naves handbook on a nave

8/3/2019 Naves Handbook on a Nave

1/144


2/144


3/144


4/144


5/144


6/144


7/144

Ka/e


8/144


9/144

NAVE'S HANDBOOKON THEARMY CHAPLAINCYWith aSUPPLEMENTon theduty of the churches to aid the chaplains byfollow-up work in conserving the moraland religious welfare of the menunder the ColorsBy

Orville J. Nave, D.D., LL.D.Chaplain, U. S. Army, RetiredPresident of

Religious Welfare League for the Army and NavyAuthor of

Nave's Topical Bible, (i 50% ^ouc^nd )The t^ruiQnt'b B\bH ( 7*Md thvusc^nu VTl.er>;o.,?y for Y')ung People, etc.

LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA19 17


10/144

THE NEV/ YORKPUBLIC LIBRARY?88859

ASTOR, LENOX ANDtilden foundations

R 1917 L

Copyright by Orville J. Nave1917{All rights reserved)

Entered in Stationer's Hall, London


11/144

TABLE OF CONTENTSCHAPTER PAGE

Preface . '. . . .7I. Information for Appli-cants FOR Appointment

TO A Chaplaincy . . 17II. The Differences BetweenTHE Pastorate of aChurch and a Chaplaincy 21

III. The Beginning ... 28IV. Garrisons 31V. CampsAssembly Tents . 33

VI. Campaigns 40VII. Field Hospitals ... 43VIII. Convalescent, Refugee andPrisoners of War Camps QQIX. Discipline and Efficiency . 74X. Church Affiliations . . 97XI. Miscellaneous Duties . . 100

Supplement .... 109


12/144


13/144

PREFACEThis handbook has been prepared

with the hope of helping new chaplains,especially, in starting in their work. Nosuch handbook has ever been furnishedto chaplains, to my knowledge, althoughthe need of it has been great. I wellrecall my own experiences in my firstyears in the chaplaincy, and, indeed, allthrough my service in the RegularArmy; how I wished for suggestionsfrom experienced and successful chap-lains. I think the government makes amistake in not providing for boards ofchaplains, which should, in my opinion,meet annually at least, and consider allphases of the religious and moral workin the Army and report its findings andsuggestions through proper channels tothe chaplains for their increased ef-ficiency. Conferences have often beenrequested by chaplains, but they havenever been granted.


14/144

8 nave's handbookIn formulating this handbook, I have

drawn from my experiences of almosttwenty-three years of service, as chap-lain in the Regular Army, from whichI was retired on account of the agelimit of sixty-four years, in April, 1905and from my experiences as a privatesoldier during the Civil War, entrusted,as I was, by the colonel of the regi-ment in which I was a soldier, the 111thIllinois Volunteers of Infantry, with allthe duties of chaplain during the lastyear of our service, through the Atlantacampaign, the campaign of Sherman tothe Sea, the campaign through the Caro-linas, and the march to Washington, thechaplain being at home on sick leave.It is gratifying to mention, that theColonel of the regiment, expecting thedeath of the aged chaplain, assured methat as soon as the vacancy occurred,information of which he expected anyday, he would have me commissioned aschaplain. This honor, however, did notcome to me, as the chaplain neither diednor did he resign, one or the other of


15/144

PREFACE 9which he surely should have done, injustice to the command.

I have drawn also from my experi-ences in this city, as a volunteerpoliceman, a volunteer county probationofficer and as chaplain of the city andcounty jails, and from an intimate rela-tion with the mayors, the chiefs ofpolice and judges of the police andsuperior courts. I have had rare oppor-tunities for studying the latest con-clusions in psychopathic treatment ofdefective men and the wayward classes,which conclusions I have regretted thatI did not know while in active servicein the Army. I find in the jails manyex-soldiers and sailors, and many others,who are just such men as I used to visitin guardhouses, men accused of nocrimes, but arrested on account of drinkand petty offences, chiefly for idlenessand vagrancy ; that is, that they have noplaces of residence nor visible means ofsupport. The problems of civil officersin handling these undesirables and try-ing to make good citizens of them, are


16/144

10 nave's handbookso like those of Army officers in tryingto make good soldiers out of just suchundesirables, a percentage of whom isin every command, has brought mepoints of view, which I have thoughtshould be placed before chaplains of theArmy, to be used in helping disciplinaryofficers in their difficult tasks.To give the reader some idea of the

opportunities of observing the traits anddefects of those who have to be disci-plined by the civil authorities, I maymention that over 43,000 arrested per-sons passed through our city jail in1916, and over 3,000 through the countyjail, and that 25,570 served sentencesin the city jail in that year and 3,000in the county jail. About the same num-ber have served sentences in these jails,annually, in the last five years, since Ihave had the privilege of trying to helpsolve the problems which this largestream of humanity imposes on thepolice and court officials of the city andcounty.

In the past, the only function which


17/144

PREFACE 11chaplains have been expected to per-form, as generally viewed, has been thatof religious teachers, as pastors in theusual sense of the v^ord, and this viewhas so limited their sphere as to makethe office little more than a sinecure.But in recent years a wider scope hasbeen taken and attempts have beenmade to enlarge the field of service. Itis now recognized that the chaplain, inthe nature of his profession, should bea useful officer in promoting disciplineand efficiency; that discipline and ef-ficiency are matters of the mind andheart, which is the chaplain's field ; thatthey belong to the spirit and to themoral qualities of a man's nature.Army Regulations were recentlyamended so as to require that all soldiersagainst whom charges were preferredon account of breeches of disciplineshould be sent to the chaplain for study,and a report made. The latest con-clusions in penology recognize thatmany irregularities of conduct are to beaccounted for by causes which should


18/144

12 NAVE'S HANDBOOKbe considered in judging the responsi-bility of persons accused of misdemean-ors or crimes; that heredity, accidentsof birth, environment, early training, orthe lack of it, retarded or eccentricdevelopment, physical defects and manyother facts bearing on cases, should beconsidered in determining the degreeof the guilt of the accused. These con-clusions are now accepted in the Army,and this field of study and expert knowl-edge of a soldier's history and moralresponsibility, is committed to the chap-lains, where it properly and scientificallybelongs, for it relates to the question ofmental and moral states and to char-acter development, and hence to respon-sibility, and accountability.The mission of the clergyman is the

same as that of his Lord and Master,who said, ''I am not come to call therighteous, but sinners to repentance,"and, "They that be whole need not aphysician, but they that be sick." ToArmy officers, the men who lower thediscipline and efficiency of their com-


19/144

PREFACE 13mands, are the ''sinners" and **sick,"who need healing, and from the militarypoint of view the chaplain's chief use-fulness should be with this class ofsoldiers, just as that of the surgeon iswith the physically sick. Good soldiersdo not need the chaplain so much as thepoor ones.

In warfare in the past, about all thatwas required in the soldier was courageand disciplined obedience. But modernwarfare requires not only courage anddrilled obedience, but a most perfectco-ordination of the mind with the eyes,the ears, the hands and the feet, andthis requires high moral character, formoral degeneracy in any degree affectsco-ordination. It requires self-denials ofall indulgences that would lower accu-racy and instant co-ordination. This isrequired for efficiency in team work, ofwhich most military operations consist,where all parts must work with exactprecision, as, for example, in operatinga gun of a battery ; in the operations ofa machine gun crew; in aeroplane ser-


20/144

14 NAVE'S HANDBOOKvice ; in signal service, etc. In all phasesof military activities, the moral quali-ties of faithfulness, a high sense of duty,fortitude under stress, and indeed, all themoral senses must work on the highestplains. These all belong to the mindand spirit, and must be cultivated tothe highest degree of perfection. It isnow well known that all vices lowerefficiency by rendering uncertain the co-ordination of the mind and body. There-fore, the chaplain's work has become ofgreatly increased importance in perfect-ing a war machine.The chaplains must, therefore, bring

to commands to which they are attachednot only the qualifications of good pas-tors, administering the consolations ofreligion to hungry souls, but the expertknowledge of specialists in mental andmoral phenomena, and in the symptoms,causes and remedies of mental andmoral disorders and eccentricities, inorder to help bring commands up tothe highest degree of efficiency.

It is with a hope that I may con-


21/144

PREFACE 15tribute, at least a little, to a fuller graspby the young and possibly by older chap-plains, and by other officers as well, ofthe possible usefulness of the minister'sprofession, and the service it can bemade to render in perfecting the armyfor its severe problems, that I offer thislittle book. If so, my labor and desire tohelp will not have been in vain.

THE AUTHOR.2505 South Grand Ave.,Los Angeles, California.


22/144


23/144

NAVE'S HANDBOOKON THEARMY CHAPLAINCY

Chapter I.INFORMATION FOR APPLICANTSFOR APPOINTMENT TOA CHAPLAINCY

The requisites for appointment aschaplain in the Army are, first, that thecandidate is not over forty years of age,and is a regularly ordained minister ina church of recognized standing ; second,that he shall pass certain physical andmental examinations prescribed by theWar Department. The physical exami-nation is severe, and the mental is suchas to cover a liberal education and atleast some experience in the pastoratesof churches. Certificates by well-knownbrother clergymen of the applicant'sdenomination, that he is a minister ingood and regular standing in his church,are required.


