NBSLM01E Climate Change and Energy: Past, Present and Future

2010

1. Introduction

2. Units and GDP Relationships

3. Definitions

N.K. Tovey (杜伟贤 ) M.A, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv

Н.К.Тови М.А., д-р технических наук

Energy Science Director CRed Project

HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation1

Aim of Energy Section

• To review historic uses of Energy

• Provide basis for understanding Units and Definitions

• An overview of Global Energy Resources

• Barriers to Conservation

• Overview of Conservation Opportunities

• Brief Review of UK Energy Supply and Demand

• Issues of Electricity Supply and Fuel Mix

• An introduction to basic thermodynamics and opportunities arising from working with rather than against thermodynamics

• Energy Balance Tables

NBSLM01E Climate Change and Energy: Past, Present and Future

Some Administrative Matters

All the Handouts and other information, including these PowerPoint Presentations may be accessed from the

Energy Home Page (on the INTERNET)

www2.env.uea.ac.uk/gmmc/env/energy.htm

www2.env.uea.ac.uk/gmmc/env/energy.htm3

• In UK each person is consuming energy at a rate of

5kW

• In USA it is 10 kW

1/20th or World’s Population consumes 25% of all energy

• In Europe it is 5.7 kW

• Globally it is around 2kW

• ENERGY Consumption > Carbon Dioxide > Global Warming

1.1 INTRODUCTION

4

1.1 INTRODUCTION

0 1000 1500 2000 2500500

Year

En

ergy

Con

sum

pti

on

Nuclear Fusion ??

5

How much Carbon Dioxide is each person emitting as a result of the energy they use?

In UK 9 tonnes per annum.

What does 9 tonnes look like?

Equivalent of 5 Hot Air Balloons!

To combat Global Warming

we must reduce CO2 by 60%

i.e. to 2 Hot Air Balloons

How far does one have to drive to emit the same amount of CO2 as heating an old persons room for 1 hour?

1.6 miles

1.1 INTRODUCTION

6

ENERGY

PHYSICAL

TECHNICAL

ECONOMIC

ENVIRONMENTAL

SOCIAL

POLITICAL

Fuel Poverty Issues

UEA Heat Pump

7

Energy must be studied from a multi-disciplinary standpoint

Peter Chapman’s book – Fuel’s Paradise

• written in 1970s

• some figures are out of date

• concepts still relevant providing an alternative view on energy where the unit of currency is linked to the unit of energy

In 1974 Bramber Parish Council decided to go without street lighting for three days as a saving.

( this was during a critical power period during a Miner’s Strike).

Afterwards, the parish treasurer was pleased to announce that, as a result electricity to the value of £11.59 had been saved.

He added, however, that there was a bill of £18.48 for switching the electricity off and another of £12.00 for switching it on again.

It had cost the council £18.89 to spend three days in darkness.

An example of where saving resources and money are not the same

9

From the Independent

29th January 1996

similar warning have been issued in press for this winter

What is wrong with this title?

10

• No shortage of energy on the planet

• Potential shortage of energy in the form to which we have become accustomed.

Fossil fuels

• FUEL CRISIS.

1.2 THE ENERGY CRISIS - The Non-Existent Crisis

11

• ~ 15% of energy derived from food used to collect more food to sustain life.

+ energy used for

making clothing, tools, shelter

• Early forms of non-human power:-

• 1) fire

• 2) animal power

1.3 HISTORICAL USE OF ENERGY up to 1800

• OTHER ENERGY FORMS HARNESSED

1) Turnstile type windmills of Persians

2) Various water wheels (7000+ in UK by 1085)

3) Steam engines (?? 2nd century AD by Hero)

4) Tidal Mills (e.g. Woodbridge, Suffolk 12th Century)

12

LONDON - late 13th /early 14th Century

Shortage of timber for fires in London Area

Import of coal from Newcastle by sea for poor

Major environmental problems -high sulphur content of coal

Crisis resolved - The Black Death.

