Nationalism Nationalism Triumphs in EuropeTriumphs in EuropeBellwork #1Bellwork #1To be allowed to the game I had to finish To be allowed to the game I had to finish my math doing my chores and helping my my math doing my chores and helping my Dad at the stationDad at the station

Building a German NationBuilding a German Nation

The early calls to nationhood came The early calls to nationhood came mostly form students and intellectuals.mostly form students and intellectuals.

In the mid 1800s however, an aggressive In the mid 1800s however, an aggressive leader named Otto von Bismarck leader named Otto von Bismarck imposed a Prussian brand of nationhood imposed a Prussian brand of nationhood on all of Germany.on all of Germany.

First StepsFirst Steps Between 1807 and 1812, Napoleon made important Between 1807 and 1812, Napoleon made important

territorial changes in the German speaking lands. He territorial changes in the German speaking lands. He added lands along the Rhine River to France. He added lands along the Rhine River to France. He dissolved the Holy Roman Empire and organized a dissolved the Holy Roman Empire and organized a number of German states into a French controlled number of German states into a French controlled Rhine Confederation.Rhine Confederation.

At the same time, Napoleon’s conquests sparked At the same time, Napoleon’s conquests sparked German nationalism. People who had fought to free German nationalism. People who had fought to free their lands from French rule began to demand a their lands from French rule began to demand a unified German state.unified German state.

At Congress of Vienna, Metternich pointed out that a At Congress of Vienna, Metternich pointed out that a united Germany would require dismantling the united Germany would require dismantling the governments of the many separate German states. governments of the many separate German states. Instead, the conservative peacemakers created the Instead, the conservative peacemakers created the German ConfederationGerman Confederation, a weak body headed by , a weak body headed by Austria.Austria.

Prussian LeadershipPrussian Leadership 1830s, Prussia took the lead in creating an 1830s, Prussia took the lead in creating an

economic union called the Zollverein. economic union called the Zollverein. Zollverein- dismantled tariff barriers Zollverein- dismantled tariff barriers

between many of the German states. Still between many of the German states. Still Germany remained politically fragmented.Germany remained politically fragmented.

1848, liberals meeting tin the Frankfurt 1848, liberals meeting tin the Frankfurt Assembly once more took up the demand Assembly once more took up the demand for German political unity. They offered the for German political unity. They offered the throne to King Frederick William IV of throne to King Frederick William IV of Prussia. He rejected the throne because it Prussia. He rejected the throne because it was by the people. Again Germany was by the people. Again Germany remained divided. remained divided.

Bismarck Architect of Bismarck Architect of German Unity German Unity Otto von Bismarck came from Prussia’s Otto von Bismarck came from Prussia’s

Junker class, which was made up of Junker class, which was made up of conservative landowning nobles. conservative landowning nobles. Bismarck served Prussia as a diplomat in Bismarck served Prussia as a diplomat in Russia and France before King William Russia and France before King William made him prime ministermade him prime minister

1862, the prime minister used his policy 1862, the prime minister used his policy of “blood and iron” to unite the German of “blood and iron” to unite the German states under Prussian rule.states under Prussian rule.

Master of RealpolitikMaster of Realpolitik Bismarck’s success was due to his strong Bismarck’s success was due to his strong

will and his ability to manipulate others. He will and his ability to manipulate others. He was a master of Realpolitik, or realistic was a master of Realpolitik, or realistic politics based on a tough minded politics based on a tough minded evaluation of the needs of the state.evaluation of the needs of the state.

He was not really a German nationalist. He was not really a German nationalist. His primary loyalty was to Prussia. He His primary loyalty was to Prussia. He regarded uniting Germany as a means to regarded uniting Germany as a means to make the Hohenzollerns master of all the make the Hohenzollerns master of all the German states.German states.

Strengthening the ArmyStrengthening the Army

As Prime Minister, Bismarck moved first to As Prime Minister, Bismarck moved first to build up the Prussian army. build up the Prussian army.

