fixed nanoparticles, the immediate concern is with free nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are very different from their everyday counterparts, so their adverse effects cannot be derived from the known toxicity of the macro-sized material. This poses significant issues for addressing the health and environmental impact of free nanoparticles.it is important that a powder or liquid containing nanoparticles almost never be monodisperse, but contain instead a range of particle sizes. This complicates the experimental analysis as larger nanoparticles might have different properties from smaller ones. Also, nanoparticles show a tendency to aggregate, and such aggregates often behave differently from individual nanoparticles.
such as TiO2 and SiO2 are produced by combusting The methods for producing nanoparticles are as varied as vaporizable compounds (e.g., TiCl4), appear to be the most the materials themselves. For example,fullerenes comprise commercially successful approach to gas-phase synthesis a class of nanomaterials that are made of a newly of nanoparticles .discovered allotrope of carbon and exist as hollow spheres,
The sol–gel method (liquid-phase synthesis)—formation of ellipsoids, or tubes.They have created significant solid inorganic materials from molecular precursors via commercial interest because of their high strength, room-temperature, wet-chemistry-based procedures—is electrical conductivity,electron affinity, structure, and easily adapted to making powders as well as films. This versatility. Some fullerenes have been found naturally as method typically yields amorphous TiO2, and a subsequent combustion products. As a result, they are typically calcination step is usually required to crystallize the fabricated by chemical vapor deposition, arc discharge, or material. Other common approaches include the controlled pyrolysis. The formation of nanotubes typically hydrothermal and the furnace pyrolysis methods.requires a metal catalyst, such as iron or nickel (3), to
organize carbon presented as CO, whereas spherical Zerovalent iron nanoparticles (nanoiron) are relatively “buckyballs” can be formed by burning benzene in an advanced environmental nanotechnologies in terms of oxygen–argon flame with careful control of gas flow large-scale commercial production. Nanoiron is produced .Quantum dots are semiconductors that display narrow commercially by several companies; each uses a fluorescence or absorption bands because of quantum proprietary synthesis method. In general, two na-noiron constraints imposed on electrons by the finite size of the synthesis methods are used commercially:the bottom-up material. and the top-down approaches.
In contrast with these bottom-up methods for nanoparticle fabrication, metal oxanes (e.g., alumoxane) are made in a top-down procedure in which a mineral (boehmite in the case of alumoxanes) is cut into smaller pieces by an organic Risk is an important issue to consider in the early stages of acid in an aqueous solution . Metal oxanes have been used any new technology. Belatedly identified health and as alternatives to sol–gel precursors for membrane environmental risks have halted technologies of fabrication and thin films.TiO2 nanoparticles are widely widespread societal usefulness, leaving society to scramble used for applications such as photocatalysts, pigments, and f o r f u n c t i o n a l s u b s t i t u t e s ; t h e c a s e s o f cosmetic additives. Many procedures have been reported chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and asbestos are examples. for producing TiO2 nanoparticles; most typically involve Even risks not scientifically certain but broadly perceived synthesis by hydrolysis and calcination .Flame and furnace can cause similar inefficiencies; despite heavy investments reactor syntheses, in which powders in genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their
Nanomaterials production
Elements of risk
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Fig 1:-Nanomaterial releases to th environment
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potential benefits to society, public perception of risk has nanomaterials Only recently have researchers begun to slowed GMO development.By proactively studying the study the potential ecological risks and impacts of potential risks of an emerging technology, we can avoid nanomaterial releases to the environment.To date, how having to react to problems caused by belatedly identified much exposure to “nanolitter”may affect living organisms real and perceived risks. Nanotechnology,involving remains unknown,as do any specific mechanisms of materials and objects on the scale of 100 nm and smaller toxicity.with unique, size-related properties, could benefit from This pioneering study concluded that stable colloidal such proactive consideration of risk. Nanotechnology is suspensions of buckminsterfullerenes (C60) in water forecast to revolutionize a diverse array of industries as (nC60) exerted oxidative stress and caused severe lipid scientists and engineers design devices and materials that peroxidation in fish brain tissue. Whether oxidative stress are superior in terms of speed, efficiency, and strength. was the result of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced Responsible uses of manufactured nanomaterials in by nC60 or by the cellular immune response system was not commercial products and environmental applications, as investigated. The