1.4 The First Fuel Crisis

13

UK - Late 15th/early 16th century

Shortage of timber - prior claim for use in ship-

building

Use of coal became widespread -even eventually for

rich

Chimneys appeared to combat problems of smoke

Environmental lobbies against use

Interruption of supplies - miner's strike

Major problems in metal industries led to many patents

to produce coke from coal (9 in 1633 alone)

1.5 The Second Fuel Crisis:-

14

Problems in Draining Coal Mines and Transport of coal

> threatened a third Fuel Crisis in Middle/late 18th Century

Overcome by Technology and the invention of the steam engine by Newcommen.

a means of providing substantial quantities of mechanical power which was not site specific (as was water power etc.).

NEWCOMMEN's Pumping Engine was only 0.25% efficient

1.6 Problems in Draining Coal Mines

WATT improved the efficiency to 1.0%

15

Current STEAM turbines achieve 40% efficiency,

1.6 Current Limitations

further improvements are

• LIMITED PRIMARILY BY PHYSICAL LAWS

• NOT BY OUR TECHNICAL INABILITY TO DESIGN AND BUILD THE PERFECT MACHINE.

Coal fired power stations: ultimate efficiency ~ 45%

even with IGCC

CCGT Stations are currently 47-51% efficient > ultimately ~ 55%.

16

• Explosive sports - e.g. weight lifting

500 W for fraction of second

• Sustained output of fit athlete --> 100 - 200 W

• Normal mechanical energy output << 50 W

• Heat is generated by body to sustain body at pre-determined temperature:-

Thermal Comfort

• approx.: 50 W per sq. metre of body area when seated

• 80 W per sq. metre of body area when standing.

1.7 Energy Capabilities of Man

17

Early Wind Power Devices

C 700 AD in Persia

•used for grinding corn

•pumping water

•evidence suggests that dry valleys were “Dammed” to harvest wind

18

NUCLEAR

CHEMICAL - fuels:- gas, coal, oil etc.

MECHANICAL - potential and kinetic

ELECTRICAL

HEAT - high temperature for processes

- low temperature for space heating

• All forms of Energy may be measured in terms of Joules (J),

• BUT SOME FORMS OF ENERGY ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS

1.8 Forms of Energy

19

Energy does not usually come in the form needed:

convert it into a more useful form.

All conversion of energy involve some inefficiency:-

Physical Constraints (Laws of Thermodynamics)

can be very restrictive

MASSIVE ENERGY WASTE.

This is nothing to do with our technical incompetence. The losses here are frequently in excess of 40%

1.9 ENERGY CONVERSION

20

Technical Limitations

(e.g. friction, aero-dynamic drag in turbines etc.) can be improved, but losses here are usually less than 20%, and in many cases around 5%.

Some forms of energy have low physical constraints converted into another form with high efficiency (>90%).

e.g. mechanical <--------> electrical mechanical/electrical/chemical -----------> heat

Other forms can only be converted at low efficiency

e.g. heat ------------> mechanical power - the car!

or in a power station

1.9 ENERGY CONVERSION

21

USE MOST APPROPRIATE FORM OF ENERGY FOR NEED IN HAND. • e.g. AVOID using ELECTRICITY for• LOW TEMPERATURE SPACE heating• Hot Water Heating

in UK, Germany, India, China

but using electricity in Norway, Canada. Colombia, France is sensible

• Cooking (unless it is in a MicroWave).

1.9 ENERGY CONVERSION

22

HEATING - space and hot water demand

(80%+ of domestic use excluding transport)

LIGHTING

COOKING

ENTERTAINMENT

REFRIGERATION

TRANSPORT

INDUSTRY

- process heating/ drying/ mechanical power

• IT IS INAPPROPRIATE TO USE

ELECTRICITY FOR SPACE HEATING

1.10 WHAT DO WE NEED ENERGY FOR?

23

HIGH GRADE:

- Chemical, Electrical, Mechanical

MEDIUM GRADE: - High Temperature Heat

LOW GRADE: - Low Temperature Heat

• All forms of Energy will eventually degenerate to Low Grade Heat

• May be physically (and technically) of little practical use - i.e. we cannot REUSE energy which has been degraded

- except via a Heat Pump.

