nbbs1104 740727095068 management and medico legal studies b
TRANSCRIPT
BACHELOR OF NURSING SCIENCE WITH HONOURS
JANUARY 2011
NBBS1104
MANAGEMENT AND MEDICO LEGAL STUDIES B
MATRICULATION NO : 740727095068001
IDENTITY CARD NO. : 740727095068
TELEPHONE NO. : 012-4705955
E-MAIL : [email protected]
LEARNING CENTRE : KEDAH LEARNING CENTRE
Model of Nursing Care Delivery System
a) Introduction
Model of nursing care delivery system defined a method of organize and delivering nursing
care in order to achieve desired patient outcome. The structure of care delivery system is to
enable the nurse to provide nursing care include accessing care needs, formulating care plan,
implementing and evaluate patient’s response to the intervention. ). Since World War II,
model of nursing care delivery system had undergone a lot of changes. Each of the nursing
care delivery system had an advantages and disadvantages. However, none of those systems
is considered perfect. Manthey (1990) identified the fundamental elements of nursing care
delivery system as a clinical decision making, work allocation, communication and
management. Marie Manthey’s definitions of nursing care delivery system published in 1990
are still widely accepted (Tiedemen & Lookinland, 2004).
The nursing shortage has historically influenced the types of nursing care delivery systems
used in many heath care settings, and the shortage continues to search for the ideal nursing
care delivery system. The decision to implement a particular nursing care delivery system
will increasingly depend on the complicated and variability within the health care setting. The
availability of the labor pool, the measurement of patient severity of illness and the financial
health of institution are important variables to consider when selecting a nursing care delivery
system.
According to ( Hinshaw & McClure, 2002; Ritter-Tietel, 2004) it is important variable that
must considered when determining the skill level needed to provide appropriate care, and it
takes it account patient's needs, technology required to care for patients, and the amount of
interdisciplinary support needed by the nurse.
The goal of successful patient care delivery includes high-quality and low cost care and the
achievement of patient outcomes and satisfaction level. The ability to reach these objectives
depends on organization’s approach to the matching of human and material resources with
patient characteristics and health care needs. The identification of patients the processes that
are necessary to achieve care goals must be done in order to determine health care provider
roles most appropriate to the specific process.
Now I was working at Obstertric and Gynaecology Department in Maternity Unit, Hospital
Tuanku Fauziah. In my ward, there have 7 beds for delivery and 2 beds for high risk cases.
About 300-400 cases per month were delivered in this hospital. There have 22 Staff Nurse or
Registered Nurse, 18 Community Nurse and include 5 Nursing Sister . Every shift there are
5-6 Staff Nurse, 2 Community Nurse and 1 Nursing Sister will be assigned. It also depends
on the staff available. 1 Staff Nurse will be the leader or in charge as assigned by Sister
Nurse.
The nursed in charge will be follow ward round, communicate with specialist and changes in
patient treatment ensure all care are rendered. The other Staff Nurse will care the patient in
labour, encourage or conducted if patient to bearing down, attending new cases and ordering
drug then helping around if any of the staff need assistant. Another Staff Nurse will be take
care the high risk cases example Pre eclampsia cases.
The Community Nurse will be assigned to care the new baby after birth such as checking
vital sign, top and tail and help mother to give breastfeeding. They are also responsible for
taking vital sign, time contraction, helping delivered, perform vaccination for the baby, intake
output chart updating, checking blood sugar levels and putting IV fluids.
Giving bath the patient, serving food and feeding done by heath care assistant delegation of
assignment according to the staff level. The activity of daily living and procedure which
requires high level of skill will be done by registered nurse. The goal of successful patient
care delivery included high quality and the achievement of patient’s outcome and satisfaction
level. The ability to reach the objective depends of delivery systems and how the care is
delivered.