cytotoxicity of other water-soluble, well as prudent management of the associated risks, photosensitive fullerenes (e.g., carboxylated C60, fuller require a better understanding of their mobility, pyrrolidine) and inorganic nanomaterials (e.g., SiO2, TiO2, bioavailability, and impacts on a wide variety of organisms. ZnO) has also been associated with oxidative stress, on the For nanomaterials to present a risk, there must be both a basis that light stimulation causes ROS production, and this potential for exposure and a hazard, such as toxicity, that leads to high toxicity.On the other hand, numerous results after exposure. Exposure varies on the basis of observations have been made of fullerenes acting as conditions such as the manner in which materials are antioxidants. Indeed,the antioxidant properties of C60 handled in the workplace, how nanomaterials partition to have been compared to those of vitamins C and E in various phases (e.g., water and air), the mobility of preventing lipid peroxidation induced by superoxide and nanomaterials in each of these phases, their persistence, hydroxyl radicals . This apparent dichotomy underscores and the magnitude of the sources . Research evaluating the need for research on nanomaterial–cell interactions potential worker exposure to nanomaterials in fabrication and the resulting effects on metabolic processes and cell facilities has focused largely on airborne pathways and, to physiology as a function of dose and exposure a lesser degree, on direct dermal exposure . The transport conditions.Microbial ecotoxicology is a particularly and fate of nanomaterials in aquatic environments has important consideration in elucidating cytotoxicity received relatively little attention. mechanisms that could be extrapolated to eukaryotic cells. More recent work has begun to consider the impacts of Moreover, because microorganisms are the foundation of nanomaterials on bacteria and aquatic life. Although some all known ecosystems, serving as the basis of food webs nanomaterials, such as fullerenes,may have very low and the primary agents for global biogeochemical cycles, solubilities in water, functionalization may increase their they are important components of soil health. affinity for the aqueous phase and their potential reactivity Microorganisms could serve as potential mediators of with cells. Indeed,increasing nanoparticle affinity for the nanoparticle transformations that affect their mobility and aqueous phase may be a requirement for uses of these t o x i c i t y . T h u s , a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f materials in applications ranging from drug delivery to nanomaterial–microbe interactions is important because it groundwater remediation. For example, hydroxylation of will ensure that nanotechnology evolves as a tool to fullerenes, either intentionally or in the fabrication process, improve material and social conditions without exceeding will increase their apparent solubility. Chemical or the ecological capabilities that support them.Suspensions biological oxidation may add, remove, or modify of nC60 have been reported to exhibit antibacterial activity, functionalities associated with mineral nanoparticles, and although the possible mechanisms responsible for such the adsorption of natural organic matter may alter their toxicity remain unknown. Unlike some eukaryotic cells that charge and stability in suspension. can assimilate large nanoparticles (up to 100 nm) , bacteria
generally cannot assimilate particles >5 nm, including nC60. Thus, antibacterial activity likely involves direct contact of nanoparticles with the cellular surface; this suggests that the surface chemistry and morphology of nanomaterials Cellular interactions and toxicity. Numerous studies have could be very influential factors in their toxicity. The investigated the human health implications of
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antibacterial effect of nC60 could also be due to oxidative (2–30 ppm) and nanomagnetite (2–30 ppm) indicate that stress. Some oxidation reactions damage the cell these nanoparticles produce an oxidative stress response membrane and affect cell permeability and fluidity,leaving and are taken up into cells (Figure 2). Noncytotoxic doses of cells more susceptible to osmotic stress or hindering Degussa P25 nano-TiO2 caused rapid and sustained release nutrient uptake. Furthermore, bacterial membranes are of ROS by CNS microglia, indicating the potential for the loci of electron transport phosphorylation and energy neurotoxicity. Exposure to these nanoparticles also transduction, which can be disrupted if a redox-sensitive affected ATP levels, caused mitochondrial depolarization, nanomaterial contacts membrane-bound electron carriers and stimulated an oxidative burst in the microglia and and withdraws electrons from the transport chain. In neurons. These results suggest the potential for negative theory, such redox interactions could also generate free health effects from exposure and uptake of nanoparticles radicals that oxidize double bonds on fatty-acid tails of into mammalian cells. However, it is important to note that membrane phospholipids; this could result in the formation these are in vitro responses and represent significantly of highly reactive epoxides that can further compromise higher exposures than expected. Tox-icity data and the the integrity of the cell membrane and even damage DNA. potential