1.11 GRADES OF ENERGY

24

Energy Conservation is primarily concerned with MINIMISING the degradation of the GRADE of ENERGY.

(i.e. use HIGH GRADE forms wisely

- not for low temperature heating!!).

To a limited extent LOW GRADE THERMAL ENERGY may be increased moderately in GRADE to Higher Temperature Heat using a HEAT PUMP.

However, unlike the recycling of resources like glass, metals etc., where, in theory, no new resource is needed, we must expend some extra energy to enhance the GRADE of ENERGY.

1.12 ENERGY CONSERVATION

25

NBSLM01E Climate Change and Energy: Past, Present and Future

2010

2. Units and GDP Relationships

N.K. Tovey (杜伟贤 ) M.A, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv

Н.К.Тови М.А., д-р технических наук

Energy Science Director CRed Project

HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation26

2.0 UNITS of Energy: INTRODUCTION

• How much Energy is there in different fuels?

MegaJoules Yogurts kWh

Yogurt 85000 calories (85kcal)

0.365 1 0.1

1 cubic meter gas 39.6 106.8 10.8

1 litre petrol 32.9 90.1 9.1

1 litre diesel 35.7 97.8 9.9

1 litre LPG 25.0 68.6 7.0

1 litre heating oil 35.3 96.6 9.8

• How much CO2 is given of by different fuels ?MJ kg CO2 CO2 to provide 1

kWh of useful heat

Gas 39.6 MJ/m3 2.035 kg/m3 0.21 – 0.26 kg

Petrol 32.9 MJ/litre 2.315 kg/litre

Diesel 35.7 MJ/litre 2.630 kg/litre

LPG 25.0 MJ/litre 1.495 kg/litre 0.24 - 0.31 kg

Heating oil 35.3 MJ/litre 2.518 kg/litre 0.27 – 0.35 kg

Electricity 0.54 kg

Electricity (Heat Pump) 0.12 – 0.18 kg

Figures in RED assume heating is provided by condensing appliances

•A litre of diesel has 8.6% more energy than 1 litre of petrol

•How far does one have to drive in a small family car to emit as much CO2 as heating and old persons room for 1 hour?

1.6 miles 28

2.0 UNITS of Energy: INTRODUCTION

The study of ENERGY is complicated by the presence of numerous sets of UNITS OF MEASURE which frequently confuse the issue.

It is IMPORTANT to recognise the DIFFERENCE between the TWO BASIC UNITS:-

a) the JOULE (a measure of quantity)

b) the WATT (a RATE of acquiring/ converting/ or using ENERGY).

2.0 UNITS of Energy: INTRODUCTION

29

The basic unit of Energy is the JOULE.

the WORK DONE when a force moves through a distance of 1 metre in the direction of the force. The SI unit is the JOULE, and all forms of Energy should be measured in terms of the JOULE.

FORCE is measured in Newtons (N)DISTANCE is measured in metres (m)

Thus WORK DONE = Newtons x metres = Joules.

A 1 kg lump of coal, or a litre of oil will have an equivalent Energy Content measured in Joules (J).

Thus 1 kg of UK coal is equivalent to 24 x 106 J.or 1 litre of oil is equivalent to 42 x 106 J.

The different units currently in use are shown in Table 2.1

2.1 Quantity of Energy

30

JOULE (J). calorie (cal) erg Kalorie (or kilogram calorie Kcal or Kal) British Thermal Unit (BTU) Therm kilowatt-hour (kWh) million tonnes of coal equivalent (mtce) million tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe) - (often also seen as - mtep - in International Literature). litres of oil gallons (both Imperial and US) of oil barrels of oil million tonnes of peat equivalent

Table 2.1 Energy units in common use.

2.1. QUANTITY OF ENERGY

31

Situation is confused further• US (short) ton • Imperial (long) ton • metric tonne.

European Coal has an Energy content 20% than the equivalent weight of UK coal.

See Data Book for conversion factors.

Always use the SI unit (JOULE) in all essays etc. If necessary cross refer to the original source unit in brackets.