Practically, team nursing are being practiced well in Maternity Unit, Hospital Tuanku
Fauziah. However Team nursing is to give the best possible quality of patient care by
utilizing the abilities of every member of staff and providing closed supervision both of
patient care and the individual who give it.
b) Team Nursing
Team nursing was developed in early 1950’s after World War II, is to response the
complaints of that functional nursing created a fragmented care delivery system and resulted
in nursing and patients dissatisfaction with care (Marquis & Huston, 2006). Team nursing is a
method in which group of nursing personnel under the leadership of a qualified nurse, having
the goal of comprehensive nursing care renders service to the patients. A team made up of a
registered nurse & other caregivers provides care to a designated group of patients on a given
shift. “Care through others’’ is the hall-mark of team nursing
Team nursing is a care delivery model that uses a group of people led by knowledgeable
nurse. It was developed in an effort to decrease the problems associated with the functional
model of nursing care. Many people felt that, despite a continued shortage of professional
nursing staff, a patient care delivery model had to be developed that reduced the fragmented
care that accompanies functional nursing. Eleanor Lamberston(1953) & her colleagues
proposed a system of team nursing to overcome the fragmentation of care resulting from the
task-oriented functional approach & to meet increasing demands for professional nurses
created by advances in technological aspects of care.
Team nursing was developed because of social and technological changes and drew many
nursed away from hospitals, learning haps, services, procedures and equipment became more
expensive and complicated, requiring specialization at every turn. It is attempt to meet
increased demand of nursing services and better use of knowledge and skills of professional
nurses. It is a delivery approach that provides care to a group of clients by coordinating a
team of Registered (RNs), Licensed practical nurses (LPNs) and aides under supervision of
one nurse call team leader (Glandon et al., 1989; Hegyvary, 1997).
According to Kron(1978) team nursing is based on philosophy in which groups of
professional and non-professional personnel work together to identify, plan, implemented and
evaluate comprehensive client-centred care. The key concept is a group that works together
toward a common goal, providing qualitative comprehensive nursing care. The goal is for
team uses a skill mix nursing to work together democratically, notes individual to provides to
care to assigned group of patients (Bertram, 1994; Sherman, 1990).
Team nursing model by Marquis (2003), the nurse responsible for knowing the condition and
deeds of all the patient’s assigned to the team and for planning individual care. The team
leader duties different depend on the patient needs and the workload. The duties may include
assisting team members giving direct personal care to patients, teaching and coordinating
patient activities. Team leader is accountable for all the care activities and the team member
possessing the skill needed by the individual patient.
The most skill full team members will provide care for the most seriously ill patient and the
least experience members will provide care for the patient who needs least care. The staff
nurse coordinates and leads the team in assigning, delegating and supervising care. Job
satisfaction should be high when the team member’s capabilities are maximized. Team
members will support the group productivity and growth for the team.
Through extensive team communication, comprehensive care can be provided for patients
despite a relatively high proportion of ancillary staff. This communication occurs informally
between the team leader and the individual team member and formally through regular team
planning conferences. Communication is enhanced through the use written patient
assignments, the development of nursing care plan, and the use of regularly scheduled team
conferences to discuss the patient status and formulate revisions to the plan of care.
According to Black and Hawks (2008) they said team nursing in this type of nursing care, an
experienced RNs the head of the team and generally knows the clients. In addition, the team
leader can provide guidance to new to new or inexperience nurses. The talent and abilities of
each member of the heath care team are used. However it is fairly expensive because care is
fragmented of delegation skills by RN’s may reduce efficiency, and some redundancy may
occur if each team leader must perform several managerial tasks, such as making
assignments.
However, for team nursing to succeed, the team leader must have strong clinical skills, good
communication skills, delegation ability, decision-making, and the ability to create a
cooperative working environment. Team nursing requires team spirit and commitment
because the team leader will be changing, thus the continuity of patient care may differ.
c) Advantage of team nursing
According to Huber (2006) team nursing has advantages because it uses in individual team
member’s strength to the greatest advantage for a large number of patients.
i. Team nursing allows members to contribute their own special expertise or skills. Team
leader should use their knowledge about each member’s abilities when making patient
assignment. Recognizing the individual worth of all employees and giving team members
autonomy result in high job satisfaction.
ii. In team nursing, the registered nurse is able to get work done through others, but patients
often receive fragmented, depersonalized care. Communication in this model is complex.
