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NATIONAL SECURITY

NATIONAL SPACE POLIC

MEMORANDUM FOR THE THE THE THE S THE A -..~ ......... THE SE THE SEC TION

20951

DIRECTOR MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET CHIEF OF SS;Tfit,.iN;.(.i~'RESIDENT THE ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT FOR NATIONAL

SECURITY RS THE ASSIST~~~~~~SIDENT FOR SCIENCE AND

TEC THE DI CHAI ADMIN

SUBJECT: NATIONAL

I • INTRODUCTION

(U)

ELLIGENCE OF STAFF

AERONAUTICS AND

This directive estab quidelines, and implementing actions ted States space programs and related des National Security Decision Directive (NS elated NSDDs 50, 70, 257, 258, 276, and NSD 1 This directive is consistent with quidance co !1~.-~!rexisting directives and executive orders, and law. This national space policy is a living directive. It is ~~~ii&iei~!serve as a baseline for ongoing review and modi fi !dent • (U)

To facilitate handl classification level separate Directive material. Sections material exists in

United States space distinct sectors: sectors (Civil, Mili a separate, non-gove~nerl~

· coordination, cooper exchange will be ma

ssued at the security a corresponding but

y classified otated when related

and

Partially Oedassified/Re!eased on ~ under provisions of E.O. 12958

by R. Soubers, Natiooal Security Council 'f-'1-1~1:.

MS\HEU unnecessary duplication space goals. All progr conditions that prote promote accept~ce a activities. (,e)

II.

A fundamental has been, and conti an increasingly com require United State space enterprise. It the key areas of spac national security, scie policy goals. (U)

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a~>4tr~oti~\ainment of United States in these sect rs vill operate under

hnol and data and that it States space

a. The overall goals of United States space activities are: (1) to strengthen the · of the United States; (2) to · obtain scientific, techn onomic benefits for the general population and lity of life on Earth through space-related ncourage continuing united States privat sect invest ~ce and related activities; (4) to p mot .internatio ~rative activities taking into account nit States nat ecurity, foreign policy, scientific, nd onomic interests; (5) to cooperate with other nations in ma tai ng the freedom of space for all activities that enh e security and welfare of mankind; and, as a long-range goa to expand·human presence and activity beyond Earth orbit e solar sys {U)

b. United Sta accordance with'the f

all be conducted in

(l) The Unit~~ itted to the exploration and use of outer space by a:?~--~s~for peaceful purposes and for the benefit of all mankind. wpeaceful purposes• allow for military and intelligence-r tivities in pursuit of national security and ot

(2) The Un intelligence-related inherent ri9ht of s allies. (.e)

(3) The sovereignty by any or any portion ther fundamental right o space. (0}

(4) The

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ue military and· support of its

'WIIIIiiliW se commitments to its

the space systems of

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(5) . The u the commercial use systems ~or nationa activities aust be and international a

(6) The U pursue its commercial Federal subsidies. (

3

the right of passage terference. Purposeful

ewed as an

tates shall encourage and not preclude loitation of space technologies and mic benefit. These commercial ent with national security interests, stic legal obligations. (U)

a&tter of policy, out the use of direct

(7) The United ~~~~ .. ~~ encourage other countries to engage in free and fair commercial space goods and services. (U)

(8) The Unite cooperative space-rela sufficient scientific benefits for the nat beneficial internati programs. (U)

III.

a. The Unite contribute signific technology, economy, well as United State sector activities sha development, operations and appropriate applicat

nduct international are expected to achieve

, or national security e United will seek mutually

rticipatio ... ..._ .... -ce and space-related

.. ~~-tion's science, ing and direction, as

adership. Civil d strategy of research,

or science, exploration,

b. The objectives of the United States civil space activities shall be (1) to wledge of the Earth, its environment, the solar s !verse; (2) to create new opportunities for vironment through the conduct of appropriat entation in advanced technology and syste e technology for ci vi 1 applications and, wh such technology available to the co l sector; (4) to preserve the United States preeminence !cal aspects of space science, applications, techn and manned space flight; (5) to establish a permane ned presence in space; and (6) to engage in internati operative efforts that further United States overall spac (U)

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IV. ~ ~- ....