The liberal legislature refused to vote funds for The liberal legislature refused to vote funds for the military. the military.

Bismarck, simply used money that had been Bismarck, simply used money that had been collected for other purposes to strengthen the collected for other purposes to strengthen the army. With a powerful, well equipped military, army. With a powerful, well equipped military, he was ready to pursue and aggressive foreign he was ready to pursue and aggressive foreign policy.policy.

Victory in Three WarsVictory in Three Wars Bismarck led Prussia into three wars. Bismarck led Prussia into three wars.

Which would increase Prussian prestige Which would increase Prussian prestige and power while paving the way for and power while paving the way for German unity.German unity.

Schleswig and Holstein- Schleswig and Holstein- Bismarck’s first Bismarck’s first maneuver was to form an alliance in 1864 maneuver was to form an alliance in 1864 with Austria. They then moved to seize the with Austria. They then moved to seize the provinces of Schleswig and Holstein from provinces of Schleswig and Holstein from Denmark. Austria was to administer Denmark. Austria was to administer Holstein and Prussia was to administer Holstein and Prussia was to administer Schleswig.Schleswig.

Austria-Austria- 1866, Bismarck invented an excuse to 1866, Bismarck invented an excuse to attack Austria. The Austro-Prussian War lasted attack Austria. The Austro-Prussian War lasted just seven weeks and ended in a decisive just seven weeks and ended in a decisive Prussian victory. Prussia then added Holstein Prussian victory. Prussia then added Holstein and several other North German states.and several other North German states.

Franco-Prussian War-Franco-Prussian War- The Prussian victory The Prussian victory worried napoleon III in France. A growing rivalry worried napoleon III in France. A growing rivalry between the two nations led to the Franco-between the two nations led to the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. The cause was a struggle Prussian War of 1870. The cause was a struggle over the vacant Spanish throne. Bismarck over the vacant Spanish throne. Bismarck seized on the situation to rally all Germans no seized on the situation to rally all Germans no matter where they lived against Napoleon III.matter where they lived against Napoleon III.

Bismarck helped the crisis by rewriting and then Bismarck helped the crisis by rewriting and then releasing to the press a telegram “Ems dispath” releasing to the press a telegram “Ems dispath” which made it seem that William I had insulted which made it seem that William I had insulted the Frenchman. Furious, Napoleon III declared the Frenchman. Furious, Napoleon III declared war on Prussia, as Bismarck hoped. Cries of “On war on Prussia, as Bismarck hoped. Cries of “On to Berlin!” filled the streets of Paris. The fighting, to Berlin!” filled the streets of Paris. The fighting, however, quickly proved otherwise.however, quickly proved otherwise.

A superior Prussian force, helped by troops from A superior Prussian force, helped by troops from other German states, smashed the badly other German states, smashed the badly organized, poorly supplied French soldiers. organized, poorly supplied French soldiers. Napoleon III, surrendered after a few weeks of Napoleon III, surrendered after a few weeks of fighting. France had to accept a humiliation fighting. France had to accept a humiliation peace. The French defeat led to the down fall of peace. The French defeat led to the down fall of the Second Empire.the Second Empire.

The German EmpireThe German Empire Delighted by the victory over France, princes Delighted by the victory over France, princes

from the southern German states and the North from the southern German states and the North German Confederation persuaded William I to German Confederation persuaded William I to take the title Kaiser, or emperor. In January take the title Kaiser, or emperor. In January 1871, German nationalist celebrated the birth of 1871, German nationalist celebrated the birth of the Second empire.the Second empire.

A Constitution drafted by Bismarck set up a two A Constitution drafted by Bismarck set up a two house legislature for the second empire. Still, the house legislature for the second empire. Still, the new German nation was far from democratic, new German nation was far from democratic, since the Bundesrat which was the upper house since the Bundesrat which was the upper house could veto any decisions of the Reichstag which could veto any decisions of the Reichstag which was the lower house. Real power remained in was the lower house. Real power remained in the hands of the emperor and his Prime Minister.the hands of the emperor and his Prime Minister.