exposure levels must be considered However, whether nanomaterials cause oxidative stress by simultaneously to determine the risks. generating ROS or by the cell’s response to the Conclusion-Even though improvement has been made nanoparticles is not yet clear.These theoretical interactions toward understanding the health and environmental could serve as a guide for advanced microscopic and consequences of these materials, challenges remain for chemical analyses of cell constituents to elucidate toxicity future research. We have focused on the important issue of mechanisms and discern physiological characteristics that particle characterization studies, which are critical confer bacterial resistance to toxicity. For example,it is fundamentals for studying health and environment plausible that cells possessing a high concentration of impacts of nanomaterials. In addition, a considerate risk antioxidants (e.g., reduced glutathione) or enzymes that management model framework for identifying the destroy ROS (e.g., catalase, peroxidase,superoxide potential risks related to exposures to nanomaterials has dismutase) might be less susceptible to nanomaterial been developed. Health and environmental risks are toxicity. Theoretical considerations also suggest that products of both hazards and exposures. Many often smaller nanoparticles are likely to be more toxic because of threat data from a toxicity study are confused with the their large specific surface areas, which are conducive to concept of health risk. It should be noted that exposure is greater bioavailability.Thus, factors that promote an integral part of this equation. Risk management should coagulation and precipitation of nanoparticles in the be an integral part of an work-related safety and health environment, such as increases in salt concentration, are program,likely to mitigate ecotoxicity.
which is based on recognition of the nanomaterial hazards, It has been suggested that derivatization of fullerenes evaluation of the exposure potentials, and application of decreases toxicity. However,derivatization provokes control measures to reduce the risk.numerous changes in the physical characteristics of these materials, including aggregation state, hydrophobicity, and reactivity,that have not been controlled in studies to date.Metal and metal-oxide nanoparticles (e.g.,
[1] Health effects related to nanoparticle exposures: nanoiron,magnetite, TiO2) have been proposed for Environmental, health and safety considerations for groundwater remediation , water treatment and removal assessing hazards and risks David B. Warheit , of toxic contaminants from air streams. Their widespread Christie M. Sayes , Kenneth L. Reed , Keith A. Swain.use could expose biological systems through inhalation,
dermal contact, or ingestion and absorption through the [2] Assessing the risk of manufactured nanomaterialsdigestive tract. A recent investigation indicates that CeO2 Mark R.Wiesner Duke university,Greg V lowry nanoparticles are taken up into human fibroblasts in vitro Carnegie Mellon University Pedro Alvarez Rice (44). However, few other studies describe the effects of University Dianysios Dionysiou University of particles once they are taken up into the cells.Preliminary Cincinnati Pratim BiswasWashington University in investigations of the in vitro response of central nervous ST. Louissystem (CNS) microglia to low concentrations of nanoiron
References
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There has been a tremendous upsurge of interest in two or more semiconductors of different bandgaps, exploiting renewable sources of energy such as hydro doping of transition metal ions etc. have been adopted for energy, wind energy, ocean energy and solar energy due to the enhancement of their photocatalyitic activity. the increased global consumption and demand of energy Q-CdS has a suitable bandgap with absorption in the visible and the dwindling resources of fossil fuels. Solar energy has region. However, it has a problem of photoanodic a great potential as it is non-polluting energy source and dissolution. We have modified the surface of Q-CdS by plentifully availability throughout the year. It has been binding excess Cd2+ through hydroxylation. This enhances found that quantum-sized semiconductor particles have a its photostability and induces the bandgap emission but it vast potential in harnessing of solar energy and its makes the particle relatively inert to initiate photoredox conversion to chemical energy. These systems have drawn processes. Cd(OH)2 coated Q-CdS did not sensitize the attention in initiating photocatalytic redox transformations reaction of indole – O2 redox couple. So we coupled and treatment of industrial waste. Cd(OH)2 coated Q-CdS particles with TiO2 which sensitizes A number of strategies viz. sensitization and surface these reactions efficiently (f indigo = 0.08). modification of large bandgap semiconductors, coupling of
Abstract:
1 2Shipra Mital Gupta and Arvind Kumar Jain1University School of Basic & Applied Sciences,
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi – 110075
[email protected] Institute of Technology, Gurgaon, Haryana – 122003
Coupled Cd(oh) Coated Q-cds - Tio 2 2
Nanoparticles
[3] Mullin, R. P. What Can Be Learned from DuPont and [6] Tsao, N.; et al. Inhibition of Group A Streptococcus the Freon Ban: A Case Study. J. Bus. Ethics 2002, 40, Infection by Carboxyfullerene. Antimicrob. Agents 207-218. Chemother.