CONSIDERABLE CONFUSION SURROUNDS THE USE OF THE KILOWATT-HOUR -- DO NOT USE IT!!!!

2.1. QUANTITY OF ENERGY

32

The RATE of doing WORK, using ENERGY is measured in WATTS.

i.e. 1 Watt = 1 Joule per second 1 W = 1 J s-1

Burn 1 kg coal (Energy Content 24 x 106 J) in 1 hour (3600 seconds) – RATE of consumption is:-

24 x 106 / 3600 = 6666.7 W

Equally, a Solar Panel receiving 115 W m-2 (the mean value for the UK), the total energy received in the year will be:-

115 x 24 x 60 x 60 x 365 = 3.62 x 109 J.

2.2. RATE OF USING ENERGY

33

NOTE: THE UNITS:-

KILOWATTS per HOUR

KILOWATTS per YEAR

KILOWATTS per SECOND

are MEANINGLESS (except in very special circumstances).

WARNING: DO NOT SHOW YOUR IGNORANCE IN EXAM QUESTIONS BY USING SUCH UNITS

2.2. RATE OF USING ENERGY

34

Implies that the cost of Sizewell would be about £15!!!!!!!

35

milli - m x 10-3

kilo - k x 103

Mega - M x 106

Giga - G x 109

Tera - T x 1012

Peta - P x 1015

Exa - E x 1018

NOTE:-

1) The prefix for kilo is k NOT K2) There are no agreed prefixes for 1021 or 1024

3) Avoid mixing prefixes and powers of 10 wherever possible.

i.e. 280 GJ is permissible but not 28000 GJ or 2.8 x 10 4 GJ.

2.3. SI PREFIXES

36

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

kW per Head

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

GD

P p

er h

ead

(U

S$

(95)

USA

Russia

Canada

China

India

UK

Japan

Germany

Poland

France

Qatar

Other EU Countries

Nordic EU New EU

Mediterranean EU

The wealth of a country and energy requirements are related

Energy – GDP Relationships

Energy – GDP relationships• As an exercise in unit conversion download the energy-

GDP relationships file from the Web Page.• Convert the units of thousand tonnes of oil equivalent into

PetaJoules.• Work out the energy requirement associated with £1 of

GDP.• Plot the relationship with time - How has this changed

over the last 60 years?• Noting the energy requirement for £1 wealth, estimate

what the price of petrol and diesel should be if society valued energy at the same level as wealth generally if the energy content of a litre of petrol is 32.9 MJ/litre and that of diesel is 35.7 MJ/litre

• As an exercise in your own time – repeat the analysis for each of the fuels Coal, Gas, Oil, Electricity separately.

NBSLM01E Climate Change and Energy: Past, Present and Future

2010

3. Energy Definitions

N.K. Tovey (杜伟贤 ) M.A, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv

Н.К.Тови М.А., д-р технических наук

Energy Science Director CRed Project

HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation39

All uses of energy involve conversion of one form of energy to another.

Energy conversion processes is inherently inefficient

3. ENERGY - DEFINITIONS

the amount of useful energy outEfficiency () = ----------------------------------------- x 100% the amount of energy put in

Some Typical Efficiencies:-

steam (railway) engines 10% cars 20 - 25% electric fire ~100%gas central heating boiler 70 - 75%oil central heating boiler 65 - 70%

UEA boiler ~87%Power Station Boiler 90-92%Open Coal fire 10%Coal Central Heating 40-50% Steam Turbine 45-50%

40

3.2 PRIMARY ENERGY -

The energy content of the energy resource when it is in the ground.

3.3 DELIVERED ENERGY -

The energy content of the fuel as it is delivered to the place of use.

3.4 USEFUL ENERGY -

The actual amount of energy required for a given function IN THE FORM USABLE FOR THAT FUNCTION.

ENERGY DEFINITIONS

41

Primary Energy Content of fuel PER = ------------------------------------------ Delivered Energy content of fuel

EXAMPLES:-

Gas - 1.06 : Oil - 1.08 : Coal - 1.02 --------------------------------------e.g. for gas, 6% of the energy extracted is used either directly, or indirectly to deliver the energy to the customer.

