national water grid

8/12/2019 National Water Grid

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National Water Grid,

Peninsular Water GridDr. S. Kalyanaraman

Former Sr. Exec., Asian Development Bank

Sarasvati Nadi Research Centre

May 2014


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IMPACT Create 9 crore acres of addl wetland in 3 years time per SC

directive Distribute the 9 cr. Acres to 9 cr. Landless family @1 acre per

family

With assured water to every farm, every village home, 24X7,

365 day of the year, ensure clean water supply and

Triple agri. Prodn with 3 or 4 crops per year on the arable land

of Bharatam

Mitigate annual flood damages in NE, integrate groundwater,desalinated water, lakes and tanks in Grid, employment for 365

days under MNREGA under Grid project

Use only flood waters of Brahmaputra to reach upto

Kanyakumari by gravity flows


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Inter-linking? Not an end in itselfNeeded: National Water Grid (Peninsular Grid) Potential for drinking water supplies to coastal towns/cities/industrial towns such as

Tiruppur by desalination of sea-water Imperative of re-charging and sustaining ground-water tables, tank-networks

Restoring kudi-maraamattu (Peoples self-help)

Forestation of uplands (Sahyadri ranges)

Sharing of scarcity? Needed National Water Grid, to bring Brahmaputra to

Kanyakumari

7 Peninsular rivers: 45 mhm (rains) 8.75 lakh sq. km. (delta area)

Brahmaputra: 53.7 mhm (glaciers) 1.94 lakh sq. km. (delta area)

Potential for adding 11 m. ha. Under command area of irrigation (4.5 m. ha. directlythrough canal network; 6.5 m. ha. through tank network)

Hydro-power generation: 2754 MW

National Waterway, Peninsular component: 1,000 kms.

Need for bringing waters from Hoganekal to the uplands of TN, Karnataka, Kerala

Need for a contour canal on Sahyadri ranges (paralleling the Konkan Railway)

Water management by peoples participation, designed as Peoples Project


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Kerala watershed: water, watereverywhere, not a drop to drink

Desiccation of kulam-s surrounding each settlement Sand-mining on river run-offs

Conversion of kulam-s into real estate plots and residencial

areas; resultant depletion of the ground water table without

provision for recharging groundwater

Suggestions for watershed management

Regulation of groundwater use, regulation of sand-mining

on river beds Contour canals on Sahyadri ranges

Traditional knowledge systems for eco-friendly water

harvesting


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Grain problem of Bharat2134 kg/ha yield: India; 4664 kg/ha yield: China

1951 2001 Vision 2020

Population 33 crores 100 crores 150 crores

Agri. Prod. 65 m.t. 200 m.t. 400 m.t.

Irrig. area 22.6 m. ha. 90 m. ha. 175 m.ha.

Productivity Irrigated

Unirrigated

2.1 ton/ha

0.75 ton/ha

3 ton/ha

1 ton/ha


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Water Resources of BharatGlaciers 1.725%

Groundwater .775%Rivers, tanks, swamps .025%

Sea water (7500 km. coastline) 97.475%

Fresh water:

Glaciers 68%Groundwater 31%

Rivers, tanks, etc. 1%

70% water is used for agriculture


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Interlinked tanks: satellite view


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Cooler temperatures at higher elevationsthoughout the globe


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Glacial InventoryGlacial ice currently covers 10 percent (16 million km2) of theearth's surface.To grow a glacier, annual snow accumulation must be greaterthan the annual summer melt.Most glaciers outside polar regions occur in mountains resultingfrom collisions between tectonic plates.

W t f ti hi t
http://www.homepage.montana.edu/~geol445/hyperglac/glossary.htmhttp://www.homepage.montana.edu/~geol445/hyperglac/glossary.htm


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Water fetishism: water as acommodity Water shortages (rather than land shortage) are affecting

growth in food production

Ground-water tables in Tamilnadu have dropped 30 metresin 30 years, dangers of ingress of sea water , dangers of

arsenic poisoning

Need to maintain minimum flow levels in rivers

Water has become a commodity, is more expensive thanmilk

http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldsummit2002/earth/story/0,12342,777661,00.html

Concepts of virtual water (Import water? Import food!)