[4] Asbestos: from ‘magic’ to malevolent material. Late 2001, 45 (6), 1788–1793.Lessons from Early Warnings: The Precautionary [7] Mashino, T.; et al. Antibacterial and Antiproliferative Principle 1896-2000; Activity of Cationic Fullerene Derivatives. Bioorg. Office for Official Publications of the European Med.Communities: Luxembourg, 2001; pp 52-63. Chem. Lett. 2003, 13 (24), 4395–4397.
[5] F e d e r , B . F r o m N a n o t e c h n o l o g y ’ s [8] Babynin, E. V.; et al. Study of Mutagenic Activity of Sidelines,OneMore Warning. New York Times, late Fullerene and Some of Its Derivatives using His+ e d . , N e w Y o r k , F e b 3 , 2 0 0 3 , p Reversions of Salmonella typhimurium as an C1.contaminationsNanometre-size products of Example. Genetika 2002, Using Endohedral uranium bioreduction. Metallofullerene Radiotracers.Nature 2002, 419, 134-134. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1999, 96, 5182–5187.
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Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials are the key size, and distribution at nanolevel needs sophisticated technologies in the current century. Nanotechnology is the characterization techniques like electron microscopy, X ray field of applied science focused on the fabrication, diffraction, Raman spectroscopy etc. This paper discusses synthesis, characterization and application of materials and the basic principles and applications of various techniques devices at nanoscale. The precise control of nanoparticle to be used for characterization of nanomaterials.
Abstract:
Characterization Techniques of Nanomaterials
1 2Prof. V.K Syal and Ms. Anjana BehalKIIT College of Engineering
Maruti Kunj, Gurgaon-122102
This review paper describes the the development of carbon coordinated nanoscale data acquisition is one of the most nanotube transmitter and receiver circuits operating with promising functions in the nanotechnology applications. radio frequency (RF), allows current wireless technologies The concept of Carbon Nanotube Sensor Networks (CNSN) to function at nano-scale environments. This vision also for future nanoscale data acquisition applications is also enables a very large set of new applications such as described. CNSN can be perceived as the down-scaled coordinated disease detection, drug delivery, and version of traditional wireless sensor networks without biological and chemical attack defense. Especially, downgrading its main functionalities.