- exploration - making production platforms - making pipelines - pumping - administration and retail of fuel - fractionating/blending fuel

3.5 PRIMARY ENERGY RATIO (PER)

For Electricity, the PER has varied over the years - it is currently around 2.80

42

Appliances are not, in general 100% efficient in converting the fuel into a useful form of energy.

Thus (from 3.1 above):-

The efficiency of the appliance may be expressed as:-

useful energy out (in form required) = ------------------------------------------------ energy input to appliance (+) + in most cases, the energy input will be the delivered energy, so:-

useful energy = ------------------------------- delivered energy

3.6 Appliance Efficiency ()

43

Life Cycle Analysis

• If we want 1 GJ of useful energy, • How much energy must we dig from the ground if we require the energy as heat from as gas boiler with an efficiency of 70%?

Primary Energy Required = 1 / 0.7 x 1.06 = 1.51 GJ =======

Be sure you understand this relationship, and why it is not:-

0.7 x 1.06

or 1.3 x 1.06

3.7 FURTHER COMMENTS ABOUT EFFICIENCY

44

Energy Efficiency is the efficient use of energy.

IT DOES NOT NECESSARILY MEAN A SAVING OFRESOURCES.

e.g.Producing 20% more products for same energy input would not save energy overall even though it would reduce energy requirement per product.

Insulating a poorly heated house will increase the efficiency of using energy, but the savings in resources will be small

increased temperature avoiding hypothermia is efficient use of energy.

3.8 ENERGY EFFICIENCY

45

Energy Conservation is the saving of energy resources.

Energy Efficiency is a necessary pre-requisite for Energy Conservation

(remember Energy Efficiency does not necessarily mean Energy Conservation).

It is interesting to note the Government Office was termed

THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OFFICE

Some members of the Government still believe Energy Efficiency and Energy Conservation are the same.

However, the ENERGY SAVING TRUST (relevant for domestic applications is closer to what is needed. The CARBON TRUST is the equivalent organisation for businesses

3.9 ENERGY CONSERVATION

46

Industry/Commerce often consider Energy Conservation only as a saving in MONETARY terms

The moral definition is the saving of resources. This often will not result in a MONETARY saving

The so called Energy Conservation Grants to Industry in late 1970's early 1980's were not Conservation Grants at all, but Grants to encourage switching of fuels from oil to coal.

3.10 OTHER DEFINITIONS OF ENERGY CONSERVATION

47

Energy Content of the fuel per unit mass or unit volume.

- maximum amount of energy that can be extracted from a unit of the fuel.

There are two Calorific Values:-

lower calorific value (LCV)

This is amount of energy derived by combusting a fuel when the products of combustion are emitted at temperatures in excess of 100oC i.e. any water present is emitted as steam.

upper calorific value (UCV)

This is amount of energy derived by combusting a fuel when the products of combustion are emitted at temperatures below 100oC i.e. any water present is emitted as water vapour.

The difference between the two calorific values is about 5% (UCV > LCV)

3.11 CALORIFIC VALUE

48

This is the Energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a body through 1 degree Celsius.

This parameter is needed when storage of Energy is considered. (e.g. size of Hot Water Cylinder in a House)

3.12 SPECIFIC HEAT

49

50

This is the Energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a body through 1 degree Celsius.

This parameter is needed when storage of Energy is considered. (e.g. size of Hot Water Cylinder in a House)

3.12 SPECIFIC HEAT

51

Finally a point for reflection

52

1.33 billion people

0.94 billion people

Raw materials

1.03 billion people

Products: 478 M

tonnes CO 2

increase (2002-05)

Aid &

Education

The Unbalanced Triangular Trade

Each person in Developed Countries has been responsible for an extra 463 kg of CO2 emissions in goods imported from China in just 3 years (2002 – 2005)

53

And Finally

Lao Tzu (604-531 BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher 老子 （ 604-531BC ）中国古代思想家、哲学家

“If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading.” （直译）：“如果你不改变，你将止步于原地。”

N.K. Tovey (杜伟贤 ) M.A, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv