neata 2012 © cornerstone mapping · neata 2012 © cornerstone mapping 2 infrared radiation is...

NeATA 2012© Cornerstone Mapping 1


Infrared radiation is perceived as heat

Heat is a qualitative measure of temperature

Heat is the transfer of energy

Energy can be quantitatively measured with a special camera

What is Thermal Imaging?


All objects radiate energy (heat) above zero Kelvin

All Objects Radiate Energy

Zero Kelvin = -459 °F

32 °F

>1,000 °F


What is Thermal Imaging ?

It is a way to look at the heat signature of an object

Detection of thermal infrared energy


History of Thermal Technology

Military developed thermal imaging in 1960

Thermal cameras were commercialized in 1996

declassified thermal technology in 1992


Thermal Technology Myths

Thermal is not ‘X-Ray’cannot penetrate walls

Thermal is not ‘Night Vision’magnified visible light


400 500 600 700 nm 1100

Blue Green Red Near Infrared

3,000 5,000 8,000 14,000 nm

Mid-Wave Thermal(MWIR 3-5μm)

Long-Wave Thermal(LWIR 8-14μm)

Atmospheric Thermal Windows

Electromagnetic Spectrum


‘Older’ Technology

Based on video camera technology

Analog display of warmer (white)cooler (black)

GPS position and other data overlaid on video frame


Latest Technology

Digital Acquisition

Radiometrically Calibrated

External GPS/IMU Time Stamp

Post-Process Data and correct for

ambient temperature, relative humidity, emissivity

data is saved in temperature values(not relative scale)


Medium Format Detectors

320 x 240 Pixels

(76,800 pixels = 0.07-megapixel)

640 x 480 Pixels

(307,200 pixels = 0.3-megapixel)

Thermal Camera Resolution

Large Format Detectors


Thermal cameras are very expensive

Why isn’t Thermal Imagery Widely Available?

Integrate

analog

GPS/IMU

resolution

software

thermal mosaic

digital

flight navdata storage

Difficult to integrate analogtechnology for mapping

Time consuming to georeferencevery low resolution images


Technology & Services

• Digital Sensor System– designed for mapping applications

• True Color & CIR Imagery

• Airborne GPS/IMU

• Flight Navigation

• Two Aircraft– Cessna 182– Piper Saratoga

Cornerstone Mapping’s Digital Camera System


System Components

Azimuth MountFlight Nav

Camera

IMURemovableHard Drive

Camera Controller

IMU Processor

Power Distribution

Current Mapping System

Thermal Camera

‘Sensor Fusion’ to Create aMulti-Sensor Imaging System


Temperature Range

Thermal Camera Sensitivity

-40 °C (-104 °F)

1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10.0

300 °C (572 °F)

Sensitive to Temperature Differences

Precision: < 0.1 °C


Color Image8-inch resolution

Thermal6-ft resolution

6,500-feet

Similar image footprint for each camera.

Different image resolution based on camera specifications.


Raster Data (Aerial Photography)

PixelSpatial Resolution

Each pixel represents a defined size on the ground

6-inch

1-foot

1-meter


Image Resolution

Thermal

Color Image

Ratio: 1 thermal pixel = 9 color pixels

Thermal cameras are lower resolution than color cameras


Remote Sensing in Agriculture

What do I need to Know ?


When Should you Acquire Imagery ?time-of-year

Depends on Purpose. . .

Natural VariabilitySoil Fertility, landscape position

Man-Made IssuesFarming Practices

Seasonal-Variable IssuesWind & Hail Damage, Insect Pressure, Disease


Evaporative Cooling (heat transfer)

Remote Sensing in Agriculture

• Water Stress

• Nutrient Stress

• Tissue Damage (insects, disease, wind, hail)

Leaf Structure

Stomata OxygenWater

CO2


400 500 600 700 nm 1100

Blue Green Red Near Infrared

ChlorophyllAbsorption

ChlorophyllAbsorption

Leaf StructureBiomass Indicator

Ref

lect

ance

3,000 5,000 8,000 14,000 nm

Typical Vegetation Response Curve

Plant Temperature

Rad

ianc

e


What Kind of Imagery to Use ?

Nutrients

Plant Color

Color Imagery

Cell Structure

Biomass / Nutrients / Water Stress

CIRImagery

Plant Temperature (stresses)

ThermalImagery


0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

0.3

0.2

0.1

0

Emergence

Tasseling Silking

Early Dent

Black LayerKnee High

Days After Planting

Dai

ly W

ater

Use

(inc

hes)

Corn Water Use

V-Stage VT R-Stage


Temperatureand

Water StressCriticalGrowth

Corn Nitrogen Use

High

Low

N Uptake

Planting Silking Harvest

V-Stage VT R-Stage

Crop is too small to detectproblems from the air


VT

Bare Soil

Weeds

Nitrogen Stress

Water Stress

Summary of Stresses

May June July 4th Aug Sept Oct

HarvestPlanting Irrigation Starts

Thermal

MSI MSI

MSI

MSI

ThermalMSI

When to Acquire Imagery


Thermal Imagery Applications

Useful for Center-Pivot and Furrow Irrigation


What Can you ‘see’ Using Thermal Imaging ?

Depends on Purpose. . .

ResearchCompare hybrids

On-FarmEarly detection of irrigation issues


Mapping Irrigation Issues

Irrigation problems are hard to find on the ground . . .

and, more common than you may realize !


Thermal ImagingFurrow Irrigation

High Spot


Thermal ImagingFurrow Irrigation

Insufficient Irrigation


Thermal ImagingCenter-Pivot Irrigation

Significant Temperature Range


Thermal ImagingCenter-Pivot Irrigation

Too Much Water

Pivot Point Leak


Thermal ImagingWind Damage


Thermal Imagery Applications

Case Study


Range Land

Cattle Damage

Mapping Crop Damage


Color-Infrared Thermal-Infrared

Mapping Crop Damage


Mapping Crop Damage

Thermal-Infrared merged with Near-Infrared

Ground truthed population counts verify damage seen in the aerial photography

Affected Area:44-acres


Cutting-Edge Technology

Summary

Numerous Applications

Fully Integrated within your Farm GIS

Airborne Thermal Imaging

neata 2012 © cornerstone mapping · neata 2012 © cornerstone mapping 2 infrared radiation is...

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