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The United Sta~s gov continuing developme Space Sector. Expan the market-driven C

nmen~lh:i~ p~lude or deter the of separate }\on-gOvernmental Commercial

ng ivate sect~stment in space by

for the Nation and increasing range of Sectors shall purch services to the ful activities with pote or deter Commercial security or public sa activities shall be su required by law, nation and public safety. (U)

The United States will necessary to national to national security necessary, defending forces of hostile n (3) negating, if ne enhancing operation Consistent with tre shall support such communications, nav tactical intelligen surveillance, _and fo development programs addition, military spa satisfaction of nationa

al Sector generates economic benefits s governmental Space Sectors with an goods and services. Governmental Space ercially available space goods and

tent feasible and shall not conduct ommercial tions that preclude pace act except for national

ons. ial Sector space d only to the extent

national obligations, ~

ivities in space that are 'vities will contribute

) d rring, or if ack, (2) assuring that

cannot prev own use of space; , hostile space systems; and (4) ited States and Allied forces.

ligations, the military space program ns as command and control, , environmental monitoring, warning, geting, oce battlefield lication ing research and

port ctions) • In ntribute to the

quirements. (.e)

VI. NATIONAL FOBEIGN INTELLIGENCE SPACE POLICY (.e'5

VII.

This section conta military, national (.e1

a. The United coordinate separate

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to, and binding on, the '~~ .. ~ civil space sectors.

maintain and civil operational space

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systems where differing n_~s of the"""l'ectors -~~ --;...__

dictate. (U}

b. Survi vabi 1 i trf.'·and systems, inclu~nq al~ nee commensurate with th fpla the threat, and with the mission. (0)

d. All sectors feasible, the development space capabilities.

e.

(1) A cont from space is impor goals. To ensure t United States gover LANDSAT-type remote issues and activitle regulating the priva continue government r remote sensing techno! development of commerci space, competitive with, or commercial systems.

f. sufficient element of national transportation syst flexible capability operations despite fai

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tional security space nts, will be pursued

~;~•and conflict, with r assets to perform

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otely sense the Earth space

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States government will con~ihue researqh and development on component technologies ~'"".suppost: <?f fut\u-e transportation systems. The goals of~nite$·~fite~pac'-transportation policy are: (1} to ai!!Heve ~d ma,S'fltain sa~ and ~eliable access to, transportation in, a .· re rn from, SP\<;~~2} to exploit the unique attributes of ann and unmannedJraunch and recovery systems; (3) to enco ag to the maximum extent feasible, the development and use f U ted States private sector space transportation cap lit s; and (4) to reduce the costs of space transportation and r lat services. (U}

g. advancements To ensure necessary ca government will continu future advanced

unications es space sectors. United States

elopment efforts for hnologies. (U)

h. It is the policy of the United States to control or prohibit, as appropriate, e~~~~~~e~quipment and/or technology that would make a signifi to a foreign countr 's strategic milita 1.s-r ...

j. All ~ace s space debris. ~esi and systems will st space debris consist effectiveness. The space-faring nati debris minimization.

VIII.

Normal interagency pr to coordinate the poli

7

imize the creation of tests, experiments

minimize o accumulation of h mission requirements and cost States government will encourage other

t policies and practices aimed at

d wherever possible s directive. (U)

Executive Order No. 12675 National Space Council 6 to provide a coordinated pro or developing a national space

policy and strategy and for monitoring its imp~ementation. (U)

The Vice President serve the President's princi strategy. Other memb State, Treasury, Oef of Staff to the Pres Management and Budg National Security A Science and Technol the Administrator o Administration. Th Chairman of the Join agencies and other s the Council. (U)

of the Council, and as nal space policy and

the Secretaries of sportation; the Chief

~--~~he Office of President for

the Assistant to the President for e Director of Central Intelligence, and ational Aeronautics and Space man, from time to~time, invites the··

s of Staff, eads of executive fficials t cipate in meetings of

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The following Policy Guide~~--.. --~plementing Actions provide a framework through whic this directive shall be carried out. Agencies ions as guidance on priorities, including and execution of budgets for space ac rall resource and policy guidance prov Affected Government agencies shall ensu their current policies are consistent with this directive here necessary, shall establish policies to impleme e practices. (0)

I.

a. Introducti NASA will continue th for advancing space

other agencies: Federal Government

and appropriate

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U/iWA00il ILLi applications through th technoloqy, developmen and Atmospheri~Admin research, and make p will license and pro support ~ivil sector

b. Space Sci appropriate agencie scientific research, understanding ot: ( evolution ot the uni dynamic relationship of the solar system; ( bioloqical processes; ( human beings; and (6) the of lite in the universe.

