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4

The Law

Copyright © 1998 by the Foundation for Economic Education

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any

form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,

recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission

in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer, who may quote brief

passages in a review.

Foundation for Economic Education

30 South Broadway

Irvington-on-Hudson, NY 10533

(914) 591-7230

Publisher’s Cataloging in Publication

(Prepared by Quality Books, Inc.)

Bastiat, Frederic, 1801-1850

[Loi. English]

The law / Frederic Bastiat. — 2nd ed. p. cm.

Includes index

Preassigned LCCN: 98-73568

ISBN 1-57246-073-3

1. Law and socialism. 2. Law—Philosophy. 3. Socialism and liberty. I. Title.

K357.B37 1998 340.115 QBI98-1118

Second edition, August 1998

second printing, September 2000; third printing, October 2001

fourth printing, June 2004

Translated to Malayalam by Centre for Public Policy Research, India.

‘Anitha’, 1st floor,S.A. Road, Elamkulam

Kochi, Kerala, India- 682 020

Ph : +91 484 6469117 / 4043895

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This books translation is made possible with the support grant from Atlas Network,

Washington DC, USA

5

dn®m¿Uv FªnwKv (Richard Ebeling)

kmº-ØnI kzm-X-¥-y-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ ]Xn-tcm[w

Hcn-°epw Hcp Ffp-∏-ap≈ Imc-y-a-√. Z sh¬Øv Hm v

t\j-y≥kv (The Wealth of Nations) F∂ KŸ-Øn¬

BZw kvanØv C°m-c-y-tØm-Sp≈ _p≤n-ap´v hy-‡

-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. ]W-amWv GI [\w F∂ ]g-©≥

kn≤m-¥-Øn-s\-Xn-scbpw 18˛mw \q‰m-≠nse k¿°m¿

\nb-¥-W-ßƒ°pw ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°pw FXn-scbpw

i‡-amb FXn¿∏p-Iƒ D∂-bn -®-Xn -\p -tijw

At±lw, tK‰v _n´\n¬ kzm-X-¥-y-h-ym-]mcw Fs∂

Bibw Hcp BZ¿i-cmjvSw F∂ kz]v\wt]mse

bmWv F∂v ]d-bp-hm\pw aSn-®n-√. At±-l-Øns‚

A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ kmº-ØnI kzm-X-¥yw F∂ e£yw

km£m-XvI-cn-°m≥ c≠v ][m\ XS- -ßƒ D≠v.

H∂m-a-Xmbn s]mXp-P-\-ß-fpsS C°m-c-y-Øn-ep≈

ap≥hn-[n. c≠m-a-tØXpw, adn-I-S-°m≥ ]‰m-Ø-Xp-

amb ImcWw, ]e hy-‡n-I-fp-sSbpw kz-Im-cy Xm¬

]-c-y-am-Wv. Ah¿ kmº-ØnI kzm-X-¥-ysØ XpS¿®-

bmbn FXn¿°p-Ibpw sNøpw. s]mXp-P-\-ß-fpsS

ap≥hn[n F∂-Xp-sIm≠v BZw kvanØv (Adam Smith)

Dt±-in°p-∂Xv km[m-cW k¿°m¿ CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn-

eq-sS-bpw, \nb-¥-W-ß-sfbpw Xmc-X-a-y-s∏-Sp-Øp-

tºmƒ kzm-X-¥y hn]-W\ \b-ß-fpsS ta∑ ImWn-

°p-∂-Xn\v kmº-ØnI hnZ-Kv[¿ ]n≥Xp-S¿∂ IpØ-

gn-™Xpw a\- n-em-°m≥ ]‰m-Ø-Xp-amb hmZ-ß-

sfbm-Wv. ]e hy-‡n-I-fp-sSbpw kz-Im-cy Xm¬]-c-y-

ßƒ F∂-Xp-sIm≠v BZw kvanØv Dt±-in-®Xv

k¿°m¿ \nb-¥-W-ßƒ sIm≠v D¤-hn-°p∂

kzm-X-¥y a’-c-Øn-ep≈ ]cnanXn-Iƒ sIm≠v em`w

BapJw

6

D≠m-°p∂ ]tX-yI Xm¬]-c-y-°m-sc-bm-Wv. Ah¿ k¿°m¿ \nb-¥-W-ßƒ

am‰m≥ kΩ-Xn-°p-I-bn-√. BZw kvanØns‚ A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ ta¬ ]d™

c≠v Imc-y-ßfpw H∂n®p ]h¿Øn-®v, cmjvSo-bhpw Bi-b-]-c-hp-amb

XeØn¬ kmº-ØnI kzm-X-¥yw F∂ kzm- m-hnI \oXn D≠m-°p-hm≥ kΩ-

Xn-°n√ F∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ 19˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ kmº-ØnI kzm-X-¥yw F∂

Bi-bsØ hfsc efn-X-h¬°-cn-®v km[m-c-W-°m-c\v a\- n-em-°m≥

]‰p∂ hn[-Øn¬ ]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-hp≈ Hcp hy-‡n-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p B

hy-‡n-bmWv ]kn≤ ^©v ¢mkn-°¬ DZm-co-I-cW [\-X-X-z-im-kvX-⁄≥

io. s^U-dnIv _mÃnbm‰v (Frederic Bastiat) (1801-1850) tkmj-y-en-k-

Øn-s‚-bpw, CS-s]-S¬ hXvI-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw kwc-£W hmZ-Øn-s‚bpw

a‰pw Bi-b-ßsf FXn¿°m\pw C√mbva sNøm\pw _mÃnbm‰n\p≠m-bn-

cp∂ ]tX-yI Ignhv kmº-ØnI imkvX-⁄-cmb H∂n-tesd Ncn-X-Im-

c≥am¿ ASn-hcbn´v ]d-™n-´p-≠v. k¿ Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ tK (Sir Alexander

Grey) bpsS hm°p-I-fn¬ ""Xs‚ ]Xn-tbm-Kn-bpsS Bi-b-ßƒ CX-I≠v

hnUvVn-Ø-amWv F∂v tXm∂n-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ign-hp≈ as‰m-cmfpw D≠m-bn-

cp-∂n-√. Ct∏mgpw At±-l-Øns‚ G‰hpw \i-z-c-amb IrXn-Iƒt]mepw hmbn-

°p-∂Xv Hcp A\p-`q-Xn-bm-Wv. AØcw hy-‡n-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ _p≤n-

ssh-`-hhpw, Zb-bn-√mØ Ifnbm°epw, Xs‚ FXn-cm-fn-Isf \njv]-`-am-

°p∂ ssienbpw Adn-tb-≠Xv Xs∂-bm-Wv.'' eqbnkv lo\n (Lewis Haney)

_mÃnbm‰ns\-∏‰n ]d-™Xv ""FXbpw D÷-z-ehpw CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-amb

ssien-bn¬, FXbpw ka¿∞-am-bXpw `mh-\m-P-\n-I-hpam-bXpw hn]-co-

Xm¿∞ ]tbm-Kw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm≠v P\-ßsf ssIbn-se-Sp-°p∂ coXn

FtUz¿Uv sslΩ≥ (Eduard Heimann) F∂ kz-Im-cy hn]Wn hna¿i-

I-\mb Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ _mÃnbm‰ns\∏‰n ]d-™Xv C]-Im-c-am-Wv. ""Hcp

[ocimen-bmb Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\mWv At±-lw. hy-h-km-b-ß-fpsS ]ptcm

-K-Xn-bn-eqsS kaq-lsØ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-te°v \bn-°m-sa∂pw GI]£ob

a-√mØ a’-c-Øn-eq-sS-bm-IWw AsX∂pw ka¿∞n® temI ]ikvX Fgp-

Øp-Im-c≥.''

Nmƒkv PotU-bp-sSbpw (Charles Gide) Nmƒkv dnÃn-s‚bpw (Charles Rist)

hm°p-Iƒ C]-Im-c-am-Wv. ""]pXp-bpK kwc-£WhmZn-Iƒ hntZi hkvXp-

°-fpsS IS-∂p-I-b-‰-sØ-∏‰n, Ah-bpsS Hcp cmP-y-tØ-°p-≈ ag-sh≈

]m®-en -s\-∏‰n, ]d-bm-Xn -cn -°m-\p≈ ][m\ Imc-W-ß-fn¬ H∂v

_mÃnbm‰v Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≈ sNdpXpw F∂m¬ BZ-cn-t°-≠-Xp-am-bn-´p≈

7

eLp-te-J-IƒsIm-≠mWv F∂-XmWv kX-yw. cmP-y-ßƒ XΩn¬ th¿Xn-cn-°p∂

ae-Iƒ°p-≈n-eqsS km[-\-ßƒ ssIam‰w sNøm≥ th≠n SW-ep-Iƒ

D≠m-°n-b-Xn-\p-tijw, D≠m-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ Np¶-aq-ey-ap≈ XS- -ßƒ

hy-hÿ sNøp∂ hnUvVn-ØsØ CX \nµ-y-amb mj-bn¬ hna¿in-°m≥

a‰m¿°pw Ign-bn√''. kwc-£WhmZn-I-fp-sSbpw ]cn-]m-e\hmZn-I-sfbpw

Xs‚ i‡-amb hmZ-ßƒsIm≠v _mÃnbm‰v hna¿in-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw

At±-l-Øns‚ Xo£vW-amb hna¿i\w A¥- p≈ `mjbnepw At£m-

`-y-amb hn[-Øn-ep-am-bn-cp∂p F∂p-amXw At±lw Xs‚ FXn-cm-fn-I-fpsS

Dt±-i-ip≤n tNmZyw sNbvXn-cp-∂n√ F∂-Xpam-Wv. ""CXmWv hn√yw kvtIm´v

(William Scott) F∂ ^©v ]cn-jvI-cWhmZn-bpsS A`n-]mb-Øn¬

_mÃnbm‰v Xs‚ FXn-cm-fn-Iƒ°p≈, kaq-lsØ \∂m-°m-\p≈

BK-lsØ ]q¿Æ-ambn, AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw F∂m¬ Ah-cpsS ]mX

icn-b-s√∂v Ahsc t_m≤-y-s∏-SpØn, ]‰p-sa-¶n¬ icn-bmb ]mX-bn-te°v

\bn-°p-hm≥ ian®p''.

At±-l-Øns‚ ta¬∏-d™ KpW-ß-fmWv tPmk^v F. jpw]o-‰¿

(Joseph. A. Schumpeter) F∂n-h-sc-s°m≠v _mÃnbm‰v BWv ""Pohn-®n-

cp-∂-Xn¬sh®v G‰hpw anSp-°-\mb kmº-ØnI ]X-]-h¿ØI≥ F∂v

]d-bn-®Xv ''.

epUvhnwKv thm¨ ankkv (Ludwing Von Mises) _mÃnbm‰ns\ ]Io¿Øn-

®Xv ""anSp-°-\mb ssien h√- -h≥ F∂pw, At±lw Fgp-XnbsXms°bpw

hmbn-°p-∂Xv icn-bmb kpJw D≠m-°p-∂-Xp-amWv '' F∂-Xm-Wv. kwc-£W

hmZn-Iƒ°pw AXp-t]m-se-bp≈ Nn¥m-K-Xn-°m¿°pw FXnsc At±lw

\S-Ønb hna¿i-\-sØ-°mƒ henb hna¿i\w C∂p-hsc D≠m-bn- n√ F∂p

amX-a√ kwc-£-W-hm-Zn-Ifpw CS-s]-S¬ hmZn-Iƒ°pw At±-l-Øns‚

hmZ-ap-J-ßƒs°-Xn-cmbn _p≤n-]q¿∆-amb Hcp adp-]-Sn-t]mepw \¬Im≥

km[n-®n√''.

a‰p Nne Fgp-Øp-Im¿ _mÃnbm‰ns\ ]n≥Xp-S¿∂p-h-cp-∂p-ap-≠v.

Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ ^©v kzm-X-¥-y-hn-]Wn

[\-X-X-z-im-kvX-⁄≥ Cu∆v Kntømhns‚ (Yves Guyot) sNdnb ]pkvX-

I-amb "kmº-ØnI ap≥hn-[n-I-fn¬' s^U-dnIv _mÃnbm‰ns‚ Im¬∏m-

Sp-Iƒ ]n≥Xp-S¿∂p-sIm≠v cNn-®n- p-≈-Xm-sW∂pw AXns‚ Dt±iw Xs∂

kX-y-kw-K-Xn-Iƒ hfsc eLp-hmbn´p≈Xpw Ffp-∏-ambXpamb ssien-bnepw

8

hnh-cn-°m\pw Ffp-∏-Øn¬ Hm¿°m\pw ]‰p∂ Xc-Øn¬ _mÃnbm‰v

50 sIm√w ap≥]v sNbvX-t]mse, sX‰p-Iƒ B¿°pw a\- n-em-Ip∂

hn[-Øn¬ Nq≠n-Im-´p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv F∂pw ]d-™n-´p-≠v. sl‚dn

lmknse‰v (Henry Hazliet) "Hcp ]mT-Øn¬ [\-X-X-z-imkvXw' F∂ KŸ-

amWv _mÃnbm‰ ns‚ ssien-sbbpw Bi-b-sØbpw Dƒs°m-≠p-sIm≠v

D≠m-°nb 20˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ G‰hpw ]kn-≤-amb IrXn. AXn¬

KŸ-Im-c≥ ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂Xv C]-Im-c-am-Wv. _mÃnbm‰ns‚ ""hm´v Cukv

ko≥ B‚v hm v Cukv t\m v ko≥'' (What is seen and What is not seen)

F∂ eLp-te-J-bpsS ]pXp-°nb ]Xn-∏mbn XpS¿®-bm-bpw, GtIm-]-\-

ambpw Cu IrXnsb ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.''

Hcp henb I®-h-S-°m-cs‚ aI-\mbn ^m≥knse _tbm¨ (Bayyone) F∂

ÿeØv 1801 Pq¨ 30˛mw Xob -Xn -bmWv t¢mUv s^U-d nI v

_mÃnbm‰v (Cloade Frederic Bastiat) P\n-®-Xv. At±-l-Øn\v Ggv hb-

p-≈-t∏mƒ AΩ acn-®p. c≠p-sIm-√-Øn-\p-tijw A—\pw acn-®p. At±-

lsØ hf¿Øn-bXv At±-l-Øns‚ AΩm-bn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cmWv At±-

l-Øn\v ]Xn-\mev hb- p-≈-t∏mƒ At±-lsØ tImtfPv Hm v tkm¿kn¬

(College of Soreze) tN¿ØXv F∂m¬ ]TnØw apgp-hn-∏n-°msX ]Xn-

t\gmw hb- n¬ _tbm-Wn¬ D≈ AΩm-hs‚ I®-hS ÿm]-\-Øn¬

tN¿∂p. Ipd®p Ign-™-t∏m-gmWv At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-X-sØbpw Nn¥-

sbbpw am‰n adn®v ^©v ]mNo\ kzm-X-¥y [\-X-X-z-im-kvX-⁄-\mb (tPm¨

_m]v‰nÃv tkbpsS (Jean Baptist Say) KŸ-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏- -Xv. XpS¿∂v

At±lw cmjvSob [\-X-X-z-im-kvXsØ Kuc-h-ambn ]Tn-°p-Ibpw ^m≥kn-

sebpw _n -\n-se-bpw, ]ucm-WnI kzm-X-¥y Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS KŸ-ßƒ

a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

1825 ¬ aKvdn¨ (Mugron) F∂ ÿeØv ]nXm-a-l-\n¬ \n∂pw Hcp

sNdnb ÿew ]n≥Xp-S¿®-hgn, At±-l-Øn\v In´p-Ibpw 1846 ¬ ]mco-kn-

te°v t]mIp-∂-Xp-hsc AhnsS Xßp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ahn-sS-bp≈ Ccp-

]Xv h¿jw _mÃnbm‰v Xs‚ apgp-h≥ ka-bhpw D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv hnhn[ hnj-

b-ß-fn-ep≈ KŸ-ßƒ ]Tn-°m\mbn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ D‰ Nßm-Xn-bmb

s^enIvkv tImtUmbn (Felix Coudroy) bpambn Bi-b-ß-fpw- ]p-kvX-I-

ßfpw ssIam-dp-am-bn-cp-∂p. BZyw tkmj-y-enÃv Nn¥m-K-Xn-°m-c-\mb

IutUm Xs‚ Iq´p-Im-c≥ _mÃnbm‰ns‚ hy-‡-amb Nn¥-bp-sSbpw

9

Fgp-Øp-I-fp-sS-bpw, hmZ-ß-fp-sSbpw kzm-[o-\-Øn¬ kzm-X-¥yw F∂

XX-z-im-kvX-Øn-te°v amdn Nn¥n-®p.

1820 epw 1830 epw hn-hn -[-ß-fmb kmº-ØnI hnj-b-ß-sf-∏‰n

_mÃnbm‰v D]-\ym-k-ßfpw GI hnjb ]_-‘-ßfpw cNn®p XpS-ßn.

F∂m¬ At±-l-Øns‚ t]cv bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Adn-b-s∏´p XpS-ßn-bXv

1844-˛¬ At±lw ]kn-≤o-I-cn® -kz-Imcy hn]-W-\sØ A\p-Iq-en-®p-

sIm-≠p≈ henb teJ-\-Ømepw tIm_vsU≥ B‚v Z eoKv (Cobden and

The League) F∂ Cw•ojv aqhvsa‚v Hm v ^o tSUv ( English Movement

for Free trade) F∂ ]_-‘-Øm-ep-amWv. Cu IrXn-Iƒ FgpXn XpS-ßn-

bt∏mƒ Xs∂ At±lw _n´ojv B‚n tIm¨ tem eoKv (British Anti -

Corn Law league) F∂ kz-X-¥y \nba Iq´m-bva-bpsS BZ-y-Ime t\Xm-

°-fn¬ Hcm-fmb dn®m¿Uv tIm_v-U-\p-ambn IØn-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ XpS-ßn. kmº-

ØnI kzm-X-¥-y-Øns‚ Cu c≠p ]tbm-‡m-°fpw hfsc s]s´∂v ASpØ

kplr-Øp-°-fmbn. Ah-cn-cp-hcpw kzm-X-¥-y-Øns‚ Bi-y-ßƒ°v ]c-kv]cw

]n≥XpW \¬In.

C]-Im-c-ap≈ IrXn-I-fpsS hnP-bhpw 1846 _n -\nse Im¿jnI kwc-£I]ÿm-\-Øns‚ A¥yw Ipdn® dn®m¿Uv tIm_vsUs‚ (richard cob-

den) kz-X-¥y hym-]mc \S-]-Sn-I-fpsS hnP-bhpw _mÃnbm‰v ]mco-kn-te°v

amdm\pw ^©v kzImcy hn]-W\ kwL-S\ cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ AXns‚

Bi-b-ßƒ°p- th≠n "se ent_ FtN©v ' (Le libre-Hchange) F∂

hm¿Øm-]Xw XpS-ßm\pw CS-bm-bn. c≠p h¿j-°mew At±lw

kzm-X-¥y hym-]m-csØ kwL-Sn-∏n-°m\pw ]N-cn-∏n-°m\pw Nne-h-gn-®p. BZy

Ime-L-´-Øn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ \S-]-Sn-Isf ]n≥Xp-W-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n

]kw-K-ßƒ \S-Øm\pw s]mXp-P\ A`n-]mbw am‰m-\p≈ teJ-\-ßƒ

Xøm-dm-°m\pw ^©v kwc-£W \b-ßsf C√m-Xm-°p∂ \nb-a-ßƒ

D≠m-°p-∂-Xn\pw a‰pw hym-]mc hy-h-kmb taJ-e-I-fn¬ \n∂pw \nc-h[n

Bfp-Isf BI¿jn-°m≥ At±-l-Øn-\m-bn. ]s£ AXn\v henb ]tbm-

P\w D≠m-bn-√. k¿°m-cn¬\n∂pw In´p∂ klm-b-ß-fp-sSbpw Ah-Im-

i-ß-fp-sSbpw KpW-t`m-‡m-°-fmb \nc-h[n ]tX-yI XmXv]-cy Kq∏p-Iƒ

D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ At±l-Øns‚ Bi-b-ßsf A\p-k-yqXw ]n≥Xp-W-

bv°m-\p≈ s]mXp P\m- n-]mbw D≠m-°m≥ At±-l-Øn\v km[n-®n-√. BZw

kvanØv Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Ønb s]mXp-P-\-Øns‚ ap≥hn[nbpw, XmXv]-c-y-ß-fpsS

i‡nbpw ^m≥kn-se-¶nepw hy-‡-am-bn-cp-∂p.

10

1848 se ^©v hnπ-h-Øn-\p-tijw _mÃnbm‰v cmjvSo-b-Øn¬ Hcp

ssIt\m-°n. BZyw ^©v c-W-L-S\m k`-bnepw ]n∂oSv \nb-a-k-`-bnepw

At±lw AwK-ambn. kwc-£W \b-ß-fpsS ]mfn-®-Iƒ Xs‚ Fgp-Øp-

I-fn¬ Xpd-∂p-Im- nb At±lw AXn-\p-tijw kmº-ØnI kzm-X-¥-y-Øns‚

]pXnb iXp-hmb tkmj-y-en-k-Øns‚ t\sc Xncn-™p. \nb-a-k-`-bn¬

At±lw s]mXp-a-cm-aØv ]≤-Xn-Iƒs°-Xn-sc-bpw, tZiob sXmgn¬ Dd∏v

]≤-Xn-Iƒs°-Xn-scbpw kzØv hn`-Pn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-scbpw

hy-h-km-b-ßƒ tZi-h¬°-cn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-scbpw DtZ-ym-Kÿ Zpjv]- p-Xzw

kmaq-ly kmº-ØnI taJ-e-I-fn¬ \S-Øp∂ IS-∂p-I-b-‰-Øn-s\-Xn-sc

bpw At±lw i‡-ambn hmZn-®p. F∂m¬ £b-tcmKw aq¿—n-®-Xp-aq-ew i_vZw

Ipd-™-Xp-aq-etam At±lw Fgp-Øn-te°v Xncn-™p. tkmj-y-en-Ãp-I-fpsS

hmZ-ß-fpsS Akw-_-‘-ßsf Xpd∂p Imń At±lw \nc-h[n D]-\ym

-k-ßƒ FgpXn ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p.

1850 s^_p-h-cn-bn-emWv _mÃnbm‰v \nb-a-k-`-bn¬ Ah-km-\-ambn

h∂-Xv. B sIm√sØ hk-¥-tØm-sSm∏w Xs∂ At±-l-Øns‚

Btcm-K-y-ÿnXn hen-b-tXm-Xn¬ tami-am-hp-Ibpw \nb-a-k-`-bn¬ DØ-c-hm-

Zn-X-z-Øn¬\n∂v At±lw Hgn-hm-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. Z£nW ^m≥knse

]nc-Wokv ae-\n-c-I-fmWv B sIm√sØ th\¬Imew At±lw sNe-h-gn-

®-Xv. £b-tcm-K-Øn-\p≈ NnIn-’-bv°p-th≠n C‰-en-bn-te°v Xncn-°p-∂-

Xn-\p-ap≥]v sk]vXw-_¿ amk-Øn¬ ^m≥kn¬ Xncn-s®-Øp-Ibpw

kzm-X-¥y hym-]mc hmZn-I-fmb kplr-Øp-°sf ImWp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 49˛mw

hb- n¬ 1850 Unkw-_¿ 24˛mw XobXn tdmam \K-c-Øn¬ sh®v At±lw

A¥-cn-®p.

sÛ-dnIv _mÃnbm‰ns‚ kmº-ØnI kzm-X-¥-y-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ ùXnI

]_‘w aq∂v hme-y-ß-fn-embn Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. AXn¬ C°-tWm-anIv

tkm^n-kw-kv, cmjvSob [\-X-X-z-im-kvX-Ønse Xnc-s™-SpØ ]_-‘-

ßƒ F∂ t]cn-ep≈ c≠v IrXn-I-fmWv At±-l-Øns‚Xmbn-´p-≈Xv c≠v

hme-y-ßƒ Cw•ojn¬ e`-y-am-Wv. B c≠v thmf-y-ß-fn-emWv At±-l-Øns‚

G‰hpw Ipdn°v sIm≈p-∂ lmk-ym-fl-Ihpw Zo¿L-ho-£-W-hp-ap≈

D]-⁄m-k-ßfpw teJ-\-ßfpw D≈-Xv.

At±-l-Øns‚ Ah-km\ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ At±lw kmaq-ly XX-z-im-kvX-

Ønepw kmº-ØnI kn≤m -¥-ß-fnepw s]mXp -hmbn Fgp -Xnb

11

teJ-\-ß-fn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-´p≠v C°-tWm-anIv lm¿a-Wokv F∂

]pkvX-I-Øn-em-Wv.

sl≥dn lmk-nse‰v (Henry Hazlitt) icn-bmbn ]d-™n-´p-≈-Xp-t]mse

1850 ¬ At±lw acn-°p-∂-Xn\v sXm´p-ap≥]v Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≈ hm´v Cukv

ko≥ B‚v hm v Cukv t\m v ko≥ F∂ D]\ymk-Øn-emWv At±-l-Øns‚

teJ-\-ß-fpsS tIµ-_nµp Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-]m-b-

Øn¬ Hcp ]h¿Øn-bp-sStbm Bi-b-Øn-s‚tbm s]s´∂v Df-hm-°p∂

^ehpw Zo¿L-Im-e-Øp-f-hm-Ip∂ ^ehpw XΩn¬ henb hy-X-ym-k-ßƒ

D≠m-Ipw. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ ]≤-Xn-bn- -Xp-t]msebmbn-cn-°-W-sa-∂n-√. C°m-

c-y-ß-fn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ hnZq-c-]-cn-Wn-X- -ew. _mÃnbm‰ns\ \nIp-Xn-I-fnepw

k¿°m¿ tPmen-I-fnepw ImWm-hp-∂Xpw ImWm≥ ]‰m-Ø-Xp-amb Bi-b-

ßsf kw_-‘n®v D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bpw. k¿°m¿ \nIp-Xn-I-sf-sIm≠v

ImWp∂ ew sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v sXmgnepw Ah-cpsS A≤-zm\w sIm≠v

D≠m-Ip∂ tdmUp-I-fpw, ]me-ß-fpw, I\m-ep-I-fp-amWv. F∂m¬ A]-Im-

c-ap≈ \nIpXn ]Ww kz-Im-cy taJ-e-I-fnse hy-‡n-I-fn¬ \n∂pw

FSp-°msX k¿°m¿ Xs∂ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v sXmgn¬ D≠m-°m-sX

bpw Ccp-∂m¬ ta¬∏-d™ ]Ww D]-tbm-Kn®v kz-Im-cy hy-‡n-Iƒ

D≠m-°p∂ Imc-y-ß-fmWv ImWmØ ew. kz-Im-cy hy-‡n-I-fn¬ \n∂pw

FSp-°msX k¿°m¿ H∂pw D≠m-°p-∂n-√.

tkmj-y-en-Ãp-I-fp-sSbpw kwc-£-W-hm-Zn-I-fp-sSbpw Bi-b-ß-fnse sX‰pw

sshcp≤-y-ßfpw Xpd∂p Im´m≥ _mÃn‰v hfsc efn-X-am-bXpw F∂mepw

hfsc ]m[m-\-y-ap-≈-Xp-amb ta¬∏-d™ Bi-b-amb Bbp-[-amWv D]-tbm-

Kn-°p-∂-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ D]-⁄m-k-ß-fmb ""[mcm-fn-Øhpw Zu¿e- -y-hpw,

""XS- -ßfpw Imc-W-ß-fpw'', ""]b-Xv\-ßfpw e-ßfpw'' F∂n-h-bn-se√mw

IqSn At±lw ImWn-®p-X-cp-∂Xv kz-X¥y-h-ym-]m-c-Øn-\p≈ XS- -ß-fpw,

\ntcm-[-\-ßfpw Zmcn-Z-y-Øn-te°v \bn®p F∂-Xm-Wv.

At±lw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv \Ωƒ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw D]-t`m-‡m-°fpw

Dev]m-Z-Icpw F∂-Xm-Wv. Hcp hkvXp \Ωƒ°v D]-tbm-Kn-°-W-sa-¶n¬

H∂p-In¬ AXv \Ωƒ Xs∂ D≠m-°p-Ibpw As√-¶n¬ \Ωƒ°m-h-i-y-ap≈

hkvXp ssIh-i-ap≈ Bƒ°v Bh-i-y-ap≈ Hcp hkvXp \Ωƒ D≠m°n

c≠p-h-kvXp-°ƒ XΩn¬ ssIam‰w sNøp-Itbm thWw F∂ bmYm¿

∞-y-am-Wv. D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ F∂ \nebv°v \Ωƒ°v G‰hpw IqSp-X¬

12

hkvXp-°ƒ G‰hpw Ipd™ hnebv°v In´-W-sa∂ hnNm-c-am-Wv. thsd

hm°n¬ ]d-™m¬ \Ωp°v [mcm-fnØw Bh-i-y-am-Wv. F∂m¬ D¬]m-Z-

I-cmb \Ωƒ°v \ΩpsS hkvXp-°ƒ hn]-Wn-bn¬ Zu¿e- -y-ap-≈-Xm-I-W-sa-

∂mWv BK-lw. Hcp Xpd∂ a’-c-ap≈ hn]Wn ssIam-‰-ßƒ kz¥w CjvS-

]-Imcw amXw \S-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. A]-Im-c-ap≈ hn]-Wn-bn¬ D]-t`m-‡m-

°sf In´m\pw IqSp-X¬ hcp-am\w D≠m-Im\pw AXp-aqew \Ωƒ°p th≠

km[-\-ßƒ hmßp-hm\pw D≈ GI am¿§w \Ω-fp-ambn a’-cn-°p-∂-

h-sc-°mƒ \√Xpw hne-Ip-d-™Xpw IqSp-X-ep-amb hkvXp-°ƒ D]-t`m-‡m-

°ƒ°v hmKvZm\w sNøpI F∂Xp amX-am-Wv. CX-√msX D≈ Hcp hgn

D¬]m-Z-I-cmb \Ωƒ c-W-Iq-SsØ Bibn°pw \Ωƒ°v kam-[m-\-]-chpw

AI-a-c-ln-Xhpw Bbn hn]-Wn-bn¬ \n∂pw t\Sm≥ ]‰mØ hkvXp-°ƒ

\ΩpsS Ab¬°m-cn¬ \n∂pw `c-W-Iq-S-h-y-hÿ D]-tbm-Kn®v t\Sn-sb-

Sp-°-ep-am-sW∂v _mÃnbm‰v \Ωsf Xm°oXv sNbvXp.

13

AhXm-cn-I hmƒ- ¿- C.- hn-eyw-kv- (Walter E . Williams)

F\n-°v- 40 hb v- ]m-bap-≈t∏mgm-Wv- Rm≥-

s^Udn-Iv -_mÃnbm‰n-s≥-d ""\n-baw''- - F∂ ¢m-kn-°¬-

KŸw- hm-bn-®Xv.- F\n-°v- Adn-bm-Ø Hcm-fm-Wv- B

]p-kv-XIw- F\n-°v- Ab®p-X∂Xv.- At±ltØm-Sv-

Rm≥- F∂pw- ISs∏´h\m-bn-cn-°pw. Cu- ]p-kv-XIw-

hm-bn-®Xn-\p-tijw- _mÃnbm‰ns≥-d kn-≤m-¥ßƒ-

C√m-sX kzm-X¥y- Iem- hn-Zym-`ym-kw- ]q¿-Æam-In-√-

F∂v- F\n-°v- Dd∏m-bn- p-≠v- _m-kv-‰ym-‰ns\ hm-bn-®Xn-

\p-tijw- Fs≥-d Po-hn-Xho£WsØ Hcp-°p-∂Xn-

\p-th≠n-,- Rm≥- ap-ºv- ]n-≥-XpS¿-∂ hgn-Isf√mw-

shdp-sXbm-bn-cp-∂p- F∂v- F\n-°v- t_m-[y-am-bn.-

""\n-baw''- F∂ ]p-kv-XIw- Fs∂ Xm-Xzn-Iam-bn- am-‰n-

adn-°p-∂Xn-\p-]Icw- kzm-X¥y-sØbpw- a\p-jys‚

kz`m-hsØbpw- ]‰n-bp-≈ Fs≥-d Nn-¥Iƒ-°v-

ASp-°pw- Nn-´bpw- \¬-In.-

kzm-X¥ysØ∏‰n-bp-≈ N¿-®Iƒ- \n-ch[n- XXz-

Nn-¥I∑m¿- \SØn-bn-´p-≠v.- _mÃnbm‰v AXn¬

Hcm-fm-Wv.- F∂m¬- _mÃnbm‰ns≥-d G‰hpw- hen-b

kw- m-h\ At±lw- ta¬-∏d™ N¿-®Iƒ- Z¥tKm-]p-

cßfn¬- \n-∂pw- ]p-dtØbv-°v sIm-≠p-h∂p-

sh∂Xpw- XXz-im-kv-XØn-s≥-d Kmw-`o-cyw- H´pw-

Ip-dbv-°m-sX kzm-X¥y-sØ∏‰n-bp-≈ Bibw-

\n-c£c\p-w-Iq-Sn- a\ n-em-°m≥- km-[n-°pw-hn-[w-

B°p-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp F∂Xm-Wv.- hy-Iv-Xn- kzm-X¥y-

Øn-s≥-d [m¿-Ωn-I ta¬-t°m-bv-asb∏‰n- \Ωp-sS

\m- p-Im-sc t_m-[y-am-°p-∂Xn-\v- G‰hpw- \n¿-Æm-bIw-

hy-Iv-XXtbm-sS AXn-s\∏‰n- kw-km-cn-°p-Ibm-Wv.-

14

_mÃnbm‰ns≥-d a‰p-≈hsct∏m-seXs∂ `cWIq-Sam-Wv- kz-m-X¥y-Øn-

s≥-d G‰hpw- hen-b FXn-cm-fn-sb∂v- Xn-cn-®dn-™n-´p-≠v.- \n-ba]cam-b

sIm-≈ Xp-Sßn-b hr-Øn-sI´ `cWIq-Sw- \S]Sn-Isf \ap-°v- a\ n-em-

°n- Xcp-hm≥- At±lw Bibn-®n-´p-≈ hy-Iv-XX Xn-cn-®dn-tb≠Xm-Wv.-

_mÃnbm‰ns‚ Xm-sg]dbp-∂ hm-°p-Ifn¬- CXv- hy-Iv-Xam-Wv.- ""\n-baw- Hcp-

hy-Iv-Xn-bn¬- \n-∂pw- Abm-fp-sS DSakv-YXbn-ep≈- Hcp- km-[\w- FSp-Øv-

AXn-s≥-d DSakv-YXbn-√m-Ø as‰m-cmƒ-°v- sIm-Sp-°p-∂Xp- Im-Wp-I.-

AXp-t]m-seXs∂ Hcp- hy-Iv-Xn-°v- as‰m-cp- hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS Nn-ehn¬- Kp-Ww-

In-´p-∂Xv,- (\n-baw-aq-ew- BsW¶n¬-,- In-´p-∂ hy-Iv-Xn-°v- \n-baØn-s≥-d

]n≥-_ean-s√¶n¬- In-´p-∂ Kp-Ww- Ip-‰IcamIp-sa¶n-epw-)- AXv- \n-ba]c

am-b sIm-≈bmbn- IW°m-°Ww.- C]Im-cw- \n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈

bv-°p-≈ Ir-Xy-am-b \n¿-hN\w- \ev-Ip-tºmƒ- `cWIq-SØn-s≥-d an-°

\S]Sn-Ifpw- \n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈sbm- ]p-tcm-Ka\Øn-s≥-d t]cn¬-

\SØp-∂ \n-ba]cam-b Ifshm- BsW∂ hkv-Xp-X \ap-°v- \n-cm-Icn-°m≥-

km-[n-°p-Ibn-√.-

s^U-dnIv _mÃnbm‰n\v- \Ωp-sS kzm-X¥y- ]Jym-]\Øn¬- H∏p-h®

hcp-sS Iq-´Øn¬- Ffp-∏w- tNcm-am-bn-cp-∂p-.- A]Im-cw- kzm-X¥y-Øn-s‚

ho-£WØn-s≥-dbpw- `cWIq-SØn-s≥-d bYm¿-∞ ISaIfp-sSbpw-

]tbm-Iv-Xm-°fp-sS ho-£Ww- Xm-sg]dbp-∂ hm-°p-Ifn¬- hy-Iv-Xam-Wv.-

""F√m- a\p-jy-scbpw- Xp-eycm-bn-´m-Wv- kr-jv-Sn-®n-´p-≈sX∂pw- Ahcn¬-

\n-∂pw- FSp-Øp-am-‰m≥- ]‰m-Ø Nn-e AhIm-ißƒ- kr-jv-Sm-hv- sIm-Sp-Øn-

´p-s≠∂pw- AXn¬- Nn-eXv- Po-hn-Xw,- kzm-X¥yw-,- kt¥m-jØn-te°p-≈

bm-X F∂n-hbm-sW∂p-≈ kXy-Øn¬- Rßƒ- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂p.- C]Im-

cap-≈ AhIm-ißƒ- In-´p-∂Xn-\p-th≠n- a\p-jy-cp-sSbn-Sbn¬- `cW

Iq-SsØ D≠m-°n _mÃnbm‰ns≥-d CtX \n-e]m-Sp-Iƒ- Xs∂bm-Wv-

Bh¿-Øn-°p-∂Xv.- ""Po-h≥,- Ign-hp-Iƒ,- Dev-]m-Z\w F∂p-]d™m¬-

hy-Iv-Xn-Xzw-,- kzm-X¥yw,- kz-Øp-°ƒ- AXm-Wv- a\p-jy≥.- kq-X°m-cm-b

cm-jv-So-b t\Xm-°ƒ- D≠m-bn-´p-t]m-epw- ta¬-]d™ aq-∂v- ssZhZm-\ßƒ-

a\p-jy-\n-¿-Ωn-Xam-b \n-baßƒ-°v- Ft∏m-gpw ap-∂n-epw- tasebp-am-Wv.''-

\Ωp-sS ]n-Xm-al∑m¿- cWIq-SØn\v- sIm-Sp-Ø AtX \ym-bo-IcWam-Wv-

_mÃnbm‰v sIm-Sp-°p-∂Xv.- At±lØn-s≥-d hm-°p-Ifn¬- ""Po-h≥,- kzm-X¥yw,-

kz-Øp-°ƒ- F∂n-h \n-e\n-ev-°p-∂Xv- a\p-jy\v-- \n-baw- D≠m-°n-bXv-

sIm-≠√.- t\scadn-®v- Po-h≥,- kzm-X¥yw-, kz-Øp-°ƒ- F∂n-h hfsc

15

tcsØXs∂ D≠m-bXp-sIm-≠m-Wv- a\p-jy-s\ \n-baßƒ- BZy-am-bn-

\n¿-Ωn-t°≠n-h∂Xv-.- ""\Ωp-sS kzm-X¥y-Øn-s≥-d ]Jym-]\Øn-epw- \n-baw''-

- F∂ Cu- ]p-kv-XIØn-epw- X∂n- p-≈Xn¬- \n-∂pw- ta¬-Øcw- Hcp- ]Jym]\w-

kzm-`m-hn-Iam-bXpw- Zn-hy-hp-am-b Bb AhIm-ißsf∏‰n- C\n- ]dbm-\n-√.-

_mÃnbm‰v kzm-X¥y-Øn-s\∏‰n-bp-≈ Xs≥-d ]Xo-£Isf√mw- Atacn-°≥-

sFIy-\m-Sp-Ifnem-Wv- I≠Xv.- At±lØn-s≥-d hm-°p-Iƒ- C]Im-cam-Wv.-

" "sFIy-\m-Sp -Ifn -te°v- t\m°q- \n -basØ AXn-s≥-d bYm¿-∞

hym-]v-Xn-bn¬- \n¿-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂ as‰m-cp- cm-Py-hpw- Cu- tem-IØn-√.-

AXn-\m¬-Xs∂ km-aq-ln-I hy-hkv-Y CXta¬- Zr-Vam-b ASn-Ød

bp-ap-≈ as‰m-cp- cm-Py-hpw- tem-IØn-√.- F∂m¬- _m-kv-‰y-m‰v- 1850˛¬- Xs∂

Atacn-°¬- sFIy-\m-Sp-Ifn-se c≠v- t]m-cm-bv-aIsf∏‰n- ]d™n- p-≠v.- AXv-

""ASn-aØw,- kzm-X¥y-Øn-s≥-d \n-ba]cam-b ew-L\am-Wv.- kw-c£W

Np-¶w,- kz-Øv- AhIm-iØn-s≥-d \n-ba]cam-b ew-L\am-Wv.''-

_mÃnbm‰v Ct∏mƒ- Po-hn-®n-cp-s∂¶n¬- \n-basØ AXn-s‚ bYm¿-∞

]cn-an-Xn-bn¬- HXp-°n- \n¿-Øm≥- \Ωƒ-°v- km-[n-°m-ØXn-\v- \n-cm-i\m-tbs\.-

H∂c \q-‰m-≠n-\p-≈n¬- \Ωƒ- AºXn-\m-bn-cwØn¬- Xcw- \n-baßƒ-D≠m-°n.- AXn¬- ]e \n-baßfpw- bm-sXm-cp- A\o-Xn-bpw- sNøm-Øh¿-

°[nIw t]m-epw- A\o-Xn- sNøm≥- cWIq-SØn-\v- A[n-Im-cw- \ev-Ip-∂h

bm-Wv.- Cu- \n-baßƒ- kz-Im-cy-kv-Ym-]\ßfn-se ]p-Ihen- \n-tcm-[n-°p-∂

\n-baßfpw- km-aq-ln-I kp-c£bv-°p-th≠n- \n-¿-_‘n-X ]n-cn-hp-

\SØp-∂ ssek≥-kv- \n-baßfpw- ASn-kv-Ym-\Iq-en- Dd∏m-°p-∂

\n-baßfpw- a‰p-am-Wv. - Hm-tcm- Im-cy -Øn¬- sshZØam-bn- X\n-°p-

X∂n-´p-≈ A[n-Im-cßƒ- kw-c£n-°p-hm-\pw- Xs≥-d ]h¿-Øn-Isf

\n-b¥n-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥- Bhiy-s∏Sp-∂Xp-am-b hy-Iv-Xn-Iƒ-°v -- `cWIq-S

Øns‚ ASp-Øp-\n-∂pw- Ahkm-\w- In-´p-∂Xv- acWam-bn-cn-°pw.-

_mÃnbm‰n-s≥-d A`n-]m-bØn¬- kam-[m-\]chpw- kz-bsabp-≈Xp-am-b

a\p-jy- ]h¿-Øn-Isf \n-b¥n-°p-∂ \n-baßfpw- kz-Im-cy-X AhIm-is∏

Sp-∂hs\ in-£n-°p-∂ \n-baßfpw- ssZhw Ifn-°m\p-≈ tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-

Ifp-sS A`n-hm-⁄\bm-Wv. - km-aq-ln-I Iq-´m-bv -a D≠m-°m-\p-≈

Akw-kv-Ir-X ]Zm¿-∞ßƒ- am-Xam-Wv- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ-°v- s]m-Xp-P\w-

F∂Xm-Wv.- A]Im-cap-≈ taem-f∑m¿-°v-,- Ifn-aÆpw- ]m-X \n¿-Ωm-Xm-hpw-

XΩn-ep-≈ _‘w-t]m-sebm-Wv- hy-Iv-Xn-Ifpw- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°fpw -

16

XΩn-ep-≈ _‘w.- C]Im-cap-≈ Nn-¥m-KXn-°m-tcm-Sv- _mÃnbm‰n-\p-≈

tZjyw-,- \n-baw- F∂ KŸØn¬- hy-Iv-Xam-°p-∂p-≠v.- A]Im-cap-≈

a\p-jy-cm-in-bp-sS m-hn- cWm-[n-]∑m-tcm-Spw- \√Xp-sNøp-∂p- F∂v- ]d™p-

\S°p-∂htcm-Sv-- At±lw- Bt£]n-°p-∂Xv- C]Im-cam-Wv.- ""hr-Øn-sI´

Po-hn-Isf,- \n-ßƒ- CX hen-bh∑m-cm-Wv- F∂v- \n-ßƒ- Nn-¥n-°p-∂p-thm!