Abstract:
Carbon Nanotube Sensor Networks: A Review1 2 3Preeti , Deepak and Kanika
1 2 3MAIT Gzb, DRDO , & KIIT , Gurgaon
Schematic diagram of SEM Schematic diagram of Raman
Nanotechnology is the natural progression of technology the nanotechnology and advanced nanomaterials miniaturization from the bulk macroscopic world to micro production offers significant opportunities for a wide range dimensions (e.g., integrated circuits), and, finally, into the of applications for detection monitor, control, and nanoworld (e.g., the quantum dot). The diverse remediation of a broad range of environmental pollutants applications of nanotechnology across a number of and contaminants. Nanotechnology is also likely to help disciplines in recent years have inspired environmental prevent a great deal of pollution in the future by affording researchers to address the need for efficient and effective the opportunity to “reinvent the energy infrastructure that methods and devices for the reduction of environmental powers the economy. Nanoscale materials and devices burden by conserving resources, reducing chemical waste, could result in game-changing breakthroughs in energy and utilizing less raw materials, chemicals, and energy. production through advances in hydrogen and solar Industrial and agriculture waste, air pollutants, and waste energy, and could even beget vast improvements in the waters can be reduced and/or treated by process control, efficiency and cleanliness of carbon-based energy. emission control, and waste treatment Rapid progress of
Abstract:
KIITRole of Nanostructured Materials & Devices in Environmental Pollution Control
Sanjeev K. Sharma, A. K. Jain and Era Upadhyay Ansal Institute of Technology, Gurgaon-122 003, Haryana, India.
The conducting polymer nanocomposites have attracted carbon nanotubes. In the present study, nanocomposites considerable attention in recent years because of their consisting of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-wide application potential in electronics field and diverse styrene sulphonate) (PEDOT:PSS) matrix reinforced with areas. The introduction of electrically conducting carbon graphite nanosheets were prepared by solution casting based nano particles as nano graphite, CNTs, carbon fibers and spin coating method. The nanocomposites prepared into the polymeric matrix is a promising approach to were characterized by XRD, SEM and FTIR technique.f a b r i c a t e e l e c t r i c a l l y c o n d u c t i v e p o l y m e r i c The dispersion of nanoparticles in PEDOT-PSS polymer is nanocomposites. Among the different carbon found to be better in case of solution casting method. The nanoparticles much less work has been done on conductivity studies of the prepared nanocomposites were nanographite although they have in-plane electrical, carried out.thermal and mechanical properties comparable to that of
Abstract:
PEDOT-PSS/ graphite nanocomposites fabricated by spin coating and solution casting method : A comparison
Prachi Singhal and Sunita RattanAmity school of Engineering and Technology, AUUP, Noida, India.
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Nanotechnology has gained considerable attention in the important for providing mechanistic details in the uptake, scientific community ever since its emergence as a persistence, and biological toxicity of nanoparticles inside powerful engineering and applied science tool. While l iv ing cel ls . As evident from recent f indings, beneficial aspects of nanomaterials are well established, nanotechnology can dramatically change the properties there are also evidences of the harmful impacts of and applications of industrial and research materials. The nanomaterials on the living cells. We have now understood selectivity and reactivity achieved due to very small size the potential and risks of nanotechnology, whether have produced a wide variety of applications of through general culture in books such as Michael Crichton’s nanomaterials. Such extraordinary physicochemical authored Prey or through the scientific reports of the kind properties bring along a concern about the adverse effects recently published by the Royal Commission on of nanostructures on biological systems. Research in the Environmental Pollution. This has led to a general field of biomaterials and biotechnology along with other consensus that there is a great need to assess the sources of human interaction with nanomaterials has thus toxicology of nanoparticles (NPs). It is much harder to attracted considerable attention. This short paper provides proceed further without knowing the risks and challenges insights into the physical, chemical, and interfacial associated in using nanoparticles for their unending parameters on the toxic potential of nanomaterials. While applications. The diverse array of surface properties nanotechnology has promised invaluable progress in achieved due to reduction in particle size that catalyzes the science and technology, the onus rests on the scientific surface chemistry of nanoparticles is responsible for their community to predict the unknown outcome on the toxic potential. Physical parameters such as surface area, biological system for its safe proliferation.particle size, surface charge, and zeta potential are very
Abstract:
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KIITToxicity Of Nanomaterials: A Major Challenge of the Day
A. K. Jain and Sanjeev Kumar SharmaAnsal Institute of Technology –Gurgaon-122003
Fig. The mechanisms of interaction of nanomaterials with biological tissues, illustrating the importance of material chemistry, electronic structure, bonding, active or passive surface coatings, solubility, and interactions with other environmental factors