24/144

18 nave's handbookA clergyman, who desires appoint-

ment as chaplain in the Army, shouldmake application to the War Depart-ment for the necessary blanks andinstructions. The request should beaddressed to the Adjutant General, U. S.Army, Washington, D. C.Some of the large denominations have

committees on chaplaincies in the Armyand Navy, to which applications arereferred by the Departments for recom-mendation, before appointments aremade. Who these are can be learnedfrom bishops, moderators and editors ofchurch periodicals. The ecclestisticalbodies have taken this action to guardagainst the appointment of clergymenwho are not reputable and trustworthy,for, in the past, through political in-fluences, clergymen have been appointedwho were a disgrace to the churches, areproach to religion, and degrading tothe chaplaincies.A further purpose of these commit-tees is to assist in guarding the chap-laincies from political influences, and to


25/144

INFORMATION TO APPLICANTS 19enable the church to select suitable menfor the work, rather than that the placesshall be filled by men who are misfitsin churches, and are looking for jobs.There is a national organization withits headquarters in Washington, theReligious Welfare League for the Armyand Navy, with offices at 1112 Wood-ward building, which is under-writtenby the Federal Council of Churches ofChrist in America, which gives specialattention to the appointments of chap-lains. It has the latest information, atall times, on matters relating to chap-laincies in the Army and Navy, and willgladly answer letters of inquiry, free ofcharge, about chaplaincies. This league'sexecutive committee is composed of theleading clergymen of Washington. Itis not in good form now for a clergymanto seek appointment through politicalinfluences.The rank of a chaplain, when appoint-

ed in the Army, is that of first lieuten-ant, at a salary of $2,000 per year, andafter seven years, provided the officer


26/144

20 NAVE'S HANDBOOKpasses the examinations prescribed bythe War Department, he is promoted tothe grade of captain with a salary of$2,400 a year. A limited number, fif-teen, are entitled to the rank of majorfor exceptional efficiency. In garrisonduty the chaplain is furnished quarters,and in field service, a tent and a mount.There are no perquisites to officers, norations or other allowances.


27/144

Chapter II.THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THEPASTORATE OF A CHURCH

AND A CHAPLAINCYIn civil life the pastor is the leader

of an organization that is composed ofhomogeneous elements that are organ-ized for definite, spiritual purposes. Hisduties are clearly understood by himselfand his church, and they relate to thespiritual welfare of his congregation.These duties consist chiefly of religiousinstruction by sermons, of pastoral visi-tations, and of directing church activi-ties, such as Sunday schools, youngpeople's societies, missionary and otherchurch societies, etc. Clergymen areeducated and trained for these churchfunctions.Many are inspired with strong evan-gelistic desires and plans of work, torescue perishing souls from lives of sin,and to gather them into the kingdom of


28/144

22 NAVE'S HANDBOOKheaven. Naturally on entering theArmy, such clergymen anticipate greatopportunities with these large bodiesof young men to carry on evangel-istic work, and turn men from the waysthat lead to death to ways that lead tolife eternal. But they are soon dis-illusioned, and realize the difference be-tween conditions in the Army and thosein a church, where all are of the samemind ; where all hold the pastor in highand sacred regard, and gladly followhis leadership. They find that insteadof a church, they are in an institutionhaving altogether different aims, andorganized and conducted for purposesas different from those of a church asslaying men is different from savingmen. A regiment is organized to qualifymen to defend themselves against mur-derous attacks, and to attack an enemywith a purpose of destroying him. In-stead of the institution being a philan-thropic, Christian fellowship organiza-tion, it is composed of men trained togrim warfare with all the hardening in-


29/144

THE DIFFERENCES 23fluences of such training. If amongthem there is any softness, it is trainedout of them.The clergyman finds himself in an

altogether different atmosphere fromthat of a church. It savors of nothingof the Sunday school or church type.Instinctively it is hard in nature. Itsdiscipline is hard, and hardening, andnecessarily so. Instead of being a recog-nized leader, as in his church, with ahomogeneous, sympathetic following, heis among men, who, for the most part,hold the minister in little esteem andas better adapted to minister to piousold people and women and children, thanto rugged, careless, reckless men, whoare disciplined to disregard danger anddeath, and who naturally incline to fearneither God nor man. Instead of hav-ing a loyal and devoted official board toconsider with him, in a prayerful andreligious way, all the problems of hisparish, the commanding officer, possiblyan irreligious, grim officer, who knowsas little about religious matters as he


30/144

24 NAVE'S HANDBOOKdoes about the inhabitants of Mars, ishis bishop and official board, his eldersand deacons, all combined. From himthe chaplain takes his orders, and re-ceives encouragement or discourage-ment as the case may be, but thisofficer's will is final. His parish con-sists of people of all shades of religiousopinions and beliefs and disbeliefs, withfew of his own faith, and these fewunaffiliated in an organization, and whocannot, consistently with the generalpurposes of his mission, be organizedinto a strictly denominational church,lest people of all other faiths withdrawsympathy and moral support, for he issent to be chaplain to all.Attendance at divine worship is volun-

tary. When the church call is sounded,those who are Inclined to do so, respondand attend services. In time a certainpercentage of the command, officers andmen, and in garrison, members of thefamilies of officers and of married sol-diers, attend religious service, but fewgive such moral support to the chaplain


31/144

THE DIFFERENCES 25as he had in his church. The contrastbetween their devotion to him and thatof the communion of a regular pastorateis not easily imagined by those who havenot experienced it. The utter lonelinessof the devout man of God, his sense oflack of support from trained and ex-perienced counsellors and helpers, hissense of insufficiency, his hunger forcordial fellowships and co-operation, aredepressing almost beyond comparison.Such is the situation with which thenew chaplain must begin. Practicallyhis whole training for the pastorate haslittle value in his new field. Few menof the command want to be preached atthere are no pastoral visitations in theusual way; there are no religioussocieties to direct; no denominationalphilanthropies to conserve; no pro-tracted meeting revivals practicable, heis in a new world, and one for whichno theological training has sought toqualify him. Army Regulations do nothelp him. The officers of the commanddo not know how to help him, for they


32/144

26 NAVE'S HANDBOOKtoo have not been trained to grapplewith his problems. As a result manychaplains sink into helplessness, and letmatters drift.While the situation is discouraging

and difficult, the field has large possi-bilities of usefulness in promoting themoral and religious welfare and conse-quent efficiency of officers and men. Thedemoralizing influences, especially incamp and garrison life, should be com-batted with vigor and by systematic andwell directed efforts. Saloons, brothels,dope dens, cheap theatres, dance hallsand other schemes to allure men fromthe paths of rectitude, have from timeimmemorial exploited soldiers and sail-ors for profit, regardless of moral con-sequences, and they continue to do so.Few counteracting influences are em-ployed by agencies of any kind to savethese men from ruin. The churchesseem to care little, if at all, for the moralwelfare of the men under the Flag. Noinstitutions in civil communities exceptsaloons and other degrading places wel-


33/144

THE DIFFERENCES 27come the soldier. Even the churchesfear the intimacies of soldiers with theiryoung people. To add to the difficultiesof the work, the chaplains have had littleor no encouragement in efforts to savethese men. The work is fraught withmany difficulties, but the importance ofit cannot be measured.There should be in every command a

wise, capable and experienced pastor toorganize and conduct the moral forcesof the command to resist and combat theevil forces that seek to exploit the peopleof a garrison or camp for profit regard-less of the ruin that they work, and ofhow much they lower the discipline andefficiency of the command, and the trou-ble that they impose.


34/144

Chapter III.THE BEGINNING

The first thing for the chaplain to doon arriving at the command to whichhe has been assigned is to have an inter-view with the commanding officer, underwhose directions he is to serve. Heshould understand that he is simply asubordinate officer of the command, ina restricted field, and that he is underthe orders of the commanding officer.In this interview he should approach thematter of his mission with an openmind. The question should be upper-most in his heart, what he can do topromote the highest interests of thecommand, its morale, contentment andeflftciency, its discipline and high sol-dierly qualities, for these qualities areall of the mind and heart, which are inhis field. He should carefully study howhe can best adapt himself to the per-sonality of his commanding oflficer, so


35/144

THE BEGINNING 29that they may work together in har-mony and for the best interests of thecommand.He should show that he is there to

serve the highest interests of the com-mand, and desires to have the assistanceand co-operation of the commandingofficer and of all officers and all non-commisioned officers; that he can dolittle good without their aid and co-operation. He should keep in view, inthis conference, the object for whichthe command exists, namely, to be anefficient military organization, and thatone of his missions is to help in bring-ing it up to the highest possible degreeof efficiency, and to do so by promotingthe spirit of obedience, the sense of dutyand other moral qualities that make dis-cipline easy and effective; that he isnot there simply to hold religious ser-vices and preach, but to help develop thequalities that make good soldiers. Heshould offer to make careful studies ofall soldiers, who need discipline, andwho lower efficiency and cause trouble,


36/144

30 nave's handbookand see what he can do in developingthe mental and moral forces that shouldbring these men up to normal standards.A willing spirit should be clearlyshown, to help carry his share of theduties and burdens of the command.For the chaplain to seek exemption fromany of them on the ground that they donot belong to the ministerial professionwould discredit the fine spirit withwhich he should be an example to otherofficers.The chaplain may well hope that in

this interview he has shown that hemerits and has won the confidence of theofficer, that he is not in the command tofind a soft place, nor to be a narrow, un-practical clerical, who fails to grasp hisoportunities.


37/144

Chapter IV.GARRISONS

The chaplain and his family will bereceived in a friendly way by officersand their families. Calls will be ex-changed, and matters will settle downinto the common routine.He will be expected by the command-

ing officer to make a schedule of re-ligious services, which will be publishedby orders from headquarters. Fifteenminutes before the time set for religiousservices, the church call will be soundedby the trumpeter, who is on duty at thetime. Entire liberty is accorded thechaplain as to the order of services, theorganization of choirs, and as to weeknight meetings, and their nature. Bul-letin boards in the companies' barracksare freely tendered for announcementsby the chaplain.

There are few chapels at army postsand religious services are usually held,


38/144

32 nave's handbookwhere there are no chapels, in post-halls, halls used for all sorts of assem-blies, including theatres, dances andother recreations.As a chaplain is expected to minister

to the whole command as fully as pos-sible, sectarian services are usuallyavoided, and few chaplains find it prac-ticable or desirable to organize sectarianchurches in garrisons or regiments, giv-ing it to be understood that a commonground is taken on which all worship-pers can join in the services. No re-strictions, however, are placed by armycustoms, or orders by commandingofficers, on chaplains who organizechurches of their own creeds, but to doso is of doubtful wisdom, but to conductservices after the modes of the chap-lain's church is always permissable.

Chaplains are required to accord tovisiting clergymen the utmost freedomto conduct services after the customsof the churches to which they belong.


39/144

Chapter V.CAMPS

Assembly TentsIn camps it is of the utmost impor-tance that the chaplain be supplied with

an assembly tent fully equipped as asocial and recreational centre, as wellas for religious services. If the govern-ment does not supply this tent the chap-lain should rustle it up the best he can.One that has been secured by the chap-lain, and to the purchase of whichofficers and men have contributed, willbe more highly appreciated and bettercared for, than one supplied by thegovernment. The psychology of thisis simple, and the chaplain's grip isstronger, as a man who brings thingsto pass. A chaplain who has not enoughinitiative, energy and force of characterto get a tent, if none has been suppliedby the government, should resign or bedismissed for incompetency. This is put-


40/144

34 NAVE'S HANDBOOKting it up hard to the chaplain, but theauthor of this handbook writes fromlong experience and knowledge of theproblems of army work. He may bepermitted to illustrate. When war wasdeclared against Spain, he was stationednear Atlanta, Ga. It was expected thatthe regiment with which he was on dutywould be ordered to Cuba. He at oncebegan preparations. It was believedthat troops would be detained in con-centration camps until a campaign couldbe organized, and he felt that his firstneed in camp would be an assemblytent with suitable equipment. Actingat once on his judgment, he went intoAtlanta to solicit funds. In a single dayhe obtained enough money to procure atent 40 by 60 feet, and such equipmentas he needed, and in a week he had itready for use.

It turned out, however, that the com-panies of the regiment were distributedalong the Atlantic coast to do guardduty, and he was left at the post, which,it soon became known, was to be a train-


41/144

CAMPSASSEMBLY TENTS 35ing camp for recruits and a generalhospital, and he turned his tent over toone of the Georgia regiments. At an-other time, and for different purposes,he needed $350.00 in connection withhis work, being stationed near Omaha.To meet this need, he went to the city,and in a single afternoon he obtainedthe whole sum. Any chaplain can pro-cure any funds that he needs, if he willgo about it in the right way. At anothertime he needed a tent for his regimentin a training camp. He was stationedat the time near the city of Cincinnati.To rent one was all that was needed.Without hesitation he contracted forone, and its necessary equipment, andhad it shipped to the camp. In this casehe reported the matter with bills to theQuartermaster General of the Army,and asked that the bills be allowed, andthey were allowed, and paid, but he hadobligated himself for the accounts, andwould have raised the sums among peo-ple who were interested in his work, ifthe Quartermaster had not paid them.


42/144

36 NAVE'S HANDBOOKAll the stationery, including pens, pen-cils and inks, were donated by mer-chants of the city, as well as ample sup-plies of literature and games for recre-ation. People, in a locality where troopsare stationed, can well afford to con-tribute money to equip a chaplain forhis work, and no chaplain should hesi-tate to ask for what he needs. Hun-dreds of thousands of dollars are ex-pended in communities where troops arestationed for the subsistence of a com-mand, and other hundreds of thousandsin their pay are distributed through thecommunity. Furthermore, the army isdrawn from the people, and why shouldnot the people help the chaplain solvehis problems?The tent should be large enough to

accommodate as many as will attendreligious services, moving picture enter-tainments, concerts, theatricals andother forms of entertainment, and inaddition there should be space for asmall supply store, where a few neces-sities can be furnished, with which men


43/144

CAMPSASSEMBLY TENTS 37cannot encumber themselves. The tentshould have a double roof of heavy duck,to break the heat, and in cold weatherit should have stoves to make it themost comfortable place in the region,to keep the men contentedly in camp,instead of wandering off for recreationsand comforts. The chaplain shouldhave a moving picture equipment of themost improved kind, a phonograph, or-gan, and tables for games, for letterwriting, and for magazines and papers.The tent should be supplied, when pos-sible, with fresh, cold water, and a smalllunch equipment, where a sandwich andcup of coffee may be served to keepmen from going off to satisfy them-selves with the unhealthful foods offeredby the irresponsible people, who infestall camps.To handle such an equipment, the

chaplain needs the necessary help toadequately man the institution. Forthis he can confidently depend on com-manders to furnish assistants, as thisrecreational centre is of the utmost


44/144

38 NAVE'S HANDBOOKimportance in counteracting outside at-tractions which allure men to their ruin,and increase the cares of those in com-mand.

In all camps, especially of volunteerand inexperienced troops, indigestionand bowel disorders are frequent fromthe radical changes of habits and frominexperience in cooking. On accountof such minor disorders, the men arenot ordinarily sent to the hospitals, butare excused from duty and assigned toquarters. No special diets are possiblein company messes, and men sufferingfrom such disorders drag along for daysin much distress, while a little care bythe chaplain, who should invite them tohis tent and serve them with toast, apoached egg, a cup of tea, or a glass ofmilk, if it can be procured, may win asoul to the Master. The author of thisbook writes from experience in the CivilWar and the Spanish-American War,and has in this way, with the valuableassistance of his wife and daughter.


45/144

CAMPSASSEMBLY TENTS 39alleviated the distresses of many scoresof invalided soldiers.The question naturally arises, v^^heredid money come from for this ministry.The churches, the Red Cross society, theWoman's Relief corps of the GrandArmy of the Republic, any and allgladly respond to appeals for help intimes of war. Money and help of allkinds are freely given to him who seeksand knocks at the doors of mercy.

While war conditions exist, the chap-lain may depend on the organizationsabove mentioned to supply him withstationery for his tent, films for hismoving picture machine, discs for hisphonograph, and money for light dietsfor invalided men. Most men will gladlypay the cost of such relief, but if theservice is free it will do more in win-ning the hearts of the men to the Masterthan if paid for.


46/144

Chapter VI.CAMPAIGNS

All ordinary camp equipment must beleft behind when a command starts onactive campaigning, and consequentlythe chaplain must leave his tent and allother equipment stored with the depotquartermaster, and he must go empty-handed with the command, but the re-sourceful chaplain is not helpless. Hisplace on the march is in the rear of thecommand, looking after men who havedropped out on account of fatigue orsore feet, or illness, or overheat, orother causes, and seeing to them, thatthey are taken care of in ambulances orother transportation, and that they re-ceive medical aid or other attentions,and report the facts to the commander.He should have an ample supply ofwater in canteens on his horse to sharewith those who are suffering from heatand thirst, and a supply of first aid


47/144

CAMPAIGNS 41materials, and above all a cheering andhelping heart. He should also have atleast a limited supply of stationery toenable him to communicate with friendsof soldiers who may have met withaccidents, or are sick, or have died, andfor such other purposes as the exigenciesof the service may require. The caseswhere he may save life and relieve suf-fering in a moving army are numerousalmost every minute, not in his owncommand only, but in others, as well.

Temporary Delays in CampaignsHalts in army movements often occur,

when troops are held for developmentsin front, or for other causes. Thesefurnish the chaplains rare opportunitiesto relieve restlessness and discontent,and consequent demoralization. On occa-sions of this kind the writer has re-peatedly proposed to the men of thecommand, in wooded country, to buildan arbor in a sheltered place, wherethey could congregate for recreations,letter writing, comfortable rest and


48/144

42 NAVE'S HANDBOOKsociabilities, and also for religious ser-vices. He went from company to com-pany for volunteers with axes, and tothe commanding officer for teams, andin a short time he had a delightful socialcentre for the men under an arborwell covered with brush or hay or straw,which took the place of the tent. Neithermen nor commanding officer ever re-fused, and the arbor was a mercy to all,and helped bring contentment, and con-served health, morals and religion.

IN BATTLE{In some unaccountable way this

chapter was omitted in submitting themanuscript of this book to the pub-lisher, and the omission was not ob-served until the book was off the pressand bound. It is too important, in viewof the possibilities that troops may besent to the trenches in Europe, to beomitted. It is therefore added to thischapter, to which it belongs and thisaccounts for absence of page number-ing.)


49/144

IN BATTLE1. The clergyman who has not

reached the point of absolute indiffer-ence to death in battle, absolutely so,that is, if he is aware of the least tint ofyellow in himself, should dismiss thethought of becoming a chaplain. If anyof our young chaplains doubts his will-ingness to scout death, he should settlethe matter on his knees, and resign if heis not sure of the way he will conducthimself in the shock of battle. The sit-uation of the chaplain is different fromthat of other officers and the men. Theyare supported by each other, and themoral effect of being a part of the unitof which each is a member, but the chap-lain must act independently and alone.He can sneak, if he wants to. He canseek shelter, and not be missed for themoment, and largely his work is discre-tionary with himself, as to where in thebattle line he shall be. He requiresmore courage and if faithful he willtake more risks than other officers. TheAmerican Army should not have a cow-ardly chaplain in it.


50/144

NAVE'S HANDBOOK2. The chaplain should qualify him-

self to the highest possible degree in''first aid"; in how to stop the flow ofblood, no matter where the wound maybe, and this requires a practical knowl-edge of anatomy; how to adjust a manwho has fallen with shattered bones, soas to relieve his distress while waitingto be carried off; how to administersedatives and stimulants to the woundedin the trenches and on the field whomthe surgeons cannot reach, includingthe use of a hypodermic syringe with-out creating a sceptic wound and howto sterilize the needle and repeat theuse of the syringe without harm tothose to whom he may give relief ; howmost masterfully to help the woundedon stretchers to be carried away; howto manage and direct stretcher squadsin getting them back to the surgeons,and how to encourage the wounded, andinspire hope. For the latter he shouldhave enough knowledge of anatomy to beable to make something of a diagnosis.As for instance, I was helping a man off


51/144

IN BATTLEthe battlefield of Kennesaw Mountain inthe Civil war. A Minnie ball had enteredhis right shoulder just back of the col-lar bone, and stopped under the skin atthe lower point of the shoulderblade. Hewas lying down when he received thewound. When, with the help of anothersoldier, I got him to a place of shelterto rest a minute, he said, "Nave, do youthink it will be fatal with me?" I re-plied, "It looks pretty good to me. Asyou are not spitting blood, and are notcoughing, and you breathe as thoughyour lungs are not filling with blood, itwould seem that no large blood vesselhas been opened; and you notice thatno bones have been broken. I think youwere mighty lucky." The man instantlybrightened up and took courage. Mydiagnosis proved to be right, for thisman now lives in Los Angeles, overeighty years of age, and we love eachother as two brothers.

In the assault on Fort McAllister acaptain of our regiment fell. I hurriedto him, and helped him to his feet. Abullet had entered his neck on the right


52/144

nave's handbookside just above the shoulder, and hadcome through the left arm just belowthe shoulder joint, and somehow with-out breaking the bone of the arm. Afterwe got to a safe place he, too, asked meif I thought it would prove fatal. Icarefully looked over the course of thewound, and found that he, too, was notbleeding profusely, and while the ballhad passed through his neck, it hadmissed the neck bones and the wind-pipe, and the large arteries and veins,and he could swallow, showing thatstrangely the ball had passed throughwithout doing what all would expect abullet to do. He, too, recovered andlived many years, and we often talkedthe terrible time over, for I was hispastor afterward.

These incidents illustrate the oppor-tunities of the chaplain to encouragethose who are stricken. I was actingchaplain of the regiment at the time ofboth battles referred to.

3. The chaplain must provide himselfamply on the eve of battle with first aid


53/144

IN BATTLEsupplies, with such palliatives, includ-ing a hypodermic syringe, and suchstimulants, as the surgeon may thinkbest, to be used with men whom thesurgeon cannot reach, and who mustsuffer until they can be gotten back tothe shelter where the wounded areassembled for the surgeons. He mustload himself with canteens of water anda suitable drinking vessel with a spoutto it for men who must not be moved,or cannot hold their heads up and wouldsuffer if moved.

4. The chaplain should have chargeof the stretcher squad, and should bewith the regiment in the engagement.In defensive battles, he should be in thetrenches, quietly encouraging the menby a lofty spirit, reckless of danger,absolutely so, for its wholesome influ-ence on the men, and watching for themen as they fall, hurrying to them, andcaring for them. This duty must fallto the chaplain. Other officers havetheir duties from which they cannotturn away, nor can the men, for they


54/144

NAVE'S HANDBOOKmust defend the trenches, no matterwho or how many may fall. No manwith rifle or handgrenade can stop tolook after dead or wounded comrades;no battery can stop to look after thefallen. So, the only officer to care forthe stricken is the chaplain, and he mustbe instant in service. He must give firstaid so as to stop the flow of blood andprevent infection of the wound fromsoiled clothes and from the earth, wherethere may be tetanus bacilli. He shouldgive stimulants where needed, or pallia-tives, and see that the wounded men aregotten out of the way of the men en-gaged in the battle, and that they aremade as comfortable as possible untilthe assault is over, or a lull occurs,when they may be gotten back to thesurgeons. As soon as possible, he shouldguide the stretcher squad to the wound-ed, and help handle them. He mustknow where the wounded are and whichof them must be gotten most quickly tothe surgeon in order to save life.

In offensive assaults the chaplain


55/144

IN BATTLEmust go with the assaulting column, andget as quickly as possible to those whofall, and do all in his power to relievethe distress, temporarily, for he musthasten on to others. Men fall in allsorts of conditions and shapes; some-times with their heads down in a ditch,or with arms or legs twisted and arehelpless to change their positions. Some-times all that the chaplain can do in thehurry is to help men to be as comfort-able as possible, after first aid has beengiven, and then hurry on. He mustrange over the whole ground covered byhis regiment, so as to find all who havefallen, carefully noting where each oneis so as to follow them up after theassault is over.Many who are wounded are capableof caring for themselves with a littleattention by the chaplain. The shockand the excitement of the hurt dazemen, and they need to be steadied, andguided to places of shelter to rest andget their bearings. Others get panickyand need to be composed, their wounds


56/144

NAVE'S HANDBOOKnot being serious. A sedative may beall that is needed, after first aid isgiven, to reduce the nervousness andsubdue the pain. Whatever the needmay be, the chaplain must quicklygrasp the best that can be done for eachone, until the stress subsides, when allmust be seen by the chaplain, followingthem up to hospitals, and noting all thatshould be known by their friends.

After the battle is over, the chaplainmust not rest until every wounded manhas been recovered, no matter what theperil may be in recovering them. Thisis his job, I could illustrate by manyincidents, but one will suffice. In thebattle of Atlanta, July 22nd, '64, ourregiment was in an advanced position,supporting the skirmishers, who werepressed up close to the Confederates.Our orders, in case of an assault instrength, were to fall back to the mainline. The assault came in the after-noon, but we lost heavily before wereached the main line, leaving our deadand wounded in the hands of the enemy.


57/144

IN BATTLEAfter the battle was over the enemy

occupied the earthworks, which ourregiment had built, and our dead andwounded were between the lines, someof them near the earthworks occupiedby the enemy. Some of the woundedwere able after nightfall to crawl in towhere we could help them, while othershad to be rescued after dark.One of the wounded who had fallen

near the earthworks and had crawledin, reported a man lying groaning nearhim. It was believed to be LieutenantLarimore of Company H who was seento fall about that place. I went to hiscompany after dark and asked for vol-unteers to go with me and get him. Allsaid it would be impossible to get himwithout drawing the fire of the enemy.Even his own brother refused to go.I stood and shamed them, until oneman, a splendid fellow, whose name de-serves to be written here, Rawlston,who was not there when I first askedfor volunteers said, "I will go with you,Nave," and we started at once with a


58/144

nave's handbookstretcher. Passing the vidette, whosaid he could hear the low tones of the"Johnnies," we crawled through thecornfield, flat on the ground, until fin-ally I came to a body, and whisperingto him aroused him, and found it wasthe lieutenant. He immediately beganto give expressions of joy, which I hadto admonish him to refrain from, lestw^e draw fire. Hastily Rawlston and Igot him on the stretcher and hurriedaway with him, stooping as low as pos-sible, for the moon was just casting itsfirst rays over the field. I have alwaysbelieved that the enemy saw us, but weretoo noble to fire. It w^as half a mile tothe surgeons. We found both legs werebroken, and the poor fellow was suffer-ing greatly. We should have had a pal-liative for him, but in those days we didnot know as much as we do now. Be-fore the surgeons could reach his casepoor Larimore had paid the price ofthe patriot, but we had the satisfac-tion of knowing that he died with hisfriends. I was with him and held hishand when he ceased to breathe.


59/144

IN BATTLENo chaplain should rest until everyman has been recovered.5. One of the cares of the chaplain

should be for the dead. When he findsone of his command who has beenkilled, he should get his name, and thecompany of which he was a member,if possible, and all facts concerning himthat can be gotten. He should take pos-session of all the valuables found on hisbody, making a careful inventory ofthem, wrapping them up carefully andlabeling them, and turn them over tothe dead man's company commander tobe administered in accordance withArmy Regulations. If possible, thechaplain should have some one as awitness to the articles taken from thebody.

The chaplain should note carefullythe exact places of burial, as mentionedin a previous chapter and give all factsby letter to the friends of the deceased.

6. Through all the excitement, stressand perils of battle the chaplain hasgreat opportunities to comfort the suf-


60/144

NAVE'S HANDBOOKfering, and administer to anxious soulsthe consolations of religion. He shouldcarry bottles of consecrated water, andwine and some wafers with him so as toadminister the holy sacraments to thedying, who desire the sacraments, andat all times he can breathe a word ofprayer for divine support and strengthfor the suffering and dying. He cantake the last messages of the dying tothe friends at home, and gently close theeyes of the dead soldier in the name of amother far away.


61/144

Chapter VII.FIELD HOSPITALS

The field hospital affords the willingchaplain rare opportunities. Many com-forts and luxuries may be obtained bythe live and energetic chaplain from theabove mentioned societies (see page 41)which could not otherwise be obtained,and supplied to patients, under the direc-tion of the surgeons and nurses.Numerous letters need to be written

to relieve the anxieties of friends athome, and recreations need to be sup-plied to convalescents, such as gamesand illustrated papers. Many patientsare discouraged, and take none but thedark view of their chances of recovery.The chaplain can render most valuableservice to such by lining up for theminventories of their assets, their youth,the tenacity with which life, especiallywith young men, holds its own withdiseases; how hard it really is to kill a


62/144

44 NAVE'S HANDBOOKyoung man, who has not broken his con-stitution by drink, the use of tobaccoand other drugs, and by other dissipa-tions ; that if he is consecrated to do thewill of his Heavenly Father, there areall reasons why he should recover, andhe should throw away all fear and ap-prehension, and trust in God, and in hisphysicians and nurses. A short, under-tone prayer in his behalf will refreshhis spirit, and he will welcome subse-quent visits. Often the chaplain's faithmust hold men up, until nature rallies.

Letters should go daily to parents andfriends of the sick or wounded, giving,truthfully, and yet wisely, the doctor'sprognosis of each case, in order thatfriends may know, and feel certain thatthey know, the chances for their lovedones. If this work is too heavy for thechaplain, a soldier can, no doubt, bedetailed to do the letter writing for him,or some one may be provided by benevo-lent societies. All such letters can besent as official correspondence free ofpostage.


63/144

FIELD HOSPITALS 45It often happens that sick and wound-

ed soldiers are sent to field hospitalsunaccompanied by descriptive lists, asthese lists are not available when theyare sent back from commands. Allchaplains who serve at field or base hos-pitals, or whose location enables themto keep in touch with such hospitals,should provide themselves through theRed Cross or other benevolent societieswith suits of clothes to be furnishedto soldiers whose descriptive lists aremissing, as neither the surgeon nor thequartermaster can issue clothing with-out the descriptive lists, and patientsmay be kept in bed, or in their bedclothes, when they should be up andgoing about. The writer has clothedscores of such unfortunate men, when,if he had not been prepared in advanceto do so, they would have suffered greathardships.A sad duty is that of ofl^ciating at thefunerals, and keeping an official recordof the places of interment of those whopass away, and notifying friends of the


64/144

46 NAVE'S HANDBOOKdeath, but this is a very importantduty, especially the keeping of accuratedescriptions of the exact places of inter-ment, which should be done with greatcare in a book provided for the purposeand kept on file. Another sad duty isthe shipment of the bodies of the deadto their friends, and the notification ofthe shipment with the route and prob-able time of the arrival of the body.From time to time, after receiving

monies from the Red Cross or othersources, the chaplain should renderitemized accounts of receipts and ex-penditures to those who furnished thefunds, not only for his own protection,but for the satisfaction of the donors.

In order to illustrate such reports,and the practical opportunities affordedto chaplains in times of war, the follow-ing partial report of the author's workduring the war with Spain is included,as a suggestion to chaplains, as to linesof possible work. The author was sta-tioned at Fort McPherson, Ga., situatednear Atlanta, which was a training


65/144

FIELD HOSPITALS 47camp for recruits for the infantry andcavalry of the Regular Army, and whereone of the general hospitals in the warwith Spain was located

"REPORTOF THE WORK DONE BY AND UNDER DIRECTION OF

ORVILLE J. NAVEPost Chaplain, U. S. Army

FORT MC PHERSON, GA.IN CAMP AND HOSPITALMay 1st, to September 15th, 1898

'Teeling that it would be only just tomy friends and to the many others whohave shown their deep interest in sol-diers at this point, and suffering in thehospital, to inform them of the workdone in my department; and that as Ihave been the almoner of monies andother gifts to the soldiers, I should ren-der an account to those who have en-trusted me with their gifts, I have pre-pared the following statement of factsand history of my work:


66/144

48 NAVE'S HANDBOOKSpecial Religious Work

''There have assembled at this postsince May 1st, and been forwarded toregiments of the regular army, about18,000 recruits. There have been presentduring May, June, July and much ofAugust from 2,000 to 4,000 of these re-cruits. There being no other suitableplace for religious services, I seated agrove to accommodate 1,200 people,which I preferred to a tent in summer.For evening services this grove wasilluminated by gasoline torches. Con-gregations have varied from 300 to1,200 or more. Services have been con-ducted when rain did not prevent, untilrecently, every evening, and thrice onSundays. The religious interest hasbeen very deep. One hundred and fif-teen persons gave me their names formembership in various churches in theUnited States, having entered into holycovenant to serve God with all theirhearts. These names I have forwardedto the pastors with a statement of facts.


67/144

FIELD HOSPITALS 49"During these meetings upwards of

800 men have taken pledges of totalabstinence from the use of intoxicatingdrinks to be used as beverages, andmore than 1,000 have pledged them-selves not to gamble.

''After a busy and toilsome day spentin the hospitals, comforting the sick,restoring hope where it v/as failing,burying the dead, and in the camp,listening to the requests and complaintsof recruits, doing errands for them inthe city, certifying their letters, so theycould be sent without prepayment ofpostage, sending off their express pack-ages, obtaining their express matter andregistered letters, identifying them forvarious purposes, etc., it was my privi-lege to conduct religious services atnight with a thousand or more peopleassembled in the grove. These preciousmeetings will be a hallowed memorywith thousands of men in all time andeternity. Some of them have returnedto the hospital here from Santiago,wounded or sick, and from other camps


68/144

50 NAVE'S HANDBOOKsick of fevers, and all talk of the inspir-ing services in the grove."The Young Men's Christian Associa-

tion established a tent in connectionwith my work, rendering assistance ofincalculable value until September. Theyfurnished the tent with stationery freeto all, and with tables for writing let-ters, reading, games, etc., and kept openhouse for all who came.

Literature"Responding to a request that I pub-

lished in twenty religious and secularpapers at the opening of the war, askingfor books, magazines, illustrated andother papers, I have received from manyindividuals and organizations a numberof tons of literature, that I have dis-tributed in the hospital at this post,among the recruits, and at camps on theGulf. This expression of liberality hasdone much in hospital and camp to re-lieve the tediousness of camp and hos-pital life.


69/144

FIELD HOSPITALS 51Letters Written for the Sick.

"Since the recruit camp and hospitalwere opened, I have v/ritten, with theaid of a stenographer, upwards of 1,600letters for soldiers, and to parents andother friends in reply to inquiries madeby them. The demands on me for in-formation on all conceivable subjects byyoung men away from home, for themost part for the first time, cannot beimagined. I have undertaken to rendercheerful and glad assistance to everyone who has come to me for informa-tion, counsel and sympathy in trouble,and it has been the greatest opportunityof my life.

Hospital Work''About 4,000 sick and wounded have

been sent to the general hospital at thispost from Florida and Cuba. Many,very many, of them have been extremelyill of typhoid and other serious fevers,besides those who suffered wounds inbattle. About 70 have died. This fieldof ministry has been a most affecting


70/144

52 NAVE'S HANDBOOKone, affording widely different oppor-tunities to serve suffering men. Theirhopes, fears, complaints and anxietieshave been freely revealed. To the chap-lain they have all turned for help andsympathy. Many have needed clothingto take the place of that lost in trans-ferring from battlefields or other hos-pitals to this hospital. Scores of suchmen have been furnished clothing fromsupplies provided by noble hearts allover the country, but largely by thegood people of Atlanta. It has beenmy privilege, and that of my wife anddaughter, assisted by many helpinghands, to dispense these generous gifts.All my time, not otherwise and unavoid-ably occupied, has been spent with thesick. Their unfailing welcome has beenone of the refreshing and comfortingfeatures of my work. Many of themhave beautifully exemplified the forti-tude and strength that come from anexperimental knowledge of the Gk)spel.

"I desire to testify to the uniformcourtesy and encouragement I have re-


71/144

FIELD HOSPITALS 53ceived from the surgeon in charge, inall that I have attempted to do for thecomfort and relief of the sick. Inaddition to the natural duties falling toa chaplain, he entrusted to me the or-ganization and management of the dietsystem in all the four hospitals, arrange-ments for caskets for the dead, whoseremains were to be forwarded to friends,communication with friends andofficers of the deceased, and other func-tions that naturally devolved on hisoffice, but of which, on account of hisnumerous and onerous duties, he desiredto be relieved.