\n-ßƒ- a\p-jy-cm-in- hfsc sNdp-Xm-sW∂v- Xo-cp-am-\n-®p- Ign-t™m.-

\n-ßƒ-°v- F√mw-- ]cn-jv-Icn-°Wsa∂m-tWm.- BZyw- \n-ßsfXs∂

]cn-jv-Icn-°m-ØsX¥v- ?- B ]h¿-Øn- Xs∂ [m-cm-fw- aXn-bm-hpw.- "_mÃnbm‰v

Hcp- ip-`m-]v-Xn- hn-izm-k°m-c\m-bn-cp-∂p.- kzm-X¥y-Øn-s≥-d c£bv-°p-

th≠n-bp-≈ At±lØn-s≥-d hm-Kv-hn-em-kw- ew- Im-Wpw- F∂v- At±lw-

hn-iz-kn-®p.- F∂m¬- Ncn-Xw- At±ltØm-sSm-∏a√.- a\p-jy-cm-in-bp-sS

Ncn-Xw-Xs∂ ]≈n-Ifn-eq-sSbpw- F∂m¬- ][m-\am-bpw- `cWIq-SØn-

t∑eq-sSbpw- htcWy- h¿-§w- kz-¥w- Im-cy-km-[y-Øn-\m-bn- \SØp-∂

Ir-Xy-am-b hn-thN\hpw-,- \n-b¥n-°ep-am-Wv.- tIm-Sn-°W°n-\v- \n-c]cm-[n-

Ifm-b hy-Iv -Xn-Isf an-°hm-dpw- Ahcp-sS `cWIq-Sßfn¬-Xs∂

Acpw-- sIm-e sNbv-X k¶SIcam-b Ncn-Xam-Wp-≈Xv.- c≠p-aq-∂v- \q-‰m-≠p-

Iƒ-°p-tijw- Ncn-Xw- Fgp-Xp-∂ Hcp- hy-Iv-Xn- a\p-jy-Ip-eØn-se Hcp-

sNdn-b hn-`m-KØn¬- ]tXy-In-®v- ]m-iv-Nm-Xy- tem-IØn¬- hfscIp-d™

Hcp- Im-ebfhn¬- D≠m-bn-cp-∂ a\ n-em-°m≥- ]‰m-Ø Ncn-XIu-Xp-I

ap-≈ "kzm-X¥yw'-- F∂ BibsØ∏‰n- hn-hcn-°p-am-bn-cn-°pw.- A]Im-c

ap-≈ Ncn-XIm-c≥- kzm-X¥yw- F∂ Bibw- Hcp- Xm-ev-°m-en-I ]Xn- m-kam-

sW∂pw,-- a\p-jy-cm-in- AXn-s≥-d hy-hkv-Ym-]n-X kz-`m-ham-b hn-thN\

cln-Xam-b \n-b¥WØn-te°pw- Xn-cn-®p-t]m-bn- F∂pw- Fgp-Xpw.-

C]Im-cap-≈ t`m-jan-Xm-flIam-b Hcp- hn-ebn-cp-Øp-∂Xv- sX‰m-sW∂v-

Ncn-Xw- sXfn-bn-°p-sa∂v- Bin-°mw.- tem-IsØºm-Spw- D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-

cn-°p-∂ tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v-,- IΩyq-Wn-kv-‰v- Bibßfp-sS XI¿-® ]Xo-£bp-

sS sNdn-b shfn-®w- \ev-Ip-∂p-≠v.- thsd ]Xo-£m-\n¿-`cam-b Hcp- kw-KXn-

km-t¶Xn-I hn-⁄m-\ hn-kv-t^m-S\w-aq-ew- `cWIq-Sßƒ-°v- Ahbp-sS

]u-c∑m-sc∏‰n-bp-ff hn-hcßƒ- tiJcn-°m-\pw- Ahsc \n-b¥n-°m-\pw-

]‰m-Ø hn-[Øn¬- hcp-∂ Ahkv-Ybm-Wvv.- hn-hn-c km-t¶Xn-Ihn-Zy- \q-X\

[\ ssIam-‰ hn-Zy-Iƒ- F∂n-haq-ew- `cWIq-SØn-\v- \n-b¥n-°m-\p-≈

Ign-hv- Ip-d™p-hcn-Ibpw- sNethdn-bXpw- BIp-∂p.- cmjvSw h¿-≤n-®p-

hcp-∂ Cu- hn-hc km-t¶Xn-I hn-Zy- tem-IØn-se ]u-c∑m¿-°v- ]ckv-]cw-

17

hn-hcßƒ- a‰pw- ]¶p-shbv-°m-\pw- ssIam-dm\pw- AXv- cW Iq-Sßfp-sS

Adn-thm-,- A\p-hm-Ztam- Iq-Sm-sX sNøp-hm-t\m- km-[n-°pw.- Atacn-°≥-

sFIy-\m-Sp-Ifn-ep-≈ kzm-X¥y-Øn-s≥-d `m-hn-sb∏‰n- F\n-°v- ip-`m-]v-Xn-

hn-izm-ktØm-sS Nn-¥n-°m≥- km-[n-°p-∂Xv- IΩyq-Wn-kØn-s≥-d XI¿-®bpw-

km-t¶Xn-I hn-Zy-bp-sS ]p-Xn-b I≠p-]n-Sp-Øßfpw- AtXm-sSm-∏w- _mÃn-

bm‰n-s‚ Bibßsf Iq-´p-]n-Sn-®p-≈ _ehØm-b kz-Im-cy- hn-]W\

tIµßfp-am-Wv.- sFIy-\m-Sp-Ifn¬- kzm-X¥yw- XI¿-∂m¬- AXv- F√m-bn-

SØpw- XIcpw- F∂v- Dd∏m-Wv.- kz-m-X¥y-sØ∏‰n-bp-≈ _mÃnbm‰n-s≥-d

hy -Iv -Xam -b Bibßsf Iq-Sp -X¬- ]cn -Nbs∏Sp-Øp-I F∂Xv -

_lp-am -\sØbpw- kv -t\lsØbpw- ho-≠pw- ]cn -t]m-jn -°m-\pw-

Atacn-°bp-sS s]m-Xp-P\ßfn¬- kzm-X¥yw- F∂ BibsØ ho-≠pw-

_es∏Sp-Øm-\p-≈ Hcp- ][m-\ \S]Sn-bm-Ipw- F∂v- F\n-°v- tXm-∂p-∂p.-

18

\n-baw- s^U-dnIv _mÃnbm‰v (Frederic Bastiat)

" "ssh-Ir-Xam-- °s∏´ \n-bahpw- AtXm-sSm-∏w-

hnIrXam -°s∏´ cm -jvS -Øn -s≥-d t]m -eo -kv -

A[n-Im-chpw- \n-basØ AXn-s≥-d bYm¿-∞ Dt±iy-

Øn¬- \n-∂pw- hy-Xn-Nen-∏n-®p- F∂p- am-Xa√ FXn¿-

Zn-ibn-tebv-°v- AXns\ hen-®p-sIm-≠p-t]m-hp-Ibpw

sNbv-Xp-! F√m-Øcw B¿-Ønbp-sSbpw- Bbp-[

am-bn- \n-baw- am-dn.- Ip-‰Ir-Xy-ßsf \n-b¥n-°p-∂Xn\p-

]Icw- in -£n-°s∏tS≠ Hcp- Ip-‰Ir-Xy -am -bn -

\n-baw- am-dn!''-

CXv- kXy-am-sW¶n¬- AXv- Hcp- Kp-cp-Xcam-b hkv-Xp-

Xbm-Wv- Fs≥d \m-´p-Im-cp-sS i≤ CXntebv°v

£Wn-°p-∂Xv- Fs≥d- [m¿-Ωn-Iam-b _m-[y-XbmWv.

Po-hn-Xw- ssZhØn-s≥-d Zm-\w-

Po-h≥- (`u-Xn-Ihp-w- _u-≤n-Ihpw- [m-¿-Ωn-Ihp-am-b

Po-hn-Xw-)- as¡√m kΩm\ßsfbpw Dƒs°m≈p∂

B kΩm\w ssZhZØamWv. F∂m¬- Poh\v kz-bw-

\n-e\n-¬-∏n-√.- k„mhv AXns\ \n-e\n¿-Øm-\pw-

hn-Ikn-∏n-°m-\pw- anI®Xm°m-\p-ap-≈ DØchm-ZnØw-

\Ωfn-em-Wv- A¿-∏n-®n- p-≈Xv.- AXn-\p-th≠n- \ap-°v-

]ehn-[ßfm-b Ign-hp-Ifpw- X∂n-´p-≠v.- hn-hn-[ß

fm-b ]Ir-Xnhn`hßfp-sS \Sp-hn-em-Wv- \sΩ

kr-jv-Sn-®n-´p-≈Xv. \Ωp-sS Ign-hp-Isf ]Ir-Xn-

hn`hßfn¬- ]tbmKn®v \mw Ahsb ]p-Xn-b

D¬-∏∂ßfm°n am¡p-∂p. - Po -hn -XØns≥d

ap≥t]m´p≈ ]bmWØn\v BhiyamWv Cu ]Inb.-

Po-h≥-, Ign-hp-Iƒ,- D¬-∏∂ßƒ- As√¶n¬-

19

hy-Iv -Xn-Xzw, - kzm-X¥yw, - kz-Øv-˛CsX√mw- Iq-Sn -bXm-Wv- a\p-jy≥.-

cm-jv-So-b°mcpsS kqXßƒ- F¥pamIs´, ta¬-]d™ aq-∂v- Zm-\ßƒ,

a\p-jy\n¿ΩnXamb \nbatØ°mƒ ][m\hpw, tijvThpamWv.

Po-h≥,- Ign-hp-Iƒ,- D¬∏∂ßƒ- F∂n-h a\p-jy≥- \n-baw- D≠m°nbXp-

sIm-≠√ \n-e\n¬-°p-∂Xv.- Po-h≥,- Ign-hp-Iƒ- D¬-∏∂ßƒ- F∂n-h BZyta

D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv- a\p-jy≥- \n-baßƒ- D≠m-°n-bsX∂mWv-

hkv-Xp-X.-

F¥m-Wv- \n-baw?-

F¥m-Wv- bYm¿-∞Øn¬- \n-baw- ?- AXv- kzbc£bv°p≈ Hmtcm

hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sSbpw AhIm-iØns≥d kwLSnXamb kw-hn-[m-\am-Wv-.-

\ap-°v- Hm-tcm-cp-Ø¿-°pw- \Ωp-sS hy-Iv-Xn-Xz-sØbpw,- Po-hs\bpw,- kzm-X¥y-

sØbpw,- kz-Øn-s\bpw- kw-c£n-°m-\p-≈ ssZhZØam-b kzm- m-hn-ImhIm-

iap-≠v.- ]ca][m\amb ta¬∏d™ aq∂p Imcyßfpw AhbpsS

kw-c£Whpw- ]ckv-]cw- _‘s∏´n-cn-°p-∂p.- GsX¶n-epw- H∂n-s≥-d

kw-c£Ww- a‰p- c≠n-s≥-dbpw- kw-c£WsØ Bibn®ncn°p∂p.- bYm¿-

∞Øn¬- \Ωp-sS Ign-hp-Iƒ- F∂Xv- \Ωp-sS hy-Iv-Xn-Xz-Øn-s≥-d Xp-S¿-®

am-Xat√?- \Ωp-sS kz-Øp-°ƒ B IgnhpIfpsS Xp-S¿-® am-Xat√?-

Hcp- hy-Iv-Xn-°v- _ew- ]tbm-Kn-®p t]mepw- Abm-fp-sS Po-hs\bpw- kzm-X¥y-

sØbpw- kz-Øp-°sfbpw- kw-c£n-°m≥- AhIm-iw- Ds≠¶n¬,- AtX

am-\ZfiØn¬- Hcp- kaq-lØn-\v- kw-LSn-°m-\pw- Ahcp-sS AhIm-ißƒ-

ÿmbnbm-bn- kw-c£n-°m≥ Hcp- s]m-Xp- i‡n cq]mIcn°m\pw AXns\

]n-¥p-Wbv-°m\pw- AhIm-iap-≠v.- AXm-bXv- kaqlØns≥d AhImiw

(AXn-s≥-d ]k‡nbpw \nba`ZXbpw) hy‡nbpsS AhIm-iØn¬- \n-

∂m-Wv- D¤hn-°p-∂Xv.- kzm-`m-hn-Iambpw-s]m-Xp-hm-bp-≈ AhIm-ißƒ-

kw-c£n-°m≥ cq]oIrXamb kwL_eØn\v hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS AhIm-

iØn\∏pdw bm-sXm-cp- Dt±iy-tam- e£y-tam- D≠m-Im≥- ]m-Sn-√. Hcp- hy-Iv-Xn-

°v- as‰m-cp- hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS Po-hs\bpw- kzm-X¥y-sØbpw- kz-Øn-s\bpw- l\n-

°m≥- \n-ba]cam-bn- AhIm-iw- C√mØXp sIm≠p Xs∂ hy-Iv-Xn-Ifp-sStbm,-

kw-Lßfp-sStbm- Po-hs\tbm- kzm-X¥y-sØtbm,- kz-Øn-s\tbm-

l\n-°m≥- kw-LiIv-Xn-°pw- AhIm-iw- C√.-

A]Imca√msXbp≈ _e]tbm-Kw- hy‡nIfpsSbpw kwLßfpsSbpw

20

ImcyØn¬ km[qIcWan√mØXmWv. \Ωp-sS kz-Im-cy- AhIm-ißsf

kw-c£n-°p-∂Xn\p am-Xam-Wv- _e]tbm-Kw kΩXambn´p≈Xv. \Ωp-sS

ktlm-Zcßfp-sS kam-\amb AhIm-ißƒ- \in-∏n-°p-hm-\m-Wv- \Ωƒ-°v-

iIv-Xn- X∂n-´p-≈Xv- F∂v- B¿-°m-Wv- ]dbp-hm≥- Ign-bp-I?- Hcp- hy-Iv-Xn-

°v- kz-¥am-b- _e]tbm-KØn-eq-sS as‰m-cp- hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS AhIm-isØ

C√m-bv-a sNøp-hm≥- \n-ba]cam-bn- Ign-bm-ØXp-t]m-se Xs∂bm-Wv-

kw-L_ew D]tbm-Kn-®v- A]Im-cw- \n-ba]cam-bn- sNøm≥- ]m-Sn-√ F∂Xpw.-

kw-L_ew F∂Xv- sshb‡nI -iIv-Xn-Ifp-sS Hcp- Iq-´m-bv-a A√m-sX

as‰m-∂p-a√.-

CXv- icn-bm-sW¶n¬- Xm-sg ]dbp-∂ Im-cyw- hfsc hy-Iv-Xam-Wv-:

\n -baw - F∂Xv - \n -ba]cam -b kzbc£bv°p≈ kwLSnXamb

kzm`mhnImhIm-iam-Wv.- AXv- kw-LiIv-Xn-sb- sshb‡nI i‡n°v ]Icw

shbv°emWv. hy-Iv-Xn-Iƒ-°v- kzm`m-hn-Iam-bpw- \n-ba]cam-bpw- sNøm≥-

AhIm-iap-≈ Im-cy-ßƒ am-Xta kwLi‡n sIm≠v sNøm≥ ]m-Sp-≈q.-

AXm-bXv- Po-ht\bpw- kzm-X¥y-tØbpw- kz-Øp-°tfbpw- kw-c£n-°p-I

Hmtcm hy‡nbpsSbpw - AhIm-ißƒ- \ne\n¿ØpI, IqSmsX\o-Xn-bp-sS hm-gv-N Dd∏p-hcp-Øp-I.-

\o-Xn-bp-Iv-Xhpw- ÿncXbp≈Xpamb Hcp k¿-°m¿-

ta¬-]Im-cap-≈ ASn-kv-Ym-\ Bibßfn¬- Hcp- cm-Pyw- sI´n∏SpØm¬

AXn-se P\ßƒ-°v- Ahcp-sS Nn-¥bnepw- ]h¿-Øn-bn-epw- Iaw

]men°m\mIpsa∂v F\n-°v- tXm-∂p-∂p.- A]Im-cap-≈ Hcp- cm-Py-Øn¬-

G‰hpw- efn-Xhpw- kzoImcyhpw, em`]Zhpw, \nbXambXpw \o-Xn-bp-Iv-X

hp-w- ÿncX-bp-≈Xpw- ASn-®a¿-Øm-ØXp-am-b Hcp- k¿-°m¿-, AXn-s≥-d

cm-jv-So-b ap-Jw- F¥p-am-Is´, D≠m-Ip-sa∂m-Wv- F\n- -°v- tXm-∂p-∂Xv.-

Aßs\bp≈ Hcp `cWØn≥ Iogn¬, F√mhcpw Xm¥mßfpsS

B\pIqeyßsfbpw Xßƒ°p≈ DØchmZnØßsfbpw Ipdn®v

t_m≤yap≈hcmbncn°pw. hy‡nsb∂ \nebn¬ AwKoIcn°s∏SpIbpw

sXmgnseSp°m\p≈ kzmX¥yw A\p`hn°pIbpw AXns‚

KpW^eßsf \o-Xn-cln-Xam-b CSs]Sen¬- \n-∂pw ap‡ambn ssIhiw

sNøpIbpw sNøp∂ bmsXm-cmƒ-°pw- k¿-°m-cp-am-bn- Hcp- X¿-°hp-w

D≠mIm≥ hIp∏n√.-

21

hn-Pbn-®p \n¬°ptºmƒ \mw k¿-°m¿ (tÃ¡v)- kw-hn-[m-\tØm-Sv- \µn

]dtb≠ Bhiyw C√. I¿jI¿ Imemhÿ NXn®Xn\v cmjvSsØ

Ip-‰w- ]dbp-∂Xp-t]m-sebmIpw ]cmPbßƒ°v k¿-°m-cn-s\ Ip-‰w-

]dbp-I F∂Xv. k¿°m¿ \ap°v A\p`hthZyamIp∂Xv k¿-°m¿- F∂

Cu kw-hn-[m-\w- \¬-Ip-∂ kp-c£n-XXzw- aqeambncn°pw.

kz-Im-cy- Im-cy-ßfn¬- k¿-°m-cn-s≥-d CSs]S¬- C√m-ØXp-aq-ew- \Ωp-sS

Bhiy-ßfpw- AhbpsS \ndth¡epw bp‡ym\pkrXambn hn-Ikn-°p-

∂Xm-Wv-. A∂Øn\p aptº kmlnXyin£Ww At\zjn°p∂ Zcn-Z

Ip-Spw-_ßsf \mw Is≠∂p hcn√. kmlnXyw (Literacy) h≥- \Kcßƒ

KmaßfpsS Nnehn¬ Nn-dIn¬- P\s]cp∏amIp∂Xv \ap-°v- Im-tW≠n-

hcn-Ibn-√.- adn®pw \n-baßƒ- aq-ew- Ct∏mƒ D≠mIp∂ aq-e[\Øn-s≥-

dbpw- sXm-gn-em-fn-Ifp-tSbpw- P\XXnIfp-tSbpw- hen-b kv-Ym-\Ne\ßƒ

Ahkm\n°pw.

\Ωp-sS \n-e\n-¬]n\v- B[m-cam-b Im-cy-ßƒ-t]m-epw- Aÿnchpw Zp¿-_ehp-

am-Ip-∂Xv- cmjvS \n¿ΩnXamb Cu ]emb\ßƒ sIm≠mWv. AXp-aq-ew-

k¿-°m-cn-\p-Xs∂ DØchm-Zn-XzßfpsS mcw IamXoXambn h¿≤n°p∂p.

\n-baØn-\v ]cn]q¿Æambpw hgn ]ngbv°ptºmƒ

\n-baw- AXn-s≥-d bYm¿-∞ ISaIfn¬- HXp-ßn- \n-ev-°p∂n-√ F∂Xv-

\n¿`mKyIcam-Wv.- Cu hy-Xn-Ne\w- Xm-cXtay-\ A][m-\am-bXpw- Xm¿-°n-

Ihp-am-b hn-jbßfn¬ amXa√Xm\pw. \n-baw- AXn-s≥-d bYm¿-∞

Dt±iyßƒ-s°Xn-cm-bn-´p-Øs∂ ]h¿-Øn-°p-∂p. AXns≥d Xs∂

e£yßƒ \in-∏n-°p-∂p.- GXp- \o-Xn-bm-tWm- \n-baw-sIm-≠v- \n-e

\n-dp-Øm-≥- Dt±in-®n-´p-≈Xv- B \o-Xn-sb C√m-bv-a sNøm-\pw- \n-baw-aq-ew-

kw-c£n-°s∏tS≠ AhIm-ißsf ]cn-an-Xs∏Sp-Øm-\pw- C√m-Xm-°m-\pw-

AtX \n-basØXs∂ D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂ Ahkv-Ybp-≠v.- \n-baw- F∂

kw-LSn-X iIv-Xn- XØzZo£bn√mØhcpsS Xm-fØn-s\m-Øv- Xp-≈p-tºmƒ,-

Ah¿-°v- a‰p-≈hcp-sS kzm-X¥y-sØbpw- kz-Øn-t\bpw- hy-Iv-Xn-Xz-tØbpw-

Nq-jWw- sNøm-≥- A]mbtaXpan√msX Ahkcw- Hcp-ßp-∂p. AXv-

sIm-≈sb kw-c£n-°p-Ibpw- sIm-≈ sNøp-hm-\p-≈ AhIm-iam-bn-

AXv am-dp-Ibpw- sNøp-∂p.- kzbc£sb kwc£n°m\p≈ iaØn\nSbn¬

AXv kzbc£sbØs∂ Hcp Ip‰am°n am‰nbncn°p∂p.

22

Cu am¿§`wiw Fßs\ bmYm¿∞yambn? AXp-sIm-≠p-≠m-b `hn-jy-

Øp-Iƒ- Fs¥√mw- ?-

Xn-I®pw- hy-Xy-kv-Xßfm-b c≠p Im-cWßfm-Wv- \n-baØns≥d hgn

sX¡m\p≈ c≠p- Im-cWßƒ.-

1.- _p≤niq\yamb AXym¿-Øn-

2.- I]Samb PohImcpWy ]h¿Ø\ßƒ

\ap-°v- BZy-sØ Im-cWsØ∏‰n- Ct∏mƒ- kw-km-cn-°mw.-

am-cIam-b Hcp- a\pjy]hWX

kz-kw-c£Whpw kz-hn -Ik\hpw F√m-hcpsSbpw s]m-Xp-hm-b

BKlßfm-Wv.- F√m-h¿-°pw- XS ßfn-√m-sX Ahchcp-sS Ign-hp-Iƒ-

D]tbm-Kn-°m-\pw- Ahchcp-sS A≤zm-\êw- kz-X¥-am-bn- hn-\n-tbm-Kn-

°m-\pw- Ahkcap-s≠¶n¬- kaq-l]p-tcm-KXn- \nc¥chpw APøhpambn

XpS¿t∂s\.

F∂m¬- P\ßƒ-°v- as‰m-cp- s]m-Xp-kz`m-hap-≠vv.- Xcw In´ptºmƒ a‰p-≈

hcp-sS sN-ehn¬- Po-hn-°m-\pw- hr≤ns∏Sm\pap≈ ]hWX.- CXv- shdp-w-

Hcp- Ip-‰s∏Sp-Øe√.- hn-jm-Zm-flItam-,- IcpWbn√mØtXm Bb a\ ns‚

kr„nbpa√. Ncn-Xw- Cu- kXy-Øn\p km-£n-bm-Wv.- \nebv°mØ bp-≤ßƒ,-

Iq-´∏em-b\ßƒ,- aXØn-s≥-d t]cn-ep-≈ ]o-U\w-,- km¿-∆euInIamb

ASn-aØw,- I®hSØn-se I≈ßƒ,- Ip-ØIIƒ- F∂n-h DZm-lcWßƒ.-

am-cIam-b Cu BKlw a\p-jy-s≥d kz`mhØn¬ Xs∂ eo\amWv.

G‰hpw- Ip-d™ A≤zm-\w sIm≠v Xs≥-d BKlßƒ kêo-Icn-°m-

\p-≈ ]mIrXhpw k¿-∆eu-In-Ihpw- A\nb¥nXhpamb ASn-kv-Ym-\ tNmZ\.-

kz-Øpw- sIm-≈bpw-

a\p-jy-\v- Po-hn-°Wsa¶nepw- Xs≥-d BKlßƒ- kêo-Icn-°W

sa¶n-epw- \n-c¥cam-b ]bXv-\w- Bhiy-am-Wv.- ]Ir-Xn-hn`hßfn-t∑ep-≈

a\p-jy-s≥-d Ign-hp-Ifp-sS \n-c¥cam-b ]tbm-Khpw- AXn-\m-hiy-am-Wv-.-

Cu ]InbbmWv kz-Øn-s≥-d D¤hw.-

F∂m¬- CtX e£yØn\p th≠n a‰p-≈hcp-sS A≤zm-\Øn-s≥-d êw-

23

X´n-∏dn-°p-Ibpw- D]tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw- sNømsa∂p≈Xpw kXy-am-Wv.-

sIm-≈bp-sS D¤hw- Chn-sSbm-Wv.-

_p-≤n-ap-´p-Iƒ- Hgn-hm-°p-Isb∂Xv- a\p-jy-s≥-d kz`m-ham-bXn-\m-epw-

A≤zm-\sa∂Xv- _p-≤n-ap-´p-≈ G¿-∏m-Sm-bXn-\m-epw- sIm-≈sNø¬-

A≤zm-\tØ°mƒ- Ffp-∏ap-≈ km-lNcyØn¬ a\p-jy≥- sIm-≈sb

Bibn-°p-sa∂Xv- Ncn-X kXy-am-Wv.- aXØn-t\m-,- [m¿-Ωn-IXbv-t°m- AXn\p

XSbnSm≥ Ignbn√.

sIm-≈ Ft∏m-gm-Wv- ]ns∂ Ahkm\n°pI?-

AXv- A≤zm-\sØ°mƒ- _p-≤n-ap-´p-≈Xpw- A]ISIcam-hp-tºm-gp-am-Wv.-

AXp-sIm-≠v- kw-L_esa∂ iIv-Xn-bp-]tbm-Kn-®v- A≤zm-\Øn-\p- ]Icw-

sIm-≈sb∂ am-cIamb ]hWXsb XSbp-∂Xm-Wv \n-baØn-s≥-d

bYm¿-∞ Dt±iyw- F∂Xv- hy-Iv-Xam-Wv.- \n-baØn-s≥-d Hmtcm \o°hpw

kz-Øn-s\ kw-c£n-°p-∂Xpw- sIm-≈sb in-£n-°p-∂Xp-am-IWw.-

F∂m¬- Hcp- hy-Iv-Xn-tbm,- hy‡nIfpsS Hcp Iq´tam BWv s]m-Xp-th \nbaw

D≠m-°p-∂Xv.- Hcp- A[oi iIv-Xn-bp-sS ]n≥-_ehpw- Bio¿-∆m-Zhp-an-s√¶n¬-

\n-baØn-\v- ]h¿-Øn-°m≥- Ignbm-ØXn-\m¬- A]Im-cap-≈ Hcp-

iIv-Xn-bn-em-bn-cn-°Ww- \n-baap-≠m-°m-\p-≈ A[n-Im-cw.-

Cu hkvXpXbpw ]bXv\clnXamb Bhiyßƒ km[n°m\p≈

a\pjys≥d ta¬∏d™ kzm`mhnIamb hmk\bpw tN¿Øp

hmbn°ptºmƒ k¿∆euInIambnØs∂ \nbaØn\p kw`hn®

ZnimhyXnbm\Øn\p≈ hniZoIcWambn. \n-baw- A\oXn-sb Xp-cØp-

∂Xn-\p- ]Icw- A\o-Xn- \S∏n-em-°p-hm-\p-≈ Bbp-[am-bn- am-dp-∂Xv-

Fßs\sb∂v- a\ n-em-°m≥- Ct∏mƒ _p-≤n-ap- n-√.- \n-basØ D≠m-°p-

∂h¿- \n-baw- D]tbm-Kn-®p-Xs∂ ]ebfhn¬- a‰p- P\ßfp-sS hy‡n

kzm-X¥ysØ ASn®a¿Øepw ASnaØhpw sIm≠v kzØns\ sIm≈

sIm≠pw \in∏n°p∂Xv Cßs\bmWv. CXv- \n-baw- \n¿Ωn°p∂h\v

KpWw sNøpw: Abmƒ-°v- A[n-Im-cØn-ep-≈ ]n-Sn-ØØn\v B\p]mXn

Ihpambncn°pw.-

\n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈bp-sS CcIƒ-

A\o-Xn-s°Xn-sc s]mcpXp-∂Xv- AXn\ncbm°s∏´ a\p-jy-s≥-d

24

kz- m-ham-Wv.- \n-baw AXv- D≠m-°p-∂h-s‚ em`Øn-\p-th≠n- sIm-≈bv-°v-

Iq-´p\n-¬°p-tºmƒ- sIm-≈ sNøs∏´h¿ \nbaap≠m°p∂hcpsS

KWØntebv°v Fßs\bpw IS∂p Ibdm≥ ian°pw. kam-[m-\]ctam,-

hn-πhIctam BIs´ am¿§w. sIm-≈sNøs∏´ h¿-§w- A[n-Im-cØn-

seØnbm¬ AhcpsS ]_p≤XbpsS Afh\pkcn®v C\n∏dbp∂

c≠n-tesX¶n-epw- e£yw \S∏n-em-°m≥- ian-°pw: H∂p-In¬- sIm-≈

\n¿-Øem-°pI,- As√¶n¬- AXns≥d ]¶p ]‰pI.

\n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈bp-sS CcIƒ- A[n-Im-cw- In-ń-°gn-™v- c≠m-asØ

am-¿-§w- Xn-cs™Sp-Øm¬- B cm-Py-Øn-s≥-d kv-Yn-Xn- Ijv-Sam-bn-cn-°pw.-

Aßs\ kw`hn°p∂Xp hsc Hcp- \yq-\]£w- qcn]£sØ \n-ba]c

am-bn- sIm-≈bSn-®p sIm≠ncn°pw. \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-W ]In-bbn¬- ]s¶Sp-

°p-hm≥- Ip-d®p-t]¿-°p- am-Xw- AhIm-iap-≠m-bn-cn-°p∂ ImetØmfw

AXßs\bmbncn°pw-.- F√m-h¿-°pw- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-WØn¬- ]s¶Sp-°p-

hm≥- Ahkcap-≠m-bn F∂ncn°s´ k¿∆Xbp≈ sIm≈sIm≠v

]ckv]cw hncp≤ßfmb XßfpsS Xm¬∏cyßƒ k¥pe\w sNøm≥

Ah¿ ian°pw. kaq-lØn¬- \n-∂pw- A\o-Xn- Xp-S®p-am-‰p-∂Xn-\p- ]Icw-A\o-Xn- km¿-∆Xn-Iam-°p-I F∂¿∞w. sIm-≈bp-sS CcIƒ- A[n-Im-

cØn-seØn-bm¬- a‰p- h¿§ßtfmSv ]Icw ho´p∂ Hcp kw-hn-[m-\ambn

cn °pw- Ah¿- sIm≠phcnI.- \n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈ Ah¿- \n¿Øem°n√.

(A]Im-cap-≈ \n-tcm-[\Øn-\v- Ah¿-°v- D≈Xn-t\°mƒ- Iq-Sp-X¬-

hn-thIhpw- ]_p≤Xbpw- Bhiy-am-Wv).- Ah¿- XßfpsS Xm¬∏cyßƒ°v

hncp≤sa¶nepw ap≥-Km-an-Ifp-sS Zpjn® ]m-X ]n-¥p-Scp-w.- \o-Xn-bp-sS

hm-gv-N hcp-∂Xn-\v- ap-ºv- F√m-hcpw- CØcsamchÿ klnt® Xocq F∂

a´mWv: Iqcamb Hcp Xncn®Sn. Nne¿°v AhcpsS ZpjvsNbvXnIƒ°v,

Nne¿°v AhcpsS IYbn√mbvabv°v.

\n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈bp-sS êßƒ-

\n-basØ sIm-≈bp-sS D]IcWam-°n- am-‰p-∂Xp-t]m-sebp-≈ hr-Øn-sI´

Hcp- am-‰w- kaq-lØn¬- sIm≠p hcm≥ hgnbn√.

C]Im-cap-≈ NypXnbpsS eßƒ- Fs¥√m-am-Wv- ;

AXv- hn-hcn-°m≥- \n-ch[n- t]Pp-Iƒ- th≠n-hcpw. G‰hpw- ]ISam-b

êßsf ]cm-a¿-in-®v- \ap-°v- Xr-]v-Xcm-Imw.-

25

BZy-am-bn- AXv- F√m-hcp-tSbpw- a\ n¬- \n-∂v- \o-Xn-bpw- A\o-Xn-bpw-

XΩnep-≈ hy-Xym-ksØ ambv®p Ifbpw.

Hcfthm-fsa¶n-epw- \n-basØ _lp-am-\n-°m-sX Hcp- kaq-lØn-\pw-

\n-e\n-ev-]n-√.- _lp-am-\n-°s∏tS≠Xm-b \n-baw D≠m-°p-Isb∂Xm-Wv-

G‰hpw- kp-c£n-Xam-b am¿-§w.- \n-bahpw- [m¿-Ωn-I aq-ey-ßfpw- XΩn¬-

sshcp-≤y-ap-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ,- AXv- ]u-c\n¬ \n∂v [m¿-Ωn-I aq-ey-ßfpw-

\n-batØm-Sp-≈ _lp-am-\hpw XΩnep≈ Iq-cam-b Hcp sX-cs™Sp-∏v-

Bhiy-s∏Sp-∂p. Cu- c≠v- sX‰p-IfpsSbpw `hnjyØpIƒ kam\

ambncn°pw. Hcp- hy-Iv-Xn-°v- CXn-teXv- Xn-cs™Sp-°Wsa∂v \n›bn°pI

]bmkamWv.

\n-baØn-s≥-d kz`m-hw-Xs∂ \o-Xn-bp-sS \n-e\n-ev-]n-\v- th≠n-bn-´p-fXm-Wv.-

a\p-jy-a\ p-Ifn¬- \o-Xn- F∂Xpw- \n-basa∂Xpw- H∂p-Xs∂bm-Wv.-

\n-bahn-t[bam-bn-´p-≈sX√mw- ss\XnIamsW∂p≈ iIv-Xam-b Hcp-

[m-cW \Ωƒ-s°√m-h¿-°pw- D≠v.- Cu- hn-izm-kw-aq-ew- ]e hy-Iv-Xn-Ifpw-

\n-ba]cam-b Imcyßsf√mw \o-Xn-bp‡am-sW∂v- sX‰m-bn- [cn-®p-h®n-´p-

≠v.- sIm-≈ ]hn-Xhpw- \o-Xn-bp-Iv-Xhp-am-sW∂v- ]escbpw [cn-∏n-°m≥-\n-baØn-s‚ ]n≥-_ew- sIm≠p amXw aXn. ASn-aØw,- Ip-ØIhXv-°cWw,

\n-b¥W ßƒ \ymboIcn°pamdv Ahaqew em`w D≠m-°p-∂h¿- am-Xa√

AXp-aq-ew- Ijv-SX A\p`hn-°p-∂hcn¬ Nn-e¿ -Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.-

tNmZyw sNøp∂hcpsS hn-[n-

C]Im-cap-≈ kv-Ym-]\ßfp-sS [m¿-Ωn-IXsb∏‰n- kw-ibw- ]ISn-∏n-°p∂

Hcmsf A]ISIm-cn -bm -sbmcp I≠p]nSnØ°mc\mbpw kz]v\

Pohnbmbpw, aqVkz¿§Øn¬ Ignbp∂h\mbpw shdpw XmØznI\mbpw

apZIpØn kaq-lØn-s≥-d ASn-kv-Ym-\w-Xs∂ Abmƒ XI¿-°p-sa∂v-

Dd®v- ]Jym-]n-°m≥- F√m- km-[y-Xbp-ap-≠v.- \n-ßƒ- [m¿-Ωn-IXsb∏‰n-tbm-

cm-jv-Saow-am-ksb∏‰n-tbm- ]kw-Kn-®m¬- k¿-°m-cn-t\m-Sv- Xmsg∏dbpw hn[w

\nthZ\ßƒ \SØp∂ kw-LS\Isfbpw ImWmw. ""CtXhsc \S∂p

h∂Xp t]mse kzX¥ hym]mcØns≥d (kzmX¥yØnt≥dbpw,

kzØnt≥dbpw, \oXnbpsSbpw) amXw IÆneqsS imkvXw ]Tn∏n®p IqSm.

`mhnbn¬ ^©p hyhkmbßsf \nb¥n°p∂ hkvXpXIfpsSbpw

\nbaßfpsSbpw (kzmX¥ytØbpw, kzØns\bpw, \oXnsbbpw

26

l\n°p∂ hkvXpXIfpsSbpw \nbaßfpsSbpw) ASnÿm\Øn¬

thWw imkvXw ]Tn∏n°m≥. \nehnep≈ \nbaßtfmSp≈ _lpam\Øn\v

sNdnb coXnbn¬t∏mepw Xpc¶w shbv°p∂Xn¬ \n∂v k¿°m¿ sNe

hnep≈ A[ym]I tPmenbnencn°p∂h¿ PmKXtbmsS amdn \n¬°Ww''.

AXm-bXv- ASn-aØt-Øbpw- Ip-ØIItfbpw- ASn-®a¿-Øen-t\bpw-

]n-Sn-®p-]dn-tbbpw- \ym-bo-Icn-°p-∂ Hcp- \n-baw- \n-ehn-¬- Ds≠¶n¬,- AXv-

F¥p- \n-ebn-embnt°ms´, AtX∏¡n ]cm-a¿-in-®p IqSm. ImcWw B

\n-baØn-s≥-d _lp-am-\y-X Ip-d°m-sX AXn-s\∏‰n- ]cm-a¿-in-°pI

km≤ya√-?- [m¿-Ωn-IXbpw amXa√,- cmjvSaoamwkbpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw-

Cu- \n-baØn-s≥-d ASn-kv-Ym-\Øn-em-bn-cn-°pw:- Hcp- \n-baap-s≠¶n¬-

AXv- \o-Xn-bp-Iv-Xam-b \n-baam-sW∂ hnizmkØns≥d t]cn¬.-

\nbaØn\p kw`hn® k¶SIcam-b Cu- am¿§`wiØns≥d as‰m-cp- ew-

AXv- cm-jv-So-b hn-izm-kßƒ-°pw- X¿-°ßƒ-°pw- AXneqsS cm-jv-So-bØn-

\p-Xs∂bpw DuXns∏cp∏n® ]m[m\yw sImSp°p∂psh∂XmWv.-

F\n-°v- C°m-cyw- Hcm-bn-cw- hn-[Øn¬- sXfn-bn-°p-hm≥- Ign-bpw.- F∂m¬-

CubSpØImeØv F√mhcp-tSbpw- a\ n-ep-≈ Hcp hn-jbw!- F√m-h¿-

°p-w- thm- hIm-iw- F∂ hn-jbw- am-Xw- Rm≥ DZmlcWambn FSp°p∂p.

Bcm-Wv- hn-[n- ]dtb≠Xv- ?

dqtkmbp-sS (Rousseau) Nn-¥[m-cIfp-sS ]tWXm-°ƒ (Ah¿- hfsc

]p-tcm-Kan-®n-´p-s≠∂mWv- Ahcp-sS [m-cW. F∂m¬- Ah¿ 20 \q-‰m-s≠

¶n-epw- ]n-∂n-em-Wh¿- F∂m-Wv- Rm≥- Icp-Xp-∂Xv),- Rm≥- ]dbp-∂Xv-

Aw-Ko-Icn-°n-√m-bn-cn-°mw.- F∂m¬- km¿-∆Xn-I thm-´hIm-iw,- (B hm-°v-

A£cm¿-∞Øn¬- FSp-Øm¬)-, F∂ BibsØ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂Xpw,

kw-ibn-°p∂Xpw- Hcp Ip-‰ambn- Im-tW≠Xn-√. km¿-∆Xn-I thm-´hIm-

iw- Hcp- hn-ip-≤]iph√.- bYm¿-∞Øn¬- km¿-∆Xn-I thm- hIm-iØn-s\Xn-

sc hfsc ][m-\s∏´ FXn¿∏pIfp-≠v.-

km¿-∆Xn-Isa∂ ]tbmKw Xs∂ A_≤ PSneamsW∂v BZy-am-bn- ]dbs´.-

DZm-lcWØn-\v-, ^m≥-kn¬- 36 Zie£w- Bƒ-°m-cp-≠v.- km¿-∆Xn-I

thm-´hIm-iw- Cu 36 Zie£w- thm-´¿-am-sc Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂XmI-Ww.-

F∂m-¬- G¡hpw DZmcamb kw-hn-[m-\]Im-cw- t]mepw ]cam-h[n- 9 Zie£w-

Bfp-Iƒ-°p- am-Xta thm-´hIm-iap-≈q.- AXm-bXv- \m-en¬- aq-∂p`m-Kw-

27

BfpIsfbpw Hgn-hm-°n-bn-cn°p∂p.- \m-em-a\m-Wv- a‰p- aq-∂p-t]scbpw-

Hgn-hm-°n-bn- p-≈Xv.- tbmKyXbn√ F∂ Im-cWap-]tbm-Kn-®m-Wv- Cu \mema≥

a‰p- aq∂pt]sc ]pdØp \n¿Øp∂Xv.- km¿-∆Xn-I thm- hIm-iw- F∂m¬-

tbmKyXbp-≈hcp-sS km¿-∆Xn-I thm-´hIm-iw- F∂m-W¿-∞w.- F∂m¬-

CXn¬- hkv-Xp-Zm-cam-b Hcp- tNm-Zy-ap-≠v.- Bcm-Wv- tbmKy¿?- Ip-ń-Iƒ,-

kv-Xo-Iƒ,- am-\kn-ItcmKap-≈h¿,- òIcamb Ip-‰Ir-Xyßƒ sNbv-Xh¿ -

F∂n-h¿- amXta AtbmKycmbp≈q?-

kΩXn-Zm-\m-hIm-iw- \n-b¥n-°m-\p-≈ Im-cWw-

Cu- hn-jbsØ kq-£v-aam-bn- ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬- tbmKyXbpsS ASnÿm\

Øn¬ thm-´hIm-iw- \n¿Æbn°p∂Xns≥d Dt±iyw- a\ n-em-°mw.- Hcp-

thm-´¿- Cu- AhIm-iw- X\n-°p-th≠n- am-Xa√ F√m-h¿-°pw- th≠n-bm-Wv-

hn\ntbmKn°p∂Xv F∂XmWv AXns≥d B[mcw.

G‰hpw- \nb¥nXamb sXcs™Sp-∏v- hyhÿbpw G‰hpw- DZmcamb

sXcs™Sp-∏v- hyhÿbpw Cu- Im-cy-Øn¬- Hcp-t]m-sebm-Wv.- F¥m-Wv-

AtbmKyX F∂ Im-cy-Øn¬- am-Xta Ah XΩn¬- hy-Xym-kap-≈q.- Cu-

hy-Xym-kw- Hcm-ib]cam-b hy-Xym-ka√, adn-®v- AXns≥d ]tbmKØnep≈

G‰°p-d®n¬- am-Xam-Wv.-

\Ωp-sS Im-eL´Øn-se Ko-°v-˛tdm-a≥- Nn-¥Icnse dn-∏ªn-°∑m¿-

`hn°p∂Xp t]mse kΩXn-Zm-bIm-hIm-iw- P∑\m- D≈Xm-sW¶n¬-

]m-b]q¿-Øn-bm-bh¿- kv-Xo-Itfbpw- Ip-ń-Itfbpw- thm-´p- sNøp-∂Xv-

hne°p-∂Xv- A\o-XnbmWv. F¥n\mWv Ahsc hn-e°p-∂Xv- ?- Ah¿°v

AXn\p≈ tbmKyXbn√ F∂ ap≥[mcWbpsS _eØn¬. tbmKyXbpsS

t]cn¬ BfpIsf Hgn-hm-°p-∂Xn-s≥-d Dt±iy-sa¥m-Wv-? - ImcWw

Hcm-fp-sS thm-ń-s≥-d A\pcW\w Abms-f- am-Xa√ s]m-Xp-kaq-lsØ

ap-gp-h≥- _m-[n-°p-∂Xm-Wv.- Hcp- kaq-lØn-se P\ßƒ°v Ahcp-sS

\n-e\n-ev-∏ns\bpw- A`n-hr-≤nsb-bpw- _m[n°p∂ Imcyßfn¬ Nne

ap≥IcpXepIƒ thWsa∂v- AhIm-is∏Sm≥- A¿-lXbp-≠v.-

\n-basØ ]cn-an-Xs∏Sp-Øp-I F∂Xm-Wv- DØcw-

C°m-cy-Øn¬- DØcam-bn- ]dbm-hp-∂Xv- F¥m-sW∂v- F\n-°dn-bmw?-

AXn-t\m-Sp-≈ FXn¿-∏pw- F\n-°dn-bmw-?- F∂m¬- CØcØn-ep-≈ Hcp-

28

Bt£]w/hnhmZw- ]cn-lcn-t°≠ kv-Yehpw- CX√.- Rm≥- CXam-Xw-

\nco-£n°mw \nbaw F¥m-bn-cn-°-Wtam AXm-bn-cp-∂m¬ km¿-∆Xn-I

thm-´hIm-iw- aqew D≠m-Ip∂ hnhm-Z-Øn-t‚-bpw, cm-Py-ßsf kw-L¿-j

]q-cn-Xam-°p-∂Xpw,- DtØPn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw-, - am-‰n-adn-°p-∂Xp-am-b a‰v-

cm-jv-So-b kaky-Ifp-tSbpw- ]m-[m-\yw- C√m-XmIpw . F√m-hcp-tSbpw- F√m-

AhIm-itØbpw- F√m- kz-Øp-°fp-tSbpw- kw-c£WØn-\p- am-Xam-bn-

\n-basØ- ]cn-an-Xs∏Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p-sh¶n¬-; hy‡n-I-fpsS Bfl-c-£-

bpsS kw-LSn-Xcq-]w- am-Xam-bncp-∂p- \n-basa¶n¬-, ASn-®a¿-Øen-t\bpw-

sIm-≈sbbpw- C√m-Xm-°p-∂Xn\pw- in-£n-°p-∂Xn\pw- am-Xam-bn-

\n-basØ- ]cn-an-Xs∏ń-cp-∂p-sh¶n¬- \Ωƒ- ]u-c∑m¿- thm-´hIm-i

Øn-s≥-d hym-]v-Xn-sb∏‰n- CXtbsd X¿-°n-°p-am-bncp-t∂m- ?-

Cu- km-lNcy-Øn¬- kΩXn-Zm-bI AhIm-iØn-s≥-d hym-]v-Xn- kam-[m-\Øn-

\pw- \∑bv-°pw- ò-jWn-bm-tWm?- Hgn-hm-°s∏´ h¿-§ßƒ- thm´hIm-iw-

In- p-∂Xp-hsc kam-[m-\am-bn-cn-°n-√ F∂p-hcp-tam-?- thm -h-Im-i-ap-f-f-h¿

Ah¿-°v- h∂p-tN¿-∂n-´p-≈ AhIm-isØ F¥p- hn-esIm-Sp-Øpw-

kwc-£n-°ptam?-

\n-baw- AXn-s≥-d bYm-¿-∞ Dt±ißfn¬- HXp-ßn- \n-∂m¬- \n-batØm-Sp-

≈ F√m-hcp-tSbpw- Xm-ev-]cyw- Hcp-t]m-sebm-Ipw.- thm-´p- sNbv-Xh¿-

thm-´p- sNøm-Øhsc Ijv-Ss∏Sp-Øm≥- At∏mƒ- ian-°p-∂n-√ -F∂v-

hy-Iv-Xat√?-

\n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈ F∂ am-cW Bibw-

t\sc-a-dn®v Cu- am-cIam-b Bibw- sIm-≠p-h∂Xn-s\∏‰n- Btem-Nn-®v-

t\m-°q.- kw-LSn-∏n-°p-∂Xn-t≥-dbpw- \n-b¥n-°p-∂Xn-t≥-dbpw- kw-c£n-

°p-∂Xn-t≥-dbpw- t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂Xn-t≥-dbpw- adhn¬- \n-baw-

Hcm-fp-sS kz-sØSp-Øv- as‰m-cmƒ-°v- sIm-Sp-°p-∂p.- F√m-hcp-tSbpw- kzØv

FSp-Øv- Ip-d®mƒ-°v- amX-ambn sIm-Sp-°p-∂p,- AXv- I¿-jI\m-Is´,-

Dev-]m-ZIcm-Is´,- I∏ep-Sakv-Ycm-Is´,- Iem-Im-c∑m-cm-Is´,- lmky-

I-em-Im-c\m-Is´ Cu- km-lNcy-Øn¬- F√m- h¿-§ßfpw- \n-baØn¬-

]n-Sn-apdp-°p-hm≥ kz-m-`m-hn-Iam-bpw- ian-°pw.-

Hgn-hm-°s∏´ h¿-§ßƒ- thm-´hIm-iØn-\p-th≠n- i‡-ambn X¿-°n-

°p-Ibpw- AhIm-is∏Sp-Ibp-w- AXv- In-ń-bn-s√¶n¬- kaq-lsØ am-‰n-

29

adn-°p-Ibpw- sNøpw.- ]n-®°m-cpw- sX≠n-Ifpw-t]m-epw- Ah¿-°v- thm-´p-

sNøp-hm -\p -≈ A\n -tj-[y -amb AhIm-ißfp-s≠∂v - \n -ßsf

t_m-≤y-s∏Sp-Øp-Ibpw- \n-ßtfm-Sv- ]dbp-Ibpw- sNøp-∂p.-

""\n-Ip-Xn- sIm-Sp-°m-sX \Ωƒ-°v- aZy-hpw- ]p-Ibn-ebpw- D∏pw- a‰pw-

hm-ßp-hm≥- Ign-bp-Ibn-√.- \Ωƒ- sImSp-°p-∂ Cu- \n-Ip-Xn-bp-sS Hcp-

`m-Kw- \Ωsf°mƒ- ]W°m-cm-bh¿-°v- Cfhp-Ifm-bpw- AhIm-ißfm-bpw-

\n-baw- sIm-Sp-°p-∂p.- a‰p-≈h¿ sdm-ń-bp-tSbpw- amwkØn-t≥-dbpw-

Ccp-ºn-t≥-dbpw- Xp-Wn-Ifp-tSbpw- hn-e Iq-´p-hm\m-bn- \n-basØ

D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.- as‰√m-hcp-w- \n-basØ Ahcp-sS kzImcy em-`Øn-\v-

D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xp-sIm-≠v- Rßƒ-°pw- Rßfp-sS em-`Øn-\v- \n-basØ

D]tbm-Kn -°m≥- BKlap-≠v. Rßƒ- Rß-fpsS ta¬]-d™

AhIm-iØn\v th≠n, AXm-bXv- ]mh-s∏-´-h\pw sNøm-\p-ff Ah-Im-i-

Øn-\p-th≠n \n-batØm-Sm-hiy-s∏Sp-∂p.- \n-ßƒ- \n-ßfp-sS h≥-In-S

AhIm-ißƒ- kw-c£n-°m≥- Iq-Sp-∂Xp-t]m-se Rßƒ-°pw- RßfpsS

h¿-§Øn-\pw-th≠n- h≥-tXm-Xn¬- `n-£m-S\w- \SØm-\p-w, kw-LSn-X

kw-c£Ww- In-´p-hm\pw -th≠n- Rßƒ-°v- thm-´¿-am-cpw- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-

°fp-am-tI≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- \n-ßƒ- Rßƒ-°p-th≠n- F√mw- sNøm-sa∂pw-

Rßƒ- `n-£°m-tcm-Sv- C\n]dtb≠.- ]ń-bv-°v- F√pw-IjWw- Fdn-™p-

sIm-Sp-°p-∂Xp-t]m-se, Rßsf \n-i_v-Zcm-°m≥- anÃ¿ an -ad¬

(Mr . Mimmerel) Bdp-e£w- ^m-¶v- ]Jym-]n-®Xp-t]m-se, H∂pw- t\m-t°≠.-

Rßƒ-°v- a‰v- AhIm-ißfp-ap-≠v.- F¥m-bm-epw- a‰p-h¿-§°m¿- Ah¿-°p-

th≠n- hn-et]in-bXp-t]m-se Rßƒ-Xs∂ Rßƒ-°p-th≠n- hn-e

t]im-\m-Kln-°p-∂p.-''- Cu- hm-ZØn-\v- \n-ßƒ-°v- F¥p- adp-]Sn-bp-≠v!

hnIr-X-am-°-s∏´ \nbaw X¿°-ßƒ D≠m-°p∂p

\n-basØ AXn-s≥-d bYm¿-∞ Dt±iØn¬- \n-∂p-w- hy-Xn-Nen-∏n-°m-sa∂v

kΩXn-°p-∂n-StØm-fw- Im-ew- (kz-Øp-°sf kw-c£n-°p-∂Xn-\p- ]Icw-

kz-Øp-°sf l\n-°p-∂Xp-t]m-sebp-≈ \nb-a-ßƒ)- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-WØn¬-

F√m-h¿-°pw- ]s¶Sp-°m≥- Xm-ev-]cy-ap-≠m-Ipw.- AXv- Ahs\ sIm-≈bn¬-

\n-∂pw- kw-c£n-°p-∂Xn-t\m- As√¶n¬- sIm-≈ sNøp-∂Xnt\m th≠n-

bm-Wv-. - cm-jv-So-b kaky-Isft∏m-epw- Xm-Xzn-Ihpw- F√m-Øn-t\bpw

AXn-te°v Dƒs°m-f-fn-°p-∂-Xp-am-bn-cn-°pw. \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-W kÌfp-sS

]p-dØp-≠m-Ip-∂Xnt\-°mƒ H´pw- Ip-dhm-bn-cn-°n-√ k`bv-°p-≈n-se

30

kacßfpw-.- CXdn-bm≥- ^©v-, Cw-•o-jv- \n-ba \n¿-Ωm-W kÌfn¬ \S°p-

∂ Im-cy-ßƒ- ]cn-tim-[n-t°≠Xn-√ ; Hcp- ]iv-\sØ∏‰n- a\kn-em-°p-∂Xv-

AXn-s≥-d DØcw- Adn-bp-∂Xp-t]m-sebm-Wv.-

kaq-lsØ \in-∏n-°p-∂Xpw- shdp-∏n-epw- X¿-°Øn-\pw- \n-Xm-¥ tim-X m-

Ip-∂Xpw CØcw- hnIr-X-am-°-s∏´ \nb-a-ß-fmWv F∂-Xn\v Fs¥¶n-epw-

sXfn-hv- Bhiyap-t≠m.- sXfn-hv- thWsa¶n¬- 1850˛se Atacn-°≥- sFIy-

\m-Sp-Ifn-tebv-°v- t\m-°q.- F√m-hcp-tSbpw- kzm-X¥y-tØbpw- kz-Øn-t\bpw-

CXb[n-Iw- kw-c£n-°p-∂Xpw- \n-baØn-\v- AXn-s≥-d bYm¿-∞ ]cn-[nbn¬-

\n-dp-Øp-∂Xp-am-b as‰m-cp- cm-Pyw- Cu- tem-IØn-en-√.- AXp--sIm-≠p-Xs∂

kaq-lhy-hkv-Y CXbpw- iIv-Xam-b ASn-Ødbn¬- \n-ev-°p-∂ thsdm-cp-

cm-Py-hpw- C√m-sb∂v- tXm-∂p-∂p.- F∂m¬- s]m-Xp- kam-[m-\sØ o-jWn-

bm-b c≠p- Im-cy-ßƒ- ........ct≠ c≠p-Im-cy-ßƒ- Atacn-°¬- sFIy-\m-Sp-

Ifn-ep-≠v.-

ASn-aØhpw- Np-¶hpw- sIm-≈bm-Wvv-

F¥m-Wv- Cu- c≠p- Im-cy-ßƒ- ?- AXv- ASn-aØhpw- Np-¶hp-am-Wv.- Cu- c≠p-

Im-cy-ßfn¬- am-Xta Atacn-°≥- sFIy-\m-Sv- F∂ dn∏-ªn-°ns‚ s]mXp

hn-Im-cØn-s\Xn-cm-bn- AhnsS \n-baw- sIm-≈°m-cs≥-d thjaWn-bp-∂p.-

ASn-aØw- \n-ba]cam-bn-Øs∂ kzm-X¥y-Øn-s≥-d \n-tj[am-Wv.- Np-¶w-

\n-ba]cam-bn-Øs∂ kz-Øn-s≥-d \n-tj[am-Wv.-

Cu- c≠v- hy-Iv-Xam-b \n-ba]cam-b Ip-‰Ir-Xy-ßƒ- AXv- ]gb hy-hkv-Ybp-

sS k¶SIcam-b ]n-¥p-S¿-®bm-Wv-.- sFIy-\m-Sp-Ifp-sS ]X\Øn\v Im-cWam-

tb°m-hp-∂Xpw,- Im-cWam-Ip-∂XpamWv- ""\n-baw- A\o-Xn-°p-≈ Hcp-

D]IcWam-bn- am-dn'' F∂Xv- Btem-Nn-°m-≥-t]m-epw- ]‰m-ØXpw- F√m-

kaq-lØn-s≥-dbpw- lr-Zb`m-KØp-≈Xp-am-b Hcp- Zp-:JkXy-am-Wv-!

ASn-aØw,- Np-¶w F∂n-hsIm-≠p- am-Xw- \n-basØ hnIr-X-h¬°-cn-®n-´p-

ff sFIy-\m-Sp-Ifn¬- CXtbsd o-Icam-b A\¥cêw- D≠m-°n-sb¶n¬-

AXv- bq-tdm-∏n¬- F¥v- êap-≠m-°pw.- hnIr-X-am-°-s∏´ \n-basa∂Xv

kw-hn-[m-\Øn-s≥-d m-Kam-°n-bn- p-≈ - Hcp Bi-b-hp-ambnamdn-b-Xp-amb AXv

bq-tdm-∏n¬ F¥v A\¥cêap-≠m-Ipw!

31

c≠v- hn-[Øn-ep-≈ sIm-≈Iƒ-

anÃ¿ Im¿-ebdp-sS ]kn-≤am-b ]Jym-]\Øn-s≥-d Bibw- ISsaSp-Øv-

cm-jv-So-b°m-c\pw- Fgp-ØpIm-c\p-am-b anÃ¿ Un-.- sam≠-tem-s_¿´v

(Mr. De. Montalembert) ]d™p.- ""\ap-°v- tkm-jy-en-kØn-s\Xn-cm-bn-

bp-≤ap-≠m-°Ww.- an-Ã¿ Nmƒ-kv- Uq∏ns≥-d (Mr. Charles Dupin) A`n-

]m-bØn¬- tkm-jyen-kw- F∂ hm-°n-s≥-d A¿-∞w-sIm-≠v- Dt±in-°p-∂Xv-

\ap-°v- sIm-≈bv-s°Xn-cm-b bp-≤ap-≠m-°Wsa∂m-Wv.-''-

F∂m¬- F¥p- sIm-≈sb∏‰n-bm-Wv- At±lw- Dt±in-®Xv. sIm-≈ c≠p

-hn-[Øn-ep-≠v.- \n-ba]chpw- \n-bahn-cp-≤hpamb sImf-f.-

\n-bahn-cp-≤am-b sIm-≈ AXm-bXv- in-£m- \n-baßƒ- \n¿-∆Nn-°p-∂Xpw-

hy-hkv-Y sNøp-∂Xp-w- in-£n-°p-∂Xp-am-b Ifhv-,- Aan-Xhy-bw- Xp-Sßn-bhsb

tkm-jy-en-kam-bn- hn-fn-°p-hm≥- ]‰p-Ibn-√.- Cu-hI sNdn-b Ip-‰ßƒ-

kaq-lØn-s≥-d ASn-Ødbv-°p-Xs∂ `o-jWn-b√.- F¥m-bm-epw- Cu-hI

sIm-≈bv-s°Xn-scbp-≈ \S]Sn-Iƒ- am-\y-∑m-cp-sS DØchn-\v- Im-Øp-\n-

ev-°m-dp-an-√.- tem-Im-cw-`w-ap-X¬-Xs∂ \n-bahn-cp-≤am-b sIm-≈bv-s°Xn-

cm-bn-´p-≈ bp-≤ap-≠v.- 1848 s^_p-hcn-bn-se hn-πhØn-\v- hfsc

ap-ºp-Xs∂ AXm-bXv- tkm-jy-en-kw- F∂ BibØn-s≥-d D¤hØn-\p-

ap-ºp-Xs∂ \n-bahn-cp-≤am-b sIm-≈sb XSbp-∂Xn-\p-≈ t]m-eo-kpw-

PUv-Pn-am-cpw- Pbn-ep-Ifpw- hn-eßp-Ifp-sam-s° ^m≥-kn¬- \n-ehn-ep-≠m-

bn-cp-∂p.- \n-baw-Xs∂bm-Wv- Cu- bp-≤w- sNøp-∂Xpw-.- sIm-≈bv-s°Xn-sc

\n-baw- Cu- kao-]\w- Xp-ScWsa∂m-Wv- Fs≥-d BKlhpw- A`n-]m-bhpw.-

\n-baw- sIm-≈sb ]cn-c£n-°p-∂p-

F∂m-¬- CXv- F√m-bn-t∏m-gpw- A]Im-cam-IWsa∂n-√.- Nn-e kabßfn¬-

\n-baw- sIm-≈sb ]cn-c£n-°p-Ibpw- sIm-≈bn¬- ]s¶Sp-°p-Ibpw-

sNøp-∂p.- A]Im-cw- hcp-tºmƒ- sIm-≈bp-sS Kp-Wt`m-Iv-Xm-°ƒ-°v-

sIm-≈ \SØp-tºmƒ- D≠m-tI≠ A]IShp-w- e÷bp-an-√m-Xm-Ip-∂p.-

Nn-e kabßfn¬- \n-bakw-hn-[m-\ßfm-b PUv-Pn-am-tcbpw- t]m-eo-kn-t\bpw-

Pbn-ep-Itfbpw- sIm-≈°m-cp-sS Bhiy-Øn-\\p-kcn-®v- ]h¿-Øn-°m≥-

\n-baw- klm-bn-°p-Ibpw- sIm-≈sb FXn¿-°p-∂ Ccsb Ip-‰°m-c\m-

bn- IW°m-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂p.- bm-sXm-cp- kw-ibhp-an-√ Un-.- sam≠-tem-

s_¿´v ]Xn-]m-Zn-®Xv C]-Im-c-ap-ff \n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈sbbm-Wv.-

32

CXv P\ßfpsS \n-ba\n¿-Ωn-Xn-bn¬- sNdn-sbm-cp- Id am-Xam-Imw. \nb-a-

]-c-amb sImf-fsb hen-b -tIm-em-l-e-ß-sfm∂pw D≠m-°m-sXbpw ÿm]nX-

Xm¬]-cy-°m-cpsS K¿÷-\-ßƒ Ah-K-W-n®pw XpS®v amt‰-≠-Xm-Wv.

\n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈sb Fßs\ Xn-cn-®dn-bm-w-

\n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈sb Fßs\ Xn-cn-®dn-bmw-?- AXv- hfsc Ffp-∏

am-Wv.- A]Im-cap-≈ \n-baw- Hcp-hn-`m-Kw- Bfp-Ifn¬- \n-∂pw- Ahcp-tSXm-

bXn-s\- ]n-Sn-s®Sp-ØXn-\p-tijw- a‰p-Nn-e¿-°v- sIm-Sp-°p-∂Xm-bn-cn-°p-w.-

A]Im-cap-≈ \n-baw-sIm-≠v- Hcp- ]u-c\v as‰m-cp- ]u-cs≥-d Nn-ehn¬-

Kp-Wßƒ- A\p-`hn-°m-\p-≈ Ahkcw- Hcp-°p-Ibpw- \n-baw- C√m-Xn-

cp-s∂¶n¬- Kp-Wêw- In-ń-b ]u-c≥- Ip-‰Ir-Xyw- sNbv-XXm-bn- IW°m-

°p-am-bn-cp-∂Xpam-Wv.-

A]Im-cap-≈ \n-baßƒ- Xm-akw-hn-\ C√m-bv-a sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv. As√¶n¬-

A]Im-cap-≈ IpSne \n-baßƒ- am-Xa√ Iq-Sp-X¬- sX‰p-Ifn-te-°p-≈

hgn-bm-Ip-∂Xpw- AXv- Xn-cn-®Sn-Iƒ £Wn-®p-hcp-Øp-∂Xp-am-Ipw.- A]Im-

cap-≈ \n-baßƒ- AXv- H‰s∏´Xm-sW¶n¬-Iq-Sn - DS\Sn- C√m-bv -a

sNbv-Xn-√m-sb¶n¬- ]S¿-∂v- ]¥en-®v- Hcp- hy-hkv-Ybm-bn- hfcp-∂Xp-am-Wv.-

A]Im-cap-≈ \n-baßƒ-aq-ew- em-`w- In-´p-∂h¿- Ah¿-°v- In-ń-bn-´p-≈

AhIm-iw- Xy-Pn-t°≠n-hcp-tºmƒ- iIv-Xam-bn- ]Xn-tj[n-°pw.- Ahcp-sS

hy-hkm-bw- kw-c£n-°m-\pw- t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°m-\pw- k¿-°m-cn-\v- _m-[y-X

bp-s≠∂pw- AXv- k¿-°m-cn-s\Øs∂ Iq-Sp-X¬- iIvXn-s∏Sp-Øp-sa∂pw-

A]Im-cw- kw-c£n-X hy-hkm-bßƒ- Zcn-Zcm-b sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-°v-

Iq-Sp-X¬- Iq-en- sIm-Sp-°p-sa∂pw- AXv aqew [\hyw D≠m-Ip-sa-s∂ms°

Iq-Sp-X¬- kw-Jy-Iƒ- sNehm-°p-sa∂p-sam-s° hm-Zn-°pw.-

C]Im-cap-≈ kv-Ym-]n-X Xm-ev-]cy-°m-cp-sS a\w-ab°p-∂ hm-Zßƒ-°v-

sNhn -sIm -Sp -°m -Xn -c n - t°≠Xp≠v. - A]Im -cap -≈ hm -Zßsf

Aw-Ko-Icn-®m¬- AXv- \n-bahn-t[bam-b sIm-≈bv-°p-≈ kw-hn-[m-\w-

Hcp-°p-∂Xm-bn-cn-°pw.- CXv- Ct∏mƒ-Øs∂ \n-ehn¬- h∂p- Ign-™p.- Ct∏mƒ-

\n-ehn-ep-≈ Cu- aXn-àw- F√m-hcp-tSbpw- Nn-ehn¬- F√m-htcbpw-

kº∂cm-°m-sa∂ sX‰m-b k¶ev-]am-Wv- k¶Sn-Xam-°p-∂Xns‚ adhn-¬-

sIm-≈sb km¿-∆Xn-Iam-°p-hm-\p-≈ iaam-Wv.-

33

\n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈bv-°v- ]e t]cp-Ifp-≠v-

\n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈ \SØp-∂Xn-\v- hn-hn-[ßfm-b am¿-§ßfp-≠v.- Np¶w

Cf-hp-Iƒ, kwc-£-Ww , B\q-Iq-ey-ßƒ,- t]m-’m-l\w,- ]p-tcm-Ka\

]c am-b \n-Ip-Xn,- s]m-Xp- hn-Zym-`ym-k kv-Ym-]\ßƒ,- tPm-en-Iƒ- Dd∏m-°¬,-

em- ßƒ- Dd∏m-°¬,- [\klm-bw,- G‰hpw- Ip-d™ Iqen \nP-s∏-Sp-Øp∂

\n-baw- F∂n-h C]Im-cap-≈ \n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈ \SØm-\p-≈

kw-LSn-X iaØn-s≥-d `m-Kam-Wv.- Cu- ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒs°√mw IqSn-bp-ff-

AXm-bXv- \n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈bv-°p-≈ s]m-Xp- Dt±iy-Øns‚ t]cmWv

tkm-jy-en-kw.- C]Im-capff- Hcp- kn-≤m-¥am-b tkm-jy-en-ksØ sNdp-°m≥-

as‰m-cp- kn-≤m-¥ßƒ-sIm-≠√m-sX Fßs\ km-[n-°pw-?- \n-ßƒ-°v-

Cu- tkm-jy-en-Ãv kn-≤m-¥w- sX‰pw-,- hn-Uv-Vn-Øhpw-,- No-Øbp-am-sW∂v-

tXm-∂p-∂p-s≠¶n¬- AXn-s\ \n-cm-Icn-°p-I.- kn≤m¥w FXI≠pw-

Iq-Sp-X¬- sX‰pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- hn-Uv-Vn-Øhpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- No-Øbp-am-Ip-∂p-thm-

AXI≠pw- Ffp-∏Øn¬- AXn-s\ \n-cm-Icn-°p-hm≥- ]‰pw.- \n-ßƒ-

iIv-Xcm-Ip-hm≥- BKln-°p∂p-≠p-sh¶n¬- tkm-jy-en-kØn-s≥-d Hm-tcm-

Xcn-tbbpw- \n-ßfp-sS \n-bahy-hkv-Ybn¬- \n-∂pw- ]n-gp-sXdn-bp-I.- CXv- Hcp-

Ffp-∏ap-≈ Im-cy-a√.-

tkm-jy-en-kw- \n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈bm-Wv-

shdpw- iIv-Xn-am-Xw-sIm-≠v- tkm-jy-en-ksØ sNdp-°m≥- BKln-®bm-

fm-Wv - an. -Un. sam-t≠¬-_¿-Uv F∂m-tcm-]Wap-≠v. - F∂m¬- Cu-

Btcm-]WØn¬- \n -∂pw - At±lsØ hn-ap -Iv -X\m-t°≠Xp-≠v.

Fs¥∂m¬- At±lw-Xs∂ ]d™n- p-≠v- ""tkm-jy-en-kØn-s\Xn-sc \Ωƒ-

\StØ≠ t]m-cm-´w- \n-baØn-\pw- A¥ n-\pw- \o-Xn-°p-w- tN¿-∂Xm-bn-

cn-°Ww.-''-

F∂m¬- an.- Un.- sam-t≠¬-_¿-Uv- At±lw- Hcp- sX‰m-b NIØn-\p-≈n-

em-Wv kzbw ]Xn-jv-Tn-®n-´p-≈sX∂v- F¥p-sIm-≠v- a\ n-em-°p-∂n-√-?-

\n-basØ D]tbm-Kn-®v- tkm-jy-en-ksØ FXn¿-°p-Itbm, tkm-jy-en-kw-

Xs∂ \n-basØbm-Wv- Bibn-°p-∂Xv.- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ- \n-ba]c

am-b sIm-≈bm-Wv- \S∏n-em-°m≥- BKln-°p-∂Xv.- A√m-sX \n-ba

hn-cp-≤am-b sIm-≈sbb√.- as‰√m- Ip-ØIIsfbpw-t]m-se tkm-jy-en-

kv -‰p -Ifpw- \n -basØ Bbp-[am-°m≥- BKln-°p-∂p. - \n -baw -

34

tkm-jy-en-kØn-s≥-d m-KØm-sW¶n¬- B \n-basØ tkm-jy-en-kØn-s\

Xn-cm-bn- Fßs\ D]tbm-Kn-°pw-?- sIm-≈ \n-bahn-t[bam-Ip-tºmƒ

AXn-\v \n-ßfp-sS tIm-SXn-Isftbm,- \n-ßfp-sS hn-eßp-Itftbm-

t]Sn-t°≠Xn-√ F∂p-am-Xa√ Ahbp-sS klm-bw-t]m-epw- Bhiy-s∏Smw.-

CXp- XSbm≥- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Wßfn¬- \n-∂pw- tkm-jy-en-ksØ ]p-dØm-

°p-Ibm-Wv- th≠Xv ?- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-W k`Ifn¬- ]thin-°p-∂Xn-\v-

tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Isf XSbp-Ibm-Wv th≠Xv.- F∂m¬ \n-ba]cam-b

sIm-≈ \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-W k`bp-sS ap-Jy- tPm-en-bm-Ip-∂n-StØm-fw-Im-ew-

\n-ßƒ-°v- AXn-\v- Ign-bp-Ibn-√.- F∂v Rm≥ ]h-Nn-°p-∂p. A]Im-cw-

XSbm-sa∂v- hn-Nm-cn-°p-∂Xp-Xs∂ hn-UvVn-Øhpw- km-am-\y- _p≤n°v

\n-c°p-∂Xpa√m-ØXp-am-Wv.-

\ap-°v- ap-∂n-se am¿-§ßƒ-

\n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈ F∂ Xn≥a \ap-°v- F∂t∂bv-°p-am-bn- ]cn-lcn-

t°≠Xp-≠v.- C]Im-cw- ]cn-lcn-°m≥- aq-∂v- am¿-§ßtfbp-≈q.-

1. Ip-d®m-fp-Iƒ-,- Ip-tdbm-fp-Isf sIm-≈bSn-°p-I.-

2.- F√m-hcpw- F√m-htcbpw- sIm-≈bSn-°p-I.-

3.- Bcpw- Btcbpw- sIm-≈bSn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.-

¢n-]v-Xam-b sIm-≈bpw- km¿-∆Xn-Iam-b sIm-≈bpw-,- sIm-≈bn-√m-bv-abpw-

XΩn¬- \Ωƒ- Xn-cs™Sp-t°≠Xp-≠v.- \n-baØn-\v- CXn¬- GsX¶n-epw-

Hcp- am¿-§ta ]n-¥p-Scm≥- ]‰p-Ibp-≈q.-

]cn-anXam-bXpw- \n-ba]cam-bXp-am-b sIm-≈:˛

thm- hIm-iw- ]cn-an-Xs∏Sp-Øn-b hy-hkv-YIfn-em-Wn-Xp-≈Xv.- tkm-jy-en-kØn-

s‚ IS∂p-Ib‰sØ sNdp-°m≥- Cu- hy-hkv-Ybn-tebv-°v- aSßn-t]m-Imw.-

km¿-∆Xn-Iam-b sIm-≈:˛

km¿-∆Xn-I thm´hIm-iw- \n-ehn¬- h∂tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn- C]Im-cap-≈ Hcp-

hy-hkv-Ybp-sS `o-jWn- \ap-°p-≠v.- ]p-Xn-bXm-bn- thm-´hIm-iw- kn-≤n-®

`q-cn-]£w- ]ca-a-X-amb thm-´hIm-iap-≠m-bn-cp-∂ ap≥- hy-hkv-Ybn-se

\n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈sb∂ BibsØ km-[q-Icn-°p-∂ \n-baßƒ-

D≠m-°m≥- Xo-cp-am-\n-®p.-

35

\n-ba]cam-b sI≈bn-√m-Øbhkv-Y:˛

\o-Xn-bp-tSbpw- kam-[m-\Øn-t≥-dbpw- kv-Yn-cXbp-tSbpw- ku-lm¿-±Øn-s≥-

dbpw- km-am-\y- t_m-[Øn-s≥-dbpw- Bibam-Wn-Xv.- H´pw- aXn-bm-hp-Ibn-

s√¶n-epw- Fs≥-d acWw-hsc s\©p-s]m-´p-am-dv- D®Øn¬- Rm≥- Cu-

BibsØ ]n-¥p-Wbv-°pw.-

\n-baØn-s≥-d bYm¿-∞ Dt±iyw-

sIm-≈sb C√mbva sNøp-∂Xn-\∏p-dw- \n-basØs°m-≠v- Fs¥¶n-epw-

D]tbm-Kap-t≠m-?- F√m-hcp-tSbpw- AhIm-ißƒ kw-c£n-°p-∂Xn-

\∏p-dw- \n-basØ Fs¥¶n-epw- bp-Iv-Xn-klam-b Bhiy-Øn-\v- D]tbm-

Kn-°p-hm≥- ]‰p-tam-?- iIv-Xn-bm-Wv- icn-sb∂ Ahkv-Y D≠m-°m-sXbpw-

\n-baØn-s≥-d hnIrXhXv-°cn-®√m-sXbpw- ta¬-]d™Xn¬- Iq-Sp-X¬-

Im-cy-ßƒ-°v- \n-basØ D]tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥- ]‰p-Ibn-√.- \ap-°v- Nn-¥n-°p-

hm≥- ]‰p-∂Xn¬ G‰hpw- am-cWam-bXpw- bp-Iv-Xn-cln-Xam-bXp-am-b

km-aq-ln-I sshIr-Xam-bn Xo-cpw- AXv. km-aq-ly- _‘ßfn¬- FXXs∂

Xn-c™m-epw- \n-baw- kwL-SnX \o-Xn-bm-Wv- F∂ an-Xam-b hm-°p-Ifn¬-

icn-bm-b ]cn-lm-cap-≠v- F∂Xv- Aw-Ko-Icn-t°≠n-hcpw.-

\o-Xn-sb \n-ba]cam-bn- kw-LSn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ- AXm-bXv- iIv-Xn-sb

D]tbm-Kn-®v kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ B \nbaw D]tbm-Kn-®pw- a\p-jy-s≥-d F√m-

]h¿-Øn-Itfbpw- AXv- sXm-gn-em-Is´,- Ir-jn-bm-Is´,- I®hSam-Is´,-

hy-hkm-bam-Is´,- hn-Zym-`ym-kam-Is´,- Iebm-Is´,- aXam-Is´ Ahsb√mw-

Hgn-hm-°n-s°m-≠Xm-bn-cn-°Ww.- A]Im-cap-≈ ta¬-]d™ GsX¶n-epw-

]h¿-Øn-sb \n-ba]cam-bn- kw-LSn-∏n-®m¬- BbXv A]Im-cap-≈

]h¿-Øn-bp-sS G‰hpw- ][m-\s∏´ LSIamb- \o-Xn-sb \in-∏n-®p-

sIm-≠p- am-Xta ]‰p-Ibp-≈q.- ]u-cs‚ i‡n D]-tbm-Kn-°msX hcp-sa∂v

kzm-X¥y-Øn-s\Xn-sc iIv-Xn-bp-]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv- \o-Xn-s°Xn-sc iIv-Xn-

D]tbm-Kn-°m-sX ]‰p-sa∂v Nn¥n-°m≥ t]mepw ]‰m-ØXpw AXv-

\n-baØn-s‚ bYm-¿-∞ Dt±isØØs∂ C√m-Xm-°epambn-cn°pw.-

tkm-jy-en-kw- F∂ `an-∏n-°p-∂ Bibw-

\Ωp-sS Im-eL´Øn-se G‰hpw- ]Nm-cap-≈ Hcp- AkXyw- Chn-sS

]kIv-Xam-Wv.- \n-baw- \o-Xn-°p-th≠n-bn-´p-≈Xp- am-Xa√,- s]mXp-P\

36

Xm-ev-]cy-Øn-\v- th≠n-bn-´p-≈sX∂Xm-Wv.- \n-baw- F√m- ]u-c∑m¿-°pw-

Ahcp-sS im-co-cn-Ihpw- am-\kn-Ihp-am-b Ign-hp-Iƒ- kz-X¥y-am-bn-

FXn-¿-∏n-√m-sX D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv- Dd∏v- \ev-Ip-Ibp-w- [m¿-Ωn-Iam-bn- kz-bw-

\∂m-hm≥- Ahkcsam-cp-°p-Ibpw- sNbv-Xm¬- am-Xw-t]m-c, cm-Pyw- ap-gp-h≥-

A`n-hr-≤n-bpw hn-Zym-`ym-khpw- [m¿-Ωn-I aq-ey-ßfp-ap-≠m-Ihm\pw \n-baw-

aq-ew- Ign-bWsa∂Xm-Wv.- CXm-Wv- tkm-jy-en-kØn-s≥-d `an-∏n-°p-∂ ap-Jw.-

Rm≥- Bh¿-Øn-°s´ \n-baw-sIm-≠p-≈ ta¬-]d™ c≠v- D]tbm-Kßfpw-

XΩn¬- sshcp-≤y-ßfp-≠v.- \Ωƒ-°v- GsX¶n-ep-sam-∂v- Xn-cs™Sp-t°≠

Xp-≠v. - Hcp- ]u-c\v - Htc kabw- kz-X¥\p-w - ]cX¥\p-am-Im≥-

Ign-bp-Ibn-√t√m.-

_ew-]tbm-Kn-®p-≈ km-tlm-Zcyw- AhIm-ißsf \in-∏n-°pw-

anÃ¿ Un-.- eam¿-´n≥ (Mr. De . Lamartine) Hcn-°¬- F\n --°v- C]Im-c

sagp-Xn- ""Xm-¶fp-sS kn-≤m-¥w- Fs≥-d ]cn-]m-Sn-bn¬- ]Ip-Xn- am-Xam-Wv

Xm-¶ƒ- kzmX-¥-sØ-]‰n ]d™hkm-\n-∏n-®p.- Rm≥- km-tlm-Zcy-hpw-

Iq-Sn- Dƒ-s∏Sp-Øn-bn-Sp-≠v.-''- Rm-≥- At±ltØm-Sv- ]d™ DØcw- C]Im-

cam-Wv.- ""Xm-¶fp-sS ]≤Xn-bn-se c≠m-w- m-Kw- H∂mw- m-KsØ \in-∏n-°pw''.-

km-tlm-Zcyhp-w- kz-bw-k∂≤Xbpw- XΩn¬- th¿-]n-cn-°m≥- F\n-°v-

Ign-bn-√.- kzm-X¥y-sØ \n-ba]cam-bn- \in-∏n-®√m-sX \n-ba]cam-b

km-tlm-Zcy-sØ \S∏n-em-°m≥- Fßs\ km-[n-°p-sa∂v F\n-°v- a\ n-

em-Ip-∂n-√.- AXv- \o-Xn-sb Nhp- n-bc°p-∂ eap-≠m-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂p.-

\n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈bv-°v- c≠v- thcp-Ifp-≠vv

BZy-tØXv- Rm≥- t\csØ ]d™n-´p-≈ a\p-jy-s≥-d B¿-Øn-bm-Wv.-

c≠m-a-tØXv sX‰m-b klm-\p-`q-Xn-bmWv.

sIm-≈sb∂ hm-°p-sIm-≠v- Rm≥ Dt±in-°p-∂sX¥m-Wv- F∂Xv-

hn-hcn-t°≠Xp-s≠∂v F\n°v tXm∂p∂p.-

sIm-≈ DSakv-Ym-hIm-isØ \in-∏n-°pw-

Cu- hm-°v- km[m-cW D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-f-fXv t]mse hy-Iv-XXbn-√m-ØXpw-

Dd∏n-√m-ØXpw- Dt±i-am-bn-´p-≈Xpw- Be-¶m-cn-I-am-bn-´p-f-f-Xp-amb A¿-∞

Øn-e√ Rm≥ D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv.- im-kv-Xo-bam-bn- Aw-Ko-Icn-®n-´p-≈

37

A¿-∞Øn-em-Wv.- AXm-bXv- kzØv F∂-Xns‚ hn]-co-X-amb Bi-b-Øn-

emWv ChnsS D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. DZm-lcWam-bn- Iq-en-,- q-an,- ]Ww- Aßs\

]eXpambn Hcm-fp -sS DSakv -YXbn-ep-≈ kz-Øn-s≥-d Hcp -`m -Kw-

Abm-fp-sS kΩXan-√m-sXbpw Abmƒ-°v- \jv-S]cn-lm-cw- sIm-Sp-°m-sXbpw-

_e]tbm-Knt®m NXn-t®m- AXn-ehIm-ian-√m-Ø as‰m-cp-Ø\v- ssIam-dn-

bm¬- kz-Øn-s\ ewL-\-s∏-SpØnsb∂v- Rm-≥- ]dbpw.- Hcp- sIm-≈

\SØn-sb∂pw- Rm≥- ]dbpw.-

F√m-bn-t∏mgpw F√m-bn-SØpw C]Im-cap-≈ ]h¿-Øn-sbbm-Wv- \n-baw-

XStb≠Xv.- F∂m¬- \n-baw-Xs∂ \n-baw-aq-ew- XStb≠ Hcp- ]h¿-Øn-

sNøp-Ibm-sW¶n¬- AXv- sIm-≈Xs∂bm-sW∂pw-, kaq-lØn-s≥-dbpw-

A`n-hr-≤n-bp-sSbpw- Zr-jv-Sn-bn¬- am-∏¿-ln-°m-Ø, AhIm-ißfp-sS

taep-≈ IS∂p-Ib‰am-sW∂pw- Rm≥- ]dbpw.- F∂m¬ C]Im-cap-≈

\n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈sIm-≠v- Kp-Ww-In-´p-∂ hy-Iv-Xn-°v Cu- sIm-≈bn-¬

DØchm-Zn-Xz-an√. Cu- sIm-≈bp-sS ap-gp-h≥- DØchm-Zn-Xzw- \n-baØn-\pw-

\n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hn-\pw- kaq-lØn-\p-w- am-Xam-Wv.- Chn-sSbm-Wv- cm-jv-So-b

A]ISw- Hfn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.

sIm-≈sb∂Xv- ap-dn -s∏Sp-Øp-∂ Hcp- hm-°m-sW∂v- thZ\tbm-sS

Rm-\dn-bp-∂p.- ap-dn-s∏Sp-Øm-Ø as‰m-cp- hm-°v- In-´m≥- Rm≥- ian-s®¶n-

epw- ^eap-≠m-bn-√.- \Ωp-sS N¿-®bn¬- C]Im-cap-≈ Hcp- ]tIm-]-\-

]-c-amb hm-°v- D]tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥- F\n-°v- Hcn-°epw,- ]tXy-In-®v- Ct∏mƒ,

Xm-ev-]cy-an-√.- \n-ßƒ- hn-iz-kn-®m-ep-an-s√¶n-epw- Bcp-sSbpw- [m¿-Ωn-I

aq-ey-ßsftbm,- Dt±iy-ßtftbm- FXn¿-°m≥- F\n-°v- Dt±iy-an-√ F∂v- Rm≥-

]Jym]n-°s´.- Rm≥- FXn¿-°p-∂Xv- Rm≥- sXsdd∂v- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂

BibsØbm-Wv- \o-Xn-cln-Xsa∂v- F\n-°v- tXm-∂p-∂ Hcp- kw-hn-[m-

\sØbm-Wv.- Htcm-cp-Ø¿-°pw- \Ωƒ- BKln-°m-sXXs∂ h∂p-tN-cp∂

em`hpw Im-cWadn-bm-sX \Ωf\p-`hn-°p-∂ _p-≤n-ap-´p-Ifpw- D≠m-°p-∂

A\o-Xn-bn¬ AXn-jv-Tn-Xam-b hy-hkv-Ysbbm-Wv.-

sIm-≈bp-sS aq-∂v- hy-hkv-YIƒ-

tkm-jy-en-kw,- IΩyq-Wn-kw,- kp-c£n-XXzw- F∂n-hbv-°m-bn- hm-Zn-°p-∂hcp-

sS Dt±iip-≤n- Chn-sS tNm-Zyw- sNøs∏Sp-∂n-√.- cm-jv-So-b t_m-[hpw-

cm-jv-So-b o-cp-Xzhpw- _m-[n-®v- Hscgp-Øp-Im-c≥- am-Xta A]Im-cw- sNøp-

Ibp-≈q.- F∂m¬- Hcp- Im-cyw- ]dbs´ kp-c£n-XXz-hm-Zhpw- IΩyq-Wn-khpw,-

38

tkm-jy-en-khpw- Htc sNSn-bp-sS hf¿-®bp-sS Hm-tcm- L´ßfm-Wv.- ap-gp-h≥-

sIm-≈bp-am-bXn-\m¬- IΩyq-Wn-kØn¬- kp-c£n-XXz-sØbpw- \n-ba

]cam-b sIm-≈sbbpw hyIv-Xam-bn- Z¿-in-°m-hp-∂Xp-am-Wv.-

km¿-∆Xn-I sIm-≈bm-bXn-\m¬- IΩyq-Wn-kØn¬ sIm-≈ IqSp-X¬

]Xy-£am-Wv. ]tXyI hn`m-K-ß-fnepw hy-hkm-bßfn-epw- HXp-ßn- \n-¬°p-

∂Xn-\m¬- kp-c£n-XXz- hm-ZØn¬- sIm-≈sb Iq-Sp-X¬- hy-Iv-XXtbm-sS

Z¿-in-°m≥- Ign-bpw.- AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ta¬-]d™ aq∂v hy-hkv-YIfn¬-

h®v- G‰hpw- Ahy-Iv-Xam-bXp-w- Xo-cp-am-\an-√m-ØXpw- AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂

hn-Ik\Øn-s≥-d G‰hpw- Bflm¿∞am-b L´w- tkm-jy-en-kam-Wv.-

Bflm¿-∞X Ds≠∂tXm,- C√∂sXm- A√ Chn-SsØ ]iv-\w.- hy-Iv-Xn-Ifp-

sS Dt±iy-hp-a√ Chn-SsØ ]iv-\w.- Rm≥- t\csØ ]d™Xp-t]m-se

\n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈bp-sS `m-Kn-Iam-b ASn-kv-Ym-\w- ]tcm-]-Im-c-

X-¬]-cXbmWv.- sXddm-b ]tcm-]-Im-c-X-Xv]-c-X-bm-sW-¶n¬IqSn C]Im-

cap-≈ Hcp- hn-iZo-IcWØn-s≥-d ASn-kv-Ym-\Øn¬- s]m-Xp-hm-b sIm-≈

sIm-≠v- s]m-Xp-\∑ ssIhcn-°m-sa∂ s]m-Xp-P\Øn-s≥-d BKl

A`n-em-jßfp-sS aqey-Øn¬ AXn-s≥-d D¤hhpw- kz-`m-hhpw- \ap-°v-]cn-tim-[n-°mw.-

\n-baw- Icp-Øm-Wv

\n-baw- \o-Xn-sb kw-LSn-∏n-°p-∂Xn-\m¬- tkm-jy-en-ÃpIm¿ tNm-Zn°p-∂Xv

F¥vsIm≠v \nb-a-Øn\v sXmgn-en-t\bpw hnZym-`ym-k-tØbpw aXtØbpw-

kw-LSn-∏n-®p-Iq-Sm- F∂Xm-Wv.-

\n-basØ F¥p-sIm-≠v- Cu- Dt±iy-ßƒ-°v- D]tbm-Kn-®p-Iq-S?-

\o-Xn-sb \in-∏n-°m-sX \n-baØn-\v- sXm-gn-en-t\bpw- hn-Zym-`ym-ksØbpw-

aXsØbpw- kw-LSn-∏n-°m≥- ]‰p-Ibn-√ F∂Xm-Wv- DØcw.- \n-baØn-s‚-

ASn-kv-Ym-\w- Icp-ØmWv F∂Xn-\m¬- Icp-Øns‚ hy-hkv-Ym-]n-X

I¿-Ωßfn¬- Iq-Sp-X¬- \n-baØn-s≥-d hy-hkv-Ym-]n-X I¿-Ωßsf \n-ba

]cam-bn- \o-´m≥- ]‰p-Ibn-√m-sb∂Xm-Wv.-

\n-bahpw- IcpØp-w Hcp- hy-Iv-Xn-sb \o-Xn-bp-sS AXn¿-hcºp-Iƒ-°p-≈n¬-

\n -dp -Øp-tºm-ƒ- AXv - B hy -Iv -Xn -s°Xn-sc Iq-Sp -Xem-bn - H∂pw-

sNøp-∂n-√.- B hy-Iv-Xn- a‰p-≈h¿-°v- D]Zhw- sNøp-∂n-√ F∂p-am-Xam-Wv-

39

\n-jv-I¿-jn-°p-∂Xv.- B hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS hy-Iv-Xn-Xz-Øn-tem,- kzm-X¥y-Øn-tem-

kz-Øp-°fn-tem- CSs]Sp-∂n-√.- t\sc adn-®v- Ahsb kw-c£n-°p-Ibm-Wv.-

At∏mƒ- \n-baw- ]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-Ibm-Wv.- F√m-hcp-tSbpw- AhIm-ißsf

Xp-ey-am-bn- kw-c£n-°p-Ibm-Wv.-

\n-baw- Hcp- \n-tj[am-b Bibam-Wv

\n-baØn-t≥-dbpw- \n-ba]cam-b ]Xn-tcm-[Øn-s≥-dbpw- D]ZhIca√mØ

kXv-]h¿-Øn- hfsc hy-Iv-Xam-Wv.- AXn-s≥-d D]tbm-Ky-X hy-Iv-Xhpw-

\n-bakm-[p-X tNm-Zyw- sNøm≥- ]‰m-ØXp-am-Wv.-

Fs≥-d Hcp- kp-lr-Øv- Hcn-°¬- \n-co-£n-®Xp-t]m-se \n-baØn-s≥-d

\n-tj[cq-]am-b Bibw- Hcp- bm-Ym¿-∞y-am-Wvv.- \n-baØn-s≥-d Dt±iyw-

\o-Xn-bp-sS hm-gv-Nbm-Wv- F∂ ]kv-Xm-h\ hfscIr-Xy-am-b Hcp- ]kv-Xm-

h\b√.- AXm-bXv \n-baØn-s≥-d Dt±iyw- A\o-Xn-bp-sS hm-gv-N XSbp-I

sb∂Xm-Wvv.- A\o-Xn-°v- am-Xam-Wv- \o-Xn-°√ kz-¥am-b \n-e\n-ev-]p-≈Xv.-

A\o-Xn-bn-√m-Xm-Ip-tºmƒ- am-Xam-Wv- \o-Xn- ssIhcn-°p-∂Xv.-

F∂m¬- \n -baw - AXn-s≥-d kzm -`m -hn -I ]Xn -\n -[n -bmb IcpØv

ap-Jm-¥n-cw- Hcp- sXm-gn¬- \n-b¥Ww As√¶n¬- Hcp- hn-Zym-`ym -k

]≤Xn-tbm- hn-jbtam- As√¶n-¬- Hcp- aX]cam-b hn-izm-ktam- Pm-Xn-tbm-

\S∏n-em-°p-tºmƒ- \n-baw- \n-tj[cq-]n-b√.- AXv- km-£m-Øm-b Hcp-

Im-cy-am-bn- P\ßƒ-°\p-`hs∏Sp-∂p.- AXv \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hn-s≥-d

A`n-]m-bw- P\ßfp-sS A`n-]m-bØn-\v- ]Icw- hbv-°p-∂p.- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-

Xm-hn-s≥-d sNbv-Xn-Iƒ- P\ßfp-sS sNbv-Xn-Iƒ-°v- ]Icam-Ip-∂p.-

A]Im-cw- kw-`hn-°p-tºmƒ- P\ßƒ-°v- N¿-® sNøp-Itbm,- Xm-cXayw-

sNøp-Itbm,- ap-≥-Iq-´n- Im-cy-ßƒ- \n-iv-Nbn-°p-Itbm- sNtø≠ Im-cy-an-√.-

AsX√m-w- \n-baw- Ah¿-°p-th≠n- sNbv-Xp-sIm-≈pw.- P\ßƒ-°v- _p-≤n-

iIv-Xn- Bhiy-an-√m-Ø Hcp- Im-cy-ambn h¿Øn-°p∂p.- Ah¿- a\p-jy-c

√m-Xm-Ip-∂p.- Ah¿-°v- hy-Iv-Xn-Xz-hpw- kzm-X¥y-hpw,- kz-Øpw- C√m-Xm-Ip-∂p.-

kz-m-X¥y-sØ l\n-°m-ØXpw- _e]tbm-KtØm-sS \S∏m-°p-∂Xp-am-b

Hcp- sXm-gn¬- \n-basØ∏‰n-tbm-,- kz-Øn-s\ l\n-°m-ØXpw- _e]tbm-

KØn-eq-sS \S∏m-°p-∂Xp-am-b Hcp- kz-Øp-ssIam-‰ \n-basØ∏‰n-tbm-

Btem-Nn-®v- t\m-°q.- Cu- \n-baßfp-sS sshcp-≤y-ßsf ka\z-bn-∏n-°m≥-

]‰m-Øn-StØm-fw- Im-ew- A\o-Xnbn-√m-sX sXm-gn-en-t\bpw- hy-hkm-bsØbpw-

40

\n-baw-aq-ew- kw-LSn∏n°p-hm≥ ]‰n-√m-sb∂v- \n-ßƒ-°v- kΩXn-t°≠n-hcpw.-

cm-jv-So-b]cam-b kao-]\w-

Hcp- cm-jv-So-b°m-c≥- At±lØn-s≥-d Im-cym-ebØn¬- H‰-°ncp-∂v-

kaq-lsØ ho-£n-°p-tºmƒ- At±lw kaq-lØn-se AkaXzw- I≠v-

ZpxJn-°p-∂p.- \Ωp-sS \n-ch[n- ktlm-Zc∑m-cp-sS C√m-bv-aIsf At±lw-

Ip-‰s∏Sp-Øp-Ibp-w- A]Im-cap-≈ C√m-bv -aIƒ- kz-Øn-s≥-dbpw-

BUw_cØn-s‚bpw- tem-IsØ Xm-cXayw - sNøp-tºmƒ- hfsc

Zp-xJn°p-∂p.

cm-jv-So-b°m-c≥- Xt∂m-Sp-Xs∂ tNm-Zn-t°≠ tNm-Zyw- Cu- kv-Yn-Xn-

hn-tijØn-\v- Im-cWw- ]gb Io-gS°epw- sIm-≈n- hbv-∏p-Ifpw- ]p-Xn-b

Im-eØn-se \n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈bp-at√ F∂Xm-Wv.- At±lw- Xm-sg

]dbp-∂ Bibw- ]cn-KWn-t°≠Xp-≠v.- F√m- P\ßfpw- \∑bpw- DZm-Ø

hp-am-b Im-cy-ßƒ- BKln-°p-∂Xp-sIm-≠v-, hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS DØchm-Zn-Xz-Øn-

\v- A\p-kr-Xam-bn- ]p-tcm-Ka\Øn-\v- G‰hpw- hen-b ]bXv-\hpw- G‰hpw-

]caam-b kaXz-hpw- ssIhcn-°p-∂Xv- \o-Xn-bp-sS Ahkv-Ysb ]cn-KWn-

®m¬- aXn-bm-hn-t√? F∂Xm-Wv. ssZh-Z-Ø-ambn a\p-jy-Ip-e-Øn\v

In´n-bn-´p-ff hy‡n-]-c-amb DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xy-Øn\v A\p-kr-X-ambn \∑-tbm,

Xn∑tbm Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-hm\pw AXp-aq -e-ap -≠m-Ip∂ in£tbm

k¬^-ehpw A\p-`-hn-°-W-sa∂ Biw Df-f-Xm-hnt√ \∑sbtbm,-

Xn-∑tbsbm- kzo-Icn-°m-\p-≈ Ahkchpw- AXp-≠m-°p-∂ in-£tbsbm-

Kp-Wtamt]m-seXs∂bp-≈ hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS DØchm-Zn-Xz-Øn-\\p-kr-Xam-b

Im-cy-ßfn¬- ]t£ cm-jv-So-b°m-c\v- C]Im-cap-≈ Nn-¥bn-√.- At±lØn-

s≥-d a\ v- \n-ba]csa∂v- tXm-∂n-∏n-°p-∂ kw-LS\Ifn-epw- \o-°p-

t]m-°p-Ifn-epw- Iq-´n-t®cep-Ifn-ep-am-Wv.- At±lw- Xn-∑bn¬- \n-∂p-≈

tam-N\Øn-\v- ian-°p-∂Xv, Xn-∑sb D≠m-°n-b Im-cy-ßƒ- ho-≠pw- Iq- p-∂Xn-

\pw- AXv- kv-Ym-]\hXv-°cn-°p-∂Xn-epw- Iq-Sn-bm-Wvv.- AXm-bXv- \n-ba

]cam-b sIm-≈ \Ωƒ- \o-Xn- Hcp- \n-tj[ Bibam-sW∂v- I≠p.-

k¿-§mflIam-b \n-ba\S]Sn-Ifn-epw- GsX¶n-epw- \n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈

F∂ Bibw- C√m-sXbp-t≠m?-

\n-bahpw- klm-\p- q-Xn-bpw-

]Wan-√m-Ø \n-ch[n- hy-Iv-Xn-Ifp-≠v F∂v- \n-ßƒ- ]dbp-Ibpw- \n-ßƒ-

41

\n-baØn-s≥-d t\sc Xn-cn-bp-Ibpw- sNøpw.- F∂m¬- F√m-htcbpw-

]m-eq-´m-\p-≈ iIvXn- \n-baØn-\n-√.- F√m-h¿-°pw- ]m¬- sIm-Sp-°m-\p-≈

tim-X n¬- kaq-lØn-\v- ]p-dØp-\n-∂v- \n-baØn-\v- In-´p-∂n-√.- s]m-Xp-

JP\m-hn-tebv-°v- a‰p- ]u-c∑m-scbpw- a‰p- h¿-§ßtfbpw- \n¿-_‘n-®v-

]n-cn-°p-∂sXm-gn-®v- Hcp- hy-Iv-Xn-bp-tStbm,- Hcp- h¿-§Xn-t≥-dtbm- am-Xw-

Kp-WØn-\p-th≠n- H∂pw s]m-Xp- JP\m-hn¬- hcp-∂n-√.- F√m- hy-Iv-Xn-Iƒ-

°pw- Ahch¿- s]m-Xp-JP\m-hn -¬- C´ kw-Jy -Iƒ- ]n≥-hen-°mw-

F∂p-s≠¶n¬- \nbaw kXy-Øn¬ Bscbpw- sIm-≈bSn°p∂-X-√- F∂v

kXy-am-bn- ]dbmw.- F∂m¬- C]Im-cap-≈ Hchkv-YsIm-≠v- ]Wan-√m-Øh\v-

bm-sXm-∂pw- In-´p-∂n-√.- AXv- hcp-am-\kaXzw- F∂ Bibw- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-

∂p-an-√.- a‰p-≈hcn¬- \n-s∂Sp-Øv- thsdNn-e¿-°v- sIm-Sp-°p-∂ Hcp- kaXz-

hXv-°cW kw-hn-[m-\am-bn- am-dm≥- \n-baØn-\v- Ign-bpw.- Aßs\ \n-baw-

sNøp-tºmƒ- AXv- sIm-≈bv-°p-≈ D]IcWam-bn- am-dpw.-

Cu- Bibw- a\ n-¬-h®v- \Ωƒ-°v- Np-¶ßtfbpw- k_v-kn-Un-Itfbpw-

Dd∏m°nb em- ßtfbpw- tPm-en-Itfbpw- kaq-l\∑bv-°p-≈ ]≤Xn-Isf√mw-

s]m-Xp- hn-Zym-`ym-ksØbpw- ]p-tcm-Ka\am-b \n-Ip-Xn- hy-hkv-Ytbbpw-

s]m-Xp-acm-aØn-s\bpw- ]‰n- ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ- Ahsb√mw- \n-ba

]cam-b sIm-≈bn¬- \n-∂pw- kw-LSn-Xam-b A\o-Xn-bn¬- \n-∂pw- D¤hn-

°p-∂Xm-Wv- F∂v- \n-ßƒ-°v- a\ n-em-°mw.-

\n-bahpw- hn-Zym-`ym-khpw-

hn-Zym-`ym-kw- th≠Xbn-√m-Ø \n-ch[n-bm-fp-Iƒ- Ds≠∂p-]d™v- \n-ßƒ-

\n-baØn-s≥-d t\sc Xn-cn-™p.- F∂m¬- \n-baw- km¿-∆Xn-Iam-bn-

]Im-iw- ]cØp-∂ Adn-hn-s≥-d sISm-hn-f°√.- Adn-hv- D≈hcpw- C√m-Øhcpw-

Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂ kaq-lØn¬- \n-e\n-ev-°p-∂ H∂m-Wv- \n-baw.- kaq-lØn-

se Nne¿-°v- ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm-\pw- Nn-e¿-°v- ]Tn-°p-hm-\p-ap-≈ Bhiy-ap-≠v.-

hn-Zym-`ym-ksa∂ Im-cy-Øn¬- \n-baØn-\v- c≠p- Im-cy-ßsf sNøm-\p-≈q.-

]Tn°p-Ibpw- ]Tn-∏n-°p-bpw- F∂ ]cn-]m-Sn-sb kz-- X¥y-am-bpw- \n¿-_‘n-

Xcln-Xam-bpw- hn -Sp -Itbm- As√¶n-¬- Nn -e ]u-c∑m-cn -¬- \n -∂pw-

A≤ym-]I¿-°v- sIm-Sp-t°≠ iºfw- bm-sXm-cp- ]Xn-^ehp-an-√m-sX

]nSn®p- hm-ßp-Ibp-w- sNømw.- F∂m¬ c≠m-asØ am¿-§Øn¬ \n-baw-

kzm-X¥y-tØbpw kz-Øn-t\bpw- ewLn®v sIm≠v sImff \S-Øp-∂p.

42

\n-bahpw- [¿-Ωhpw-

[m¿-Ωn-I aq-ey-hpw- aXhp-an-√m-Ø \n-ch[n-bm-fp-Ifp-s≠∂v- ]d™v- \n-ßƒ-

\n-baØn-s≥-d t\sc Xn-cn-bpw.- \n-baw- IcpØmWt√m?- [m¿-Ωn-I aq-ey-Øn-

t≥-dbpw- aXØn-s≥-dbpw- Im-cy-Øn¬- _e]tbm-Kw- FX \n-c¿-∞Iam-sW∂v-

Rm≥- \n-ßtfm-Sv- ]dtb≠Xn-√t√m.- kz-bw- Nn-¥n-°p-∂ tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ-

°v- Cu- hy-hkv-Yn-Xn-Ifpw- kaXzßfp-ap-≠m-°p-∂ `o-am-Im-cam-bXpw

\n-ba]cam-bXp-am-b sIm-≈ I≠n-s√∂v- \Sn-°m-\m-hn-√.- F∂m¬- Ah¿-

C]Im-cap-≈ \n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈sb a‰p-sIm-≈Ifn¬- \n-∂pw-

Ahcn¬- \n-∂p-Xs∂bpw t_m-[]q¿-∆w- th¿-]n-cn-°p-Ibpw- AXn-s\

`an-∏n-°p-∂ hm-°p-Ifm-b kzm-X¥yw,- sFIyw-,- kw-LS\ Xp-Sßn-b hm-°p-

Iƒ- D]tbm-Kn-®v- adbv-°p-Ibpw- sNøpw.- \Ωƒ- \n-batØm-Sv- \o-Xn-am-Xw-

Bhiy-s∏Sp-∂Xp-sIm-≠v- \Ωƒ- ktlm-Zcy-tØbpw- sFIy-tØbpw-

kw-LS\tbbpw- FXn¿-°p-∂p-sh∂v- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ- [cn-°p-∂p.-

tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ- \Ωsf hy-Iv-Xn-Xz-hm-Zn-Ifm-bn- ap-ZIp-Øp-∂p.-

\n¿-_‘n-X kw-Lw- tNcp-∂Xn-\v- am-Xta Rßƒ- FXn¿-°p-∂p-≈q.-

kzm-`m-hn-Iambn kw-Lw- tNcp-∂Xn-s\- Rßƒ- \n-cm-Icn-°p-∂n-√m-sb∂v-

tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Itfm-Sv- Dd∏p-]dbs´.- Rßfp-sSta¬- ASn-t®ev-]n-°p-∂

kw-LS\Isf \n-cm-Icn-°p-∂Xp-sIm-≠v- kz-m-X¥y-am-b kw-LS\Isf Rßƒ-

FXn-¿-°p-∂p-sh∂v- Icp-Xcp-Xv.- Rßƒ- bYm¿-∞ km-tlm-Zcy-sØ FXn¿-

°p-∂n-√.- adn-®v- _ew-]tbm-Kn-®p-≠m-°p-∂ km-tlm-Zcy-sØ \n-cm-Icn-°Ww.-

Rßƒ- Ir-Xn-aam-bn- D≠m-°n-b sFIy-sØbmWv \n-cm-Icn-°p-∂Xv- AXv-

hy-Iv -Xn-bp-sS DØchm-Zn -Xz-sØ C√m-Xm-°p-∂Xv- Hgn-®v - as‰m-∂pw-

sNøp-∂n-√ F∂Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv.- Rßƒ- ssZhln-Xa\p-kcn-®p-≈ a\p-jy-

Ip-eØn-s≥-d kzm-`m-hn-I sFIy-sØ \n-cm-Icn-°p-∂n-√.-

Nn-e hm-°p-Isf∏‰n-bp-≈ hn-`m-¥n-

kaq-lhpw- k¿-°m-cpw- XΩn-ep-≈ hy-Xym-ksØ kw-_‘n-®v- ,tkm-jy-en-k

Øn-\v - AXn-s≥-d ap-t∂m-Sn-bm-bn-´p-≈ kn-≤m-¥ßsft∏m-seXs∂,

Bi-b-°p-g-∏-ap≠v.- AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂, Rßƒ- Gs‰-SpØv sNøp-∂-Xns\-

tNm-Zyw- sNøp-tºm-ƒ- AXv B \S-]-Sn-s°-Xnsc Xs∂-bp-ff sh√p-hn-fn-

bm-sW∂v tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ- [cn-®v- him-Ip-w.-

Rßƒ- k¿-°m¿-hI hn-Zym-`ym-kØns\ FXn¿-°p-tºmƒ- Rßƒ-

43

hn-Zym-`ym-kØn-\p-Xs∂ FXn-cm-Wv- F∂m-Wv- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ ]dbp-I.-

HutZym-KnI aXsØ FXn¿°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Rßƒ- aXhn-tZz-jn-Ifm-Wv-

F∂m-Wv- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ- ]dbp-I.- k¿-°m¿- _e]tbm-KØn-eq-sS

sIm-≠p-hcp-∂ kaXz-sØ Rßƒ- FXn¿-°p-tºmƒ- Rßƒ- kaXz-Øn-

\p-Xs∂ FXn-cm-sW∂v- Ah¿ ]dbpw-.- Aßs\ t]mIp∂p Btcm-]Wßƒ

k¿-°m¿- £y-[m\yßƒ- D≠m-°p-∂Xn-s\ FXn-¿-°p-tºmƒ- tkm-jy-en-kv-

‰p-Iƒ- a\p-jy¿- £Ww- Ign-°p-∂Xns\ Xs∂ FXn¿-°p-∂hcmWv Rßƒ

F∂m-tcm-]n-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bm-Wn-Xv.

tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- Fgp-Øp-Im-cp-sS kzm-[o-\w-

\n-baØn-\v- \n-baØn-en-√m-ØXm-b [\w,- im-kv-Xw,- aXw- F∂n-hbnbpw

Ah- hgn - bYm¿-∞ A`n-hr-≤n-bpw D-≠m-°m≥- Ign-bp-sa∂ A_≤

[m-cW cm-jv-So-b°m¿-°v- Fßn-s\bp-≠m-bn-?- s]m-Xp Im-cy-ßsf∏‰n

-bp-≈ \Ωp-sS ]p-Xn-b Fgp-Øp-Im-cp-sS kzm-[o-\w- sIm-≠m-tWm?

C°m-esØ Fgp-Øp-Im¿-, ]tXy-In-®v- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- Nn-¥m-KXn-°m-cm-b

Fgp-Øp-Im¿-, ASn-kv-Ym-\am-°p-∂Xv- Hcp- s]m-Xp-hm-b kn≤m-¥-amWv.- Ah¿-

a\p-jy-cm-in-sb c≠m-bn- hn-`Pn-°p-∂p.- Fgp-Øp-Im-cs\m-gn-sIbpf-f-h¿

s]m-Xp-P\w- BZy-sØ KWØn-¬. Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥- Abmƒ- am-Xw-

c≠m-asØXpw G‰hpw- ][m-\s∏´Xp-am-b KWØn-¬- s]Sp-∂p.- CXv-

a\p-jy-s≥-d Xet®m-dn¬- IS∂pIq-Sn-bn´p≈ G‰hpw- Akm-[m-cWhp-w-

K¿-`n-jv-Shp-am-b Hcp- [m-cWbm-WnXv.-

s]m-Xp-Im-cy-ßsf∏‰n- FgpXp∂-h¿ P\ßƒ bm-sXm-cp- hn-thItam,-

kz-¥am-bn- Nn-¥n-°m≥- iIv-Xn-tbm- t]c-Wtbm C√m-Øhcm-Wv- F∂

[m-cWbn-em-Wv- Xp-Sßp-∂Xp-Xs∂.- C]Im-cap-≈ Fgp-Øp-Im¿- P\w-

F∂Xv- PU hkv-Xp-hm-sW∂pw- A\-°-a-s‰mcp AWp-hm-sW∂pw-,Iq-Sn-b-

]£w Xs≥-d \n-e\n-ev-]n-s\∏‰n- bm-sXm-cp- tthh-em-Xn-bp-an-√mØ

kky-Pm-e-am-sW∂pw [cn-°p-∂p.- as‰m-cm-fp-sS Bhiy-Øn-epw- Icp-Øn-\pw-

A\p-kcn-®v- cq]-s∏-SpØn FSp-°m-hp∂ Ft¥m Bbn-´mWv IW°m-

°p-∂Xv.- GXm≠v e£-W-samØ Iem-]q¿Æ-amb ]e-hn-[-cq-]-ßƒ.

k¿°m-cn-s\-]‰n Fgp-Xptºmƒ Cßs\ Nn-Xdn-In-S°p-∂ hkv-Xp-°sf,

a\p-jy-sc GtIm-]n-∏n-®v- C—bpw ]mS-hhpw Dff Inbm-fl-Ihpw km¿∆-

eu-In-I-hp-amb ]tem` i‡n kwLm-S-It\m, \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-Xm-thm,

44

At\z-j-It\m Hs° Xßƒ Xs∂-bm-sW∂v [cn-°m≥ Cu Fgp-Øp-Im¿

aSn-°m-dn-√.

tXm-´°m-c≥- acsØ Im-Wp-∂ AtX am-\kn-Im-hkv-YtbmsS-bmWv

Cu- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- Fgp-Øp-Im¿- s]m-Xp-P\sØ Im-Wp-∂Xv.- Hcp- tXm- °m-

c≥- Hcp- sNSn-sb hr-Øm-Ir-Xn-bn-epw- NXp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-epw- ]m-Xßfp-sS

BIr-Xn-bn-epw- a‰pw- sh´n- icn-bm-°p-∂Xp-t]m-se Hcp- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v-

Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥- a\p-jy-sc X∂n-jv-S]Im-cw- KWßfn-epw- kt¶Xßfn-epw-

Iq-Sp-Ifn-epw- tPm-en- kv-Yeßfn-epw- a‰p-]e km-aq-ly- hy-hkv-YIfn-ep-am-°n-

am-‰pw.- Hcp- tXm-´°m-c\v- Abm-fp-sS ]Wn-°p-th≠n- IØn-Ifpw,- tIm-Sm-en,-

]m-cbpw- a‰pw- th≠t]m-se Hcp- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- Fgp-Øp-Im-c\pw- a\p-jy-sc

Xs≥-d `m-h\bv-°\p-krX-ambn am-‰m≥- \n-basa∂ iIv-Xn- Bhiy-am-bn-

hcp-w. Cu- Bhiy-Øn-\p-th≠n- Abmƒ- Np-¶ \n-baßfpw- \n-Ip-Xn-

\n-baßfpw- hn-Zym-`ym-k \n-baßfpw- a‰pw I≠p-]n-Sn-°pw.-

tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ-°v- ssZham-Im-\m-Wv- Xm-ev-]cyw-

kaq-l hy-hkv-Yn-Xn-Iƒ- D≠m-°m-\p-≈ Akw-kv-Ir-X hkv-Xp-am-Xam-Wv-

tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ-°v- s]m-Xp-P\w.- Xßfp-sS Zu-Xy-sØ∏‰n- Fs¥¶n-epw-

kw-ibw- Ah¿-°p-≠m-hp-Ibm-sW¶n¬ Ah¿- Hcp- sNdn-bhn-`m-Kw- a\p-jy-

sc ]co-£WØn-\v- hn-t[bcm-°p-hm-\pw- aSn-°p-Ibn-√.- F√m- hy-hkv-Yn-Xn-

Ifpw- ]co-£n®pt\m-°pI F∂ Bibw- ]kn-≤am-Wv.- Hcp- tkm-jy-en

-kv-‰v- t\Xm-hv- Xs≥-d ]co-£Wßƒ-°v sh≠n Hcp- Pn-√bpw- AXn¬- Xm-akn-

°p-∂bm-fp-Itfbpw- hn´v Xcp-hm≥ Kuc-h-ambn `c-W-L-S\m \n¿-ΩmW

k`-tbmSv Bhiy-s∏´Xv- Ncn-Xam-Wvv.-

Hcp- b¥ap-≠m-°p-∂h≥- bYm¿-∞ b¥w- D≠m-°p-∂Xn-\p- ap-ºv-

AXn-s≥-d Hcp- sNdn-b cq-]ap-≠m-°p-∂p-, ]co-£-W-Øn\v th≠n amXw

ckX¥⁄≥- cmk-h-kvXp-°-tfbpw I¿j-I≥ hnØn-t\bpw qan-tbbpw

]mgm°n If-bp-∂p, CsX√mw kam-\m-am-Wv.

Hcp- tXm-´°m-c\v- Abm-fp-sS sNSn-Ifpw- Hcp- ckX¥-⁄\v Abm-fp-sS

cm-k hkv-Xp-°fpw- Hcp- im-kv-X⁄\pw- Abm-fp-sS b¥ßfpw- Hcp-

Ir-jn-°m-c\v Abm-fp-sS hn-Øp-Ifpw- Bbp-ff _‘w-Xs∂bm-Wv- Xm-\pw-

a\p-jy-cm-in-bpw- XΩn-ep-≈Xv- F∂mWv Hcp- tkm-jy-en-kv -‰v - F√m-

Bflm¿-∞Xtbm-sSbpw- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂Xv.-

45

19-˛mw- \q-‰m-≠n-s≥-d Fgp-Øp-Im¿- kaq-lsa∂Xv- \n-ba⁄cpsS

_p-≤n-bn¬- DZn-® Hcp- Ir-Xn-a kw-hn-[m-\am-sW∂v- [cn-®Xn¬- A¤p-X

an-√.- kmº-Zm-bnI hn-Zym-`ym-kØn-s≥-d ^eam-b Cu- Bibw- \Ωp-sS

cm-Py-sØ F√m- Fgp-Øp-Im-scbpw- _p-≤n- Po-hn-Isfbpw- kzm-[o-\n-®n-´p-

≠v.- Cu- Fgp-Øp-Im-cpw- _p-≤n- Po-hn-Ifpw- hy-Iv-Xn-Isfbpw- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-

Xm-°sfbpw- Im-Wp-∂Xv- Ifn-aÆnt\bpw Ipi-h-t\bpw ImWp-∂-Xp

-t]m-se-bm-Wv.

Ah¿- hy-Iv-Xn-Ifp-sS lr-ZbØn-ep-≈ Bibßfpw- hn-thIhpw- Aw-Ko-Icn-

°p-hm≥- Xøm-dm-Ip-tºmƒ-t]m-epw- Cu ssZhn-I Zm\-ßƒ amc-I-ß-fm-sW∂v

Icp-Xp-∂p. Cu c≠v- Ign-hp-Iƒ- hy-Iv-Xn-IsfØs∂ \in-∏n-°p-∂Xn\pw

amXta klm-bn-°p-Ibp-ffq F∂v Ah¿ hn-Nm-cn-°p-∂p.- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-

Xm-°ƒ- hy-Iv-Xn-Isf Ahcp-sS BibØn-\\p-kcn-®v- ]h¿-Øn-°m≥- kΩXn-

®m¬- AXv- Ahsc aX-Øn-\p-]Icw- \n-co-iz-chm-ZØn-tebv-°pw- Adn-hn-\p-

]Icw- Adn-hn-√m-bv-abn-tebv-°pw- Dev-]m-Z\Øn-\p-w- ssIam-‰Øn-\pw- ]Icw-

Zm-cn-Zy-Øn-tebv-°pw- \bn-°p-sa∂v- Ah¿- Nn-¥n-°p-∂p.-

a\p-jy-cm-in-sb tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ- shdp-°p-∂p-

Cu- Fgp-Øp-Im-cp-sS A`n-]m-bØn¬- `cWm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ-°pw- \n-ba\n¿-

Ωm-Xm-°ƒ-°pw- ta¬]-d-™-Xn\pw hncp-≤-ambn Nne tNmZ-\-Iƒ ssZho-I-

ambn In´nbn´p-≠vv. AXv- Ah¿-°p-am-Xa√ tem-IØn-\p-ap-gp-h≥- th≠n-bpff

hc-Zm-\-am-sW∂v Ah¿ hniz-kn-°p-∂p.-- Ahcp-sS A`n-]m-bØn¬- a\p-jy-

cm-in- sX‰n-tebv-°pw- No-Øbn-tebv-°pw- \o-ßp-tºm-ƒ- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ-

\∑-amXw Imw£n-°p-∂p.- a\p-jy-cm-in- Ccp- n-tebv-°v- \o-ßp-tºmƒ- \n-ba\n¿-

Ωm-Xm-°ƒ- shfn-®am-bn- hcp-∂p.- Im-SØØn-tebv-°pw- \p-Wbn-tebv-°pw-

a\p-jy≥- Iq-∏p-Ip-Øp-tºmƒ- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ- amey-ßƒ amXw

BK-ln-°p-∂p. CXmWv kXy-sa∂v- Xo-cp-am-\n-s®Xn-\m¬- a\p-jy-Ip-eØn-

s≥-d kzm- m-hn-I Nn-¥m-[m-cIƒ°v ]Icw Xß-fpsS Nn¥m-[m-c-Iƒ ]Icw-

hbv-°p-Ibpw- AXv- Dd∏n-°p-hm≥- _e]tbm-Kw- thWsa∂v- iTn-°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p.-

\n-ßƒ- XXz- Nn-¥-tbtbm,- cm-jv-SobtØtbm- Ncn-XtØtbm ]‰n GXp KŸw

adn-®p-t\m-°n-bmepw- AXn-se√mw- ¢mkn-°¬ Adn-hn-s≥-d k¥Xn-sb∂pw-

tkm-jy -en -kØn-s≥-d AΩsb∂pw- hn -fn -°m-hp -∂ Cu Nn -¥Iƒ-

46

thcp-]n-Sn-®p-In-S°p-∂Xm-bn- Im-Wmw.- a\p-jy-cm-in- Hcp PU hkvXp-

hm-sW∂pw AXn-\v Po-h\pw- LS\bpw- [m¿-Ωn-I aq-ey-ßfpw- A`n-hr-≤n-bpw-

In-´p-∂Xv- k¿-°m¿- F∂ ]kv-Ym-\Øn¬- \n-∂m-sW∂p-w Dff Bibw-

\n-ßƒ-°v- Cu ]pkvX-I-ß-fn-se√mw Im-Wmw.- AXn-t\°mƒ- Ijv-Sw-

a\p-jy-cm-in- \m-iØn-tebv-°v- hgp-Xn- hoWp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p-F∂pw

AXn-s\ XS™p-\n-dp -Øp-∂Xv- \nba \n¿-Ωm-Xmhn-s≥-d am-¥n-I

Ic-ßfmsW∂p-w Dff Cu KŸßfnse \n¿÷o-h-amb hm-Zam-Wv.- Cu-

kmº-Zm-bnI Nn-¥m-[m-c Ft∏m-gpw- ]dbp-∂Xv- \n¿÷o-h-amb kaq-lØn-

s≥-d ]n-∂n¬- AXXs∂ X¿°m-Xo-X-amb kzm[o-\-ap-ff A[n-Im-c

-tI-µ-ßsf tZym[n-∏n-°p∂ Hcp hm°m-tb-°mw.

\n¿-_‘n-X sXm-gn-en-\pff \ymbo-I-cWw

eq-bn- ]Xn-\m-em-a≥ (Loui XIV) cm-Pm-hn-s≥-d cm-Pk`bn-se Aw-Kam-bn-cp-∂

tUm-^n≥ - (Douphin) F∂ Nn-¥Is≥-d Kp-cp-hm-bn-cp-∂ t_m-kpthbp-sS

(Bossuet)hm-°p-Iƒ- \ap-°m-Zyw- Im-Wmw.-

""Cu-Pn-]v-Xp-Im-cn¬ G‰hpw- Bg-Øn¬ ]Xn™ (Bcp -]-Xn®p?) kz-`m-hw-

Ahcp-sS tZikv-t\lam-Wv.- cm-Py-Øn-\v- D]tbm-K]Za√m-Xm-bn-cn-°m≥-

Hcm-sfbpw- A\p-hZn-®ncp-∂n-√.- F√m- hy-Iv-Xn-Iƒ-°pw- \n-baw- Hm-tcm-

tPm-en-Iƒ- A\p-im-kn-°p-Ibpw- Ah¿- AXv- Xßfp-sS k¥Xn- ]cºcIƒ-

°v- ssIam-dp-Ibpw- sNbv-Xn-cp-∂p.- Hcm-ƒ-°v- c≠v- sXm-gn¬- A\p-hZ\o-b

am-bn-cp∂n-√. Hcp- tPm-en- hn´v as‰m-∂n-te°v amdp-Ibpw km[y-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.

-F∂m¬- \n-bahpw- hn-thIhpw- F√m- hy-Iv-Xn-Ifp-w- ]Tn-®n-cn-°Wsa∂v-

\n¿-_‘hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. bm-sXm-cp- Im-cWhim-epw- aXsØbpw

cm-Py-sØ \n-bakw-ln-Xsbbpw ]‰n-bp-ff ARvXX s]mcp-Øp-Iq-Sm-Ø-

Xm-bn-cp-∂p.- Hm-tcm- sXm-gn-seSp-°p-∂h¿-°pw- Hcp ]tXy-I `q-]cn-[n-

\n-iv -Nbn-®n´p≠mbn-cp∂p (Bcm¬-?-) F√m-hcpw- \n-baw- A\p-kcn-

°Wsa∂p-≈ hy-hkv-Ybp≠m-bn-cp-∂p. (Bcp-≠m°n ?) Bcp-≠m-°n-bXm-

bn-cp-∂p.- \√ \n-baßfn¬- G‰hpw- \√Xv- AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ A¤p-XIcam-

b I≠p-]n-Sn-Øßfm¬- \n-d™p-\n-ev-°p-∂Xm-bn-cp-∂p Cu-Pn-]v-Xv-. -

Ahn-sS Po-hn-Xw- kp-Jhpw- im-¥hp-am-°m\p-ff H∂n-s\-°p-dn®pw Dt]£

\n-e\n-∂n-cp-∂n-√. t_m-skbp-sS A`n-]m-bØn¬- P\ßƒ-°v- Ahcn¬-

\n-∂p-Xs∂ H∂pw- In-´p-∂n-√.- tZi-kvt\-lw, kº∂X,- I≠p-]n-Sn-Øßƒ,-

im-kv-Xw,- ar-Kkw-c£Ww- F∂o- th≠ F√mw-Xs∂ \n-baØn-s≥-d

47

\SØn-∏p-sIm-≠v- cn-°p-∂hcn¬- \n-∂v- P\ßƒ-°v- In- p-∂Xm-Wv.- kaq-l

Øn-s‚ t\Xm-hn-s\ Aw-Ko-Icn-°p-Ibpw- _lp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw- amXta

P\-ßƒ sNtø-≠q.

]n-Xr-Xp-ey-am-b k¿-°mcn\v Hcp- \ym-bo-IcWw-

kaq-lØn-s≥-d F√m- ]p-tcm-KXn°pw ASn-kv-Ym-\w- k¿-°m-cm-sW∂v-

hm-Zn-® t_mkpth Cu-Pn-]v-Xp-ImcpsS Imcy-Øn¬- ]m-ń-t\bpw- Kp-kv-Xn-

tbbpw- hne-a-Xn-°m-Ø-h-sc∂ Btcm-]-WsØ XSp-°m≥ t]mepw AXp-

]-tbm-Kn-®p. ""AsXßs\ ]‰pw?- ta¬-]d™ IeIƒ- I≠p-]n-Sn-®Xp-Xs∂

Cu-Pn]vjy≥ ssZham-b s]m-kn-eq-kn-s≥-d Nm≥-kn-e¿ F∂v- Icp-Xs∏

Sp-∂ Sn-kv-an- PnÃv (Trismegistus) BWv ''.

t_mkpthbp-sS A`n-]m-bØn¬- F√mw- ap-Ifn¬- \n-∂p- hcp-∂p

-sh∂p-≈ hn-izm-kw- t]¿-jy-°m¿-°p-w D≠v.-

""Hcp- cm-PIp-am-cs≥-d ]m[-anI Npa-X-e-I-fn-sem∂v km-bp-[tk\sb

\n-b¥n-°p-∂Xn-\v - D≠m-°n-bn -´p -≈ Hm-ô-kp-Iƒ-t]m-se Xs∂

Ir-jn-∏Wn-°v- \n¿-t±ißƒ- \ev-Im\pw Hm-ô-kp-Iƒ- D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.....

cm-Pm-[nIm-ctØm-Sp-≈ D¬°-S-amb _lp-am-\w- t]¿-jy≥- P\Xsbbpw

]tem-`n-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. BIam-\w- kzm-[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v.-''-

t_mkpthbp-sS A`n-]m-bØn¬- alm-_p-≤n-am-∑m-cm-sW¶nepw

]ń-I-sfbpw IpXn-I-c-Isfbpw t]mse Ko°p-Im¿°v - hy-Iv-Xn-]cam-bn-

bm-sXm-cp- Np-aXem-t_m-[hp-an-√mbn-cp∂p.- G‰hpw- efn-Xam-b Ifn-Iƒ-

t]m-epw- Ah¿-°p-≠m-°m-\p-≈ Ign-hv- Ah¿-°n-√.- ]ń-Itfbpw- Ip-Xn-c

Itfbpw-t]m-se.-

kz-Xth _p-≤n-am-∑m-cpw- ss[cy-im-en-Ifp-am-b Ko-°p-Im-sc - Cu-Pn-]v-Xn¬-

\n-∂pw- h∂ cm-Pm-°∑m-cpw- Ip-Sn-tb‰°m-cp-am-Wv- hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-ØXv.

Cu-Pn-]v-Xy≥- `cWm-[n-Im-cn-Ifn¬- \n-∂m-Wv- Ko-°v- P\X hym-bm-aßƒ-

Ip-Xn-c ]¥-bw, Hm´-]-¥bw tX¿ ]-¥bw F∂n-h-sbms° ]Tn-®Xv.-

F∂m-¬- Cu-Pn-]v-Xp-Im-cn¬- \n-∂pw- Ah¿ ]Tn-® G‰hpw- \√]m-Tw- A\p-

k-c-W-bp-f-f-h-cm-bn-cn-°m-\m-Wv. s]mXp-\∑bv°v th≠n \na-b-Øm¬

]c-ph-s∏-Sm≥ kzb-a-\p-h-Zn-°m-\m-Wv.

48

\njv-In-bam-b a\p-jy-cm-in- F∂ Bibw-

]n-∂o-Sv - h∂ Kp-cp-°∑m-cpw- Fgp-Øp-Im-cpw- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°fpw-

km-ºØn-I hn-ZKv -≤cpw- XXz-Nn-¥I∑m-cp-w - ]cn-t]m-jn∏ns®-SpØ

ta¬-∏d™ ]u-cm-Wn-I kn-≤m-¥ßƒ F√mw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xv P\Øn-\v-

In-´n-bsX√mw- Ah¿°v _mly-amb Hcp tkm-X n¬- \n-∂m-sW∂m-Wv.-

DZm-lcWØn-\v- Uyq-°v Hm^v _¿KWvUn- (Duke of Burgundy) bpsS

Kp-cp-hpw- B¿-®p-_n-j∏pw- Fgp-Øp-Im-c\p-am-b ^n\n-eq¨ (Fenelon)

F∂ hyIv-Xn-sb \ap-t°m¿-°mw.-

eq-bn- 14-˛mw- cm-Pm-hn-s≥-d `cWiIv-Xn-bv-°v- km-£n-bm-bn-cp-∂p- At±lw.-

At±lw- hf¿-∂p-h∂Xv- ]ucm-Wn-IXsb Bcm-[n-°p-∂ bm-Ym-kv-Yn-I

]T\Øn-eq-sSbm-Wv Xm\pw kzm-`m-hn-Iam-bpw- a\p-jy-cm-in- \n-jv-In-bam-bn-

cn-°Wsa∂ Bibw- At±lw AwKo-I-cn-®p, kº∂Xbpw- Zm-cn-Zy-hpw.- \√

Im-cy-ßfpw- No-Ø Im-cy-ßfpw- Hcp- P\Xbv-°p-≠m-Ip-∂Xv- \n-bahpw-

\n-ba \n¿-Ωm-Xm-°fpw- P\Xbn¬- ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂ ]p-dta \n∂p-ff

iIv-Xnkzm-[o-\w -sIm-≠m-sW∂v- At±lw- hn-iz-kn-®p. AXp-sIm-≠v-

""Dt´m]y Hm^v kmse‚w'' (Otopia of Salentum) F∂ Ir-Xn- At±lw-

a\p-jy-cm-in-tbbpw AXns‚ F√m- Xm-ev-]cy-ßtfbpw- Ignhp-Itfbpw-

tam-lßtfbpw IqSn \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hn-s≥-d ]caam-b hn-thN\Øn-\v-

hn-´p-sIm-Sp-°p∂p.- F¥p -hn-jbap-s≠¶n-epw- AXn¬ Xo-cp-am-\saSp-

°p-∂Xv- P\ßf√. Ah¿°v th≠n cm-PIp-am-c\m-Wv-. cmPy-sa∂ BIr-

Xn-bn-√m-Ø Hcp- amw-k]n-fiØn\v Po-h≥- sImSp-°p-∂ BflmWv cm-PIp-

am-csa∂v At±lw- hn-iz-kn-®p. cm-PIp-am-c\n¬- Nn-¥bp-w- Zo¿L-ho-£-Whpw

]ptcm-K-Xnbpw kwLm-S-\-Øns‚ XXz-ßfpw F√mw IpSnsImf-fp∂p F∂v

At±lw- hn-iz-kn-®p. - AXn-\m¬-Xs∂ F√m- DØchm-Zn -Xz -ßfpw-

cm-PIp-am-c\n¬- \n-£n-]v-Xam-bn.- n\n-eq¨ - (Fenelon)s≥-d "sSe-am-°kv '

(Telemacus)se 10-˛mw ]pkvXIw apg-h≥ -Cu Bibw kmXq-I-cn-°p-∂-

Xm-Wv. -a -s‰√m hn[Ønepw Rm≥- _lp-am-\n -°p-∂ Cu- ]ikvX

Ir-Xn-bp-sS Nn-e m-Kßƒ- D≤cn-®p-sIm-≠v- Rm≥- Xr-]v-X\m-Imw.-

tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ- hkv-Xp-XIfpw- bp‡nbpw Xakv-°cn-°p-∂p-

F¥pw- hn-iz-kn-°m\pf-f- bm-Ym-ÿn-XnI Nn¥-I-cpsS B h√mØ Ignhv

sIm≠v Xs∂ n\n-eq¨ Cu-Pn-]v-Xp-Im-cp-sS s]m-Xp-hm-b kt¥m-jØns‚

49

B[m-cw- Ahcp-sS hnth-I-a√ F∂v Icp-Xp-∂p. hkvXp-X-Ifpw

bp‡n-tbbpw ]cn-K-Wn-°m-tX-bm-Wn-Xv. Ahcp-sS cm-Pm-°∑m-cp-sS

_p-≤n -ssh`ham-Wv - Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p "G‰hpw- A`n -Im-ay -ambn

ÿnXn -sN-øp∂ kº∂am-b \Kcßtfbpw- Km-ao-W tXm-´ßtfbpw-

Im-Wm-sX \Ωƒ-°v- Ccp-I-c-I-fn-te°pw IÆv ]m-bn-°m-≥- hø. Hcn-°epw-

Xcn-in-SmØ kph¿Æ [m\y-ßƒ \nd™ Irjn-bn-S-ßƒ Bń≥-]‰ßƒ-

\n-d™ ]p¬-taSp-Iƒ, q-an-bp-sS hcZm-\w-sIm-≠v- Irjn-°m-cpsS t\cp-ff

]gh¿-§ßfp-sS I\w-aq-ew- Iq-™v- \S-°p∂ sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ,- Hm-S°p-g¬

Km\w sIm≠v Ae-sbm-en-Iƒ krjv-Sn-°p∂ Bń-Sb∑m-¿- F∂n-ßs\, Kpcp-

] -Jym -]n -°p∂p " " _p -≤n -am -\m -b cm -Pm -h v - `cn -°p -∂ ]PIƒ

k¥p-jv-Scm-Wv ''.

kº∂Xbpw- CuPn-]vXns‚ kar-≤nbpw \n-co-£n-°m≥- At±lw Fs∂

D]tZin-®p.- Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-se 22,-000 \Kcßsf Rm≥- Im-WWsa∂v- At±lw-

Bin-®p.- \Kcßfn-se \√ t]m-eo-kv- \n-baßsfbpw- ]m-hs∏´h\v-

A\p-Iq-eam-bpw ]W°m-cs\Xn-scbp-ap≈ \o-Xn- \n¿-hlWtØbpw

A®S°tØbpw- m-jtbbpw- sXm-gn-en-t\bpw- Ietbbpw- kaNn-ØXtbbpw-

Ip-dn-®v- Ip-ń-Iƒ-°v- sIm-Sp-°p-∂ \√ hn-Zym-`ym-ksØbpw- At±lw-

BZcn-®p.- aX]cam-b NSßp-Ifp-sS Ir-Xy-Xbpw- a\p-jy-cp-sS \n-kzm¿-

∞Xbpw- \√Xn-t\m-Sp-≈ _lp-am-\hpw- ssZh`bØnep-ff in£-Whpw

F√mw At±-lsØ BI¿jn-®p. At±lw- Ft∏m-gpw- Bcm[-\-tbmsS t\m°n-

°≠p ""Hcp- _p-≤n-am-\m-b cm-Pm-hv- C]Im-cw- cn-°p-∂ cm-Py-sØ ]PIƒ-

kt¥m-jhm-∑m-cm-Wv.-''

tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ-°v- P\ßsf ]´m-f-Nn´ ]Tn-∏n-°Ww

Io‰ns\ Ipdn-®p-ff s^tem-s‚- kvXpXnKoXw CXn-ep-a-[nIw sImXn-∏n-°p-

∂-Xm-Wv. Kpcp-]-d-bp-∂p. "" ant\m-kns‚ - \n-baØn-s≥-d eam-Wv- \mw- Cu

Zzo]n¬ A¤p-X-ß-sf-√mw. BZyta Xs∂ Ipń-Isf sXmgn-en-s‚bpw

anX-hy-b-Øn-s‚bpw Pohn-X-ssi-en-tbmSv ioe-am-°n-b-Xv. At±lw- Ip- n-Iƒ-

°v- \n¿_-‘n-X-am-°nb hn-Zym- ym-kw-sIm-≠v- Ahcp-sS ico-cw- iIv-Xn-bp-≈Xpw-

kp-Zr-Vhp-am-Ip-∂p. Im-cWw- F√m Cµnb kpJ-ßfpw ico-chpw- a\ pw-

Zp¿-_es∏Sp-Øp∂p.- AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ \∑-sIm≠v AP-øX t\Sp-Ibpw

Io¿Øn kºmZn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂m-√msX as‰mcp B\µhpw Ah¿-

°v- A\p-hZ\o-ba√.- a‰p P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ in-£m¿-l-a-√mØ aq-∂v-

50

sX‰p-Iƒ- - B¿-Øn,- Im-]Syw-,- \µn-bn-√m-bv-a F∂n-hbmWv. s]m-ß®w,- [q¿Øv

-F∂n-h Chn-sS in-£n-°s∏tS≠ . Im-cWw- Io‰v F∂ Zzo]n¬- CsXm∂pw

tI´p-tIƒ-hn-t]m-ep-an-√.- Chn-sS hn-eIq-Sn-b ho-´p-km-[\ßtfm,- Kw-ò-c

ßfm-b Xp-Wn-Øcßtfm,- hen-b hn-cp-∂p-Itfm,- BUw_c sIm- m-cßtfm-

A\p-hZ\o-ba√.-

Aßs\ Kpcp G‰hpw- \√ Dt±itØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-Xs∂ Xs≥-d CØm-°-bnse

P\-ßsf hm¿sØ-Sp-°m\pw Xs‚ hn-Zym¿-∞n-Isf k÷-cm-°p-∂p.

B Bibßfp-sS aln-a Du-ń- Dd∏n-°p-hm≥- am¿-§Z¿-in- kmse‚-Øns‚

DZm-lcWw- Dcp-hn-Sp-∂p.-

CØcw- XXz-Nn-¥bn¬- \n-∂m-Wv- \ap°v BZy-ambn- cm-jv-So-b Bibßƒ-

In-ń-bn-´p-≈Xv.- Hcp- Irjn- im-kv-X⁄≥- I¿-jIs\ Ir-jn-°mbn asÆm-

cp-°p-hm≥]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xp-t]m-se P\ßsf ssIImcyw sNøm-\mWv CØcw

Bi-b-ßƒ \sΩ]Tn-∏n-°p∂Xv.

kp]kn-≤am-b Hcp kw⁄ : Zpjn® Hcmibw-

alm-\m-b sams≠kvIyq (Montesquie) F¥v ]d-bp∂p F∂v \ap°v

i-≤n°mw. Cu- hn-jbtØm-Sp-≈ A`n-]m-bw- \ap-°v- i≤n-°mw.-

I®hSØn-s≥-d Du¿-÷w- \n-e\n-dp-ØWsa¶n¬- F√m- \n-baßfpw- I®hS

Øn-\v- A\p-Iq-eam-tI≠Xv- Bhiy-am-Wv.- I®hSØnse em-`ßfp-sS

B\p-]m-Xn-I-amb ho-Xw-hbv-∏n-s≥-d ASnÿm-\Øn¬- kpJ-a-ambn

Zcn-Zcm-b ]u-c∑m¿-°pw- a‰p-≈h¿- sNøp-∂Xp-t]m-se kpJ-a-ambn tPm-en-

sNøm-\p-ff Ahkcw- Cu- \n-baßƒ- D≠m-°Ww.- Xß-fpsS kv-Ym-\w-

\n-e\n-dp-Øm-\p-w- Iq-Sp-X¬- t\Sm-\pw- tPmen sNbvtX Xocq F∂ \ne-bn¬

[\n-I-tcbpw ]nSn®v \n¿ØWw. kº∂Xsb C√m-Xm-°p-∂-Xm-hWw

\nb-a-ßƒ.

bYm¿-∞ Xp-ey-Xbm-Wv- P\m-[n-]Xy-Øn-se cmjvS-Øns‚ Bflm-sh¶nepw-

AXv- km-£m-Xv-°cn-°m≥- hen-b _p-≤n-ap- m-Wv.- AXn¬ \o°vt]m°n-√mØ

Hcp \ne-]mSv KpWw sNø-W-sa-∂n-√. kº-Øn-ep-ff A¥-csØ Ipd°m\pw

]cn-[n-°p-f-fn¬ \ne-\n¿Øm\pw DX-Ip∂ Hcp sk≥kkv aXn-bmIpw

AXn\v tijw [\n-I-cpsS ta¬ A[n-I-`mcw Npa-Øp-Ibpw ]mh-s∏-´-h\v

Bizm-k-ta-Ip-Ibpw sNøp∂ \nb-a-ßƒ sIm≠v Ak-a-XzsØ ka-Xz-ambn

am‰p-I-bmWv th≠-Xv.

51

Chn-sSbpw - \Ωƒ- _ew-]tbm-Kn -®v - Xp -ey -X ssIhcn°m-\p -≈

\n-baØn-s‚ iaßsf Im-Wp-∂p.-

Ko-kn¬- c≠p-Xcw- dn-∏ªn-°p-Iƒ- D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- ssk\ym-[n-jvT-am-bn-cp∂

kv-]m¿-´ I®hSØn¬- D∂n-b GY≥kv. kv-]m¿-´ ]u-c∑mcpsS \njvIn-b-

Xzhpw GY≥kv tPm-en-tbm-Sp-≈ A`-\n-th-ihpw t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-I

bm-bn-cp-∂p.- Cu- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm°-fpsS A¤p-X-I-c-amb _p≤n-i‡n

i≤n°pI: F√m- hy-hkv-Ym-]n-X BNm-cßtfbpw- C√m-bv-a sNøp-∂

kpk-ΩX-amb ]e KpW-ß-sfbpw am‰n ad-n°p∂ kw-hn-[m-\sØ tem-Iw-

AXn-ibtØm-sS Im-Wp-∂p-sa∂v- Ah¿- ap≥-Iq-ń-bdn-™n-cp-∂p.-

\o-Xn-bp-sS Bflm-hns\ - sNdp-In-S If-hn-t\mSv tbmPn-∏n®v sse°¿Kkv

(Lycurguss) At±lØn-s≥-d \Kcam-b kv-]m¿-´bn¬- kv-Yn-cX krjvSn®p.-

AXn-\t±lw ]q¿Æ-amb AS-a-XzsØ ]q¿Æ-kzm-X-¥-tØmSv Iq-ń-

Ie¿-Øn-. G‰hpw \nIr-jvS-amb hnizm-k-ßsf G‰hpw anX-Xz-tØmsS

]pe-cp-hm≥ A\p-h-Zn-®p.- - AXn-\p-th≠n- , Iebpw- hym-]m-hbpw- kºØpw-

kp-c£bpw- hn-`hßfpw- At±lw \K-c-Øn\p \n-tj[n-®p.- ùXn-I-amb

t\ámbn-cp-∂n√ kv-]m¿´ (Sparta) bn¬ DXv-I¿-tj—-bpsS ASn-kv-Ym-\w.a\p-jy≥- aIt\m,- `¿-Øm-thm,- ANv-Ot\m- A√m-Xn-cp-∂Xp-sIm-≠v-

kzm- m-hn-Iam-b kv-t\lØn\v ]I-S-am-hm≥ hgn-I-fn-√m-bn-cp-∂p.- ]mXn-hrXyw

t]mepw A`n-e-j-Wo-b-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Cu- hgn-°v-, sse°¿ Kkv kv]m¿´sb

AXn-s≥-d alXz-Øn-te°pw Io¿Øn-bn-te°pw \bn-®p.- Ko-kn-se

hyh-ÿ-IsfIpdn-®p-ff CtX HuZXyw Agn-aXn- \n-d™Xpw- No-™fn-™

Xp-am-b \Ωp-sS ]pXp-bp-KØn-\pw- Bh¿-Øn-®p tIƒ°mw.

DZm:- hneyw s]≥ (Mr . Mimmerel) Hcp- bYm¿-∞ sse°¿ K m-bn-cp-∂p.

bp-≤am-bn-cp-∂p sse°¿K- ns‚ e£y-sa¶n¬ kam-[m-\am-bn-cp-∂p-

s]∂ns‚ e£yw. F¶n-epw- Ah¿- XΩn-ep-≈ km-ay-X ]ISam-bn-cp-∂p.-

kzm-X¥ya\p-jy-cp-sStaep-≈ Ahcp-sS [m¿-Ωn-Iamb A¥ v- ap≥[m-c-

W-I-fn¬ \n∂pw àßfn¬ \n∂pw IcIbdm≥- Ahsc A\p-hZn®Xn-\m¬

-Xß-fpsS P\XIsf ]p-Xn-b hgn-bn-eq-sS \bn°m≥ Ah¿°v Ign™p

]cmtKz F∂ cmPyw P\\∑°v th≠n Xs∂ \nba-\n¿Ωm-Xm-°-fm¬

hm¿sØ-Sp-°-s∏´ P\-X-bpsS DZm-lcW-am-Wv. Hcp- hy-Iv-Xn- DØchp-Iƒ-

]p-ds∏Sp-hn-°p-I F∂Xv- Abm-fp-sS Po-hn-XØn-se G‰hpw- hen-bkt¥m-

jam -bn - IW°m-°p -Ibpw - A]Im -cw - sNøp -Ibp -am -sW¶n¬-

52

AXv- kaq-ltØm-Sp- sNøp-∂ Ip-‰am-sW∂v- kw-iban-√.- F∂m¬- P\ßsf

Iq-Sp-X¬- k¥p-jvS-cm-°m-\mbn Ahsc `cn-°p-I F∂Xv- Hcp- D∂X

Bibam-Wv.-

kam-\am-b hyhvkY- kv-Ym-]n-°Wsa∂m-Kln-°p-∂h¿- C]Im-cw- sNøWw.-

1.- πm-t‰m-bp-sS dn-∏ªn-°n¬- ]d™Xv- kzØp-°fpw s]m-Xp- DS-a-ÿ-X-bn-

em-°-Ww.

2.- πm-t‰m- \n¿-t±in-®Xp-t]m-se ssZhßsf _lp-am-\n-°Ww.

3.- BNm-cßƒ- ]cn-c£n-t°≠Xp-≈Xp-sIm-≠v- hn-tZin-Isf P\ßfp-

am-bn- CSs]Sp-hm≥- A\p-hZn-°cp-Xv.-

4.- hym-]m-cw ]u-c∑m¿-°p-]Icw- k¿-°m¿- sNøWw.-

5. \n-b\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ- BUw-_cßƒ-°v- ]Icw- IeIƒ- hn-XcWw- sNøWw-

Ah¿- BK-l-ß-f√ Bh-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰-Ww.

t]Sn-s∏Sp-Øp-∂ Hcp- Bibw-

""hr-Øn-sI´ coXn-bn¬ `an-®n-cn-°p-∂-h¿''- sam-t≠m-kv-Iyq C]Im-cw-

]d™Xn-\m¬- AXv- Kw- o-cam-sW∂pw DZm-Øam-sW∂pw ]Jym-]n-°p-am-bn-

cn-°pw.- F∂m¬- F\n-°v- Fs≥-d A`n-]m-bw- ]dbp-hm≥- ss[cy-ap-≠v !

""F¥v C]Im-cap-≈ A`n-]m-bw DZm-Øam-sW∂v- kz-t_m-[tØm-sS

Fßs\ \n-ßƒ- ]dbpw?- ''- Cu Bibw- t]Sn-s∏Sp-Øp-∂XmWv ! shdp°

s∏tS≠Xp-am-Wv ! sam-t≠m-kv-Iyqhns‚ ta¬-]d™]Im-cap-≈ teJ\ßƒ-

hm-bn-®m¬- Xs∂ a\p-jy-tcbpw- kzm-X¥ytØbpw- kzØn-t\bpw- a\p-jy-

cm-in-sb Øs∂bpw- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ-°v- Ahcp-sS _p-≤n- - ]tbm-Kn-

°m-\p-≈ hkvXp-°-fm-bmWv At±lw I≠sX∂p hy‡-am-Ipw.

P\m-[n-]Xy-hm-Zn-Ifp-sS t\Xm-hv-

C\n Cu- hn-jbØn¬- dq-tkm- ]dbp-∂sX¥m-sW∂v- t\m-°mw.- s]m-Xp

hn-jbßfn-se Cu- ]ap-J Fgp-Øp-Im-c\m-Wv- P\m-[n-]Xy-hm-Zn-Ifp-sS

]ctam-∂X t\Xmhv.- km-aq-ly- LS\ P\ßfp-sS A`o-jvSØm¬

A[n-jv-Tn-Xam-sW∂v- At±lw hn-iz-kn-°p-∂p-sh¶n-epw- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm

-Xm-°fp-sS km-∂n-[y-Ønse a\p-jy-cm-in-bp-sS \njvIn-bXzw F∂

kn-≤m-¥w- a‰m-sc-°mfpw Aw-Ko-Icn-®n-´p-≈bm-fm-Wv.-

53

alm-\m-b cm-PIp-am-c∑m¿- hfsc Np-cp-°ta D≠m-Ip-∂p-≈p-sh¶n¬-

alm-\m-b \nba\n¿-ΩXm-hv- AXn-epw- Ip-dt®bp-≈q-sh∂Xv- kXy-at√?-

cmP-Ip-am-c≥ \n-ba\n-¿-Ωm-Xm-hv- D≠m-°n-b ]m-X ]n-¥p-S¿-∂m¬- am-Xw- aXn.-

\n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hv- Hcp- b¥Øn-s≥-d kjvSm-hmWv.- cm-PIp-am-c≥- b¥w-

]h¿-Øn-∏n-°p-∂bmƒ amX-am-Wv.

F∂m¬- hy-Iv-Xn-Iƒ-°v- Cu- Im-cy-Øn¬- F¥m-Wv sN-øm-\p-f-fXv ?- Ah¿-

Nen-°p-∂ Hcp b¥w-t]m-sebm-Wv.- bYm¿∞-Øn¬- -Ah¿ b¥ap-≠m-°m≥-

D]tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂ Hcp Akw-kv-Ir-X ]Zm¿-∞w- am-Xam-bt√ IW-°m-

°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

Hcp- Ir-jn- hn-ZKv-≤\pw- Ir-jn-°m-c\p-w- XΩn-ep-≈ _‘w- Xs∂-bmWv Hcp-

\n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hpw- cm-PIp-am-c\pw- XΩn¬- \n-e\n-ev-°p-∂ _‘w. Hcp-

cm-Pm-hpw- ]Pbpw- XΩn-ep-≈ _‘w-, Ir-jn-°m-c\pw- Abm-fp-sS Ir-jn-

`q-an-bpw XΩn-ep-f-fXv.- a\p-jy-cm-in-bn¬- \n-∂pw- FX D∂Xam-b kv-Ym-\Øm-

Wv- Cu- cmjvS-ao-am-km-Nn-¥Iw ]Xn-jv-Tn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.- dq-tkm- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-

Xm-°sf cn-°p-I-bmWv Xß-fpsS tPm-en- Fßs\ sNøWsa∂v- Ahsc

Xm-sg]dbp-∂ hn-[Øn¬- At±lw ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂p.-

Hcp- cm-Py-Øn-\v- kv-Yn-cX ssIhcn-°p-Ibm-Wv- thW-sa-¶n¬- Ahn-SpsØ

hn`n∂ [ph-ßsf G‰hpw- ASp-∏n-®v- sIm-≠p-hcn-°pI-bmWv- th≠Xv.-

`n-£°m-scbpw- ]W°m-scbpw- sh®p-s]m-dp-∏nt°≠-Xn-√.

Hcp- cm-Py-Øn-s≥-d q-an- hn-fhv- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°m≥- ]‰m-ØXm-sW¶n-tem- cm-Pyw-

AXn-se P\ßsf Dƒ-s°m-≈p-hm≥- ]‰m-ØX sNdp-Xm-sW-¶n-tem, hy-hkm-

bhpw- IeIfpw- t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-IbmWv th≠-Xv. Ah-bpsS D¬-]∂ßsf

I®hSw- sNbv-Xv- B cm-Py-Øn-\m-hiy-ap-≈ £Ww- t\Sp-Ibpw- sNømw.-

Hcp- cm-Py-sØ q-an- e`q-bn-jv-Thpw, ]t£ B cm-Py-sØ P\ßƒ- Ip-dhp-

am-sW¶n-¬- \n-ßƒ- Ir-jn-bn-tebv-°v- i≤ Xn-cn-°p-I.- Im-cWw- AXv-

P\kw-Jy- h¿-≤n-∏n-°pw.- AhnsS Iesb \n-tcm-[n-°p-I Im-cWw- Ie Hcp-

cm-Py-sØ P\kw-Jy- Ipd-bv°mt\ D]-I-cn°q.

Hcp- cm-Py-Øv- FØn-s∏-Sm-hp∂ hnkvXr-X-ß-fmb IS¬-Xo-cap-s≠¶n¬-

ISen¬- hym-]m-c I∏ep-Iƒ- \n-dbv-°p-I; \n-ßƒ-°v hfsc \√Xpw- F∂m¬-

sNdp-Xp-am-b Po-hn-Xap-≠m-Ipw.- IS¬-Øo-cw- sNs∂-Øns∏´m¬ ZpjvI-c-

amb a\- p -I-sf -sIm -≠p - \n -d™ncn -°-bm -sW-¶n¬, P\-ßsf

54

]mIr -X -cm -bn - hn -Sp -I. Ah¿ a’yw `£n®v Pohn -°-s´. Ah¿

Xo¿®-bmbpw k¥p-jvS-cmbpw Nne-t∏mƒ IqSp-X¬ \∂mbpw Pohn°pw.

Npcp-°n-]-d-™m¬, s]mXp-hmb kn≤m-¥-ßƒ°-∏pdw Hmtcm P\-Xbv°pw

Ah-cp-tS-Xmb ]tXyI kml-N-cy-ß-fp-≠v. hkvXp-X-Iƒ kml-N-cy-ßƒ

°-\p-kr-X-amb \nb-a-ßƒ D≠m-Im≥ Imc-W-am-Ipw.

Ign-™ Im-eßfn¬- Pq-X∑m¿-°pw- Cu- ASp-Ø Im-eØv- Ad_n-Iƒ-°pw-

aXw Ah-cpsS ][m-\-amb e£y-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v Im-cWw- CXp-Xs∂

bm-Wv.- AYo\nb-°m¿°v -km-ln-Xy-w e£y-am-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ, Sb-dn\pw hym]mcw-

e£y-am-bn-cp-∂t∏mƒ- tdm-U≥-am¿-°v- \m-hn-I hrØnbpw kv]m¿´bv°v

bp-≤hp-w- tdm-an-\v- [¿-Ωhpw- ]Ya e£y-am-bXv- CtX Im-cWØm-em-Wv.-

""\n-baßfp-sS kØ''- F∂ IrXn-bp-sS I¿Ømhv \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ- GXp-

hn-t[b\bm-Wv- ta¬-]d™ e£y-Øn-tebv-°v- kv-Ym-]\ßsf \bn-t°≠Xv-

F∂v- hn-hcn-®n-´p-≠v.- F∂m¬- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ-°v- Ahcp-sS icn-bm-

b e£ysØ]‰n ]ni-Ip- ]-‰p-Ibpw- Ah¿- ta¬-]d™ hkv-Xp-XIƒ-°v-

hn-cp-≤am-b- XXzßfn¬ Du∂n ]h¿-Øn-°p-Ibpw- sNbv-Xm-¬?- Ah¿-

sXcs™Sp-Ø XXzw- Nn-et∏mƒ- ASn-aØ krjvSn°mw- Nn-et∏mƒ-kzm-X¥y-hpw-. Nn-et∏mƒ- [\hpw- a‰p Nn-et∏mƒ- P\s∏cp-∏hpw- Nn-et∏mƒ-

kam-[m-\hpw- a‰p Nn-et∏mƒ- shń-∏n-Sp-Øhp-ap-≠m-°n-bm-tem?- C]Im-cw-

e£y-Øn¬-∏‰n-bp-≈ Bi-b-Ip-g∏w ItaW \n-basØ Zp¿-_es∏Sp-Øp-

Ibpw- c-W-L-S-\°v wKw hcp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpw.- \n-ehn-ep-≈ hy-hkv-

Ysb \in-∏n-°p-Itbm,- am-‰n-adn-°p-Itbm- sNøp∂Xp-hsc cmjvS-Øn-s‚

]t£m-`-ßƒ \S°pw.- Io-gS°m-≥-]‰m-Ø ]Ir-Xn- Ahfp-sS km-aym-Pyw-

Xn-cn-®p-]n-Sn-°p-Ibpw- sNøpw.-

kmam-PysØ Xn-cn-®p-]n-Sn-°m≥- amXw AP-ø-bmWp ]Ir-Xn-sb-¶n¬

kmam-Pyw shń-]n-Sn-t°≠ Bhiyw BZyta \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-Xm-hn\v D≠m-bn-

cp-∂n√ F∂v dqt m F¥p-sIm-≠v k-Ω-Xn-°p-∂n-√. hfsc Ffp-∏-Øn¬

sX‰p-Iƒ hcp-Øn-tb-°m-hp∂ sse°¿§-kv, tkmf≥, dqt m F∂n-h¿

Bcp-tSbpw CS-s]-S-en-√msX P\-ßƒ Ah-cpsS s\k¿§n-I-amb

tNmZ-\-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ê-`q-bn -jvT-amb aÆn¬ Irjn sNøm\pw

hnkvXr-Xhpw kpK-a-hp-amb IS¬Øo-c-Øv hym]mcw sNøm\pw XpS-ßp-

sa∂v F¥p-sIm≠v At±lw ImWp-∂n√ ?

55

\n¿_-‘n-X-amb A\p-k-c-W-bmWv tkmjy-en-Ãp-I-fpsS e£yw

-D]⁄m-Xm-°fn-epw- kw-Lm-SIcn-epw- \n¿-t±iIcn-epw- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-

°fn-epw- kaq-lsØ \n-b¥n-°p-∂hcn-epw- o-Icam-b DØchm-Zn-Xz-am-Wv-

dqt m Nm¿-Øp-∂Xv.- AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ahscs°m-≠v- ]cam-h[n-

]Wn-sbSp-∏n°pI-bmWv At±-l-Øns‚ e£yw cm-jv-So-b P\-X-bpsS

\n¿-Ωn-Xn- Gs‰Sp-°p-hm-≥- Xo-cp-am-\n-®n-´p-≈ GsXm-cp-h\pw- kz-bw-

hn-iz-kn-t°≠Xv- Abm-ƒ-°v- a\p-jy-kz-`m-hsØ cq]m-¥-c-W-s∏-Sp-Øm≥

X∂n¬Øs∂ ]q¿Æ-\m-bp-ff Hmtcm hy‡n-tbbpw am‰n Xß-fn¬ henb

Hcp ]q¿Æ-k-Xy-Øns‚ `mKw amX-am°n AXn¬- \n-∂v- Po-hn-Xhpw-

]tNm-Z\hpw- ssIh-cn-°m≥ Ign-hp-f-f-h-cm-°m≥ Ignbpw F∂-XmWv-

P\ßfp-sS ssIh-cn -°m≥ \n¿-Ωn -Xn - Gs‰Sp-°p-∂ Hcp hy‡n

a\p-jy-¿°v ]Ir-Xn-bn¬- \n-∂v- In-´p-∂ kzm-X¥y-hpw- `u-Xn-Iam-b B

\n-e\n-¬∏n\p ]Icw `m-Kn-Ihpw- [m¿-Ωn-Ihp-am-b \ne-\n¬∏n\v ]I-cw

shbv°m\pw Ah\p LS-\m-]-c-amb IqSp-X¬ i‡n-]-I-cm≥ X\n-°v-

Ign-hp-s≠∂v- hn-iz-kn°Ww.

Np-cp-°n-]d™m¬- Hcp- cm-jv-So-b a\p-jy-s≥-d \n¿-Ωm-Xm-hv- a\p-jy-s≥-d

kzm-`m-hn-I iIv-Xn-Isf am-‰n- Ah≥ ]Ir-Xym- A\y-am-b a‰p-Nn-e i‡n-Iƒ

D≠m-°n- sIm-Sp-t°≠Xp-ap-≠v.-

]m-hw- a\p-jy- kz-`m-hw!- C]Im-cap-≈ dq-tkm-bp-sS injy-∑m-cpsS Iøn¬

G¬∏n-°p∂ Hcp- hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS A¥ n-s‚ KXn F¥mIpw?

a\p-jy-cm-in-sb D¤-h-s∏-SpØn FSp-°m-\p-ff \n-ba

\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°fp-sS BKlw-

a\p-jy-cm-in-sb \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hv- cq-]t`Zw- sNøp-∂ hn-jbØn¬-

sdbv-\m-fns‚ A`n-]m-bw- \ap-°v- ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.-

\n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hv- BZyw Im-em-hkv-Y,- hm-bp-,- aÆv F∂n-h ]cn-KWn-°Ww.-

Abm-fp-sS ]°ep-≈ hn-`hßfm-Wv- Abm-fp-sS ISa \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xv.

GXp- ]tZiØn-\p-th≠n-bm-tWm- \n-baw- \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂sX∂v- BZyw

]cn -KWn-°Ww.- IS¬-Øo-cØv- Pohn -°p-∂ P\Xbv -°v - \m-hn -I

][m-\am-b \n-baw- D≠m-IWw.- Dƒ-]tZisØ kw-_‘n®msW-¶n¬

\n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hv- B ]Ir-Xn-sbbpw aÆn-s≥-d ^e`q-bn-jv-TXsbbpw-

]cn-KWn-°Ww.-

56

\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hn-s≥-d ssh`hw kz-Øp-°fp-sS hn-XcWIaw- \n-iv-Nbn-°p-∂Xn-

em-Wv- ][m-\am-bpw- ]IS-am-IpI.- Hcp- ]p-Xn-b tImf\n- Hcp- cm-Py-Øv-

ÿm]n-°p-I-bm-sW∂v ]IS-am-Ip-I.- Hcp ]pXnb tImf\n Hcp cmPyØv

ÿm]n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Xs‚ Ip-Sp-w-_sØt]m-‰m≥- aXn-bm-b kv-Yew- Hmtcm

hy‡n°pw sIm-Sp-°Wsa∂v- s]m-Xp-sh ]dbmw.- Xcn-in- n-cn-°p∂ Hcp Zzo]n¬

\nßƒ \nß-fpsS k¥Xn ]c-º-c-Isfs°m≠p P\-hmkw ÿm]n-°p-

I-bm-sW-¶n¬ kXy-Øn-s≥-d hn-Øp-Ifpw- hn-Ik\Øn-s≥-d s]m-cp-fpw-

Iq-Sn- hn-Xdn-bm¬-am-Xw- aXn;as‰m-∂pw- sNtø≠Xn-√.- F∂m¬- Hcp- P\Xsb

Ah-cpsS `qX-Im-e-tØm-Sp-IqSn Hcp- ]p-Xn-b cm-Py-Øn-tebv-°v- am-‰n-

]Xn-jvTn°p-Ibm-sW¶n¬- anSp°v A]Im-cap-≈ P\ßfn¬- Xn-cp-Øm-

hp-∂Xpw- am-‰m-hp-∂Xp-am-b BNm-cßfpw- A]ISIca√m-Ø A`n-]m-

bßfpw- am-Xw- am‰n \S-°pI F∂Xn-em-Wv.- ta¬-]Im-cap-≈ A`n-]m-bßfpw-

BNm-cßfpw- kv-Yn-cam-°m-Xn-cn-°Wsa¶n¬- ASp-Ø Xeap-dbv-°p-th≠n-

AXn-\p tijn-bp-≈ Hcp- s]m-Xp-hn-Zym-`ym-k kºZm-bw- cq-]s∏Sp-ØWw.-

sNdp-∏°m-sc ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xn-\pw- D]tZin-°p-∂Xn-\pw- _p-≤n-bpw- Ign-hp-

ap-≈bm-fp-Isf BZyw- Hcp-°m-sX Hcp- tImf\n - kv-Ym-]n-°m≥- Hcn-°epw-

cm-Pm-thm-,- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-thm- ap-Xn-ccp-Xv.

P\-ß-fpsS BNm-cßfpw- s]cp-am-‰-co-Xn-Ifpw ip≤o-I-cn-°m≥ BKln-

°p-∂, kq-£v-aXbp-≈h\mb Hcp \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hn-\v- Hcp- ]pXn-b tImf\n-

hen-b AhkcßfmWv- Xp-d∂p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂Xv.- At±lØn-\v- Ign-hpw-

\∑bp-ap-s≠¶n¬- Xs‚ hcp-Xn-bn-ep-ff kv-Yehpw- P\ßfpw- kaq-lØn-

\p-th≠n-bp-≈ Hcp- \√ ]≤Xn- krjvSn-°m≥ At±lØn-\v- ]tNm-Z\w-

\ev-Ipw.- Cu ]≤Xn Ahy-‡-ambn amXta ap≥Iq´n ImWm≥ km[n-°q.

ImcWw F√m kn≤m-¥-ß-fp-tSbpw Aÿn-c-Xsb AXv Bi-bn-®n-cn-

°p-∂p. ap-≥-Iq- n- Im-Wm-\p-w- hy-Iv-Xam-bn- Xo-¿-∏m-°m-\pw- Ign-bmØ k¶o¿Æ-

X-Ifpw km-lNcy-ßfpw- a‰pw- AXn¬- \n∂v Bhn¿-`hn-°pw.-

a\p-jy-sc Fßs\ ssIImcyw sNø-W-sa∂v \n-ba

\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ°v e`n-°p∂ \n¿t±iw

""Hcp- Im¿-jn-I- A≤ym-]I≥- hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ-°v- ¢m-kv- FSp-°p-∂Xp-t]m-sebm-

Wv- \n-ba\n-¿-Ωm-Xm-°tfm-Sv- P\ßsf Fßs\ ]cn-]m-en-°mw- F∂

hnj-b-Øn-ep-ff sdbv-\m-fp-sS (Raynal) \n¿-t±ißƒ''-.

57

I¿-jIs≥-d BZy-sØ \n-baw- Im-em-hkv-Ybm-Wv.- Abm-fp-sS hn-`hß

fm-Wv- Abm-fp-sS \S]Sn-Iaw \n¿Æ-bn-°pI.- BZyw- Abm-fp-sS ]tZiw-

]cn-KWn-°Ww.- Abm-fp-sS `q-an-bn¬- Ifn-aÆm-sW¶n¬- C∂ Imcy-ßƒ

sNøWw.- AsX√mw- aWem-sW¶n¬- as‰mcpXcØn¬- ]Wn-sbSp-°Ww.-

`qan-sb shń-sØ-fn®v \∂m-°m≥ BKlap-≈ I¿-jI\v- ]e hgn-Ifp-

ap-≠v.- Abmƒ-°v- Ign-hp-s≠¶n¬- Abm-fp-sS A[o-\-X-bn-ep-ff hfw Xs∂

Fßs\ aptºm´v t]mI-W-sa-∂-Xn¬ Abmƒ°v hy‡X \¬Ipw

Adnbphm≥ km-[n-°pw.- Hcp- Im¿-jn-I A≤ym-]I\v `qan-bn¬- F¥p-

sNøWsa∂p≈ ]≤Xn- Ahy-‡-ambn-am-Xsa ap≥-Iq-ń- ]dbp-hm≥-

km-[n-°p-Ibp-≈q.- Im-cWw- ap≥-Iq- n- Xo-cp-am-\n-°p-hm-\pw- hy-Iv-Xam-b \S]Sn-

sbSp-°p-hm-\pw- ]‰m-Ø km-lNcyw- ]et∏m-gpw- Dcp-Øn-cn-bp-w.-

F∂m-ep-sas≥-d D∂Xam-b Fgp-Øp-Im-sc ! \n-ßƒ- C]Im-cw- hn-thN\

cln-Xam-bn- am-‰n-adn-°p-∂ Ifn-aÆpw- aWepw- hfßfpw- F√mw- a\p-jy-

cm-sW∂v- Hm¿-°Ww.- Ah¿- \n-ßƒ-°v- ka∑m-cm-Wv.- Ah¿- \n-ßsf

t∏m-se Xs∂ _p-≤n-bp-≈,- kz-X¥cmb a\p-jy-cm-Wv.- \n-ßsft∏m-seXs∂

Ah¿-°pw- \n-co-£n-°p-hm-\pw- Nn-¥n-°p-hm-\pw- ap≥-Iq-ń- Bkq-XWw-

sNøm\pw- Xßƒ°v th≠n Xo-cp-am-\saSp-°m\pw Dff Ign-hv- ssZhw-

sIm-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v.-

Xm-ev-°m-en-I GIm-[n-]Xyw-

\n-bahpw- \n¿-Ωm-Xm-hpw- F∂ hn-jbØn¬- ""aªn''- (Mably)]dbp-∂Xv-

tIƒ-°q.- D≤cn-® hm-Iy-ßƒ-°v- ap-ºv-, kp-c£sb Xr-WhXv-°cn-®p-

°p∂XpsIm-≠v- \n-baw tX™p-am-™p-t]m-Ip-sa∂v- aªn- kn≤m-¥n-

°p-∂p. At±lw- hm-b\°m-tcm-Sv- C]Im-cw- ]dbp-∂p.-

""Cu- km-lNcy-Øn¬- k¿-°m-cn-s≥-d ]h¿Ø-\w- hfsc A]cym-]v-Xam-sW∂v-

hfsc hy-Iv-Xam-Wv.- k¿-°m-cn\v- ]p-Xn-b ]iv-\ßƒ- sIm-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠n-cp-

∂m¬- Cu ]iv\w X\n-sb ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏Spw sX‰p-Isf in-£n-°p-∂Xn\p

]I-cw A`n-e-j-Wo-b-ambsXt¥m AXn\v IqSp-X¬ ]Xn-êw \¬Im≥

i≤n-°p. A]Im-cw- sNbv-Xm-¬- \n-ßƒ- \n-ßfp-sS cm-Py-sØ bu-∆\kar-

≤am-°pw.- kzX¥ a\p-jy¿- Cu- \S]Sn-IasØ∏‰n- A⁄cm-bn-cp-∂Xn-

\m¬- Ah¿-°v- Ahcp-sS kzm-X¥y-w Xs∂ \jv-Sam-bn! km-[m-cW k¿-°m¿-

\S]Sn-Iƒ-sIm-≠v- \in-∏n-°m≥- ]‰m-ØX Xn-∑ hep-Xm-bn-´p-s≠¶n-¬-

58

hen-b iIv-Xn- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂ Akm-[m-cWamb Hcp tImSXn ÿm]n-°pI

Hcp- sNdn-bIm-etØbv-°v-. ]u-c∑m-cp-sS `m-h\bv°v iIv-Xn-°v- I\Ø

]lcw Xs∂ \¬I-Ww.

20 `m-Kßfn-em-bn- aªn- Xs≥-d Z¿-i\w- C]Im-cw- ka¿∏n-°p∂p.-

]ucm-Wn-I hn-Zym-`ym-kØn¬- \n-∂v- Dcp-Øn-cn-™n-´p-≈ Cu Nn-¥Ifp-sS

kzm-[o-\w-aq-ew- Hcp-Im-eØv- F√m- hy-Iv-Xn-Ifpw- AhscØs∂ a\p-jy-cm-

in-bp-sS ap-Ifn¬- kz-bw- ]Xn-jv-Tn-°m≥,- AXp-hgn- Ahcp-tSXm-b hgn-°v

Im-cy-ßƒ- \n-b¥n-°m-\pw- kw-LSn-∏n-°m-\pw-, Bin-®p.-

kºØv- Xpey-am-bn- ho-Xn°pI F∂ tkmjy-enÃv Bh-iyw

\n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°tfbpw- a\p-jy-cm-in-tbbpw- ]‰n-bp-≈ sIm-≠n-bm-°n -

(Condillac)s‚ A`n-]m-bw- \ap-°v- ihn-°mw.- sse°¿K- n-t‚bpw

tkmf-t‚bpw thj-a-Wn-™mepw ]t`m!

Cu- teJ\w- hm-bn-®p-Xo-cp-∂Xn-\p- ap-ºp-Xs∂ Atacn-°bn-tebpw-

B^n-°bn-tebpw- Im-S∑m¿-°v- \n-baw- \n¿Ωn®p \¬In- ckn-°p-I.

B \m-tSmSn-Isf kv-Yn-cam-b ho-Sp-Ifn¬- Xf®n-Sp-I.- Ahsc BSp-h-f¿Øm≥

]Tn-∏n-°p-I.- Ahcn¬- ]Ir-Xym-ep-≈ km-aq-ly- Aht_m-[w- hf¿-Øp-hm≥-

ian-°p-I.- a\p-jy-kl-P-amb ISaIƒ- \n¿-∆ln-°m≥- Ahsc \n¿_-‘n-

X-cm°mw. Ah¿°v cpNn -°mØ hn[-ap -ff in -£Iƒ- Ah¿-°v -

sIm-Sp-°p-I.- Aßs\ Hmtcm \nb-a-tØm-sSm∏w Cu ]mIr-X¿°v Hcp Xn∑

ssItamiw hcn-Ibpw Hcp\∑ ssIh-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.- F√m-h¿-°pw-

\n-baßƒ- D≠m-bn-cp-∂p- F∂m¬- hfsc°p-d®mfp-Iƒ-am-Xta kw-Xr-]vXcm-

bn-cp-∂p-≈q.- F¥m-Wn-Xn-\p- Im-cWw? s]m-Xp-hmb Xm-ev-]cy-Øns‚-

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ip-Sp-w-_ßsf H∂n®v \n¿ØpI F∂Xv kaq-l-Øns‚

bYm¿-∞ Dt±iy-sa∂v- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ-°v- Xs∂bp-≈ A⁄Xbm-Wv

Imc-Ww.

\n-baØns‚ ]£-cm-lnXyw ssIhcn-°m≥- c≠p- Im-cy-ßƒ- thWw.- AXv-

]u-c∑m¿- XΩn¬- kz-Øn-- epw- A¥ n-epw Dff kaXz-am-Wv.- \n-baw-

]u-c∑m-sc FXI≠v- ka∑m-cm-°p-∂p-thm- AXI≠v- ]u-c∑m¿°v AXv

£Wn-I-am-Ipw. F√m- P\ßfpw- kz-Øn-s≥-dbpw- A¥ n-s≥-dbpw-

Imcy-Øn¬ ka∑m-cm-IpI;- B kaXzsØ- Aÿn-c-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw

]gp-Xp-I-sf-√mw \nbaw sIm≠v aqSp-Ibpw sNøpI F∂m-sW-¶n¬ P\ßƒ

59

B¿-Øn,- AXn-tam-lw-, - aSp-∏v- Ip-ip-ºv-, - [m-cm-fn-Øw,- ]I,- Akq-b,-

DZm-ko-\X Xp-Sßn-bh sIm-≠v- Akz-ÿ-cm-hp-I-bn-√t√m?-

kv-]m¿-´ F∂ cm-Py-sØ∏‰n- \n-ßƒ- t\Sn-b Adn-hv- CØcØn¬- \n-ßsf

klm-bn-°mw.- Im-cWw- tem-IØv- as‰m-cn-SØv- kaXz-Øn-eq-∂n-b kzm-`m

-hn-I \n-batØmSv- CXam-Xw- tN¿∂v \n¬°p∂ \nb-a-ßƒ D≠m-bn-ń-√.

tkm-jy-en-kvv-‰v- Fgp-Øp-Im-cp-sS sX‰p-Iƒ-

a\p-jy-cm-in-Xs∂ Ne\an-√m-Ø Hcp- hkv-Xp-hm-sW∂pw- AXv- alm-\m-b

Hcp- cm-Pm-hn¬- \n-t∂m,- \n-ba\n¿-ΩmXmhn¬- \n-t∂m,- Hcp- AXn-_p-≤n-

am-\n¬- \n-t∂m- ap-Jam-Is´,- iIv-Xn-bm-Is´ Ne\m-Xv-aIXbm-Is´,- Po-h≥

Xs∂bm-Is´ kzo-Icn-°p-hm≥- Xøm-dm-sW∂pw Dff- hn-izm-kw.- 17-˛18

\q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p F∂Xv hnNn-X-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. ImcWw

Cu \q‰m≠pIƒ ]ucm-Wn-I-Xsb Ipdn-®p-ff ]T\w sIm≠v kºp-jvS-am-

bn-cp-∂p. Cu- ]ga Ko-kn-epw- tdm-an-epw- Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-epw F√mw Zr-iy-am-bn-

cp-∂p. IcpØnt‚bpw NXn-bp-tSbpw _eØn¬- Xß-fpsS CjvS-]-Imcw

a\p-jy-cm-in-sb hm¿sØ-Sp-°p∂ a\p-jy-¿ km¿∆-Xn-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬

AXp-sIm≠v- Cu- kv-Yn-Xn-hn-tijw- \√Xm-sW∂v- sXfn-bn-°s∏ń-ń-√.-

a\p-jy-cpw- kaq-lhpw- sa®-s∏-Sm≥ Ign-hp-≈Xm-bXp-sIm-≠v- Ncn-XØn-

s≥-d Bcw-`Øn¬- sX‰p-Ifpw,- A⁄Xbpw,- ASn-aXz-hpw,- A‘hn-izm-

kßfpw,- GIm-[n-]Xy-hpw- IqSp-X¬ Af-hn¬ It≠°mw F∂v amXta AXv

sXfn-bn-°p-∂p-ffq.- ap-tº ]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≈ Fgp-Øp-Im¿- ]m-No-\

kw-hn-[m-\ßsf- ta¬ hnh-cn® ]Imcw a\- n-em-°n-b-Xn¬ sX‰n-√. F∂m¬

Ah¿°v sX‰v ]‰n-bXv ta¬-]d™ ]gIn-b kw-hn-[m-\ßƒ- Xs∂

BZchn\pw A\p-I-c-W-Øn-\p-ambn sh®p-\o-´p-∂-Xn-em-Wv. _men-ihpw

F¥pw hniz-kn-°p-∂-Xp-amb am\-kn-Im-h-ÿ-tbmsS- Ir-Xn-aXzw- \n-d™

]ucm-WnI kaq-l-Øns‚ A¥ pw- [m¿-Ωn-I aq-ey-ßfpw- kt¥m-jßfpw-

BUw-`cßfpw- kXy-am-sW∂pXs∂ hn-iz-kn-®p.- Im-ew- Ign-bp-t¥m-dpw-

Adn-hv- shfn-s∏-Sp-Ibpw hf-cp-I-bpw- sN-øp-sa∂pw Adn-hn-s≥-d hf¿-®°v

B\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn IcpØv icn-tbm-sSm∏w \n¬°p-sa∂pw kaqlw AXns\

Xs∂ Xncn®v ]nSn-°p-sa∂pw Ah¿ a\- n-em-°n-bn-√.

kzm-X¥y-sa∂m-se¥m-Wv- ?

\mw Ct∏m-ƒ- Im-Wp-∂ cm-jv-So-b kacw- F¥m-Wv- ? kzm-X¥y-Øn-\pth≠n-

60

bp-≈ P\ßfpw- ss\k¿§n-I-ambn kacam-Ip-∂Xv.- B t]cp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂

temIsØ ]nSn-®p -Ip-ep-°p-Ibpw lrZ-b-an-Sn∏v h¿≤n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂

kzmX¥yw F¥mWv ?

bYm¿-∞Øn¬- AXv- F√m- kzm-X¥y-ßfp-tSbpw,- AXm-bXv- a\ m-£n-°\p-

kr-Xam-bn- ]h¿-Øn-°p-∂Xn-\p-≈ kzm-X¥y-w-, hn-Zym- ym-k, kw-LS\, bm-X,

kzm-X¥y-w-, sXm-gn-seSp-°m-\p-≈Xpw- I®hSw- sNøp-∂Xn-\p-am-b kzm-X¥yw

Ch-bpsS Hcp- ktΩf\at√?- Np-cp-°Øn¬-, kzm-X¥yw- F∂Xv- Hcp-

hy-Iv-Xn°v A\y-s≥-d kzm-X¥y-sØ IS∂p-Ibdm-sX, Xs≥-d hn-hn-[ßfm-

b Ign-hp-Iƒ- ]tbm-Kn-°p-hm-\p-≈ AhIm-iat√ ?- kzm-X¥y-sa∂Xv- F√m-

GIm-[n-]Xy- ]hWXItfbpw-, \n-ba]cam-b GIm-[n-]Xyw- AS°w-,

XI¿-°et√?- Ahkm-\ambn´v hn-ebn-cp-Øen¬- kzm-X¥yw- F∂Xv-

\n-basØ AXn-s≥-d bp-Iv-Xnkl-amb taJebn¬, AXm-bXv- A\o-Xn-sb

in-£n°enepw- hy-Iv -Xn-bp-sS kz-bc£bv-°p-≈ Ah-Im-i-Øns‚

\n-ba]cam-b kwLm-S-\-Øn\pw HXp-°n- \n-¿Øet√?-

a\p-jy-cm-in-bp-sS kzm-X¥y-Øn-tebv-°p-≈ kzm-`m-hn-I Hgp-°n-\v hen-b

Afhn¬- XS- -ßƒ D≠v. ^m≥-kn¬- ]tXy-In-®pw.- CXn-\v- ][m-\ Im-cWw-s]m-Xp- hn-jbßfn-ep-≈ \Ωp-sS Fgp-Øp-Im¿-°p s]mXp-hm-bp-ff,- Ah¿-

]Tn-® ]gb ]m-Tßfn¬- \n-∂v- D¤hn-°p-∂ am-cWam-b Hcp BKlam-Wv.-

a\p-jy-cp-sS F√m-hcp-tSbpw- ap-Ifn¬- kz-bw- ]Xn-jv-Tn-®v- Xm¥m-ß-fpsS

BKl]Im-cw- F√m-‰n-t\bpw kw-LSn-∏n-°p-hm-\pw- \n-b¥n-°m-\pw-

Ias∏Sp-Øm-\p-ap-≈ Ahcp-sS BKlam-Wv.-

a\p-jy-kv-t\l]cam-b tkz—m-[n-]Xyw

kaq-lw- kzm-X¥y-Øn-\p-th≠n- bXv\n® bm-XsNøp-tºmƒ- kaq-lØn-

s≥-d ap-ºn¬- kz-bw- ]Xn-jv-Tn-®n-´p-≈ ta¬-]d™ ]kn-≤cm-bh¿-°v-

17, 18 \q-‰m-≠p-Ifp-sS Bibßfm-Wv- a\ n-ep-≈Xv.- Ahcp-sS km-aq-ly-

I≠p-]n-Sp-Øßfp-sS a-\pjy-Xz-]cam-b tkzm-Nv-Om-Zn-]Xy-Øn-\v- a\p-jy-cm-

in-sb Ah-cpsS kmaq-ly- I-≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-ß-fmb a\p-jy-Xz-]-c-amb tkz—m-

[n-]-Xy-Øn\v hn-´p-sIm-Sp-°p-hm-\m-Wv- Ah¿-°v- Xm-ev-]cy-w.- dq-tkm-sbt∏m-

se Ahcp-sS kz-]v-\Øn-ep-≈ s]m-Xp- \∑sb∂ CW°ap-≈ Ie∏

s]m-Xp-P\ßfp-sS Np-aen¬- h®p-sIm-Sp-°p-hm-\m-Wv- Ah¿-°m-Klw.-

CXv- 1789 se Im-eL´Øn¬- ]tXy-In-®pw- kXy-am-Wv.- B ]gb cWIaw-

61

\in-® kaq-lØn-s≥-d Np-aen¬- Ir-Xn-aam-bpw k¿-∆ iIv-Xn-Xz-ap-≈Xp

-am-b ]p-Xn-b kw-hn-[m-\ßfn¬- h®v- Nm¿-Øm-\p-≈ iaßƒ- \S∂n-cp-∂p.-

A°m-esØ ]ap-Jcm-b Fgp-Øp-Im-cp-sSbp-w- cm-jv-So-b°m-cp-tSbpw-

Bibßƒ- i≤n-®m-epw.-

""PÃv ]pWym-fs‚ (Saint Just) hm-°p-Iƒ- C]Im-cam-Wv ''- \nba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-

hmWv `m-hn-sb Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xv. a\p-jy-\∑ F¥m-sW∂v- Xo-cp-am-\n-

t°≠Xpw- a\p-jy¿- Fßs\bm-IWsa∂v- Xo-cp-am-\n-t°≠Xpw- \n-ba

\n¿-am-Xm-hm-Wv.-

tdm_vkv]n-b¿ (Robespierre) ]Pm-[o-\- cmPyX¥w- F¥n-\m-tWm- \n-ehn¬-

h∂Xv- AXn-tebv-°p-≈ cm-Py-Øn-s≥-d `u-Xn-Ihpw- [m-¿-Ωn-Ihp-am-b

iIv-Xn-sb \bn-°em-Wv- Hcp- c-WØns‚ Np-aXe.-

_nt√m¿Uv shd-∂kv (Billaud - Varennes) kzm-X¥y-Øn-tebv-°v- Xn-cn-®p-

hcp-∂ P\X ]pXp-b-Xmbn DS-se-Sp-°-Ww.- ]gb A_≤ kn-≤m-¥ßsf

\in-∏n°m\pw, P\ßfp-sS ]gb BNm-cßsf am-‰m-\pw- sX‰mb

klm-\p-`q-Isf Xn-cp-Øm-\pw- A\m-hiy-am-bXn-s\ Ip-dbv-°m-\pw-

Zp-io-eßsf \in-∏n-°p-hm\pw- sI¬ ∏p-ff Hcp- iIv-Xn-bpw- NSp-eam-b

]h¿-Øn-bpw- AXy-¥w- Bhiy-am-Wv.-

ekp¿Kkv kv]m¿-´≥- dn-∏ªn-°n-s≥-d ASn-kv-Ym-\w- \n¿-Ωn-®Xv- hn-´p-

ho-gv-Nbn-√m-Ø kp-Jt`m-K \n-tj[Øn-em-Wv.-

tkmfs‚ Zp¿-_ehpw- F√m-htcbpw- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂Xn-\p-≈ ASn-kv-Ym-\

kz- m-hw- GP≥-dv-kn-s\ ASn-aXz-Øn-tebv-°v- \bn-°pw.- Cu- DZm-lcWßƒ-

k¿-°m¿- F∂ hy-hkv-Ybp-sS im-kv-Xw- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂Xm-Wv.-

se s]¬´n-tb¿ (Le Pelletier) :- a\p-jy-s≥-d A[:]X\Øn-s≥-d hym-]v-Xn-

]cn-tim-[n-®m¬- Hcp- km¿-hXn-I ]cn-jv-IcWØn-s≥-d Bhiy-ap-s≠∂v-

Hcp- s]m-Xp-P\X Bhn¿-`hn-t°≠Xp-s≠∂pw- hy-Iv-Xam-Wv.-

tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ-°v- GIm-[n-]Xyw- thWw

a\p-jy¿- Akw-kv-Ir-X ]Zm¿-∞am-sW∂v- ho-≠pw- AhIm-is∏Sp-∂p≠v.

Ah¿-°v- kz-bw- \∂m-Im≥- Ign-bp-Ibn-s√∂pff [mc-W-bp-≠v.- PÃv ]pWym-

fs‚ A`n-]m-bØn¬- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ-°v- am-Xta P\ßsf \∂m°m≥-

62

Ign-bp-bp-≈q.- \n-ba\n¿-ΩXm°ƒ- P\ßƒ- F]Im-cam-IWsa∂v-

Nn-¥n-°p-tºmƒ- A]Im-cw-Xs∂ P\ßƒ- BhpIbpw- sNøpw.- dq-tkm-sb

sam-Øam-bn- A\p-Icn-°p-∂ tdm-_n kv-s]bdn-s≥-d A`n-]m-bØn¬,

s]m-Xp-kaq-lw- F¥n\p-th≠n-bp-≠m-tbm,- AXn-tebv-°p-≈ bm-X

Xp-Scp-∂Xv- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hn-s≥-d DØchn¬- \n-∂m-Wv.- Fhn-tS-°m-Wv-

t]m-tI≠sX∂v- Xo-cp-am-\n-®m¬- ]n-s∂ cm-Py-Øn-se u-Xn-Ihpw- [m¿-Ωn-I

hp-am-b iIv-Xn- ]tbm-Kn-®v- B Zn-ibn-tebv-°v- \o-ßp-I F∂Xp- am-Xsa

`c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ Np-aXebp-≈q.- Cu- kabØv- cm-Py-sØ P\ßƒ-

ap-gp-h≥- \n-jv-In-bcm-bn-cn-t°≠Xm-Wv. _n√yw hm¿\o-kns‚- Bibßƒ-

]Im-cw- P\ßƒ-°v- bm-sXm-cp- ap-∂`n-]m-bhpw- Zb Xp-Sßn-b BK-l-ßtfm

hn-Im-cßtfm- D≠m-Im≥- ]m-Sn-√m-ØXpw- ap≥hn-[n-Itfm Ah¿-°v- \n-ba

\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ- A\p-hZn-®n- n-√m-Ø Hcm-Klhpw- ]m-Sn-√m-ØXp-am-Wv.- At±lw-

Hcp-]Sn-Iq-Sn- IS∂v- Hcm-fp-sS am-Xw- hn- p-ho-gv-Nbn-√m-Ø kp-Jt`m-K \n-tj[w-

Hcp- cm-Py-Øn-s≥-d ASn-kv-Ym-\ in-ebm-sW∂v- ]dbp-∂p.-

tdm_v -kv-]n-b-dns‚ A`n-]m-bØn¬- km-[m-cW k¿-°m¿- kw-hn-[m-\ßƒ-

°v- ]cn-lcn-°m≥- Ign-bm-ØX ISpØ Xn-∑bp-s≠¶n¬- \∑sb

]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°m≥- GIm-[n-]Xyw-t]m-ep-w- \√Xm-Wv- F∂ Bibw- ap-t∂m-

´p-hbv-°p-∂p.- ""Akzm-`m-hn-I \o-Xn-\n¿-∆lW kv-Ym-]\ßƒ- Ip-d®p-

Im -etØbv -°v - Akm-am -\y - A[n -Im -cßfp-≈Xpw - ]u-c∑m-cp -sS

`m-h\ssh`hØn-\v- I\Ø BLm-Xw- Gev-]n-®p- Nn-et∏mƒ- ]h¿Øn-t°-

≠n-hcpw.-''- Cu- kn-≤m-¥w- Bcpw- ad∂n-´n-√.- tdm-_v kv-]n-bdnsb ho≠pw

i≤n-°q.-

""dn-∏ªn-°≥- cWhy-hkv-Ybp-sS ASn-kv-Ym-\w- \∑bm-Wv.- A]Im-cap-≈

\∑ kv-Ym-]n-°m≥- `bw,- \oXn-, - Zb F∂n-h D]tbm-Kn-t°≠n-hcpw.-

\Ωp-sS cm-Py-Øv- kzm-¿-∞Xbv-°v- ]Icw- [m¿-Ωn-IXbpw- kXy-k‘Xbv-°v-

]Icw- aln-abpw- kz-`m-hØn-\p-]Icw- BNm-cßfpw- ISaIfpw- _m-ly

-tam-Sn-bp-sS \n-jv-Tq-chm-gv-Nbv-°p-]Icw- hn-thIØn-s≥-d km-am-Pyw- Zm-cn-ZytØm-

Sp-≈ iXp-Xbv-°v- ]Icw- Xn-∑tbm-Sp-≈ iXp-Xbpw- [n-°m-cØn-\p-]Icw-

A¥ pw- s]m-ß®Øn-\p- ]Icw- alm-a\kv-IXbpw- [\Øn-\p-]Icw-

aln-atbm-Sp-≈ kv-t\lhpw- \√ Iq-´p-Im-¿-°v- ]Icw- \√ P\Xbpw-

IYm-bp-Iv-Xn-]Icw- Ign-hp-w- \∑kw-`m-jWØn-\p- ]Icw- ]Xn-abpw-

Xn-f°Øn-\p- ]Icw- kXy-hpw- kp-Jt`m-Kßfp-sS aSp-∏n-\p- ]Icw-

kt¥m-jØns‚- ]kcn-∏pw- alXz-Øn-s≥-d Aev-]XcØn-\p- ]Icw-

63

a\p-jy-s≥-d aln-abpw- \√ s]cp-am-‰hp-w- D]tbm-Kiq-\y-am-bXpw- Zp-jn-®Xp

am-b P\Xbv-°v- ]Icw- Zm-\io-ecpw- kt¥m-jhm-\m-b P\XIfpw ˛

Np-cp-°n-]d™m¬- cm-Py-`cWØn-s≥-d F√m-hn[ hr-Øn-tISp-Itfbpw-

Xn-∑Isfbpw am-‰n- dn-∏ªn-°n-s≥-d \∑tbbpw- A¤p-Xßtfbpw- sIm-≠p-

hcp-hm≥- Rßƒ- BKln-°p-∂p.-

GIm-[n-]Xy- Al¶m-cw-

tdm-_n- kv-]nb¿ _m-°n-bp-≈ a\p-jy-cm-in-bp-tSXn¬ \n-∂pw- FX D∂Xn-

bn-em-Wv- AtZlsØXs∂ ]Xn-jv-Tn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xvv-.- At±lØn-s≥-d hm-°p-

Ifn-se Al¶m-cw- ]ISam-Wv.- At±lw- am-\h[¿-ΩØn-s≥-d alØm-b

Db¿-sØgp-t∂ev-]n-\v- th≠n-b√ \n-esIm-≈p-∂Xv.- \√co-Xn-bn¬- \S°p-

∂ Hcp- c-W-Iq-S-Øn¬- \n-∂pw- At±lw- AXv- ]Xo-£n-°p-∂n-√.- At±lØn-

\v- kz-bw- am-\hcm-in-sb DS®p-hm¿-°Ww.- AXpw- _e]tbm-KØn-eq-sS

Hcp- hn-πh k¿-°m-cn-s\ \bn-t°≠ [m¿-Ωn-Iaq-ey-ßsf kw-_‘n-®p-≈

At±lØn-s≥-d Hcp- ]kw-KØn¬- \n-∂m-Wv- At±lØn-s≥-d ta¬-]d™

]gIn-bXpw- XΩn¬- s]m-cp-Øs∏Sm-ØXp-am-b ]Jym-]\ßƒ- FSp-Øn-´p-

≈Xv.- tdm-_n kv]nbdpw GIm-[n-]Xy-sa∂ Bibw- Hcp- hn-tZi iIv-Xn-bp-

sS BIaWsØ sNdp-°p-hm-\pw- FXn-cm-fn-Isf ASn-®a¿-Øp-hm-\pw-

aXn-bm-bn- p-≈X√ F∂Xv- i≤n-t°≠Xm-Wvv. bYm¿-∞Øn¬- At±lØn-

s≥-d [m¿-Ωn-I aq-ey-ßƒ- _eam-bn- cm-Py-Øp-Xs∂ ASn-t®ev-]n-°p-hm-\p-

≈ Hcp- D]m-[n-bm-bn-´m-Wv- GIm-[n-]Xy-sØ Im-Wp-∂Xv.- At±lw-

AhIm-is∏Sp-∂Xv- C]Im-cap-ff GIm-[n-]Xyw ]p-Xn-b `cWLS\

hcp-∂Xn-\p- ap-ºp-≈ Hcp- Xm-ev-°m-en-I kw-hn-[m-\am-sW∂Xm-Wv. F∂m¬-

bYm¿-∞Øn¬- At±lØn-s≥-d Dt±iyw- ^m≥-kn¬- \n-∂pw `bsØ

D]-tbm-Kn®v kzm¿-∞Xbpw- A`n-am-\hpw- BNm-cßfpw- kz-`m-hßfpw

]cn-jv-Im-cßfpw- [\tØm-Sp-≈ kv-t\lw- \√ Iq- p-tNcep-Ifpw- \¿-Ωhpw-

Zm-cn-Zyhpw- Im-am-kIv-Xn- C√m-sXbm-°p-I F∂Xn¬- Ip-d™ as‰m-∂p-an-

√.- tdm-_v kv-]nb¿ At±lw-Xs∂ hn-tijn-∏n-® ta¬-]Im-cap-≈ A¤p-

Xßƒ- h∂√m-sX \n-bahm-gv-N ho-≠pw- ]p-ecp-hm≥- A\p-hZn-°p-Ibn-√.-

GIm-[n-]Xy-Øn-tebv-°p-≈ t\cn-´√m-ØXm-bn-´p-≈ Hcp- hgn-

F∂m¬- ta¬-]d™ am-\y-∑m¿- AXm-bXv- ]cn-jv-I¿-Øm-°ƒ,- \n-ba⁄¿,-

Fgp-Øp-Im¿- Xp-Sßn-bh¿- a\p-jy-cm-in-°p-ta¬- t\cn-´p-≈ GIm-[n-]Xyw-

64

ASn-t®ev-]n-°p-hm≥- BKln-°p-∂hc√.- Ah¿- A]Im-cw- t\cn-´p-≈

\S]Sn-sbSp-°p-hm≥- Ign-bm-ØX an-Xhm-Zn-Ifpw- a\p-jy- kv-t\ln-Ifp-

am-Wvv.- AXn-\m¬- Ah¿- A]Im-cap-≈ Hcp- GIm-[n-]Xy-tØbp-w- kaKm-

[n-]Xy-tØbpw- GIin-em- hm-ZtØbpw- \S∏n-em-°m≥- \n-basØ- D]tbm-

Kn-°p-∂p.- Ah¿- \n-baw- D≠m-°p-hm≥- am-Xw- BKln-°p-∂p.- -

C]Im-cap-≈ `m-¥≥- Bibw- ^m≥-kn¬- \Sam-Sp-∂p-s≠∂v- Im-Wn-°p-

hm≥- F\n-bv-°v- amªn-˛sd-bv\m¬ dqtkm, s^\tem¨ Xp-Sßn-bhcp-sS

ap-gp-h≥- Ir-Xn-Ifpw- sams≠-kvtIm-bp-sSbpw t_msk - Xp-Sßn-bhcp-tSbpw-

hen-b teJ\ßfpw- Chn-sS ]I¿-tØ≠n-hcpw.- AXp-am-Xa√ I¨-sh≥-

j\nse ap-gp-h≥- \S]Sn-Ifpw- Chn-sS D≤cn-t°≠n-hcp-w.- Rm-≥- A]Im-

cw- sNøp-∂n-√.- Rm≥- AXn-s\∏‰n- ]cm-a¿-in-°p-Iam-Xta sNøp-Ibp-≈q.-

s\t∏m-fn-b\v- th≠Xv- Ne\m-flIa√m-Ø a\p-jy-cmin-

s\t∏m-fn-bs\ (Neppolean) CtX Bibßƒ- hen-btXm-Xn¬- kzm-[o-\n-

®n-´p-s≠∂ Im-cyw- A¤p-Xs∏Sp-Øp-∂X√.- At±lw- Cu- Bibßsf

s\t©m-Sv- tN¿-Øv- hbv-°p-Ibpw- hym-]Iam-bn- D]tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw-

sNbv -Xp. Hcp- ckX¥⁄s\t∏m-se ap-gp-h≥- bq-tdm-]y -t\bpw

s\t∏m-fn-b≥ Xs‚ ]co-£-W-im-e-bmbn IW-°m-In-I. F∂m¬- Ip-d®p-

Im-ew- Ign-™t∏mƒ- ]co-£W ]Zm¿-∞ßƒ- Xs∂ At±lØn-s\Xn-sc

Xn-cn-bpIbpw sNbvXp.

hfscb[n-Iw- am-\kn-Iam-bn- XI¿-∂ s\t∏m-fn-b≥- sk≥-dv- sleo-\bn¬-

h®v- a\p-jycm-in-bp-sS kz-¥w- Ign-hp-Ifn-se Nn-eXn-s\ Aw-Ko-Icn-®Xm-bn-

Im-Wmw.- A]Im-cw- At±lw- kzm-X¥y-tØm-Sp-≈ Xs≥-d FXn¿-∏v- Ip-d®p.-

F∂m-epw- At±lØn-s≥-d acW]XØn¬- Xs≥-d aIt\m-Sv- ]Tn-°m-\m-hiy-

s∏Sp-∂ ]m-Tw- C]Im-cam-bn-cp-∂p ""`cn-°p-I F∂m¬- kt¥m-jhpw-

hn-Zym-`ym-khpw- [m¿Ωn-I aq-ey-ßfpw- Iq-´p-Ibpw- hf¿-Øp-Ibp-am-Wv.-''-

CXn-\p-tijw- CtX A`n-]m-bap-≈ tamd-√n (Morelly), _m_q^v (Babeuf),

Hmh≥ (Owen), skbn‚v sska¨ (Saint Simon), t^mdn-sb¿ (Fourier)

F∂n-hcpsS hm-NIßƒ- Chn-sS ]Xn-]m-Zn -t°≠Xn-√.- F∂m¬-

eqbnkv ªm-ßn - (Loui Blang)s≥-d Hm¿-Kss\tkj≥- Hm-^v- te_¿ -

(Organisation of Labour) F∂ ]p-kv-XIØn-se Nn-e hcn-Iƒ- C]Im-cam-

Wv. ""\Ωp-sS ]≤Xn-]Im-cw- kaq-lØn-\v - Ne\m-flIX hcp-∂Xv-

65

A[n-Im-cØn¬- \n-∂m-Wv ''- C]Im-cap-≈ Ne\m-flIX kaq-lØn-\v-

In- p-∂Xv- eqbnkv ªmßn-s≥-d A`n-]m-bØn¬- Hcp- ]≤Xn-bn-eq-sSbm-Wv.-

At±lØn-s≥-d ]≤Xn- kaq-lØn¬- ASn-t®ev-]n-°em-Wv.- kaq-lsa∂Xp-

sIm-≠v- Dt±in-°p-∂Xv- a\p-jy-cm-in-bm-Wv.- Aßs\hcp-tºmƒ- a\p-jy-cm-

in-°v- Ne\m-flIX In-´p-∂Xv- eqbnkv ªm-ßn¬ \n-∂m-Wv.-

P\ßƒ-°v- C]Im-cap-≈ ]≤Xn- \n-cm-Icn-°m-t\m-, kzo-Icn-°m-t\m-

AhIm-iap-s≠∂v- thWsa¶n¬ ]dbmw.- AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ P\ßƒ-°v-

In´p∂ D]-tZ-i-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°m\pw \ncm-I-cn-°m\pw Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v.

F∂m¬- eqbn ªm-ßn-s≥-dv- A]Im-cap-≈ Hcp- hy-hkv-Ysb a\ n-em-°p-

∂n-√.- At±lØn-s≥-d ]≤Xn-sb \n-ba]cam-bn- \n-baØn-s≥-d iIv-Xn-

D-]tbm-Kn-®v- P\ßfn¬- ASn-t®ev-]n-°m-\m-Wv- At±lw- Dt±in-°p-∂Xv.-

\Ωp-sS ]≤Xn-b\p-kcn -®v - k¿-°m¿- hym -hkm-bn -I ]p-tcm -KXn -

Dd∏m-°p-∂ \n-baßƒ- am-Xw- D≠m-°n-bm¬- aXn.- as‰√m- Im-cy-Øn-epw-

kzm-X¥yw- \n-e\n-dp-ØWw.- k¿-°m¿- kaq-lsØ Cu Nmbvhn¬ Cd-ßm≥

X° hn[-Øn¬ \n¿Øn-bm¬ am-Xw- aXn.- kzm-`m-hn-I iIv-Xn-bp-sS

klm-bØm¬- kaq-lw- Xm-t\ Du¿-∂p-hcn-Ibpw- Hcp- hy-hkv-Ym-]n-Xkw-hn-[m-\w- kzm-`m-hn-Iam-bn- ]cn-Wan-°p-Ibpw- sNøpw.-

F∂m¬- eqbnkv ªmMv- Dt±in-® Cd°w- F¥m-Wv ? AXv- Hcp- Zp-c¥Øn-

tebv -°v - \bn-°pt∂m? As√¶n¬- \∑bn-tebv -°v - \bn-°pt∂m?

At±lØn-s‚ Bibw icn-bm-sW¶n¬- kaq-lw- F¥p-sIm-≠v- kz-ta[bm-

Ahn-tSbv-°v- Nen-°p-∂n-√?- (kaq-lw- Ne\m-flIas√∂pw- AXn-s\

Nen-∏n-°p-Itb \n-hr-Øn-bp-≈q F∂p-am-Wt√m)- F¥p-]tbm-Kn-®m-Wv-

Nen-∏n-°p-∂Xv ?- (""A[n-Im-cw''-) Cu- A[n-Im-cØn-tebv-°p-≈ iIv-Xn-

Bcp- \ev-Ipw-?- (kw-ibw- F¥v b¥Øn-s≥-d D]⁄m-Xm-hv- C°m-cy-Øn¬-

eqbn ªm-Mv-).-

tkm-jy-en-kØn-s≥-d Zq-jy-hebw-

Ne\m-flIa√m-Ø a\p-jy-kaq-lsa∂ Bibhpw- alm-∑m¿- \n-baw-

D]tbm-Kn-®v- P\ßsf Nen-∏n-°p-∂ Bibhpw- Cu- c≠v- Im-cy-ßfn¬

\n-∂pw- \ap-°v- tam-N\an-√.-

C]Im-cap-≈ kaq-lØn¬- kzm-X¥yw- D≠m-Iptam?- F¥v- kzm-X¥y-amWv-

anÃ¿ eqbnkv ªm-Mv- ?- kzm-X¥y-sa∂Xv- Bcpw- Zm-\w- sNøp∂ AhIm-ia√.-

66

Ahkm-\am-bn- ]dbt´, kzm-X¥yw- F∂Xv- Hcp- hy-Iv-Xn-°v- \n-baØn-s≥-d

]cn-c£Wbn¬- \n-bahmgv-Nbv-°p-≈n-epw- Hcp- a\p-jy-s≥-d Ign-hp-Iƒ-

]tbm-Kn-°m-\pw- Ah hn-Ikn-°m-\p-≈ Ahkcam-Wv.-

CXv- Hcp- shdpw- \n-c¿-∞Iam-b hy-Xym-ka√.- CXn-s≥-d A¿-∞hym-]v-Xn- hfsc

Bg-ap-f-fXpw- CXn-s≥-d ew- ]hNn-°m≥- ]‰m-ØXp-am-Wv.- Hcp- a\p-jy≥-

bYm¿-∞Øn¬- kz -X¥\m-IWsa¶n¬- Abm-fp -sS Ign -hp -Iƒ-

D]tbm-Kn-°phm-\pw- hn-Ikn-∏n-°p-hm-\p-ap-≈ Ahkcßƒ- In-´Wsa∂v-

kΩXn-®m¬- A]Im-cw- kz-bw- hn-Ikn-°p-hm-\p-≈ Ahkcw- t\Sm-\p-≈

hn-Zym-`ym-kw- kaq-lØn-se F√m- ]u-c∑m¿-°pw- AhIm-is∏´Xm-Wv.

]u-c∑m-¿°v DXv-]m-Zn-∏n-°m-\p-≈ Bbp-[ßƒ-°p-≈ AhIm-iw- kaq-l-

Ønse F√m ]uc-∑m¿°pw kzm- m-hn-Iam-bpw- D≠m-Ip-∂Xm-Wv.- Fs¥∂m¬-

DXv-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-hm-\p-≈ Bbp-[ßƒ- C√m-sX a\p-jy-\v ]h¿-Øn- sNøm≥-

km-[y-am-Ip-∂X√.- cm-Py-Øn-s≥-d \S]Sn-Iƒ-aq-ea√m-sX kaq-lØn\pw

hy-Iv-Xn-Iƒ°pw ta¬-]Im-cam-hiy-ap-≈ hn-Zym-`ym-khpw- \n¿-Ωn-°m-\p-≈

D]IcWhpw- Fßs\ sIm-Sp-°p-hm-\m-hpw.-

kz-m-X¥yw- A[n-Im-camWvv.- F∂m¬- Cu- A[n-Im-cØn¬- Fs¥m-s° ASßn-bn-´p-≠v ?- hn-Zym-`ym-kØn-\p-≈ AhIm-ihpw- ]Wn-bm-bp-[ßƒ-°p-≈

AhIm-ihpw-.- Bcm-Wv- hn-Zym-`ym-khpw- DXv]m-Z-\-Øn-\p-ff Bbp-[-ßfpw

\ev-tI≠Xv?- F√m-h¿-°pw- sIm-Sp-°m\pff kaq-lØn-\m-Wv.- kaq-lw- F¥v-

\S]Sn-Iƒ- ]Im-cam-Wv- DXv]m-Z-\-Øn-\p-ff Bbp-[-ßƒ AXn-√m-Øh\v-

sIm-Sp-t°≠Xv?- c-W-IqS \S]Sn-Iƒ- D]tbm-Kn-®v- cm-Pyw- c-W-IqSw CXv-

Bcn¬- \n-∂v- FSp-Øp-sIm-Sp-°pw.-

AXn-\p-Øcw- hm-b\°m¿- \ev-It´.- Cu- Nn-¥ \Ωsf Ftßm-´m-Wv-

\bn-°p-∂sX∂pw- hm-b\°m¿- a\ n-em-°s´.-

P\m-[n-]Xy-hm-Zn-Ifp-sS kn-≤m-¥w-

\Ωp-sS ap≥-Km-an-Isf AXv- A¤p-Xs∏Sp-Øp-ambn-cp∂ Hcp- ]p-Xn-b

kv-Yn-Xn-hn-tijw- kw-Pm-Xambn´p-≠v.- B kn-≤m-¥w- aq-∂v- DZm-lcWßsf

ASn-kv-Ym-\am-°n-bn-´p-≈Xm-Wv.-

1.- a\p-jy- kaq-lØn-s≥-d ap-gp-h\m-bn-´p-≈ \n-iv-Nem-hkv-Y.-

2.- \n-baØn-s≥-d k¿∆-i-‡n.

3.- sX‰p-]-‰mØ \nba \n¿Ωm-Xmhv.-

67

ASn-ap-X¬- ap-Sn -hsc P\m-[n-]Xy-hm-Zn -Iƒ ]Jym-]n-°p-∂hcp-sS

]cn-]m-h\am-b Nn-”ßfm-Wv- ta¬-]d™ aq-∂v- kn-≤m-¥ßƒ.-

P\m-[n-]Xy-hm-Zn-Ifp-sS km-aq-ln-Iam-bn- Nn-¥n-°p-sa∂pw- ]Jym-]n-°p-∂h

cm-Wv- P\m-[n-]Xy-hm-Zn-Ifm-bXp-sIm-≠v- Ah¿-°v- a\p-jy- kaq-lØn¬-

\n- o-aam-b hn-izm-kap-≠v.- Ah¿- km-aq-ln-Iam-bn- Nn-¥n-°p-∂p-sh∂v-

AhIm-is∏Sp-∂Xp-sIm-≠v- Ah¿- a\p-jy-cm-in-sb shdpw- IfnaÆn-t\°mƒ-

Ip-d®p-Iq-Sn- \√Xm-bn-´m-Wv- IW°m-°p-∂Xv.- Cu- sshhn-≤y-ßsf

Ip-d®p-Iq-Sn- \∂m-bn- \ap-°v- ]cn-tim-[n-°m-w.-

cm-jv-So-b A[n-Im-cßsf∏‰n-bp-≈ N¿-® \S°p-tºmƒ- P\m-[n-]Xy-

hm-Zn-bp-sS at\m- m-hw- F¥m-bn-cn-°pw.- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hn-s\ sXcs™Sp-

°p-tºmƒ- P\ßsf Abmƒ- Fßs\ ]cn-KWn-°pw?- At∏mƒ- P\m-[n-

]Xy-hm-Zn-Ifp-sS DØcw- P\ßƒ-°v- kz-ta[bp-≈ _p-≤n-ssh`hw- Ds≠∂pw,

Ah¿-°v- Im-cy-ßsf Xn-cn-®dn-bm-\p-≈ G‰hpw- \√ Ign-hp-s≠∂pw-,

Ahcp-sS Xo-cp-am-\w- Ft∏m-gpw- icn-bm-bn-cn-°p-sa∂pw-, s]m-Xp-hm-b Hcp-

Xo-cp-am-\w- sX‰p-Ibn-√m-sb∂pw- a‰p-am-bn-cn-°pw-, F∂m¬ kΩXn-Zm-bI

AhIm-iw- apg-ph-\mbpw km¿-∆Xn-Iam-°m≥- ]‰p-Ibn-√ F∂pw ]d-bmw.

thm- v- sNøp-∂ kabØv- Hcp- thm- tdm-Sv- Abmƒ-°v- _p-≤n-iIv-Xn-bp-s≠∂v-

Dd∏p-XcWsa∂v- \n-jv-I¿-jn-°m≥- ]‰p-Ibn-√.- Hcp- thm-´¿-°v- \√bm-sf

Xn-cs™Sp-°m-\p-≈ _p-≤n-iIvXn-bpw- Xo-cp-am-\saSp-°m-\p-≈ Ign-hp-

s≠∂pw- \ap-°v- hn-iz-kn-°m-t\ ]‰p-∂p-≈q.- F∂m¬- P\ßƒ-°v- sX‰p-

]‰n-bm-tem?- \Ωƒ- ]t_m-[\Øn-s≥-d Im-eL´Øn-et√ Po-hn-°p-∂Xv.-

P\ßsf Ft∏m-gpw- sI´n-bn-´n-cn-°p-Ibm-tWm? Ah¿- Ahcp-sS AhIm-

ißƒ- t\Sn-sbSp-ØXv- alØm-b ]h¿-Øn-Iƒ- sIm-≠pw- Xym-Kßƒ-

sIm-≠p-at√?- Ah¿-°p-≈ _p-≤n-iIv-Xn-bpw- hn-thIhpw- Ah¿- \n-ch[n-

XhW sXfn-bn-®n-´p-≠t√m! Ah¿- ]m-b]q¿-Øn-bm-bhct√?- Ah¿-°v-

kz-¥w- Xocp-am-\ßsfSp-°p-hm≥- Ign-hp-≈hct√ ?- Ah¿-°v- G‰hpw- \√Xv-

GsX∂v- Adn-hp-≈hct√ ?- P\ßƒ-°p-th≠n- Xo-cp-am-\saSp-°m-\pw-

Im-cy-ßƒ- sNøm-\pw- sI¬-∏p-s≠∂v- kz-bw- ]Jym-]n-®v- P\ßfp-sS ap-Ifn¬-

kz-bw- ]Xn-jv-Tn-°m≥- Xt≥-dSap-≈ Hcp- hy-Iv-Xn-tbm,- Hcp-Iq- w- hy-Iv-Xn-Ifp-

ap-t≠m-?- C√,- C√.- P\ßƒ- kz-X-¥-cm-Wv, As√-¶n¬ Ah¿ kzX-¥

-cm-hWw. Ah¿- Ahcp-sS Im-cy-ßƒ- t\m-°n- \SØm≥- BKln-°p-Ibpw-

Ah¿- AXv- sNøp-Ibpw- sNøpw.-

68

F∂m¬- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hn-s\ sXcs™Sp-Øp-Ign-™m¬- Abm-fp-sS

hm-°p-Ifpw- kz-cØn-epw- hen-b am-‰ßƒ- hcpw.- P\ßƒ- \n-iv-Nem-hkv-Ybn-

tebv-°pw- \nt›-X-\-bn-te°pw At_m-[m-hkv-Ybn-tebv-°pw- Xn-cn-®p-

t]m-hp-Ibpw- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hv- A]-am-Zn-Xz-Øn-te°pw IS°p-Ibpw-

sNøp-w.- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hm-Wv- C\n Imcy-ßƒ Im-cy-ßƒ- kw-LSn-°p-Ibpw,

Xp-Sßp-Ibpw,- \n¿-t±in-°p-Ibpw,- Nen-∏n-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂Xv.- GIm-[n-

]Xy-Øn-s≥-d ap-lq¿-ØsaØn-b kv-Yn-Xn-bn¬- a\p-jy- kaq-lØn-\v-

ap- p-aS°n-bm¬- am-Xw- aXn.- \Ωƒ- ta¬-]d™ am-cIam-b Bibw- in-c mhln-

°p-∂p. sXcs™Sp-∏v- kabØv- _p-≤n-am-∑m-cpw- [¿-Ωn-jv-Tcpw- F√mw-

Xn-I™Xp-am-bn-cp-∂ P\Øn-\v- Ct∏mƒ- bm-sXm-cp- KXn-bp-an-√m-sX AYhm-

Fs¥¶n-epw- KXn-bp-s≠¶n¬- AXv- ]X\Øn-tebv-°p-≈ Xm-tgm-´p-≈

Cd°w- am-Xam-bn- Xo-cp-∂p.-

kzm-X¥y-sa∂ Bibw- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Ifp-sS Im-gv-N∏m-Sn¬-

F¶n-epw- a\p-jy¿-°v- Ip-ds®m-s° kzm-X¥yw- tht≠?- F∂m¬- anÃ¿

I -kn-Ud‚v (Mr. Considerant) \Ω-sf hn-iz-kn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv- kzm-X¥yw-

Ip-ØIhXv-°cWØn-tebv-°v- Xo¿®-bmbpw \bn-°p-sa-∂mWv.

kz-m-X¥y-sa∂m¬- a’cam-sW∂p-≈Xv- \ap-°v- Adn-hp-≈ Im-cy-am-Wv.- F∂m¬-

eqbnkv ªm-Mn-s≥-d A`n-]m-bØn¬- a’csa∂ kw-hn-[m-\w-, I®hS°msc

\in-∏n-°m-\pw- P\ßsf k¿-∆\m-iØnte°pw \bn-°p-∂Xm-Wv. -

AXp-sIm-≠m-Wv- kzm-X¥y-Øn-s≥-d Afh\p-kcn-®v- kz-X¥ a\p-jy¿-

\in-°p-∂Xpw- C√m-Xm-Ip-∂Xpw.- (kzn‰-k¿em‚nepw,- tlm-f≠n-epw,- Cw-•≠n-

epw-, Atacn-°≥- sFIy-\m-Sp-Ifn-epw- a’cap-≠m-°n-b ew- an. eqbnkv

ªm-Mn-s≥-d Xo¿-®bm-bpw- ]cn-tim-[n-t°≠Xm-Wv).

anÃ¿ eqbnkv ªm-Mv ]dbp-∂Xv- a’cw- Ip-ØIhXv-°cWØn-tebv-°v-

\bn-°pw- F∂Xm-Wv.- AtXIm-cWßƒ-sIm-≠v- At±lw- \ΩtfmSv ]d-bp-

∂-Xv. Ip-d™ hn-eIƒ- Iq-Sn-b hn-eIfn-tebv-°v- \bn-°p-sa∂pw- DXv]m-ZI

]In-bsb a’cw- XI¿-®bn-tebv-°v- \bn-°p-sa∂p-am-Wv.- Iq-Sm-sX a’cw

hmßn-°p-hm-\p-ff tijn-sb \in-∏n-°p-sa∂pw- a’-c-i-‡n-Iƒ DXv]m-Z\

]In-bsb Iq- p-sa∂pw- AtXkabw- D]-t`m-KsØ Ip-dbv-°p-sa∂p-am-Wv.-

C]Im-cam-sW¶n¬- kz-X¥ a\p-jy¿- Dev-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂Xv- D]t`m-KØn-

\s√∂pw- kzm-X¥yw- F∂Xn-\¿-∞w- P\ßfp-sS `m-¥pw- ASn-®a¿-Øep-

69

am-sW∂pw- AXv- ]cn-lcn-°m≥- an.- eqbnkv ªm-Mn-s≥-d \n-iv-Nbam-bpw-

thWsa∂p-am-Wv.-

tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ-°v- F√m- kzm-X¥y-tØbpw- `bam-Wv-

F]Im-cap-≈ kzm-X¥y-am-Wv- P\ßƒ-°v- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hv- kΩXn-®p-

sIm-Sp-t°≠Xv ?-

a\km-£n-b\p-kcn-®v- Nn-¥n-°p-hm-\p-≈ kzm-X¥y-am-Wv.- (A]Im-cap-≈

kzm-X¥yw- A\p-hZn-®m¬- P\ßsf√mw- Cu- Ahkcw- D]tbm-Kn-®v-

\n-co-iz-chm-Zn-IfmIp-sa∂ Ahkv-Y \Ωƒ-°v- Im-tW≠n-hcpw-).-

F¶n¬- hn-Zym -`ym -kØn-\p-≈ kzm-X¥y-am -tWm- sIm-Sp -t°≠Xv- ?

(A]Im-cam-bm¬- am-Xm-]n-Xm-°ƒ- A≤ym-]Isc ]Ww-sIm-Sp-Øv-

kzm-[o-\n-®v- Ahcp-sS Ip-ń-Isf A[m¿-Ωn-Ihpw- sX‰p-am-b Im-cy-ßƒ-

]Tn-∏n-°m≥- ian-°pw.- am-Xa√ sZtb-gv-kns‚ A`n-]m-bØn¬- hn-Zym- ym-kw-

tZio-bam-bn kz-X¥y-am-°n-bm¬- AXv- tZio-ba√m-Xm-hp-Ibpw- \Ωp-sS

Ip-ń-Isf, \Ωƒ- Xp¿-°n-Ifp-tSbpw- ln-µp-°fp-tSbpw- Bibßƒ-

]Tn-∏n -°p-Ibpw- sNøpw.- F¥m-bm-epw- \Ωp-sS hn-Zym -`ym -kØn¬-

\ap-°p-≈ \n-ba]cam-b GIm-[n-]Xyw-aq-ew- \Ωp-sS Ip- n-Iƒ-°v- tdm-an-s‚-

alØm-b Bibßƒ- ]Tn-°p-hm-\p-≈ ku-`m-Kyw- ssIh∂n-´p-≠v.-)-

F¶n¬- sXm-gn¬-]cam-b kzm-X¥y-amtWm- sIm-Sp-t°≠Xv.- (A]Im-cw-

h∂m¬- a’cam-bn-cn-°pw- êw.- D]t`m-Kw- sNøm-Ø Dev-]∂ßƒ-aq-ew-

I®hSßƒ- \in-°p-Ibpw- P\ßƒ-Xs∂ C√m-Xm-hp-Ibpw- sNøpw).-

F¶n¬- I®hS kzm-X¥y-am-tWm- sIm-Sp-t°≠Xv.- (Np-¶ ho-XØn-s≥-d

A∏kv-tXm-e∑m¿- ho-≠pw- ho-≠pw- sXfn-bn-®Xp-t]m-se I®hS kzm-X¥yw-

A]Im-cw- I®hSw- sNøp-∂bm-sfØs∂ \in-∏n-°p-sa∂Xv- F√m-h¿-°pw-

Adn-bm-hp-∂Xm-Wv.- AXp-sIm-≠v- ]p-tcm-KXn- thWsa¶n¬- I®hS

kzm-X¥y-sØ ASn-®a¿-tØ≠Xv- Bhiy-am-Wv.-)-

F¶n¬- kw-LSn-°m\p-≈ kzm-X¥y-am-tWm- sIm-Sp-t°≠Xv.- (F∂m¬

tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- Nn-¥m-KXn-]Im-cw- bYm¿-∞ kzm-X¥y-hpw- kz-ta[bm-bp-≈

kw-LS\Ifpw- sshhn-≤y-cq-]ßfn-em-Wv- \n-ebp-d∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.-

tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Isf kw-_‘n-®n-StØm-fw- kw-LSn-°m-\p-≈ AhIm-iw-

ASn-®a¿-Øn-bXp-sIm-≠v- P\ßsf bYm¿-∞ kzm-X¥y-Øn-\p-th≠n-

HØp-Iq-Sm≥- t]cn-∏n-°p-Itbbp-≈q.-)-

70

a\p-jy-kaq-lw- F√m-Øcw- \m-ißfn-te-°pw- A]ISßfn-te-°pw- kZm-

Nen-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂bhkv-Ybm-Wp-≈Xv- F∂v- km-aq-ln-I P\m-[n-]Xy-

hm-Zn-Iƒ- Dd®v- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂p-≠v.- P\ßƒ-°v- bm-sXm-cp-hn-[ kzm-X¥yw- A\p-

hZn-°m≥- P\m-[n-]Xy- km-aq-ly-hm-Zn-Ifp-sS a\ v- A\p-hZn-°p-∂n-√.-

Cu- Nn-¥m-[m-c \sΩsIm-≠v- FØn-°p-∂Xv- Nn-e hy-Iv-Xam-b tNm-Zy-ßfn-

te°m-Wv.- P\ßƒ- cm-jv-So-b°m¿- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂Xp-t]m-se CXam-Xw-

Ign-hp-sI´hcpw- A[m¿-Ωn-Icpw- hn-hcan-√m-Øhcp-am-sW¶n¬- Ah¿-°v-

thm-´v - sNøp-hm-\p-≈ AhIm-isØ F¥n-\m-Wv- Ch¿- CXam-Xw-

DXv-IrjvSam-b BthitØm-sS ]cn-c£n-°p-hm≥- shºp-∂Xv.-

Aam-\p-jn-Iam-b Bibw-

a\p-jy-Xz-Øn-s≥-d kw-Lm-SIsc∂v- ]Jym-]n-°p-∂ ta¬-]d™hcp-sS

]hr-Øn-, Rm≥- Ahtcm-Sv- ]et∏mgpw- tNm-Zn-®n- p-≈Xpw- F\n- -°v- Hcn-°epw-

adp-]Sn- In-ń-bn-ń-√m-ØXpamb tNm-Zy-Øn-tebv-°m-Wv- \sΩ \bn-°p-∂Xv.-

a\p-jy- kaq-lØn-s≥-d kzm- m-hn-I KXn- CXam-Xw- No-Øbm-bXv- kzm-X¥yw-

\ev-Ip-∂Xpw- kp-c£n-Xa√m-ØXp-am-sW¶n-¬- Cu- kw-Lm-SIcp-sS

kz-`m-hhpw- KXn-bpw- F√m-bn-t∏m-gpw- CX\√Xm-Ip-∂Xv- F¥p-sIm-≠v-?-

\n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°fpw- Ah¿- \n-ban-® ]Xn-]p-cp-j∑m-cpw- a\p-jy-cm-in-bn¬-

s∏Sp-∂hct√?- a\p-jy-Ip-ew- D≠m-°n-bXn-\v- ]pdsa hn-in-jv-Sam-b

at‰sX¶n-epw- hkv-Xp-°ƒ-sIm-≠v- D≠m-°n-bXm-tWm-, Ahsc D≠m-°n-bn-

´p-f-fXv- kaq-lsØ \n-b¥n-°m-Xn-cp-∂m¬- AXv- P\ßfp-sS kzm- m-hn-Iam-

b hgn-]n-g®Xm-b kz-`m-hw-aq-ew- A\n-hm-cy-am-b k¿-∆\m-iØn-te-°v-

\bn-°p-sa∂Xm-Wv, kwLm-S-I-cpsS A`n-]mbw \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ-

AhIm-is∏Sp-∂Xv- C]Im-cap-≈ BfllXym-]cam-b hgn-bn¬- \n-∂v- Ah¿-

P\ßsf \√ Zn-ibn-te°v- \bn-°p-sa∂Xm-Wv A]Im-cam-sW¶n¬-

\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ°pw - kw-Lm-SI¿-°pw- a\p-jy-kaq-lØn-\v- ap-Ifn-em-b Ahsc

]Xn-jv-Tn-°m≥- Ah¿-°v- kz¿-§Øn¬- \n-∂v- _p-≤n-iIv-Xn-bpw- \∑bpw-

In-ń-bn-´p-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww-.- A]Im-cap-≈ \∑bp-w- _p-≤n-iIv-Xn-bpw-

Ah¿-°p-s≠¶n¬- AXv- Ah¿- sXfn-bn-°s´.-

\Ωƒ- BSp-Ifp-w- Ah¿ Bń-Sb∑m-cp-am-Ip-∂ kv-Yn-Xn-hn-tijap-≠m-Ipw.-

B kv-Yn-Xn-hn-tijØn¬- Ah¿-°v- \Ωtf°mƒ- ta∑ D≠m-IWat√m,- BbXn-

\m¬- \n-a\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°fpw- kw-Lm-SIcpw- ta¬-]d™ kzm-`m-hn-I ta∑

71

sXfn-bn-°Wsa∂v- Bhiy-s∏Sm≥- \Ωƒ-°v- AhIm-iap-≠v.-

kz-bw- Xn-cs™Sp-°m-\p-≈ kzm-X¥y-sØ tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ-

\n-cm-Icn-°p-∂p

tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ-°v- ]p-Xn-b km-aq-ly-Iaw- I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-∂Xn-t\m,- ]Ncn-

∏n-°p-∂Xn-t\m,- ]ckyw- sNøp-∂Xn-t\m,- AX√ Ahcn¬-Øt∂bpw- Ahcp-

sS Nn-ehn-epw- Ahcp-sS tNZØn-epw- \S∏n-em-°p-∂Xns\ Rm≥- FXn¿-

°p-∂p-sh∂v sX‰n-≤cn-°cp-Xv.- Rm≥- FXn¿°p-∂Xv- \n-baw-aq-ew- _eam-

bn- Ahcp-sS Bibßƒ- ASn-t®ev-]n-°p-∂Xn-t\bpw- AXn-\p-≈ Nn-ehv-

\Ωƒ- \ev-Ip-∂ \n-Ip-Xn- ]WØn¬- \n-∂pw- Cu-Sm-°p-∂Xn-t\bp-am-Wv.-

Rm≥- ta¬-]d™ hnhn-[ßfm-b km-aq-ly- Nn-¥Ifp-sS ]tbm-Iv-Xm-°sf

AXm-bXv- Iys_\n-ÃvkpIƒ (Cabenists), tSmUp-sl-\-msk≥Uv

(Troduhenesd) Imhn-‰okv (Cavitises), t^mdn-b-dnÃvkv (Fourierists),

bqWn-th-gvkn-‰dnÃvkpIƒ (Universitarists), -]qtUm-WnÃvkpIƒ

(Proudhonists), Ahcp-sS Bibw- shSn-bWsa∂√.- Rm≥- \n-jv-I¿-jn-

°p-∂Xv- Ch¿-s°√m-w s]m-Xp-hm-bn´p-ff Hcp Bibw- shSn-bWsa∂p-

am-XamWv.- AXm-bXv- Ahcp-sS hym-]m-c \n-baßfpw- Ko-°v-,- tdm-a≥-

[m¿-Ωn-I aq-ey-ßfpw- hm-bv-]m- _m-¶pIƒ- F∂ Bibhpw- km-aq-ly-]≤Xn-

Iƒ- F∂ Bibhpw- \Ωp-sSta¬- ASn-t®ev-]n-°p-Ibpw- \Ωsf hn-hn-[Xcw-

K-Wßfm-°p-Ibp-w sNøp-∂Xv- Ahkm-\n-∏n-°Wsa∂p-am-Xam-Wv.-

ta¬-]d™ ]≤Xn-Iƒ- thWtam- th≠tbm- F∂Xv- \Ωƒ-Xs∂ Xo-cp-am-

\n-°m-\p-≈ AhIm-iw- \n-tj[n-°cp-sX∂pw- \ΩfpsS- ta¬- ta¬-]d™

Bibßƒ- t\cn-t´m-- - A√m-sXtbm- ASn-t®ev-]n-°cp-sX∂pw- \Ωƒ-°v- ta¬-

]d™ Bibßƒ- \Ωp-sS Xm-ev -]cy-ßƒ-°v- hn-cp-≤am-sWt∂m,-

a\km-£n-°v- hn-cp-≤am-sWt∂m-,- tXm-∂p-∂p-s≠¶n¬- BbXv- \n-cIm-cn-°m-

\≈ AhIm-ißƒ- thWw- F∂Xp-am-Xam-Wv.-

F∂m¬- Cu- kw-Lm-SI¿-°v- \n-Ip-Xn- ]Ww- \n¿_‘ambn - thWsa∂pw-

Ahcp-sS ]≤Xn-Iƒ- \S∏n-em-°m≥- \n-baØn-\v- iIv-Xn-thWsa∂pw-

\n¿-_≤am-Wv.- Cu- BKlw- \o-Xn-cln-Xhpw- ASn-®a¿-Øepw- BsW∂v-

am-Xa√,- a\p-jy-cm-in- Ign-hp-sI´Xm-sW∂pw- kw-Lm-SI¿-°v- sX‰p-]‰n-bn-

√m-sb∂p-ap-≈ [m-cWbn¬- \n-∂pw- D¤hn-®n-´p-≈XpamWv.-

72

^©v- hn-πhØn-s≥-d Im-cWßƒ-

Bibßfp-sS Cu- sshcp-[y -ßƒ- k¶SIcamWv F∂v ]dbt´, -

^m≥-kn-se kw- hßfn¬- kzm- m-hn-Iam-bp-w- CXv Im-Wmw.- DZm-lc-W-Øn\v

AhIm-ißƒ- Ir-Xy-am-bn- ]d™m¬- cm-jv-So-b AhIm-ißƒ- t\Sn-sbSp-

°p-∂Xn-\v- bq-tdm-]y-≥-Im-cn¬- ap-∂n- p- \n-∂ncp-∂Xv- ^©p-Im-cm-Wv.- F∂m¬-

Cu- hkv-Xp-X ^©v- ]u-c∑m-sc bq-tdm-∏n-seXs∂ G‰hpw- ISn-™mWn´-

hcpw- h©n-°s∏´hcpw- cn-°s∏´hcp-am-Ip-∂ P\XbmIp-∂Xn¬- \n-∂pw-

XS w- \n-∂n-√.- a‰p- cm-Py-ßfn¬- \n-∂pw- hn-`n-∂am-bn- GXp-kabØpw-

hn-πhw- hcm-hp-∂ cm-Py-am-bn- ^m≥-kv- am-dn.- CXv- Hcp- kzm-`m-hn-I ]cn-Wm-aw-

am-Xam-Wv.-

""A[n-Im-cam-Wv- kaq-lsØ Nen-∏n-°p-∂Xv ''- F∂v- an.- eqbnkv ªm-Mv-

]Jym-]n-®Xv- ta¬-]d™ Bibßƒ- cm-jv-SX¥⁄¿- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂n-

StØm-fw- Im-ew- Cu- kv-Yn-Xn-hn-tijw- Xp-Scp-IXs∂ sNøpw.- am-\h¿-

\n-iv-Necm-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw- Ahcp-sS t£aw- h¿-≤n-∏n-°phm-\p-w- Ah¿-°v-

Ign-hn-√m-sb∂v- [cn-°p-Ibpw- Ahcp-sS _p-≤n-iIv-Xn-bpw- Du¿-÷hpw-

sIm-≠v- Ahcp-sS kt¥m-jw- h¿-≤n-∏n-°m≥- Ah¿-°v- kz-bw- Ign-hn-s√∂v-

[cn-°p-bpw- F√m-Øn-\pw- \n-basØ Bibn-°p-Ibp-w- sNøp-∂Xp-aq-ew-

Cu- kv-Yn-Xn-hn-tijw- Xp-Scp-IXs∂ sNøpw.- Cu- Ahkv-Y Bń-≥-]‰hpw-

Bń-Sb\pw- XΩn-ep-≈ _‘wt]m-sebm-Wv.-

`c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ hn-]p-eam-b iIv-Xn-

Cu- Bibw- \n-ehn-ep-≈n-StØm-fw- c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚bpw- cm-Py-Øn-s≥-dbpw-

DØchm-Zn-Xzw- hfsc hep-Xm-Wv.- cm-jv-So-b`cWsØ Bibn-®m-Wv- \√

êßfpw- No-Ø eßfpw- kz-Øpw- Zm-cn-Zy-hpw- kaXz-hpw- AkaXz-hpw-

\∑bpw- Xn-∑bpw- \n-esIm-≈p-∂Xv.- cm-Py-Øn-s≥-dbpw- `cWØn-s≥-dbpw-

Np-aen-em-Wv- F√mw.- F√mw- sNøp-∂Xpw- Gs‰Sp-°p-∂Xpw-, AXp-sIm-≠p-

Xs∂ F√m-Øn-\pw- DØchm-Zn- cm-Py-hpw- cWIqS-hp-am-Wv.

\Ωƒ-°v \√Xv h∂m¬ AXv- `cWØn-s‚ Ignhpw AXp-hgn- \Ωƒ-°p-

≈ Nm-cn-Xm¿-∞y-hpw- Ds≠∂v hcp-In¬, AXp-t]m-seXs∂ \Ωƒ-°v-

B]Øp-hcp-tºmƒ- AXn-s≥-d Ip-‰hpw- cWhpw- cm-Py-hpw- hln-°Ww.- F¥p-

sIm-s≠∂m¬- \Ωp-sS hy-Iv-Xn-Xz-hpw- kz-Øp-°fpw- cm-Py-Øn-s≥-d hn-In-b

Øn-et√?- \n-baw- k¿-∆iIv-Xn-bp-≈Xt√?-

73

cm-Pyw- hn-Zym-`ym-kØn-ep-≈ Ip-ØI Gs‰Sp-°p-tºm-ƒ- Ip-Spw-_\m-Y∑m¿-

°p-≈ ]Xo-£Iƒ-°pw- cm-Pyw- DØcw- ]dtb≠n-hcpw.- A]Im-cap-≈

]Xo-£Iƒ- XI¿-∂m¬- AXn\v- DØchm-Zn-bpambncn-°pw-?- hy-hkm-bßsf

Iao-Icn-°p-tºmƒ- cm-Pyw- ]p-tcm-KXn- Dd∏p-Xcp-∂ Icm-dn-em-Wv- G¿-s∏Sp-

∂Xv.- As√¶n¬- hy-hkm-bßƒ-°p-≈ kzm-X¥yw- \n-tj[n-°p-∂Xv-

hnVv-Un-Øam-Wv.- At∏mƒ- hy-hkm-bßƒ- XI¿-∂m¬- Bcm-bn-cn-°pw-

DØchm-Zn?

Np-¶ßƒ- G¿-s∏Sp-Øn- I®hSØn-s≥-d kaXp-e\m-hkv-Ybn¬- CSs]Sp-∂

k¿-°m¿- I®hSsØ A`n-hr-≤n-s∏Sp-Øm-hp-∂ Icm-dn-em-Wv- G¿-s∏Sp-∂Xv.-

A]Im-cap-≈ I®hSØn¬- \jv-Sw- kw-`hn-®m¬- Bcm-Wv- DØchm-Zn?

kap-tZm-ev-]m-ZI hy-hkm-bßƒ-°v- kzm-X¥y-Øn-\p-]Icw- kw-c£Ww-

hm-Kv-Zm-\w-sNøp-∂ k¿-°m¿- B hy-hkm-bsØ em-`Icam-°m-sa∂v- Dd∏p-

\ev-Ip-Ibm-Wv- sNøp-∂Xv.- F∂m¬- AXv- \n-Ip-Xn-Zm-bI\v Hcp- _m-≤y-X

Bhp-Ibm-sW¶n¬- AXn-\v- DØchm-Zn-bm-cm-Wv- ?-

AXp-sIm-≠v- F√m- ]cm-Xn-Iƒ-°pw- k¿-°m-¿- DØchm-Zn-Ifm-Wv.- Hm-tcm-

tXm-¬-hn-bpw- ho-≠pw- Hcp- ^©v- hn-πhØn-s≥-d km-[y-X Iq-´p-Ibt√

sNøp-∂Xv.-

CXn-\v- Hcp- ]cn-lm-csa¥m-Wv ?- \n-baØn-s≥-d hym-]v-Xn- A\¥am-bn-

Iq- n-°q- n- AXp-hgn- k¿-°m-cn-s≥-d DØchm-Zn-Xzw- ho-≠pw- Iq- p-Ibm-tWm.-

k¿-°m¿- thX\w- Iq-´m\p-w- \n-b¥Ww- G¿-s∏Sp-Øm-\p-ap-≈ DØc

hm-Zn-Xzw- Gs‰Sp-Øtijw- AXn-\v- km-[n-°m-sX h∂m¬- Bhiy-ap-≈ F√m-

hcp-tSbpw- ]cn-c£Wtas‰Sp-Øv- AXn-\v- km-[n-°m-sXh∂m¬- sXm-gn¬-

cln-X¿-°p-≈ ]n-¥p-W Gs‰Sp-Øv- A]Im-cw- sNøm-Xn-cp-∂m¬- ]en-i

cln-X hm-bv-] \ev-Imw.- F∂v- Gs‰Sp-Øv- A]Im-cw- sNøm-Xn-cp-∂m¬- F¥m-

Wv- ew.- an. Un. eam¿´ns‚ (Mr. De. Lamartine) hm-°p-Iƒ- AXm-bXv-

cm-Py-Øn-s≥-d Dt±iw-Xs∂ t_m-[hXv-°cWhpw- hn-Ik\hpw- iIv-Xn-s∏Sp-

Øepw- Bflo-bam-°epw- k¿-t∆m-]cn- P\ßfp-sS a\ n-s\ ip-≤o-Icn-

°p-Ibp-am-Wv- F∂m-Wv.- F∂m¬- k¿-°m-cn-s≥-d Hm-tcm- ]n-ghp-Ifpw-

CXp-aq-ew- A\n-hm-cy-am-b hn-πhØn-tebv-°v- \bn-°p-Ibn-t√ ?-

74

cm-jv-So-bhpw- [\Im-cy-hpw-

(Cu- N¿-®bp-sS Xp-S°Øn¬- \Ωƒ- kv-]¿-in-®p-t]m-b cm-jv-So-bhpw- [\

Im-cy-hpw- XΩn-ep-≈ _‘sØ∏‰n- Iq-Sp-X¬- Nn-¥n-°mw)-.-

cm-jv-So-b XXz-im-kv-Xw- bp-Iv-Xn-°\p-kr-Xam-bn- D≠m-°p-∂Xn-\p- ap-ºv-

[\Im-cy- im-kv-Xw- hn-Ikn-∏n-t°≠Xm-hiy-am-Wv-.- [\XXz-im-kv-Xw- a\p-jy-

s≥-d Xm-ev-]cy-ßƒ- sshhn-Zym-flIam-tWm,- tN¿-®bp-≈Xm-tWm- F∂v-

Xo-cp-am-\n-°p-∂Xm-Wv.- Hcp- `cWIq-SØn-s≥-d bYm¿-∞ Np-aXeIƒ-

Xo-cp-am-\n-°p-∂Xn-\v- cm-jv-S\o-Xn-bp-≠m-°p-∂Xn-\p- ap-ºv- ta¬-]d™

[\Im-cy-im-kv-Xw- Adn-tb≠Xp-≠v.-

[\im-kv-Xw- ]p-tcm-Kan-®m¬- DS≥-Xs∂ cm-jv-SX¥w- Xp-Sßp-∂ kabØp-

Xs∂bpw- Cu- ][m-\s∏´ tNm-Zy-Øn-\v- DØcw- In-t´≠Xp-≠v.- F¥m-Wv-

\n-baw?- AXv- F]Im-cam-Wv- th≠Xv-?- AXn-s≥-d hym-]v-Xn-bpw- ]cn-an-Xn-bpw-

FXtØm-fam-Wv.- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°fp-sS \o-Xn-Icn-°m-hp-∂ A[nIm-cßƒ-

bpIv-Xn-]cam-bn- Fhn-sS Ahkm-\n-°Ww.-

CXn-\p-≈ DØcw- Hcp- kw-ibhp-an-√m-sX Rm≥- ]dbmw-.- \n-basa∂m¬-

A\o-Xn-sb XSbp-∂Xn-\p-th≠n- cq-]o-Icn-®n-´p-≈ s]m-Xp-hm-b iIv-Xn-

bm-Wv.- Np-cp-°n-]d™m¬- \n-baw- \o-Xn-bm-Wv.-

\n-ba\n¿-Ωm-WØn-s≥-d bYm¿-∞ Np-aXeIƒ-

\n-ba \n¿-Ωm-Xm-hn-\pw- \Ωp-sS hy-Iv-Xn-Xz-Øn-t∑epw- Bkv-Xn-bv-°p-taepw-

]caam-b A[n-Im-cap-≠v- F∂p-]dbp-∂Xv- icn-b√.- hy-Iv -Xn -Ifpw-

kz-Øp-°fpw- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hn-\v- ap-ºp-Xs∂ \n-e\n-∂n-cp-∂p.- \n-ba

\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hn-s≥-d Np-aXe hy-Iv-Xn-Ifp-tSbpw- kz-Øp-°fp-tSbp-w- kp-c£

Dd∏p-hcp-Øem-Wv.-

\Ωp-sS a\ n-s\bpw- Bibßtfbpw,- Dt±ißtfbpw- hn-Zym- ym-ktØbpw-

A`n-]m-bßtfbpw- tPm-en-Itfbpw- hym-]m-ctØbpw- Ign-hp-Itfbpw-

D√m-kßtfbpw- Iao-Icn-°p-I F∂X√ \n-baØn-s≥-d bYm¿-∞ Dt±iyw.-

A]Im-cap-≈ ]h¿-Øn-Iƒ- sNøm-\p-≈ kzm-X¥y-sØ kw-c£n-°p-Ibpw-

AXn-t∑ep-≈ IS∂p-Ib‰sØ sNdp-°p-Ibp-am-Wv-.-

A]Im-cw- sNøm≥- \n-baØn-\v- iIv-Xn-bp-sS ]n-¥p-W thWsa∂p-≈Xp-

sIm-≠v- AXn-s≥-d \n-ba]cam-b \S∏n-em-°¬- A]Im-cw- _e]tbm-Kw-

75

th≠ kv-YeØp-am-Xam-Wv.- CXm-Wv- \o-Xn.-

kz-bw- ]Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥-th≠n- _ew- ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xn-\v- F√m-h¿-°pw-

AhIm-iap-≠v.- A]Im-cw-Xs∂ hy-Iv -Xn-Ifp-sS ta¬-]Im-cap-≈

AhIm-iØn-s≥-d HØp-Iq-S¬- am-Xam-b Iq-´m-b iIv-Xn- \n-ba]m-eI

am-bn- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv- kaq-lsØ kz-bw- ]Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥- am-Xam-bn-

cn-°Ww.- AXn-\√m-sX A]Im-cap-≈ iIv-Xn- \n-ba]cam-bn- as‰m-cp-

Im-cy-Øn-\v- D]tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥- ]‰p-Ibn-√.-

\n-baw- F∂Xv- hy-Iv-Xn-Ifp-sS kz-bw-]Xn-tcm-[Øn-\p-≈ AhIm-iØn-s‚

kw-LSn-X cq-]am-Wv.- AXv- \n-baap-≠m-°p-∂Xn-\v- ap≥-]p-Xs∂bp-≈

Xp-am-Wv.- \n-basa∂m¬- \o-Xn-bm-Wv.-

\n-bahpw- klm-\p- q-Xn-bpw- H∂√

\n-baØn-s≥-d Dt±iyw- hy-Iv-Xn-Isf Aa¿-® sNøp-Ibpw- Ahcp-sS

kz-Øp-°ƒ- sIm-≈bSn-°ep-a√.- \n-baw- am-\thm-]Im-c]cam-b Im-cy-ßƒ-

sNøp-∂p-≠m-Imw.- F∂m¬- \n-baØn-s≥-d ]caam-b Dt±iyw- hy-Iv-Xn-Itfbpw-

kz-Øp-°tfbpw- kw-c£n-°p-I F∂Xm-Wv.-

\n-baØn-s≥-d \SØn-∏n¬- AXv- hy-Iv-Xn-Isf ASn-®a¿-Øp-Ibpw- kz-Øp-

°ƒ- sIm-≈ sNøp-∂p-s≠¶n¬- \n-baw- a\p-jy-kv-t\l]cam-sW∂v-

]dbp-hm≥- ]‰p-Ibn-√.- CXv- Hcp- hn-tcm-[m-`m-kam-Wv.- hy-Iv-Xn-Itfbpw-

kz-Øp-°tfbpw- _m-[n-°m-sX \n-baw- \S∏n-em-°m≥- km-[n-°p-Ibn-√.-

F∂m¬- A]Im-cw- kw-c£Ww \ev-Im-sX \n-baw- \S∏nem-°p-tºmƒ-

AXv- hy-Iv-Xn-kzm-X¥y-Øn-t≥-dbpw- kz-Øn-s≥-d AhIm-itØbpw- \n-cm-Icn-

°em-Wv.-

\n-baw- \o-Xn-bm-Wv.- hy-Iv-Xhpw- efn-Xhp-w- Ir-Xy-hpw- _‘n-Xhp-amWv.- AXv-

F√m-h¿-°pw- Im-Wm-hp-∂Xpw- A\p-`hn-°m-hp-∂Xp-am-Wv.- Fs¥∂m¬-

\o-Xn- Af°m-hp-∂Xv- kYn-cam-b am-‰an-√m-ØXp-am-Wv.- \o-Xn- CXn¬-

Iq-Sp-Xtem- Ip-dthm- A√.-

F∂m¬- Cu- ]cn-[nhn-´v- \n-baw- D≠m-°n-bm¬- AXm-bXv- \n-baØn-\v-

aX]cam-tbm,- `m-¥o-bam-tbm,-- tem-tIm-]Im-c]Zam-tbm,- hyhkm-bn-Iam-tbm,-

km-ln-Xy-]cam-tbm- Xp-ey-s∏Sp-Øm-sX Iem-]cam-tbm- D≈ \n-dw- sIm-Sp-°p-

Ibm-sW¶n¬- AXv- ]cn-[n-sh°m-Ø kv-Yeßfn¬- tNt°dp-Ibpw-

76

hy-Iv-XX C√m-ØXpw- Ir-Xy-X C√m-ØXpw- \S∏m-°m≥-]‰m-Ø km-¶ev-]n-I

tem-IsØØp-Ibpw- AXn-\p-]p-dta \n-ch[n-bm-b km-¶ev-]n-I tem-Ißfn¬-

hy-hlcn-°p-Ibpw- H∂v- H∂n-t\m-Sv- a’cn-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂ Ahkv-Y

bp-≠m-Ipw.- CXn-\v- Im-cWw- tem-tIm-]Im-c]Zhpw- km-tlm-Zcy-hpw- F√mw-

]cn-[n-bn-√m-Ø BibßfmWv.- \o-Xn- F∂Xv- ]cn-[n-bn¬- \n-ev-t°≠

hy-hkv-Ybp-am-Wv.- ]cn-[n-bn-√m-sX Xp-Sßn-bm¬- Fhn-sSbm-Wv- \n-dp-Øp-I.-

\n-baw- AXn-s\ Fhn-sSXs∂ Xfbv-°pw?-

IΩyq-Wn-kØn-tebv-°p-≈ DXv-Ir-jv-S ]m-X

an. Un. sk‚v ssIbn°v (Mr. De. Saint - Cricq), an. Fw.-B¿.Un. kmenUn

(Mr. M.R.D. Saild) s≥-d A`n-]m-bØn¬- tem-tIm-]Im-cw- F∂Xv- Nn-e hy-

hkm-bn-I KWßfn¬- am-Xw- \n-ev-t°≠Xm-Wv.- At±lØn-s≥-d A`n-]m-

bØn¬- D]t`m-Iv-Xm-°sf \n-b¥n-®v- Dev-]m-ZI¿-°v- Kp-Wap-≠m-°em-Wv-

\n-baØn-s≥-d ]h¿-Øn.-

an.- I¨-kn-Ud≥-dv- (Mr.Considerant) sXm-gn-em-fn- kw-Lßfp-sS XesXm-

´∏\m-Wv.- At±lØn-s≥-d A`n-]m-bØn¬- \n-baw-sIm-≠p-≈ Dt±iyw-

sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-°v- Bhiy-am-b hkv-Xßfpw- ho-Sp-Ifpw- £Wßfpw- AXv-

Bhiy-am-b a‰p- Pohn-Xku-Icy-ßfpw- Dd∏p-hcp-Øp-I F∂Xm-Wv.-

an. - eqbn- ªm-Mv - (Mr.Loui Blaang) ]dbp-∂Xv- ta¬-]d™ G‰hpw-

Np-cp-ßn-b Dd∏p-Iƒ- ]cn-]q¿-Æ km-tlm-Zcy-Øn-s≥-d Xp-S°w- am-Xam-sW∂pw-

F√m- sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-°pw- Dev-]m-Z\ km-aKn-Iƒ-,- Nn-ehn-√m-Ø hn-Zym- ym-khpw-

Dd∏p- hcp-Øp-∂Xm-bncn-°Ww- \n-basa∂Xv.-

thsd Hcm-fp-sS \n-co-£WØn¬- ta¬-]d™ hy-hkv-YIsf√mw- D≠m-°n-

bm-epw- ]n-s∂bpw- AkaXz-hpw- \n-e\n-ev-°p-sa∂pw- AXn-\m¬- F√mw- Ah¿-

°pw- AXm-bXv- FØn-t®cp-hm≥- G‰hpw- _p-≤n-ap-´p-≈ kv-YeØv-

Po-hn-°p-∂bmƒ-°p-th≠n- BUw-_chpw- km-ln-Xy-hpw- Iebp-w- Dd∏p-

hcp-Øp-∂Xm-bn-cn-°Ww- \n-baw- F∂Xm-Wv.-

ta¬-]d™ hm-Zßƒ-s°√mw- IΩyq-Wn-kØn-tebv-°p-≈ DXv-Ir-jv-S

]m-Zßfm-Wv.- A]Im-cam-sW¶n¬- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Wsa∂Xv- F√m-hcp-sSbpw-

B¿-Øn-bp-tSbpw- `m-h\m-iIv-Xn-bp-tSbpw- bp-≤°fam-bn- am-dpw. Ct∏mƒ-

Xs∂ A]Im-cam-Wv.-

77

Hcp- kp-kv-Yn-c `cWIq-S¯n-s³-d ASn-kv-Ym-\w-

\n-baw- \o -Xn -Xs¶bm-Wv. - Cu- Bib¯nÂ- Hcp- efn -Xhpw- \o - -p -

\n-ev-¡p-¶Xp-am-b `cWIq-Ss¯ k¦ev-]n-¡m-hp-¶Xm-Wv.- A\o-Xn-sb

CÃm-Xm-¡p-¶Xn-\p-am-Xw- i²n-¡p-¶ kw-LSn-X iIv-Xn-bp-Å Hcp- kÀ-¡m-

cn-s\Xn-sc GsX¦n-epw- sNdn-btXm-Xn-ep-Å FXnÀ-t¸m,- Iem-]tam,- hn-¹hw-

Xs¶bp--m-Ip-sa¶v- ]hNn-¡m³- BÀ-s¡¦n-epw- ss[cy-ap- -m-Ip-tam.-

A]Im-cap-Å `cW¯n³-Io-gnÂ- Gähpw- Iq-Sp-XÂ- ]p-tcm-Ka\hpw-

A`n-hr-²n-bpw- D-m-hp-Ibpw- AXv- kaam-bpw- hn-XcWw- sN¿s¸Sp-Ibpw-

sN¿pw.- a\p-jy-s³-d Hgn-¨p-Iq-Sm³-]äm-¯ Zo-\§Ä-¡v- At¸mÄ- Bcpw-

`cWIq-Ss¯ Ip-äw- ]dbp-Ibp-an-Ã.- `cWIq-S¯n-s³-d ]hÀ-¯n-

A\o-Xn-sb ASn-¨aÀ-¯Â- am-Xam-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ- taÂ-]dª D¯chm-

Zn-Xzw- `cWIq-S¯n-\p--m-hp-Ibn-Ã.- Im-em-hkv-Ybp-sS am-ä¯n-\v- `cW

Iq-S¯n-\v- D¯chm-Zn-Xzw- CÃm- Xp-t]m-seXs¶ taÂ-]dªhÀ-¡v- AXv-

D¯chm-Zn-bm-hp-Ibn-Ã.-

taÂ-]dª ]Jym-]\¯n-\v- Hcp-Zm-lcWw- C]Im-cam-Wv.- Iq-Sp-XÂ-

Iq-en- In-«p-¶Xn-t\m,- ]en-icln-X hm-bv-] In-«p-¶Xn-t\m-,- \nÀ-½m-tWm-

]IcW§Ä- In-«p-¶Xn-t\m- A\p-Iq-eam-b Np-¦¯n-t\m,- kÀ-¡mÀ-

tPm-en-t¡m- th-n - \o-Xn-\ym-b tIm-SXn-IÄ-s¡Xn-sc P\§Ä- kacw

-sNbv-X Ncn-Xap-t-m -? - F´p-sIm-s-¶mÂ- \o-Xn-\ym-b tIm-SXn-Ifp-sS

A[n-Im-c]cn-[n-bnÂ-th- taÂ-]dª Im-cy-§sf¶pw- FÃm-hÀ-¡p-

adn-bmw.- AXp-t]m-seXs¶ cWIq-Sw- AXn-s³-d bYmÀ-° Np-aXeIfnÂ-

HXp-§n-\n-¶mÂ- \n-ba¯n-s³-d ]cn-[n-bn-ep-Å Im-cy-§sfÃmw- taÂ-]dª

Im-cy-§sf¶v- FÃm-hÀ-¡pw- t_m-[y-am-Ipw.-

F¶mÂ- km-tlm-Zcy-¯n-s³-d kn-²m-´¯n-em-Wv- \n-baw- D-m-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-

¶sX¶v- ]Jym-]n-¨p-w- \n-ba¯nÂ- \n-¶m-Wv- FÃm- \·bpw- Xn-·bpw D-m-

Ip-¶sX¶v- AhIm-is¸«pw- hy-Iv-Xn-]cam-b A]IShpw- km-aq-ln-I Ak´p-

en-Xm-hkv-Ybv-¡pw- \n-bas¯ D¯chmZn-bm-¡p-Ibpw- sNbv-XmÂ- ]cm-Xn-

Ifp-tSbpw- Ip-g¸§fp-tSbpw- Akz-kv-XXIfp-tSbpw- hn-¹h§fp-sSXs¶

A\´an-Ãm-¯ Xp-SÀ-¨bv-¡p-Å hm-Xn-ep-IÄ- Xp-d¡em-bn-cn-¡p-aXv.-

\o-Xn- F¶Xn-\À-°w- AhIm-i kaXz-am-Wv

\n-baw- F¶mÂ- \o-Xn-bm-Wv-.- \n-baw- atäsX¦n-ep-am-Ip-sa¦nÂ- AXv- Xn-I¨pw-

78

Akm-[m-cWhp-am-Wv.- F√m- AhIm-ißfpw- Hcp-t]m-sebt√?- F¥v-

AhIm-iØn-s≥-d _eØn-em-Wv- Ft∂m-Sv- an.-an-an-d¬ (Mr. Mimeren),

an.-Un. aneq¨ (Mr. D. Melun), an.-Xn-b¿ (Mr. Thiers), an. eqbn ªmßv

(Mr. LouicBlaang) F∂n-hcp-sS km-aq-ly- ]≤Xn-Iƒ-°\p-kr-Xam-°m≥-

Bhiy-s∏Sp-∂Xv.- \n-baØn-\v- A]Im-cap-≈ [m¿-Ωn-I AhIm-iw-

Ds≠¶n¬- F¥p-sIm-≠v- Cu- am-\y-∑m-tcm-Sv- Fs≥-d ]≤Xn-Iƒ- Aw-Ko-Icn-

°m≥- Bhiy-s∏´p-Iq-Sm?- F\n-°p-am-Xw- ta¬-]d™ BZ¿-icm-jv-Sw

kz-]v-\w-Im-Wm-≥- D≈X m-h\m- hn-em-kw- ]Ir-Xn- X∂n-√m-sb∂v- Fßs\

Icp-Xmw?- ]e `m-h\m- hn-em-kØn¬- H∂n-s\ \n-baw- Fßs\bm-Wv-

Xn-cs™Sp-°p-∂sX∂v- hy-hkv-Ym-]n-X cWIq-SsØ AXv- \S∏n-em-°m≥-

D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.-

\n-baw- \o-Xn-bm-Wv.- s]m-Xp-sh ]dbp-∂Xp-t]m-se Cu- BibØn≥- Io-gn¬-

\n-baw- lr-Zban-√m-ØXpw- hy-Iv-Xn-]chpw- \n-co-£chm-X]chp-am-b H∂m-sW∂v-

]dbn-t√?- \n-baam-Wv- a\p-jy-cm-in- F∂p- hn-iz-kn-®v- `cWIq-SsØ

Bcm-[n-°p-hm≥- am-Xw- Ign-hp-≈ Hcp- hn-Vv-Un-Ø k¶ev-]am-Wn-Xv.-

Fs¥m-cp- hnVvUn-Øw-! `cWIq-SØn-s≥-d Bcm-[I¿- kz-X¥y-a\p-jy-cn-√m-sb∂v- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂hcm-Wv.- \Ωƒ-°v- \n-baØn¬- \n-∂p-w-

Du¿-÷w- In- n-bn- n-s√¶n¬- as‰m-cp- Du¿-÷hpw- \Ωƒ-°n-√m-sb∂v- hcp-tam?-

\Ωp-sS Ign-hp-Ifp-sS kz-X¥am-b D]tbm-KsØ kw-c£n-°p-hm≥-

am-Xam-bn- \n-basØ ]cn-an-Xs∏Sp-Øn-bm¬- \Ωp-sS Ign-hp-Iƒ- D]tbm-

Kn-°m-≥- ]‰m-sX hcp-tam- ?- \n-baw- \Ωsf Nn-eXcw- aXßƒ- kw-LSn-X

]kv-Xm-]\ßfn-epw- hn-Zym-`ym-k co-Xn-Ifn-epw- sXm-gn¬- \n-b¥Wßfn-epw-

hym-]m-c \n-b¥Wßfn-epw- [¿-Ω ]h¿-Øn-Ifn-epw- G¿-s∏Sm≥- \n¿-_‘n-

°m-Xn-cp-∂m¬- \Ωƒ- \n-co-iz-chm-XØn-tebv-°pw- B¿-Øn-bn-tebv-°pw-

GIm-¥Xbn-tebv-°pw- Zp-cn-XØn-tebv-°pw- Iq-∏p-Ip-Øpw- F∂m-tWm-

hn-h£n-t°≠Xv- ?- \Ωƒ- kz-X¥cm-sW¶n¬- ssZh iIv-Xn-bpw- ssZh \∑bpw-

\Ωƒ- Xn-cn-®dn-bp-Ibn-√m-sb∂m-tWm.- a\p-jy¿- Xt∂bpw- Iq-´p-Iq-Sp-Ibn-

s√∂pw-- ]ckv-]cw- klm-bn-°p-Ibn-s√∂pw- kv-t\ln-°p-Ibn-s√∂pw-

`m-Ky-lo-\cm-b ktlm-Zcßsf kv-t\ln-°p-Ibn-s√∂pw- ]Ir-Xn-bp-sS clky-

ßsf∏‰n- ]Tn-°p-Ibn-s√∂pw- \Ωp-sS Ign-hp-Iƒ- ]cam-h[n- Iq-´p-Ibn-

s√∂p-am-tWm- CXn-\¿-∞w.-

79

A¥ n-tebv-°pw- ]p-tcm-KXn-bn-tebv-°p-ap-≈ ]m-X

\n-baw- \o-Xn-bm-Wv.- Cu- \n-baØn-s≥-d \o-Xn-bn-eq-sSbm-Wv- AXm-bXv- AhIm-

ißfp-sS hm-gv-Nbpw- kzm-X¥y-Øn-s≥-d iIv-Xn-bpw- kp-c£bpw- DØc

hm-Zn-Xz-hpw- kv-Yn-cXbpw- F√m-h¿-°pw- In-´p-∂Xv.- F√m-hcp-tSbpw- bYm¿-

∞ hn-\bhpw- A¥ pw- Xn-cn-®dn-bp-∂Xv- Cu- \o-Xn-bp-sS \n-baØn-eq-sSbm-

Wv.- a\p-jy-¿- Dd∏m-bn-´p-w- F∂m¬- km-h[m-\Øn-epw- ssZhw- \n-iv-Nbn-®n-

´p-≈ am-\hn-IXbp-sS kam-[m-\]q¿-Æhpw- \n-iv-Nn-Xhp-am-b ]p-tcm-KXn-bn-

tebv-°v- \o-ßp-∂Xv- a\p-jy-_‘ßfn-ep-≈ Ip-g∏ßƒ-°p-≈ ]Xn-hn-[n-

kzm-X¥y-Øn¬- Is≠Øm-\m-Ipw.- CXv- sskZm-¥n-Iam-bpw- icn-bm-sW∂v-

F\n-°v- tXm-∂p-∂p.- GXp- hn-jbsØ∏‰n-bp-≈ N¿-®bm-bm-epw- AXv- aX]cam-

Is´ Xm-Xzn-Iam-Is´,- cm-jv-So-bam-Is´,- km-ºØn-Iam-Is´,- AXv- kar-≤n-

sb∏‰n-bp-≈Xm-Is´,- [m¿-Ωn-IXsb∏dn-bp-≈Xm-Is´,- kaXz-sØ∏‰n-tbm-

AhIm-isØ∏‰n-tbm-,- \o-Xn-sb∏‰n-tbm- hn-Ik\sØ∏‰n-tbm,- DØchm-

Zn-Xz-sØ∏‰n-tbm,- klIcWsØ∏‰n-tbm,- kz-Øn-s\∏‰n-tbm,- sXm-gn-en-s\∏‰n-

tbm,- hym-]m-csØ∏‰n-tbm,- aq-e[\sØ∏‰n-tbm,- Iq-en-sb∏‰n-tbm,- P\kw-

Jy-sb∏‰n-tbm,- km-ºØn-IØn-s\∏‰n-tbm,- `cWIq-SsØ∏‰n-tbm,- GXp-

hn-jbsØ∏‰n-bpw- Rm≥- Fs≥-d im-kv-Xo-b NIhm-fw- Xp-d°p-tºmƒ-

F√mw- Htc Hcp- ]cn-kam-]v-Xn-bn-em-Wv- FØn-t®cp-∂Xv.- AXv- kz-m-X¥y-

am-Wv.- F√m- ]iv-\ßƒ-°p-ap-≈ DØcam-Wv.-

Hcp- BibØn-s≥-d km-£yw-

\Ωp-sS A\p-`hßƒ- ta¬-∏d™ Im-cyw- km-£y-s∏Sp-∂n-t√ ?- tem-IØn-

s\ ap-gp-h≥- ho-£n-°p-I G‰hpw- kam-[m-\hpw- [¿-Ωhpw- kt¥m-jIchp-

am-b P\Xbp-ap-≈ cm-Py-ßƒ- GXm-Wv- ?- hy-Iv-Xn-]cam-b Im-cy-ßfn¬- G‰hpw-

Ip-d®v- CSs]Sp-∂ `cWIq-Sßfp-≈ cm-Py-ßfn-em-Wv- kam-[m-\hpw-

[m¿-Ωn-Ihpw- kt¥m-jhp-ap-≈ P\XIsf Im-Wm≥- km[n-°p-I.- Ahn-sS

`cWIq-SsØ hfsc ]cn-an-Xam-bn- am-Xsa A\p-`hs∏Sp-Ibp-≈q.-

hy-Iv-Xn-Iƒ-°v- G‰hpw- hen-b e£y-hpw- kz-X¥am-b A`n-]m-bØn-\v- G‰hpw-

hen-b kzm-[o-\ iIv-Xn,- `cW]cam-b iIv-Xn- hfsc Ip-d®v- efn-Xhpw-

\n-Ip-Xn- hfsc eLp-hpw- GIm-¥hpw- kaXz-ap-≈Xp-am-bXpw- s]m-Xp-

]Xn-tj[w- G‰hp-w- Ip-d™Xpw- G‰hpw- Ip-d®v- \ym-bo-IcWap-≈Xp-am-b

hy-Iv-Xn-Ifpw- kw-Lßfpw- DØchm-Zn-Xz-ßƒ- s]s´∂v- Gs‰Sp-°p-∂Xp-

am-bXv- X∑q-ew- kz-Yth hn-Ieam-b [m¿-Ωn-I aq-ey-ßƒ-°p-≈ a\p-jy-cp-sS

80

[m¿-Ωn-I aq-ey-ßfp-sS kv-Yn-cam-b hf¿-®bpw- hym-]m-chpw- kw-LS\Ifpw-

hfsc Ip-d®v- \n-b¥Whpw- sXm-gn-en-\pw- aq-e[\Øn-\pw- P\ßƒ-°v- G‰hpw-

Ip-d®p-am-Xap-≈ \n¿-_‘n-X am-‰ßƒ- a\p-jy≥- Ahcp-sS kzm-`m-hn-I

io-eßƒ-°\p-kcn-®v- s]cp-am-dp-∂Xv- a\p-jy-s≥-d I≠p-]n-Sp-Øßƒ- ssZh

\o-Xn-tbm-Sv- tN¿-∂p-≈hbp-am-Ip-∂Xp-am-Wv. Np-cp-°n-]d™m¬- Cu- Bibw-

]n-¥p-Scp-∂h¿- tem-IØn-se G‰hpw- k¥p-jv-Scp-w - [m¿-Ωn-Icpw-

kam-[m-\]n-bap-≈hcp-am-Ipw.- a\p-jy-cm-in- A]q¿-Wam-sW¶n-epw- F√m-

]Xo-£bpw- AhIm-ißfp-sS AXn¿- hcºp-Ifn¬- \n-∂p-sIm-≠p-≈

a\p-jy-cp-sS kzm-X¥y-hpw- kzm-`m-hn-Ihp-am-b ]h¿-Øn-bn-emWv. -

km¿-hXn-I \o-Xn- \S∏n¬- hcp-Øp-∂Xn-\√m-sX \n-bahpw- iIv-Xn-bpw-

D]tbm-Kn-°s∏Sp-hm-≥- ]mSp-≈X√.-

a‰p-≈hsc `cn-°m-\p-≈ BKlw-

Hcp- Im-cyw- ]dtb≠Xp-≠v- tem-IØv- hfsc Iq-Sp-X¬- ""alm-∑m-''-cp-≠v.

\n-ba \n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ,- kw-Lm-SI¿,- \∑ sNøp-∂h¿,- P\ t\Xm-°ƒ,-

cm-jv-S]n-Xm-°ƒ- Aßn-s\ ]ecpw- a\p-jy-Ip-eØn-\p- ap-Ifn¬- hfsc

Iq-Sp -X¬- Bfp-Iƒ- AhscØs∂ ]Xn-jv -Tn -°p-∂p-≠v. - Ah¿-

A]Im-cw- kw-LSn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw- `cn-°p-∂Xpw- klm-bn-°p-∂Xpw- Hcp-

sXm-gn-em-bn- am-‰n-bn-cn-°p-Ibm-Wv.-

At∏mƒ- Nn-e¿- ]dbpw- ""\n-ßfpw- CXp-Xs∂bs√ sNøp-∂Xv.-''-

kΩXn-®p-,- ]t£ Rm≥- as‰m-c¿-∞Øn-em-Wv- sNøp-∂Xv- F∂v- kΩXn-t°≠n-

hcp-w.- Rm≥- ]cn-jv-I¿-Øm-°fp-sS Iq-sS Iq-Sn-bn-´p-s≠¶n-epw- AXv-

P\XIsf shdp-sX hn-Sp-hm≥- AXv- Ahsc t]cn-∏n-°p-∂Xn-\p-th≠n-

bm-Wv. - Rm≥- P\ßsf sh≥t°m-kn≥ (Vancausion) Abm-fp-sS

Hmt´m-sa-t‰m¨ (Automaton) t\m-°n-bXp-t]m-seb√ t\m-°p-∂Xv.- Fs‚

ico-c im-kv-X⁄≥- a\p-jy- ico-csØ kzo-Icn-°p-∂Xp-t]m-sebm-Wv-

Rm≥- sNøp-∂Xv.- Rm≥- P\ßsf A]Im-cw-Xs∂ ko-Icn-°p --∂p.- Rm≥-

]Tn-°m≥-,- _lp-am-\n-°m≥- am-Xta BKln-°p-∂p-≈q.-

Hcp- hn-Jym-X bm-Xn-I≥- ]d™ Hcp- IYbn-set∏m-sebm-Wv- F\n-°v a‰v-

F√m-hcn-ep-ap-≈ kao-]\w.- Cu- bm-Xn-I≥- Hcp- Zn-hkw- Hcp- Im-´m-f

Iq- Øn¬- sN∂p-s]´p.- Hcp- ]n-©p-Ip-™v- At∏mƒ- Ahn-sS P\n-®tXbp-

≈q.- B Ip-™n-s\ Ahn-sSbp-≈ am-¥n-Icp-tSbpw- ap-dn-sshZy-∑m-cp-sSbpw-

81

ssZh⁄cp-tSbpw- Iq-´w- NcSp-Ifpw- IΩep-Ifpw- sIm-fp-Øp-sam-s°

bm-bpw- B Ip-™n-\v- Np-‰pw- Iq-Sn.- Hcp- Ip-ń-bp-sS aq-°n-se Zzm-cßƒ-

hn-S¿-Øn-bn-s√¶n¬- B Ip-ń-°v- kp-K‘ Zhy-ßfp-sS aWw- Xn-cn-®dn-bn-√.-

as‰m-cp-Ø≥- ]d™p.- Ip-ń-bp-sS tXm-f‰w-hsc sNhn-bp-sS amw-kfam-b

Io-gv`m-Kw- hen-®v- \o-ń-bn-s√¶n¬- Cu- Ip-ń-bv-°v- sNhn- tIƒ-°m≥-

]‰p-Ibn-√.- Cu- Ip-ń-bp-sS IÆv- Rm≥- hy-Xym-ks∏Sp-Øn-bn-s√¶n¬-

Ip-ń-bv-°v- kq-cy-civ-an-Isf Hcn-°epw- Im-Wm≥- Ign-bn-√.- as‰m-cp-Ø≥-

Ip-ń-bp-sS Im-ev- Xm≥- hf®n-s√¶n¬- Ah\v- Hcn-°epw- t\sc \n-ev-°m≥-

]‰p-Ibn-s√∂pw- C\n-sbm-cp-Ø≥- Ip-ń-bp-sS Xebn¬- ASn-®n-√m-sb¶n¬

Nn-¥n-°m≥- ]‰p-Ibn-s√∂pw- ]d™p.-

bm-Xn-I≥- t£m-`tØm-sS Cu- h¿-Øam-\w- \n-dp-Øp-hm-\m-hiy-s∏´p.-

Xp-S¿-∂v- Abmƒ- C]Im-cw- ]d™p- ""ssZhw- Fs¥m-s° sNbv-Xn-´p-t≠m-

AsX√mw \√Xm-bn-´m-Wv- sNbv-Xn-´p-≈Xv- ssZhtØ°mƒ- Adn-hp-s≠∂v-

AhIm-is∏St√.- Cu,- km-[p- Po-hn-°p-∂Xn\v- Bhiy-am-b Ahbhßƒ-

ssZhw- \ev-In-bn-´p-≠v Ah D]tbm-Kn-®p-w- Adn-™pw- hym-bm-aw- sNbv-Xp-w-

kz-X¥am-bpw- hn-Ikn-°p-Ibp-w- iIv-Xn-s∏Sp-Ibp-w- sNøs´.-''-

\ap-°v- kzm-X¥yw F¥m-sW∂v a\-kn-em-°mw

Hm-tcm- a\p-jy¿-°pw- Ahcp-sS hn-[n-b\p-kcn-®v- km-£m-Xv-°cn-°m-\p-≈

Ign-hp-Iƒ- ssZhw- \ev-In-bn-´p-≠v.- ssZhw- Hcp- km-aq-ln-I LS\bpw-

am-\p-jn-I LS\bp-w- Hcp-°n-bn-´p-≠v.- kzm-X¥y-Øn-s≥-d ip-≤hm-bp-hn¬-

Cu- km-aq-ln-I LSIßƒ- kz-Nv-Oµam-bn- hn-Ikn-°m-\p-≈ Ign-hpw-

Ahbv-°v- ssZhw- \ev-In-bn- p-≠v.- AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ap-dn-sshZy-∑m-cp-sSbpw-

kw-Lm-SIcp-tSbpw- klm-bw- Bhiy-an-√.- Ahcp-sS NßeIfpw- Ip-Sp-°p-

Ifpw- NhWIfpw- a\p-jy-\m-hiy-an-√.- A]Im-cap-≈ Ir-Xn-aam-b kw-hn-[m-

\ßƒ- ]p-dØp-t]m-Is´.- `cW°m-cp-sS tXm-∂y-hm-kßfpw- Ahcp-sS

km-aq-ln-I ]≤Xn-Ifpw- Ahcp-sS tIµo-Ir-X hy-hkv-Ybpw- Ahcp-sS

Np-¶ßfpw- k¿-°m¿- kv-°q-fp-Ifpw- k¿-°m¿- aXßfpw- kzm-X¥y-

[\klm-bhpw- _m-¶v- Ip-ØIIfpw- Ahcp-sS N´ßfpw- ]cn-an-Xs∏Sp-

Øep-Ifpw - \n -Ip -Xn -aq -eap -≈ kaXz -h¬°cWhpw - Ahcp -sS

[m¿-Ωn-Iam-b kZm-Nm-cy- aq-ey-ßfpw- ]p-dØp-t]m-Is´.-

82

\∑Zm-Xm-°fpw- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°fpw- kaq-lØn-t∑¬- ASn-t®ev-]n-®

]ehn-[ kw-hn-[m-\ßƒ- Im-cWw- Ah¿- Xp-Sßn-bn-SØp-Xs∂ Xn-cn-s®Øn-

bn- p-≠m-Ipw.- F√mw- ta¬-]Im-cap-≈ F√m- kw-hn-[m-\ßtfbpw- \n-cm-Icn-

°p-I.- kzm-X¥y-sØ ]co-£n-°p-I.- kzm-X¥yw- F∂m¬- ssZhtØm-Sp-≈

hn-izm-ktØbpw- ssZhØn-s≥-d ]h¿-Øn-Itfm-Sp-≈ Aw-Ko-Im-cam-Wv.-

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