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Rights Vs. Responsibilities

Right to life = Right to WaterWater Resource should be conserved and

perpetual access to water ensured

for people,

for food production and

for the environmentWater as a resource to be conserved for future

generations


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Water Grid vs. Power Grid Power Grid is a network --

When a consumer puts on an electric switch, powerflows

Source can be from any part of India, from hydro-,thermal-, nuclear-power

Water Grid is a network --

When a consumer opens a water-tap or switches ona bore-pump, water flows

Source can be from any part of India, fromdesalinated sea-water, from glaciers, from river run-

offs, from swamps, from groundwater


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SEASONALRAINFALL: JULY2002Drought Relief:Rs. 15000 crores p.a.Flood relief:Rs.30000 crores p.a.

Avo id ing theserecu rr ing expenses

alone w i l l jus t i fy the

Grid investment


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HIMALAYAN COMPONENT

It will have 14 Links

Construction of Dams on

Tributaries of Ganga andBrahmaputra Rivers in

India, Nepal & Bhutan

Linking of Brahmaputra

and its Tributaries with

Ganga and Ganga with

Mahanadi Benefiting

Assam, West Bengal, Bihar,

Jharkhand & Orissa

Interlinking Canal Systemsto Transfer Surplus Flows

of Eastern Tributaries of

Ganga to the West

Benefiting U.P.,

Uttaranchal, Haryana,

Rajasthan & Gujarat

HIMALAYAN COMPONENT(PROPOSED LINKS UNDER STUDY)

NEPAL

BHUTAN


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PENINSULAR COMPONENT

It will have 16 Links

Transferring Mahanadi &

Godavari Surpluses to Deficit

Basins of Krishna, Pennar,

Cauvery & Vaigai BenefitingOrissa, A.P., Karnataka,

Tamil Nadu &

Pondicherry (with 9 Link

Canals)

Lift Essential for Transfer

of Water From Godavari to

KrishnaProposed in one of

the above 9Links (to lift 1,200

cumec over 116 m)

PENINSULAR COMPONENT(PROPOSED LINKS UNDER STUDY)


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PENINSULAR COMPONENT

Transferring Water From WestFlowing Rivers of Western

Ghats to the East to benefit

Karnataka, Tamil Nadu &

Kerala

Transferring Water From Ken

River to Betwa River to Benefit

M.P. & U.P.

Inter linking Parbati,

Kalisindh & Chambal rivers to

benefit M.P. & Rajasthan

Interlinking of West Flowing

Rivers, North of Bombay &

South of Tapi, to benefitMaharashtra & Gujarat



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LINKS IDENTIFIED FORPREPARATION OFFEASIBILITY REPORTS

1. Mahanadi (Manibhadra)

Godavari (Dowlaiswaram)

2. Godavari (Inchampalli) -

Krishna (Nagarjunasagar)

3. Godavari (InchampalliLow Dam) Krishna

(Nagarjunasagar Tail Pond)

4. Godavari (Polavaram) Krishna (Vijayawada)

5. Krishna (Almatti)

Pennar

6. Krishna (Srisailam)

Pennar (Prodattur)



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7. Krishna (Nagarjunasagar) -

Pennar (Somasila)

8. Pennar (Somasila)

Cauvery (Grand Anicut)

9. Cauvery (Kattalai)

VaigaiGundar

10. KenBetwa Link

11. Parbati

Kalisindh

Chambal

12. ParTapiNarmada

13. Damanganga Pinjal

14. Bedti

Varda

15. Netravati Hemavati

16. PambaAchankovil

Vaippar



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BENEFITS FROM

PENINSULR COMPONENT

13 Million Ha of

Additional Irrigation

4,000 Mega Watt of

Power

Drought Mitigation toSome Extent in the

States of A.P.,

Karnataka,

Tamil Nadu & M.P.

Flood Control to Some

Extentin Mahanadi &

Godavari basins



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At the Nuclear Desalination Demonstration Project in

Kalpakkam. S.R. Jayaraman, Project Engineer (Civil), is

seen.

