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A New Emphasis on Market Based Approaches to Biosolids Management

Bob Forbes, P.E.CH2M, Charlotte, [email protected] 19, 2016

NCAWWA-WEASpring ConferenceApril 2016


Wastewater Global Service Team

Agenda

• Review of current status of residuals management in US and nationally

• Emerging trends on residuals management during the past decade

• How public opinion has shaped residuals management policies and practices

• Emerging technologies and products• A look to the future• Questions

NCAWWA-WEA Spring 2016


Wastewater Global Service TeamParadigm Shifts in Biosolids Management

From Charting the Future of Biosolids Management, a State-of-the-Industry Review (2010)




Biosolids End Use or Destination Dry Metric Tons (Mg) of Biosolids per Category

Percent of Total, Each Category

Beneficially Used: Marketed as “Class A” Product Land Applied “Class B” on Restricted

SitesTotal Biosolids Beneficially Used:

38,00074,000

112,000

22%43%

65%

Disposed of: Incineration LandfillTotal Biosolids to Incineration & Landfill:

32,00030,000

62,000

18%17%

35%

Total for 2010 174,000 100%

Estimated Biosolids Use and Disposal in North Carolina in 2010 (NC-DENR, 2011)




Type of Biosolids Production Number of Facilities

Reporting

Dry Metric Tons (Mg) of

Biosolids Used

Percent of Total, Each

Category

CompostingAlkaline StabilizationHeat-dryingClass A Digestion or Pasteurization

151053

13,20015,1008,2001,500

12%13%7%1%

Total “Class A” Distribution & Marketing

33 38,000 34%

Total “Class B” Land Application n/a 74,000 66%

Total Biosolids Beneficially Used n/a 112,000 100%

Estimated Biosolids Beneficially Used in North Carolina in 2010 (NCDENR, 2011)




• http://vimeo.com/24854061

• http://www.sludgefacts.org/ (Dr. Caroline Snyder)

• http://www.sludgevictims.com/ (Helane Shields)

• http://www.usludgefree.org/ (United Sludge-Free Alliance)

• http://www.sewagesludgeactionnetwork.com/ (NC-based site)

• http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/campaign/sewage-sludge/

• http://www.sludgenews.org/

• http://deadlydeceit.com/ (Jim Bynum)

• http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Portal:Toxic_Sludge

Here’s what we’re up against:


http://vimeo.com/24854061

http://www.sludgefacts.org/

http://www.sludgevictims.com/

http://www.usludgefree.org/

http://www.sewagesludgeactionnetwork.com/

http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/campaign/sewage-sludge/

http://www.sludgenews.org/

http://deadlydeceit.com/

http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Portal:Toxic_Sludge


Wastewater Global Service TeamHuman Health Risk Evaluation of Land Application of Biosolids (NC-DHHS, 2005)

The report concluded that the following issues should be addressed in the permitting of land application of biosolids, due to concerns that current EPA and state rules regarding land application may be posing increased health risks to residents adjacent to these sites:

• Establishment of biosolids application sites, including setbacks and proximity issues

• Amounts of biosolids that can safely be applied to different crops • Concerns of odor from biosolids • Concerns of exposure and adverse health effects from biosolids

contaminants in humans and animals.




• Lack of Research - Little funding, lack in substantive, unbiased research into biosolids land application health risks.

• Lack of Regulation - Not perceived to be strict enough to meet all stakeholder needs. • Lack of Alternatives - Alternatives are costly and may have similar health concerns to land

application. The lack of alternatives suggests a need for improving current methods of land application.

• Blind Eye Towards the Problem- Public officials, of the national, regional, and local level have tended to ignore possible public health problems associated with biosolids application

• Health Concerns - Rural residents attribute health problems to land application sites near their homes.

• Public Awareness - The report stated that local citizen groups, namely Blue Ridge Environmental Defense League (BREDL) and Sewage Sludge Action Network (SSAN), provided resources and tools for educating the public on the issue.

• Forum/Discussion - More discussion in the form of an educational or alternative technologies forum regarding biosolids land application would be extremely beneficial.

• Further Changes Suggested - Broad agreement that some changes are needed to improve biosolids management practices. Production of organic by-products is a natural part of life. Land application of biosolids mimics a natural cycle of returning nutrients into the soil system, but there is a need to define the risks.

What Shapes Public Opinion:

The Report “Biosolids Land Application: A Critical Assessment of Treatment Options, Alternatives, and Community Perceptions “ (UNC, 2009) concluded:



Wastewater Global Service TeamNorth Carolina Setbacks for Class A and Class B Land Application




• A more fragmented, state-by-state regulatory framework that increasingly drifts from the Federal regulatory baseline

• The introduction of more restrictive management practices such as fence-line setbacks and incorporation requirements; increased legal liability

• Greater uncertainty around the mid-term viability of technology and programmatic choices

• A substantial increase in management costs

• Greater complexity associated with obtaining and maintaining management options.

Concerns identified in December 2010 Biosolids Summit (WEF, EPA)




• Volatile organic compound (VOC) emission restrictions inozone non-attainment areas

• More stringent nutrient (especially phosphorus) limitations in discharges to surface waters

• Fertilizer product certification requirements

• Increasing links between biosolids, solid wastes, and other organic residuals such as animal manures.

Evolving national trends especially pertinent to North Carolina:



Wastewater Global Service TeamDespite negative publicity, the world of biosolids marketing is making great progress! Consider the following examples:

Nationally:• Milorganite – almost a century of dried biosolids product from Milwaukee• LOOP for your soil – Seattle/King County, Washington• TAGRO biosolids soil amendments – Tacoma, Washington• Class A digested biosolids – Washington, DC• Anuvia biosolids-amended fertilizer – Zellwood, FL• Dried biosolids

North Carolina:• Award-winning, utility-owned farms (Fayetteville, Raleigh)• Long running and successful composting programs (Lexington,

Morganton, McGill Environmental, Eastern Compost)• Thermal biosolids drying - now established technology (Cary, Mooresvile,

Winston-Salem)




Milorganite – The success story from “Caddyshack”

N-P-K Analysis5.0% Total Nitrogen (N)2.0% Available Phosphate (P)0.0% Potash (K-typically is about 0.5%)4.0% Iron (Fe)

Typical Micro-nutrients

0.58% Sulfur (S)0.68% Magnesium (Mg)0.045% Zinc (Zn)0.022% Copper (Cu)0.133% Manganese (Mn)Trace amounts of Boron (B) and Molybdenum (Mo)

http://www.milorganite.com/retailers/milorganite-and-your-business


http://www.milorganite.com/retailers/milorganite-and-your-business


Wastewater Global Service TeamLOOP for Your Soil is a great biosolids marketing initiative for Seattle/King County, Washingon

Simply put, Loop is good stuff that builds good soil. If it didn’t have so much science behind it, it could be magical. So let’s settle for “almost magical.”

http://www.loopforyoursoil.com/what-is-loop/


http://www.loopforyoursoil.com/what-is-loop/



TAGRO – Class A Biosolids from Tacoma, WA



Wastewater Global Service TeamTAGRO Pricing Structure

TAGRO Mix$10 per cubic yard for City of Tacoma residents, non-City of Tacoma residents, and commercial customersTAGRO Mix "free pile" -- limited quantities available.

TAGRO Potting Soil$30 per cubic yard$15 for a 1/2 cubic yardJust need a little? Bring a few containers or buckets and you can purchase a cart's worth of Potting Soil (approximately 4 cubic feet) for just $5.