vities for research, ;~~~~~-oper ions; National Oceanic

the data, conduct e E th's environment; DOT

.~~~perations which

NASA, with the collaboration of other conduct a balanced proqram to support

ration, and ex rimentation to expand ophysical na and the origin and

2) the E s environment and its origin and evolution

cal, chemical, and the space environaent on rw-.-. .. .-~rning the oriqin and spread

(U)

c. Space Exploratio~.-~~--~ to investigate phenomena olar system, .NASA will

anned exploration. and objects both within conduct a balanced pro (U)

(1) Huma goal of expanding h into the solar syst development of tee range of future man (Pathfinder) will b focused program of

ration. To ent the long-range esence and activity beyond Earth orbit A will continue the systematic s necessary to enable and support a sions. This tech{lology program ted toward a Presidential decision on a xploration solar system. (0)

(2) Unmann will continue to pursue a program of here such exploration can most efficiently an isfy·national space objectives by among other ieving scientific objectives where human presence is undesirable or unnecessary; exploring realms where the risks or costs of life support are unacceptable; and providi to support future manned mis_sions. (U)

d. Permanent Station to achieve the mid-1990s. Spa United States preem spaceflight; (2) pr technological inves particularly in the private sector expe commercial activity; needs of Station use States; (6) provide o participation; and (7)

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will develop the Space tiona! capability by

llllitlllll.. (1) Contribute to in critical aspects of manned

support and stability to scientific and ons; (3) provide early benefits, ials and li~e sciences; (4) promote tion preparator to independent

low evolut keeping with the he long- als of the United

e ercial sector onger term goal of

expanding human presence solar system. (U)

e. Mann~ Spac as efforts to improv system (STS) and to are inten~ed to ensu ~spects of manned sp

f. Space Appl pursue the identific applications flowing to promote private se applications. (U)

ond Earth orbit into the

Preemine pproved programs such afely opera Space Transportation , deploy, and use the Space Station, ed States preeminence in critical

ght. (U)

(1) Such applic new capabilities, or improve the quality or efficienc o continuing activities, including long-term scientific observations. (U)

(2) NASA will selected critical missi access to space, on-or techniques, redundanc

(3) Agenc development agreeme to advance the rele States Government s

its capability to conduct opriate mix of assured

automation asures .•. (U)

(4) Manag 'Perational remote sensing is the respo nt of Commerce. The Department of Commerc e Federal needs for civil operational re-o o be ~t either by the private sector or the F (b) identify needed civil operational system evelopment objectives; and (c) in coordination with other artments or agencies, provide for the regulation of private sector operational remote sensing systems. (U)

g. Civil·.Gover Space Transportation access to space will greatest national re preeminence in criti fleet will maintain support critical pr unique STS capabilit transportation goals rates to provide for programs. NASA will operational capabilit deploying, servicing,

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ation. The unique y to provide manned reas that offer the

ncluding c ting to United States cts of manned spaceflight. The STS

tion's capability and will be used to requiring aanned presence and other In support of national space will establish sustainable STS flight ng and budg of Government space appropria ncements to STS

r sta systems for craft as national and

user requirements are

h. Internation foster increas~ inte activities by seek participation in ci National ~pace Counc civil space cooperat cooperative activi interagency review

United States will:

10

ited States will .civil space

~~~ternational ed programs. The

11 be responsible for oversight of th the Soviet Union. No such be initiated until an appropriate

completed. (U)

i vil space activities

pa internat onal space ventures, whether public or private, must be consistent with United Sta~~tse~~~~~~ogy transfer laws, regulations, Executive Or ential directives. ~

(2} Supper readout of da.ta from stations and the pro specified conditions

(3) Be c commercial value of support. Such coope space activities by required by national

II.

iminatory direct o foreign ground ·

Wllillllllii~n users under ·

d in such a way as to protect the ectual property developed with Federal will not preclude or deter commercial ted siates · ~ sector, except as

y or publ ty. (U)

a. NASA, and the O:!~iiiJ=~~~ ommerce, Defense, and Transportation will work coope to develop and implement specific measures to foster the of private sector commercial use of space. A focus for commercial space issues has been created hment of the National Space Council. (U)

b. To stimula operation of space a facilitate private s related hardware an to undertake

Governmental

(1) to the fullest extent preclude or deter

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ment, ownership, and the United Government will

access to appropriate U.S. space­ities, and encourage the private sector ace ventures. (U)

e goods and services ctions that may ctivities except as

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(2) Ente encourage and advan and operations whil intellectual propert

(3) Provid facilities on a reimbu

appropriate cooperative agreements to ate sector basic research, development, cting the commercial value of the

oped. (0)

Government

(4} Identify, a propose tor elimination, applicable portions of United States laws and regulations that unnecessarily impede commercial space sector activities. {0)

(5) Encoura activities. Consiste set forth in this di Representative will other countries to space activities. development and tr Executive Oepartmen whether such countri in commercial space

(6) Provid developed space techno as to protect its comme security. (U) ·

de in commercial space. nciples,· and policies es Trade

Pl.-.. ~ate, negotiate with ge free and fair trade in commercial ring into space-related technology greements with other coqntries, agencies will take into consideration ctice and encourage free and fair trade ies. (0) ·

fer of Government­sector in such a aanner

stent with national

(7) Price Government-provided goods and services consistent with OHB Cireul~ .. _..~~~

III.

a. General:

(1) The operate, and mainta appropriate mix of space, on-orbit spar means. (U)

(2} dissemination

ent of Defense (000) will develop, ssured mission capability through an satellite control, assured access to roliferation, reconstitution or other

critical

.JIJJ\SSJFIEU technologies and mission Orders and applicable security .information performed and ~e s space activities.

(3) DOD incorporates the s Initiative. (U)

b.

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s · ·~e-.-aecorda.nce with Executive i ves for the<::..,protection of national

· r•~ with both the missions asures ·1"1\cess·~y to protect related

r. ..

~~~~ .

sure that the military space program equirements of the Strategic Defense

·payloads ch systems and launch s ze the impact of loss any single launch system

launch site on mission per~fo~r~~~~ The DOD will procure unmanned launch vehicles d maintain launch capability on both the ts. DOD will also continue to enhance t satellite control capability through an tellite autonomy and survivable command a and data dissemination syste

(2) DOD would support futur

c. Force Enha

udy concepts and technologies which ngency launch capabilities. (0)

(1} The D the DCI as appropriate, will dev ntain space systems and develop plans and a et the requirements of operational land, sea, a~~~~~~~~~~rough all levels of conflict commensurate with ended use. ~

(2)

d. Space Contr

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e, and maintain of action in --·

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(3) a survivability enhancement program for future requirements. The ~~.~~~-- survivability of selected, critical nat assets (including associated terrestrial degree commensurate with the value and utility 0of t!h~e~~=-~~t~hey provide to national-level decision functions, operational forces, and elements associated with ~~QM~~~lf government across the spectrum of conflict.

, capability United

e. Force Appl consistent with treaty obligations, c opment, and planning to be prepared to acqu weapon systems should national security condit se efforts must ensure a capability to respond in a and effective manner to the development of space and space-related weapons by any adversary and should support techno! that will place the United States in a favorable st un IV.

The following securi programs:

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conduct of these

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(2) The fa tes conducts satellite photo-reconnaissance fo s, including intelligence collection f arms control agreements, is UNCLASSIFIED. act that such photo-reconnaissance includes a near real time capability and is used to provide defense related for indications and warning is also UNCLASSI details, facts, and products concerning na ligence space program activities are subje ification and security controls. (U) ·

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v. The following par sector efforts and re major United States spa

a.

(1) The United capability will be based Space Transportation Sy (ULVs), and in-space this mix will be. defi security and civil activities in the mo

. (3) The ST in an institutional a NASA/DOD Memorandum in NASA for operati and in the DOD for and intelligence mi responsibility of t

(4) Unite integral element of NASA will not maintai

15

r with the Secretary of. Defense, may uam~ntations to military space systems

foreign intelligence. needs. (.81

priority cross­plans supporting

~~~~~~o~n~~al space transportation cles, consisting of the

launch vehicles The elements of

ion needs of national ~~~ted States space

(U)

.--. .. ch operations are an .... .,.,,c_ launch capability.

to the STS. NASA will~E:'o,ricl'!lll--eh vehicle (ELV) adjunct

s for commercial and

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(5) Civil maximum extent feas.i contractinq for nece private sector or wi

ds must be man-tended, , or it is determined mportant for national cial and foreign

~--~owned or operated ELV ign policy reasons.

( 6) NASA an ue to cooperate in the development and use o~ space transportation systems and avoid unneces -~~~~~~~n of activities. They will pursue nev launch and l port concepts aimed at improving cost-effectiveness, responsiveness, capability, reliability, availability, ma · ility, and flexibility. such cooperation between d civil sectors will ensure efficient and ef onal resources. (U)

b. Guidelines unmanned Launch Vehi

(1) The will facilitate the launch vehicles (UL

gement of Co~ercial

Sta·tes unmanned

· (2) The o ion (DOT) is the lead agency within the Fe eloping, coordinating, and art y and regulatory guidance pertaining to cial launch activities in consultation with DO other concerned agencies. All Executive agencies shall assist the DOT in carrying out its ilities, as set forth in the commercial Space Launch Act and Executive Order 12465. (U)

(3) The Unite its launch and launch-r commercial launch ope

(4) The U use of government fa national security States Government v impacts on commerci

(5) The the commercializatio facilities, equipment viable commercial ULV

t . . . "' ;. f .:; ~ ~:· 1 ~ 3 l 'N~f:nlj '' · U~u uuUlLU

nt encourages the use of for United States

'jllliiilwill not subsidize· the use of its

goal of encouraging ce with the

Commercial Space Launch

( 6) The Uni market competi .-ton wi United States Govern commercial launch op equipment and facili policy, and national

(7) NASA releasable capabilit shall~ to the maxim

(a) firms with access,

will encourage free private sector. The

le treatment for all for the sa lease of Government

onsistent with its economic, foreign ity interests. (0)

and launch-related facil ~~=~R~ to support commercial laun~

vide commercial launch , to national launch tooling, and services (0)

(b) Develop, sultation with the DOT, contractual arrangements ~--~~~~~s by commercial launch . firms to national launc ed property and se·rvices they request in suppor (U)

. (C) commercial launch fi the pricing guideli

(d) appropriate enviro commercial launch o facilities are in co Policy Act. (0)

c. Government UL for the use of United St

technical a reimburs

ein. (U)

and service, will be based coPIRI .. Iflf!

and assistance to ~~~sis, consistent with

s. The price charged facilities, equipment,

lovinq principles:

.(1) Price all ~s·e:rv-~~~iiiln~c~ludinq those associated with production and launc~ 1 ULVs) based on the direct costs incurred b s Government. Reimbursement shall opriation from which the cost of providin ice was paid. (U)

(2) The u recover ULV design associated with any required to meet On Government retains

(3) Tooli hand at the completio will be priced on a ba

States Gove will not seek to elopment costs or investments nq facilities or new facilities ates Government needs to which the u.s.

(0)

ual ULV hardware on Government's program

st overall interest of

. . ~ : m,. ·'·mm··· -~ 1 . -. ' -~to. '

18

the United States Governm~~·~~~~ these sales will not co itute a subsi

o consideration that to the private sector

operator. (U) ., d. Commercial

firms shall:

(l) Maint the United States Go specified by the Uni

(2) ULV o of the Commercial Spa the Act, and all terms issued or transferred b the Act. (U)

l facilities and equipment leased from nt to a level of readiness and repair ates Government; (U)

th all requirements lations issued under

ictions of any license Transportation under

e. Technology Transfer Guidelines:

(l) advanced western space Executive departments protecting against a their progr~. (U)

(2) Sale and relat~d technol .be consistent with agreements and arr be used to further international cooper to enhance defense re· countries. ¢

ork to stem the flow of un thorized destinations.

e.-11111•.....: 11 fully responsible for fer in the conduct of

(3) NSDD-70, ~~~~~~~ applies to technologies for space launch vehicles, s inue in force, as implemented by the Guidelines of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), announced on 1987. The MTCR will not impede national space pr tional cooperation·in such programs as long ontribute to nuclear weapons delivery syst

(4) Agree foreign governments, entities vill conta NSDDs 50 and 70, an transfer safeguards agreed. .c.ef

f. Space Infr importance of approp resources necessary t

shall recognize the e facilities and human

space objectives and

19

maintain investments that_are consistent with such objectives. The National Space Coun~!l willy~onduct -~ feasibility study of alternate methods for ·ncou~~!ng pr4_ vate -.sector investment, including capi~l fu ng, :.iff United ·states space infrastructure such as ground facil ies launcher dev~lo~ents, and orbital assembly and test f ili (0) .,.._ .. ,....,~-.

j. Space Arms on nuclear and space with the Soviet Uni States Delegation wi Policy directive, guidance by the Pre consult with its Al resulting agreement and its Allies. activities in space with, and subordinat objectives. (U)