Use of semi-permeable membrane and pressurised sea-water


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Desalination using nuclear power

Water is abundant on planet earth and in coastal cities of Bharat, witha long coastline of 7517 kms.; about 97.3 percent occurs as sea-water.

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) has successfully

developed technologies of Multi-stage Flash and Reverse Osmosis(MSF-RO) for desalination of water. The MSF and RO pilot plants set

up by BARC have been operated to study operational parameters. A

6300 cubic metre/day combined MSF-RO Nuclear Desalination

Demonstration Plant is to be set up at Kalpakam. The cost of

desalination will be 4.5 paise per litre of pure, distilled water. By

using advanced techniques for use of permeable membranes, which

can be developed indigenously, further efficiencies can be achieved.

http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/powerrevolution1.htm
http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/powerrevolution1.htmhttp://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/powerrevolution1.htm


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National Water Grid Authority; Peninsular Grid, Regionaland sub-regional Grids

Autonomous, statutory bodies (like Konkan RailwayCorpn.)

Self-financing, with peoples participation

Replace the River Board Act 1956 with Water SecurityAct enacted under Entry 56 of List I (Central List)

because

Control and development of a River Valley (Entry 56List I) is integrally linked to the four major sources:

glaciers, groundwater, run-offs and sea-water

E l i l S i l I


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Ecological, Social Issues,Peoples Participation

Fragmentation of Water management

Vacuum at peak; confusion at bottom

Climate changes impact rivers

People-centred water management, transparency

issues

40% evaporation loss from reservoirs, canals

With and without Grid: desalination, recycling of

water

Watering the land? Supplying water for growth of

cro s!

Fl d t l


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Flood control Positive impacts of Flood control

Wildlife habitat management Greenways and trails

Water Storage, Groundwater recharge

Erosion and sediment control

Sand and gravel deposits

Problems to be addressed

Pollution propagation

Subsidence Glacial outbursts, floods

Sea-level rise

Episodic and chronic erosion


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Areas of eco-importance & Challenges Draining of Wetlands

Avoidance of water-logging

Land degradation; conversion of land for agriculture

Ecological development institutional arrangements

Introduction of exotic species of plants and animals Dredging for river navigation has exacerbated problems of

river-bank erosion

ChallengesUse of natural resources to alleviate poverty, the greatest polluter

Involving civil society on right levels; resettlement of people

Incentives for cooperation

Aquatic ecosystems, pushing out ingress of sea-water


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Co-operation imperatives

Co-operation with Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim,Bangladesh, China, Pakistan

Co-operation among States within Bharat

Co-operation among Centre, States and Panchayats Co-operation between National Waterways and

National Highways to minimise land-acquisition and

bridge construction costs Conflict resolution and environmental impact

analyses through arbitration procedures in-built with

National Water Grid

3 D S lli


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3-D Satellite

radar

topography

*SuperimposeGIS data, toexpeditechoice of

optimalwaterways

*To monitor

waterflows

Available fromNASA for theglobe, 90m.

resolution

Blues and greens are lower

elevations, rising through

yellows and browns to

white at the highest

elevations.

Get on a bike


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Get on a bike,Bhagiratha,Gangaikonda Chola!

5000 engineering studentson motorbikes to designalternative networks of theNational Water Grid

superimposing GIS data on3-D Radar Topographs- from Brahmaputra toKanyakumari

- from Sharada River toSabarmati River

Fi i l t ti


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Financial arrangements: options

Konkan Railway model: Floating Mahanadi-Kaveri Bonds

Distribution of 11 m. ha. (2.75 crore acres of land to 2.75 crore poorfamilies);

distribution of loans, pricing each acre at Rs. 25,000

this will fetch Rs. 69,000 crores from the financial system, to cover the cost ofPeninsular Water Grid and the initial capital cost of Peninsular Grid Authority

repayable over 20 years with 5 year grace period Rehabilitation of about 5 lakh people (or, 1 lakh families)

Restoration of submerged forests (43000 ha) by afforestation in uplands

Levy of cess for new irrigated lands

Surcharge on fuel to fund the cost of canal- and tank-networks

No need for foreign loans, no need for foreign technology, no need forGovt. budget support

Finance Commission can be asked to study the financingarrangements to Panchayati Raj Institutions for maintaintenance and

day-to-day operations of the Grid

Social Cost Benefit Analysis: National


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Social Cost-Benefit Analysis: NationalWater Grid

Increase in foodgrain production (Addl. 200 m.t.)