Special Diet Work''When the recruits began to assemblemy wife and daughter instituted a sys-

tem for supplying light diets to menwho, on account of illy prepared food,changes of water and climate, becamesick with minor disorders of the stom-ach and bowels, but who, according tocommon custom in the army, are notsent to hospital. Surgeons were sup-


72/144

54 nave's handbookplied with tickets that entitled the bear-ers to meals at our quarters, and wererequested to furnish them to such menas in their judgment required specialdiets. This began in a small way, withtwo or three at a time ; but it soon grewto be a recognized feature of the post.A set of vacant officers' quarters wasset aside by the commanding officer forthis purpose, where an unique ministryto sick and convalescents has gone onthroughout the summer, and is now inprogress, serving from 250 to 350 mealsper day. Here the men with camp diar-rhoea and the convalescents fromwounds and fevers have found a moth-er's and sister's care. Here gentle andloving hands, not of my own home only,but of other officers' families and gentle-women of Atlanta, have furnished toastand tea and coffee and poached eggs andmilk and numerous other delicate dishes,prepared with tender care and servedv/ith love to the gallant sons of thenation. It has been a magnificent laborof love. Many hands and hearts, un-


73/144

FIELD HOSPITALS 55recompensed except by gratitude, haveseized the opportunities afforded toshow their love of men under the Flag.If any persons anywhere doubt thesincere loyalty of the noble women ofthe South they need only to visit "Mrs.Nave's Kitchen" to see the proofs oflove of the Flag and those who are readyto die for it, in the labors of a corpsof gentlewomen of Atlanta, who comedaily to wait on table where a hundredemaciated, wan soldiers are being care-fully fed. The prodigious work donehas a faint suggestion in the single factthat upwards of 2,000 dozen eggs havebeen used in feeding these sick men.

Red Cross"On the 3rd of August the Red Cross,

having heard of the good work beingdone in this "Kitchen," sent an agent toinvestigate it. He immediately offeredto pay all bills contracted and to supplyall its needs. This work had gone onwithout guarantees from any source ex-cept my own, until its bills amounted to


74/144

56 nave's handbook$60.00 per week. Although a work offaith and endeavor, the streams of helphad set in so as to quite meet expenses.With this great society behind it, itscapacity was immediately doubled, andits work correspondingly increased. Itis now known as "Mrs. Nave's Red CrossKitchen," and is equipped to serve overone hundred convalescents at each meal,and send many special diets to the wardsof the hospital. This great work hasstood between the recruits and thatwidespread, and too often fatal disorder,camp diarrhoea, and between the conva-lescing fever patients and dangers of re-lapses from the heavy diets of the gen-eral mess, where men are fed as a massrather than catered to as individuals.The number of relapses in the history ofover twelve hundred typhoid patients isregarded as remarkably low on accountof the excellent work done in thisKitchen and others modeled after it.


75/144

FIELD HOSPITALS 57Receipts

'The following is an exhibit of themonies received by myself and wife. Ex-cept in the case of the Red Cross, whosesupplies came in bulk, we do not attemptto itemize the many packages and boxesof supplies furnished by individuals andassociations, containing fruits, cannedgoods, jellies, groceries, clothing, towels,sheets, pillow cases, bandages, under-wear, sleeping shirts, socks, slippers, pa-jamas, handy cases with needles, pins,etc., tooth brushes, combs, etc., etc.Complete lists of these could not be ob-tained, as they were often left at ourquarters or se^nt by freight with nonames of the donors accompanying bywhich to identify them. Boxes havebeen received from different States ofthe Union, sent usually by benevolentsocieties.


76/144

58 nave's handbook"SUPPLIES SENT BY AMERICANRED CROSS

Five boxes of apricots, dried.Two boxes of cocoa.Ten dozen toothbrushes.Three bbls. rice.One bbl. peas.Six cases farina.Two bbls. barley.Three cases oatmeal.Three cases bouillon.One case beef extract.Ten cases canned soups.Ten boxes dried fruits.Two cases bouillon.Five bbls. pilot bread.Three boxes ginger snaps.Twelve cases canned tomatoes.Ten cases condensed milk.Four cases tapioca.Twelve cases corn starch.Five cases gelatine.Ten cases breakfast food.Two bbls. salt.Two boxes sapolio.Four boxes pearline.Three boxes lye.Twelve cases fruit.Three bbls. oatflakes.One case extracts.Seventy-five boxes Ivory soap.


77/144

FIELD HOSPITALS 59Four cans of coffee (crated).Three cases of julienne soup.Three cases of consomme soup.Four cases chicken soup.Two cases clam bouillon.Five boxes prunes (dried).

"CASH RECEIVEDJune 2Woman's Relief Corps, G. A.R., Atlanta $ 8.76

Private Woelk, deceased .35June 10Woman's Relief Corps, G. A.

R., Atlanta 20.22" Mrs. Woodward, Atlanta 5.00

June 15Rev. J. T. Roberts, New YorkCity 5.00Mr. O. W. Binkerd, New York City 1.00Postage stamps from a lady in NewYork 25

JulyMrs. Baggert, Fort McPherson. .25July 11Mrs. Captain Dove, U. S.Army 25.00

Miss Junia McKinley, Atlanta 25Second St. M. E. Church, Zanes-

ville, 10.00Lieut. Gerhardt, U. S. Army, Fort

Russell, Wyo 5.00Rev. Dr. Melden, Clark University,Atlanta 2.00Rev. J. C. Murray, Clark Univer-

sity, Atlanta 1.00July 16Mrs. Captain Stafford, Fort

Russell, Wyo 5.00


78/144

60 nave's handbookM. E. Church, Granville, 2.00Mrs. Sid Holland, Atlanta, per

Pvliss McKinley 1.00July 25Young Ladies' Relief Associa-tion, Atlanta, per Miss Mor-row 10.00

Private Clark 25First M. E. Church, Atlanta 23.90First Baptist Church, Atlanta 47.75Rev. C. E. Barnes, Zanesville, O.. 2.00Lieut. Moody, 20th Inf 2.00Woman's Relief Corps, G. A. R.,Atlanta 6.00Woman's Relief Corps, University

Place, Nebr 5.00Miss M. B. Weaver, for Ladies ofLeavenworth, Kas 10.00Collection from Soldiers 1.41Atlanta Chapter, D. A. R 5.00Mr. Smart, Atlanta 5.00Hilburn and Bowden, Atlanta 3.50July 27Mrs. Capt. Dove, U. S. Army 5.00Cash from four soldiers for hym-

nals 4.00Mrs. Harry Scott, Atlanta 1.00Young Ladies' Relief Association,

Atlanta, per Miss Morrow. . 5.00Mrs. Zimmerman, Atlanta 1.00Street car tickets from Atlanta

St. Railway 7.00Mr. Alex. Meyer, Atlanta 10.00

Aug. 1a Soldier 25Aug. 2Mrs. Meyer's Maid 50


79/144

FIELD HOSPITALS 61Mrs. J. L. Gilbert, Quincy, Fla 1.00

Aug. 3Epworth League, Decatur, Ga. 5.00Aug. 5Woman's Relief Corps, G. A. R.,

Atlanta 40.00Aug. 7Mr. Beecher, Atlanta 1.00Soldiers' and Sailors' Aid Society,Delaware, Ohio 25.00Vivian Waller, Hickory, Ky 2.50Rebate on underwear for soldiers

from Inman, Smith & Co 1.50Aug. 11Woman's Relief Corps, No. 59,G. A. R., Buffalo, N. Y 10.00

" 12First Presbyterian Church,Atlanta, per Dr. Holderby. . . 11.50

" 17Ladies' Society, Indianapolis,Ind 15.00Rev. W. R. Holstead, Lincoln, Neb. 4.00

" 19Miss Florette Sissel, Macon,Ga 54.00Mrs. Maj. Dodge, U. S. A 10.00Private Fellows 1.00Private Greene .50" 26J. H. Baker, New York City. 35.00Mrs. H. E. Remington, Sedalia, Mo. 1.00Contribution by Soldiers 2.61Miss Walker, Cleveland, 1.00Alfred Lyons, New York 5.00F. S. Nave, Morristown, Ariz 10.00

Total miscellaneous cash receipts . . . $484,25American Red Cross, per Stephen E.Barton _ 835.00

Total from all sources $1,309.25


80/144

62 NAVE'S HANDBOOKDISBURSEMENTS

Mrs. Nave's Dietary Kitchen for Invalid Sold-iers, as per Bills and Accounts

JuneGroceries, including bread, but-ter, eggs, etc $ 18.75

Milk 10.00Ice 2.00Fuel oil for coal oil stove 4.13Servant 2.50

JulyGroceries (bread, butter, eggs,etc.) 51.36

Milk 22.00Ice 4.08Fuel and coal oil 4.13Servant 8.00Cash for lunches on train 2.00

AugustGroceries (bread, butter, eggs,etc.) 346.84

Beef, for roast and beef tea 37.00Milk 90.65Ice 4.08Fuel and oil 5.00Servants 39.35Kitchen furniture 32.76Printing 1.25Sept. 15Servants 32.00Groceries, etc 173.42

Expenses of Religious Services in the GroveJuneGasoline torches and gasoline. . 4.90

Seating the grove 56.00Singing books 42.48


81/144

FIELD HOSPITALS 63AugustSalary of Rev. J. A. Jensen,

assistant 10.00Street car fare, Rev. J. A. Jensen. . 1.65Gasoline 2.60

Sept.Street car fare for Rev. J. A.Jensen 7.00Miscellaneous Expenses

JuneAccount book 40Street car fare 1.70Stenographer for correspondencewith friends of the sick 10.00Stationery, postage, rubber stamp,

typewriter ribbon 2.85JulyEight dozen suits underwear forSantiago soldiers 57.99

Freight on reading matter for sold-iers .QQ

Stenographer 15.00Rev. Phillips, for gasoline at Waco 2.50Railway and street car fare and

tickets 3.00AugustStenographer 20.00Atlanta Dairy, for milk to meet anemergency in hospital 4.00

Printing 4.80Street car tickets 5.00Telegram for a cook for kitchen . .50Stationery 2.00Rev. Phillips, for stationery atWaco 5.00Drayage 25Cash to J. A. Jensen 10.00


82/144

64 NAVE'S HANDBOOKGasoline 2.40Salary Red Cross nurses 127.00Malted milk 2.50Expenses Red Cross nurses to N. Y. 2.00Expenses Red Cross nurses toLithia Springs 5.00Telegram to Dr. Swift 30

Sept.Board for Red Cross nurses... 62.84Salary for Red Cross nurses 53.00Expenses for Red Cross nurses toN. Y 6.00Express charges on stationery.... .65Street car fare for Rev. J. A. Jen-

sen 7.00Room rent for Red Cross nurses. . 10.00Stenographer 10.00Printing 6.00

Total disbursements $1,456.27Advanced by myself 147.02

The Red Cross, of its own initiative,availed itself of our organized work,after investigating our methods, andguaranteed all expenses already in-curred by us. Supplies came from farand near through grateful letters sentby soldiers to their friends and the natu-ral publicity which such work receives.We were too busy to install any system


83/144

FIELD HOSPITALS 65for financing our work, but ample fundsand clothing came to us.

It is to be hoped that the foregoingreport may suggest to many chaplainssome practical lines of efficient ministry.Each situation must suggest its ownlines of work, but in all training campsand field hospitals the devoted chaplain,who has initiative and grasp, can findall he can do.The ready assistance and splendid

support given this hospital and campwork by the people, not only of Georgia,but of the people over the country, illus-trate the ample help that a chaplain maycount on if he goes forward with faith,courage and grasp of opportunities. Itcan be put down as certain that in everycamp of recruits and every generalhospital there are equal opportunitiesto save life and mitigate distresses thatcame to me in this one.


84/144

Chapter VIII.CONVALESCENT, REFUGEE ANDPRISONERS OF WAR CAMPS

Convalescent CampsAt the bases of all armies, there arecamps for convalescent soldiers, soldierswho have been found to be incapacitatedfor hard service on account of physicaldisabilities, perhaps recently developed,who could not endure the hard serviceof campaigning, and those who have suf-ficently recovered from wounds or dis-eases to be shipped back from the frontto be furloughed home, or to be caredfor until they are able for duty at thefront. These, too, are often withouttheir descriptive lists, and cannot besupplied with clothing by quartermas-ters, except where special orders havebeen issued by the Department. Oftenthese camps are crowded, and the in-valids greatly need to be looked after bya chaplain. Every chaplain who can


85/144

CONVALESCENT CAMPS 67reach these camps should do his utmostto alleviate the distresses that prevail,and bring encouragement and hope.There is scarcely any situation intowhich a soldier can fall that is so dis-couraging as an invalid, or convalescentcamp, and none where an alert, sympa-thetic chaplain can do more good. Theyoccupy their time rehearsing to eachother their misfortunes and illnesses,and add to each other's miseries. Athousand and one things need to bedone for these men, and a thousand com-plaints to be heard, and sorrows to besoothed. The invalids are usually low-spirited, and need encouraging. Theysee only the dark side, and often needthat their assets of chances for recoveryshall be lined up for their encourage-ment and prayers be offered in theirbehalf. Refugee Camps

In the rear of all armies are refugees,who are destitute of the commonest com-forts, and are absolutely helpless. Nochaplain can afford to pass by these dis-


86/144

68 ^NAVE'S HANDBOOKtressed human beings, as the priest andLevite passed the man on the road toJericho. He must be the Gk)od Samari-tan to them. He should do everythingin his power to alleviate their distresses,securing medical attention for them,connecting them up with the Red Crossrepresentatives and supplies; solicitingtemporary issues of rations to them, andrendering such other services as it maybe possible to give.

In these camps are the aged, sick,cripples, women and children, as well asmen. All are destitute. Clothes areneeded for women and children ; beddingis most urgently needed ; invalids need tobe cared for, and the dead to be buried.One's heart almost breaks, as he sees thedestitution and distress that can, at best,only slightly be relieved. This is thechaplain's opportunity. He is the angelof mercy. He must be sympathetic, re-sourceful, quick-witted in solving diffi-culties and ready to carry burdens.There should be no limit to his effortsto alleviate their distresses.


87/144

FIELD HOSPITALS 69The chaplain should realize that he is

the one officer, whose mission is that ofsympathj^ mercy and help ; and that nofield should escape his careful and de-voted attention. Any chaplain, who doesnot put a high estimate on the serviceshe can render to the distressed and suf-fering, should be gotten rid of, and anefficient, zealous minister be put in hisplace. The fact is there is little time fora chaplain to sleep, in the stress of war.Many do not realize this, and they moveat a slow pace, while distress is all aboutthem. They are drones and in the way.Too little has been required and expectedof chaplains. Of all officers they shouldbe up to the highest standards of effi-ciency. Their functions, ministering tothe minds, hearts and spirits of men andto the physical comforts, touch allclasses, officers, men, families, every-body, and all the time, and everywhere.Somewhere, at all times, especially inwar, some screw has gotten loose, somecog has slipped in the working of themachine, somebody has been careless.


88/144

70 nave's handbookand helpless people are suffering. Many,too many, officers are not equal to theresponsibilities with which they arecharged, and in consequence hardshipsare being endured, which should be re-lieved. In the Army, as well as in otherwalks of life, there are those who arefaithful, and those who are not faithful.It is the business of the chaplain to findthese, and help. His is the sympatheticwire in the whole system of the com-mand.

Prisoners op WarPrisoners of war constitute one of the

greatest problems in war. They arealien to the nation; have been instru-ments of death to the armies that havecaptured them, and naturally, are anunwelcome burden. They require guardsand must have rations and clothing andother comforts that are needed by theoffensive forces, and are an unwelcomecare. It is difficult to feel an interestin their welfare. Officers in charge, andguards, all feel it a hardship to take careof them. Yet they are human beings,


89/144

CONVALESCENT CAMPS 71and are consciously in an enemy's coun-try, and among enemies. The psychol-ogy of the situation on the prisoners'side can easily be conceived by imagin-ing a change of situations. Their cap-tors speak, perhaps, another tongue;they are in a strange land; they aredestitute; they are cut off from com-munication with their kindred; theyare apprehensive of vengeful hardships.Of all situations into which one can fall,theirs is one of the most distressing anddisheartening.

Here is one of the greatest oppor-tunities of the chaplain. These arehuman souls; they are brothers. It iswith this feeling that he should goamong them. He should go as theMaster came to a sinning world, withcompassion and love. Instantly heshould apply the spirit of brotherhoodto the situation, and find out all theneeds of each man, as far as possible,and then do everything possible to sup-ply those needs, and bring physical com-forts as tokens of brotherly love. This


90/144

72 NAVE'S HANDBOOKis another opportunity to exemplify thespirit of the Good Samaritan, and anychaplain who does not interest himselfin lofty service to prisoners of war,should be hurried off the scene, and atrue servant of the Master be installedin his place. The Scriptures say, "Ifthine enemy hunger, feed him; if hethirst, give him drink: for in so doingthou shalt heap coals jbf fire on hishead.''

Officers in immediate charge are notexpected to look after the mercy side ofthe situation. This belongs to the chap-lain. If there are sick, or wounded, heshould leave nothing undone for theircomfort. He should carefully observethe treatment given prisoners by officersin charge, and if unnecessary hardshipsare laid on them he should take thematter up at once with those who areresponsible, and if no change is made,he should go to superior officers, andfurnish all the facts, and intercede inbehalf of the defenseless prisoners. The


91/144

CONVALESCENT CAMPS 73Golden Rule should play large in thecase.Of course chaplains are not assigned

to prisoners' camps ; therefore, any min-istry given by a chaplain must be vol-untary, and sought by himself. What asad comment on any chaplain, if he werenear a prisoner camp, and did not giveit devoted attention!

His duties are not only to relievephysical distress, but to give spiritualconsolations as well, and if his serviceswill be accepted, he should hold religiousservices among the prisoners, just as hewould among his own command, evenif only through an interpreter. If thereare articles needed, which can be pur-chased, and prisoners can pay for them,the chaplain, under the direction of theofficer in charge, should do all errandsfor the prisoners that he can. He shouldwrite letters, if letters can be gotten tofriends, and do any service which abrother should do for one in distress andmisfortune.

The chaplain is the humanitarian ofa command. No other officer is expectedto make it his business. This is the busi-7iess of the chaplain.


92/144

Chapter IXDISCIPLINE AND EFFICIENCY

Discipline and efficiency are chieflymental and spiritual, that is, they residein the moral and mental attributes of theindividual. Mental and moral disorderslower both discipline and efficiency. Inmodern warfare, as never before, themental and moral faculties must playparts never before required. The high-est sense of duty must dominate the soula sense so strong that no desire, no habit,however long it may have been indulgedwill be permitted to rule in one^s life,if it will interfere with efficiency. In thesoldier and sailor of today, the finest andbest mental and moral motives and ac-tion are required. Almost all move-ments are en masse and in team work.Every member of each unit must be inperfect condition, mind and heart.Cowardice or half-hearted performanceof duty on the part of any one member


93/144

DISCIPLINE AND EFFICIENCY 75of a unit may defeat the efficiency of thewhole organization. Lowered physicalor moral tone of one member at a crucialinstant, may cost the lives of all, or de-feat the whole part to be performed bythe unit. All attitudes of the mind andheart of each individual member of aunit of a command toward obligationand duty, whether elevated or low, andwhether elevating or lowering in theirinfluence on others, figure in determin-ing the efficiency of that unit.The hobo and other men of low men-tal and moral development, have noplace in battle lines of today. A batteryor machine gun, or their supports, oper-ated by any but men of absolute depend-ability is an element of weakness in-stead of strength. Men operating eventhe trucks of an army, who are not de-pendable, whose sense of duty is not su-preme, are broken reeds. Moral quali-ties must dominate, or defeat is sure.It is the moral forces of the Germansthat have made them formidable. Inwar with the Germans the Americans


94/144

76 nave's handbookmust more than match the Germans inmorale and mental efficiency. None butthe best can win. As the attributes thatmust win belong to the mind and spirit,the chaplain becomes one of the mostimportant officers in a command, for itbelongs to him to promote those attri-butes of the spirit, which bear the fruitsof discipline and efficiency. Never be-fore was he so important to a commandas now. It has, therefore, become im-peratively necessary that chaplainsshould be especially fitted to conservethe efficiency of the commands to whichthey are attached; that they shouldhave expert knowledge of temper-amental eccentricities, defective mentaland moral developments; infirmaties ofthe will, defective co-ordination of > thebrain with the eyes, ears, hands andfeet; that they should understand thephysical, mental and temperamentalcauses which lead men to immoral indul-gences, which lower efficiencies, and thelatest conclusions in psychopathicstudies of low mental and moral devel-


95/144

DISCIPLINE AND EFFICIENCY 77opements. They should be thoroughly in-formed as to the remedies which willcontribute to normality, to enable themto help make the best and most efficientsoldiers of the varying values of themen of a command. They should besuch for these elements in men belongto the mind and spirit; they are spirit-ual. In the industrial and commercialworlds it is now understood that allthese qualities enter into ratings for effi-ciency; that immoralities, and mentaland moral under developments, lowerefficiency and commercial and industrialvalues; that high moral developments,and high co-ordination of mind and body,increase efficiencies and commercial andindustrial values ; that all team work re-quires the most perfect operation of allthe parts. What is true in the industrialand commercial worlds is also true inmodern warfare, for the fighting ma-chine must work with precision and ex-act certainty. This it cannot do if itsparts are defective from vicious indul-gences. It is known that a single drink


96/144

78 NAVE'S HANDBOOKof alcoholic liquors lowers the certaintyand exactness of action in co-ordinatingthe brain and members of the body; inother words, the spirit cannot functionthe brain and body of a man who hasthrown the monkey wrench of alcoholinto the gearing of the machine. It isknown also that a night of debauch withwomen has a like lowering effect on thevital forces, and that the best service ofmind and body cannot be rendered. In-dulgence in drugs produces like effects,and for reasons which cannot be so eas-ily demonstrated, the vice of gamblingunnerves the mental and moral system,and the gambler is a defective unit inany team. All mental and moral vicesseem to work like results. Deep discon-tent, a soul that is dissatisfied and un-controllably unhappy, is below normalin team work, and almost all modernwarfare is in team work, where everypart must be in the most perfect adjust-ment and condition. There must, there-fore, be no misfits of any of the parts.Low mental development or moral sense


97/144

DISCIPLINE AND EFFICIENCY 79in one member of a unit, may so impairthe efficiency of all, as to defeat its pur-pose.

In every command there is what iscalled "the awkward squad," which issubject to extra drills in efforts of thecommanding officer to bring the menof the squad up to the standards of therest of the command. It is now knownby psychologists that many forms ofawkwardness are the results of defectiveco-ordination of the brain with thenervous and muscular systems. Drillsand hard work remedy the troubles withsome of these men, to some extent, butit is doubtful if they can be made efficientmembers in team work. These menshould be carefully studied by the chap-lain, if they are the subjects of hard-ships, in order to discover the causesand possible remedies for their "awk-wardness," and if their faults are notthe results of carelessness, the chaplainshould recommend that they be givensuch duties as they can perform ef-


98/144

80 NAVE'S HANDBOOKficiently. Behind most faults are defectswhich shoidd he understood.

It often occurs that a man is disci-plined for failing to perform his part,which was attributed to obstinacy orwilful neglect, when the cause was in adefect for which the man was not re-sponsible nor blamable. Army Regula-tions now require that all men againstwhom charges have been preferred, shallbe sent to the chaplain for examination.Chaplains should therefore be expert indiscovering every defect which preventsthe spirit from functioning the man, andthey should know the causes of such de-fects, and the remedies that should beapplied. They should be capable, spir-itual physicians, and should be mastersin their field. They should be so learnedin mental and physical phenomena, asto be able to diagnose mental eccentrici-ties, and trace them back to their causes.These causes may be in heredity, child-hood training, home ideals, influences ofyouthful companions, youthful vices andother vicious influences. They should be


99/144

DISCIPLINE AND EFFICIENCY 81able to discover mental and constitu-tional misfits of individuals, who "can-not keep step," and in all evolutions failto act with precision, and who do notyield to discipline, and they should beable to advise, after examination, as tothe best adjustment of each of such, tofunctions for which each is adapted. Itis as impossible to make an expert rifle-man or artilleryman or cavalryman ofevery man, as it would be impossible tomake a musician or sculptor of everyman. Many a poor fellow has been dis-ciplined, who should have been quietlytransferred to a form of service to whichhe was adapted. Perhaps he should havebeen made a horseshoer, or carpenter orteamster, or have been transferred fromcavalry to infantry or artillery, or fromartillery to infantry, or cavalry, or heshould have been discharged as a defec-tive. Such problems belong to the ex-pert psychologist and moral specialist,and the chaplain should be such. If heis not, he is in the wrong place. Thewar machine must have the best in this


100/144

82 nave's handbook20th century, and especially in war withthe Germans.Men addicted to alcohol and othervices are following their lines of leastresistance on account of certain mental,moral and physical disorders, which theydo not, themselves, understand. Thesedisorders are frequently amenable towise treatment by suggestion and othersympathetic instruction and help, as isdaily demonstrated in innumerablecases. In the army the only treatment inthe past has been to punish by confine-ment in guardhouse and other hardships,but it is to be hoped that better methodswill grow out of referring men chargedwith breaches of discipline to chaplainsfor examination and correction.

Chaplains should be fully informed onthe latest conclusions in penology andcriminology, in order to recommend tocourts, when cases are referred to them,the best methods, not of punishmxent, butof correction, and to point out to courtsthe best that is known in civil treatmentof misdemeanants and felons. The pub-


101/144

DISCIPLINE AND EFFICIENCY 83lie consciousness is awakening to thewrongs done to many unfortunateswhom society has punished instead ofcorrecting. Careful study is being givento the causes and conditions which leadto crimes and misdemeanors. It is nowknown that a very large percentage ofmen and women who have, in the past,been cruelly punished, have been the vic-tims of misfortunes, which were thecauses of their misconduct, instead oftheir being depraved as had been sup-posed. For example, 75% of inmatesof correctional institutions, as well asmany in the army and the navy, arefrom broken homes; that is, homeswhere parents have separated, or onehas died; where stepfathers or step-mothers have come in, or where the chil-dren have been scattered ; or from homeswhere the widowed or forsaken motherwas weak and indulgent, and the boyshave grown up without the strong handof a father ; or from homes in which thestep-fathers or step-mothers have beenbrutal, and have driven the sons away


102/144

84 NAVE'S HANDBOOKfrom homes. These men and womenhave had little or none of the restraintsthat curb childhood and youthful in-clinations; they have simply run wild;they have had little of the discipline ofschool training, no Sunday-school orchurch instruction or influences, andconsequently their moral faculties, suchas dependableness, trustworthiness,sense of duty and responsibility, andother qualities of character, have notbeen developed, nor respect for law andobligations. They are now classed asmoral defectives, and are not as blam-able as has been supposed. It is on thishomeless, drifting, restless class, undis-ciplined, and rejected by industrial andcommercial concerns, that the army, intimes of peace, and to an extent in timesof war must too largely depend for re-cruits. The service that the Army ren-ders society in disciplining these unfor-tunates, and returning them to civil lifeto become good and efficient citizens, isnot known to the public.With these are the opportunities of

naves handbook on a nave

Documents