There is shared responsibility and accountability, which can cause confusion and lack
accountability. This model required the registered nurse to have very good delegation and
supervision skills.
iii. Team nursing usually associated with democratic leadership. Group members are given as
much autonomy as possible when performing assigned task, although the team shares
responsibility and accountability collectively. The need for excellent communication and
coordination skills makes implementing team nursing difficult and requires great self-
discipline on the part of the team members.
iv. Advantages team nursing by (Marquis & Huston, 2003) is
a) High quality, comprehensive care can be provided with a relatively high proportion of
ancillary staff.
b) Each member of team able to participate in decision making and problem solving and to
contribute his or her own special expertise skill in caring for the patient.
d) Disadvantage of team nursing
i. The team leader may not the leadership skill required to effectively direct the team and
create a “team spirit”. There is less individual responsibility and independence regarding
nursing function.
ii. Insufficient time for care planning and communication may lead to unclear goals.
Therefore responsibilities and care may become fragmented.
iii. Establishing the team concept takes time, effort and constancy of personnel. Merely
assigning people to a group does not make them a “group” or “team”. Unstable staffing
patterns make team nursing difficulty.
iv. Continuity of care may suffer if the daily assignments vary and the patient is confronted
with many different caregivers.
v. It can be difficult to find time for team conferences and care plans.
vi. If team members are constantly being re-shuffled, the continuity of care can be
interrupted, leading to patient dissatisfaction.
e)Suggestion
i. In order for teams to function well, there must be a leader. We must create a leadership role
for nurses with the obligation they have to give directives to the other members of the team.
The terms leadership and responsibilities are inseparable. Nurses must thus exercise authority
not only via the directives that are inscribed in the therapeutic nursing plan (TNP) for the
other team members, but also because nurses no longer directly dispense basic health care,
and must thus see to it that the directives are well executed and the needs of the patients
satisfied.
ii. A flexible focus is essential in maintaining the success of team nursing. The staff structure
had to be decided before handover. Every staff‘s were allocated patients report to write, can
readjust the allocation of report writing as per their discussion later.
iii. Team nursing consists of charge nurse leading assistants and other personnel to provide
care to a group of patients. Health care professionals work in a team to complete all
assignments for each shift. As a registered nurse, charge nurse held accountable for
unlicensed personnel. More supervision and support available for junior and inexperienced
staff
iv. Nursing conferences help problem solving and staff development. Problem solving is
shared by team not left to the individual. Everyone's suggestion is valued and often utilized.
v. Team nursing can reduce sick leave, staff injury and reduction in irritability “shared
loads”. Increase collaboration amongst team members and staff satisfaction.
f) Conclusion
Model of nursing care delivery system have changed by cost control factor to meet the patient
expectation. The patient concern with the cost but the same time they demand for
competency and quality outcome. However, the nurses’ role is crucial in managing of the
care delivery system to meet the need of health care outcome in the future. The goal for
successful patient care delivery there included high-quality cost care, the achievement and
satisfaction level of patient outcome. Team nursing model has been modified when nurses
shortage become critically. It is direct patient care accomplished by a specific group of nurses
and allows for comprehensive nursing care for a high level of efficiency.Team leader who
coordinates patient care and supervises team members, and team members who are
responsible for total care given to an assigned group or number of patients. Cooperation and
effective communication is important that all staff members to achieve satisfaction in their
work. However, for team nursing to succeed, the team leader must have strong clinical skills,
good communication skills, delegation ability, decision-making, and the ability to create a
cooperative working environment. Team nursing requires team spirit and commitment
because the team leader will be changing, thus the continuity of patient care may differ.
Practically, team nursing are being practiced well in Maternity Unit, Hospital Tuanku
Fauziah. However Team nursing is to give the best possible quality of patient care by
utilizing the abilities of every member of staff and providing closed supervision both of
patient care and the individual who give it.
Total words: 2321
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_nursing