Increase in forest cover from 19% to 33%

Enhanced livelihood for 60% agricultural population

15000 kms. of National Water Way (Multiplier

Economic effects)

Savings in imported fossil fuels due to Water Way(Rs. 3,000 crores per annum)

Social Cost avoidance Flood damages (Rs. 30,000 crores per annum)

Drought relief (Rs. 15,000 crores per annum)

Water-sharing disputes (denting national unity)


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Potential waterways

GANGA: BETWEEN ALLAHABAD AND HALDIA

(1620 KM.)

BRAHMAPUTRA: BETWEEN SADIYA AND DHUBRI(891 KM.)

WEST COAST CANAL, KERALA: BETWEENKOLLAM AND KOTTAPPURAM (168KM.);CHAMPAKARA CANAL (14 KM.); UDYOGMANDALCANAL (22 KM.)

BUCKINGHAM CANAL SUNDERBANS

BRAHMANI EAST COAST CANAL

DVC CANAL

National waterways of


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National waterways ofNational water grid

14,500 KM. OF INLAND NAVIGABLEWATERWAYS (2002)

CANALS, BACKWATERS (KERALA),CREEKS, RIVERS (GANGA-BHAGIRATHI-HOOGHLY, BRAHMAPUTRA, BARAK,GODAVARI, KRISHNA RIVERS AND

RIVERS IN GOA 3,700 KM. USE MECHANISED CRAFTS

18 M. TONNES CARGO


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1760-1840 - The Canal Agein Britain

2000 Canal age dawns anew in UKThe Waterways Trust was set up by the operator of theUK's 2,000-mile national canal network, British

Waterways, but is now an independent charity.

A Pickfords canal barge around 1800.

.

There are multitudes of old native works in various parts of India


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There are multitudes of old native works in various parts of India . . .

these are noble works, and show both boldness and engineering talent.

They have said, we are a kind of civilised savages, wonderfully expert

at fighting, but so inferior to their great men, that we would not even

keep in repair the works they had constructed, much less even imitate

them in extending the system . . . it was from the native Indians we

learnt how to secure a foundation in loose sand of unmeasured depth.

With this lesson about foundations, we built bridges, weirs, aqueducts

and every kind of hydraulic work . . . we are thus deeply indebted to

the native engineers.

Sir Arthur Cotton

Founder Modern Irrigation Programme,1784.


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Greening of the desert: Sarasvati Mahanadi Rupa Nahar,Mohangarh, 55 km. west of Jaisalmer, 40 ft. wide, 12 ft. deep

(Feb. 2002)

Sarasvati River valley at Adi Badri (May


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Sarasvati River valley at Adi Badri (May

2004)

Sarasvati Sarovar at Adi Badri (October 2004)

Vedic herbal garden; water harvesting with 11

check-dams; afforestation

Great Water Tower for 250 crore people


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Great Water Tower for 250 crore peopleHimalaya is the source of major rivers for 2.5 billion people; Manasarovar in Tibet yields Sindhu,Sutlej, Sarasvati, Mahakali-Karnali-Sharada and Tsangpo-Lohitya-Brahmaputra rivers; other riversflowing from eastern Himalaya are: Irawaddy, Salween, Mekong, Yangtse and Huanghe.Precipitation levels increase along the Himalaya from Karakorm (250 cm. per annum) to

Cherrapunjee, Assam (1410 cm p.a.) registering the highest rainfall regions of the world. Since1959, Chinese government estimates that they have removed over $54 billion worth of timber.

G ik d


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GangaikondaChola, 11thcent.

Tribute of Gangawater into Chola

ganga water tank

Kallanai rand Anicut: 2000 years


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Kallanai, rand Anicut: 2000 yearsold engineering marvel of

Karikala Chola An engineering model which is also found in

Southern Africa

L-shaped Gabar bands on River Sindhu as

Anicuts

Dholavira: Rock cut reservoir


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Dholavira: Rock-cut reservoirThe largest measures 263 feet by 39 feet and 24 feet in depth;

reservoirs together held more than 325,000 cubic yards of

water.

A fil f G b b d i H b


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A profile of a Gabarband, on river Hab.At Mehergarh Period II (Burj Basket

Market period): "The charred seeds of

wheat and barley belonging to thespecies triticum sphaerococcum and

hordeum phaerococcumthat,

according to L. Costantini, grow only

on irrigated fields, also were collected

from the ashy layers" of P:eriod II(Jarrige, Jarrige, Meadow and

Quivron, 1995,Mehrgarh: Field

Reports 1974-1985, from Neolithic

times to the Indus Civilization,

Karachi, Department of Culture and

Tourism of Sindh, Pakistan,

Department of Archaeology and

Museums, French Ministry of Foreign

Affairs, pp. 318-19)"


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MOHENJODARO:PUSHKARINI, WITH STEPS & DRAIN

Floor of the tank is water tight due to finely fitted bricks laidon edge with gypsum plaster and the side walls were

constructed in a similar manner. To make the tank even more

water tight, a thick layer of bitumen (natural tar) was laid

along the sides of the tank.

Bhandara


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Bhandara

Khadin

Johad

Kere

Kul


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Kul

Kuis

Kund


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Naula

Pat

Singaverapura,


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Singaverapura,

Allahabad


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The earliestreservoir anddam for irrigation

was built inSaurashtra,Gujarat(Western India).According to

Saka KingRudradaman I of150 BCE abeautiful lakecalled

'Sudarshana'was constructedon the hills ofRaivataka duringChandragupta

Maurya's time.


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Adilaj Baoli, Ahmedabad

Surangam: Kerala


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WATER TEMPLES

Panna Mia stepped-pond; Vasant Garh stepped-pond, Rajasthan; Rani-ki-vav, Patan,

Gujarat

Hadi Rani Well, Toda Raisingh, Rajasthan; Nimrana stepwell, Rajasthan

Stepped well in Sivavadi temple, Bikaner; Cistern, Nahgarh fort, Jaipur [After Morna

Livingstone, Milo Beach, 2002, Steps to Water; The Ancient Stepwells of India.]

Major dams resulting in increase in irrigated area rom 22.6 mha (1951) to 90 mha (2001)


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[Sources: Bandyopadhyay J. and D. Gyawali, 1994, Himalayan Water Resources in: Mountain Research and Development

14 (1); Central Statistical Office, Royal Govt. of Bhutan, 1987, Statistical yearbook of Bhutan, Thimpu; UNDP, 1991,

Bhutan. Development Cooperation Report, 1990, New York].

Constraints with dams: tectonic impact; generation of electricity remote from beneficiaries; silting reduces life-span of dams;

resettlement of people; shifts in transportation routes.

Dam site River System Country Ht. of dam

(m.)

Power

(MW)

Bhakra Sutlej Bharat 226 1050

Nangal Sutlej Bharat

Pong Beas Bharat 133 1200

Parvati Parvati Bharat 167 1900Tehri (planned) Bhagirathi Bharat 260 2200

Koteswar Bhagirathi Bharat 104

Kotlibel Bhagirathi Bharat 210 2000

Utayasu Alaknanda Bharat 246 1000

Tanakpur Sa_rada

(Mahakali)

Bharat/Nepal 6,800

Pancheswar Mahakali Nepal 232 2000

Chisapani Karnali Nepal 270 10,800Barahashetra Kosi Nepal 230 3,600

Arun III

(planned)

Arun Nepal 68 201

Chukha

(planned)

Wangchu Bhutan 2026

Sunkosh Bhutan

Tipaimukh Barak Bharat 161 1500


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Water Security is integrally linked to Gender equality


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Water Security is integrally linked to Gender equality

(35% of Indias population is less than 15 years of age: 2001

census)

Women in the workforce: girls should go to school, that should beour Sarasvati Vandana

This will happen when water is available at the turn of a tap or turnof a bore-pump-switch(water + energy = Bharat Vision 2020)

national water grid

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