TAGRO Topsoil$23 per cubic yard



Wastewater Global Service TeamDCWater – Class A Biosolids Dewatered Cake from Thermal Hydrolysis and Digestion

Largest thermal hydrolysis installation in the world

https://www.dcwater.com/education/biosolids.cfm


https://www.dcwater.com/education/biosolids.cfm


Wastewater Global Service TeamAnuvia™ Plant Nutrients, Zellwood, Florida

http://anuviaplantnutrients.com/technology/


http://anuviaplantnutrients.com/technology/


Wastewater Global Service TeamNorth Carolina based McGill Composting

http://www.mcgillcompost.com/


http://www.mcgillcompost.com/


Wastewater Global Service TeamNorth Carolina Biosolids marketing (Scott Carpenter, SoilPlus)

• Dried Biosolids: From NC and SC sources, 3,000 to 3,500 tons is being moved to turf and golf courses. 2,000 tons is being used on early soybean use. 3,600 tons is going on corn. 750 tons is going wheat. 2,000 tons is going on Pasture and hayfields. Can get at minimum $35 per ton and upwards of $250 per ton during peak demand

• Compost: A well-known and plentiful commodity these days. If sold, compost can only go in so many locations. That why I think the only way for a sustaining Class A operation to be self-reliant is one that can be integrated into many different scenarios farm, turf, urban, etc. Price range: $5 to $20 per ton.

• Recovered phosphate (e.g., struvite): Currently I am working with a few companies to do some pilot testing. The generator sources could be paid upwards of $40 to $60 per ton for the product.



Wastewater Global Service TeamSome Leading Projects in NC

• City of Durham continues its long history of biogas cogeneration

• Heat drying/pelletization projects in Cary, Winston-Salem, Mooresville

• Charlotte-Mecklenburg Utilities is considering Energy Service Company (ESCO) delivery of biogas utilization under Guaranteed Performance Contract (GPC) – see yesterday’s presentation

• Catawba County’s Regional Eco-Plex and Resource Recovery Facility (MSW recycling, landfill gas use, wood gasification)

• Water & Sewer Authority of Cabarrus County’s regional heat-to-energy project using spare capacity in its multiple hearth incinerator



A New Emphasis on Market Based Approaches to Biosolids Management –

QUESTIONS?

Bob Forbes, P.E.CH2M, Charlotte, [email protected] 19, 2016

NCAWWA-WEASpring ConferenceApril 2016



Biosolids Stabilization Technologies

Anaerobic Digestion

Aerobic Digestion

Conventional (Mesophilic)

Anaerobic Digestion (MAD)

Conventional Aerobic

DigestionAerobic

Thermophilic Pretreatment

(ATP)Auto-

ThermophilicAerobic

Digestion (ATAD)

Aerobic/Anoxic Digestion

Temperature Phased

Anaerobic Digestion

(TPAD)

ThermophilicAnaerobic Digestion

Pre-pasteurization

Composting Drying Chemical Stabilization

High TemperatureCombustion/

Oxidation

Windrow

Enclosed/In-vessel

Vermi-Composting

(mix with earthworms)

Aerated Static Pile

Direct Thermal Drying

(Drum, Belt)

Indirect Thermal Drying

(Paddle, Auger. Disc.)

Vertical Tray Dryers

Flash Dryer

Solar Drying (greenhouse or open air)

FluidizedBed Drying

Alkaline Stabilization

EnVesselPasteurization

(RDP)

Lystek

SchwingBioset

FluidizedBed ReactorIncinerator

Multiple Hearth

Furnace Incineration

Super-Critical Wet Oxidation

Pyrolysis

GasificationMAD with PostAerobic

Digestion

VitAg/AnuviaFertilizer

Universe of Biosolids Alternatives – Risk Categories

Pre-Digestion Conditioning or

Hydrolysis

Thermal Hydrolysis (Steam)

Thermal Hydrolysis(No Steam)

Chemical/Thermal Hydrolysis

Biological (Acid) Hydrolysis

Intermediate Thermal

Hydrolysis

Solid Stream Thermal

Hydrolysis

Recuperative Thickening

Hydrothermal Liquefaction

Membrane Covered Pile

Pulsed Electric Hydrolysis

High Solids Digestion

Hybrid Compost Systems

NuTerra

Dryer/Furnace

Multi-Stage Digestion

Embryonic

Innovative

Established

ncawwa-wea a new emphasis april 2016 on market based ...€¦ · april 2016. 2...

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