NECTAR Cluster 1 (Networks) workshop, Harrogate, UK, 28-29 September 2012Exploring equity issues in transport and communication networks

Paulo Rui Anciaes

On the multidimensionality of equity in transport networks

01

Mobility Accessibility

General mobility

Automobility

- Spatial mismatch land use policies, segregation

- Modal mismatch public transport provision, travel costs

- Space-time constraints gender divide

Urban facilities

Social inclusion

Jobs

- Parks- Health facilities- Food stores

- Disability- Elderly- Children’s independent mobility

- Job seekers- Elderly

02

Environmental justice

Love Canal protests, NY, USA, 1979. Origins of the environmental justice movement

Air pollution and noise

- Social distribution according to residence location ‘Tiebout’ sorting, segregation, political inequality

- Exposure in the workplace

- Exposure on the way to work in-vehicle exposures (cars vs. public transport)

Pedestrian mobility

- Pedestrian accident risk Usually analysed for specific age groups (children)

- Street walkability

03

Social exclusion Environmental justice

Joint distribution Accessibility to different types of destinations: Macintyre et al. 2008

Several environmental goods and ‘bads’: Kruize et al 2007

Exposure vs. “responsibility” for pollution – Household Kuznets curve Mitchell and Dorling 2003, Kingham et al. 2007

Integrate accessibility and environmental effects in the same empirical framework, searching for multiple disadvantages along different lines (age, qualifications)

Contributions of this paper

Include aspects whose patterns of distribution are still relatively

unknown : the effects of motorized transport on pedestrian mobility

04

Static inequalities: cluster analysis

Age -0.51

Qualifications -0.17

Priv. transport job accessibility 0.02

Pub. transport job accessibility -0.50

Accessibility to urban facilities -0.41

Community severance 1.29

Pedestrian noise exposure 1.01

Cluster variables

Cluster characterization

! Standardized variables

05

Static inequalities: GWR

-1.5

1.510.50-0.5-1

Regressions between noise and age, weighted on the space defined by

accessibility levels

Regressions between noise and qualifications, weighted on the space

defined by accessibility levels

Regression parameter

AgeQualifications

Private transport job accessibility

Reg

ress

ion

para

met

er

06

Changes over time: canonical correlation

c1 c2 c3

Δ Private tr. job accessibility 0.14 -0.11 0.71

Δ Public tr. job accessibility 0.44 0.66 -0.22

Δ Congestion 0.48 0.66 0.23

Δ Com.Severance (motorway) 0.61 0.38 -0.41

Δ Com.Severance (industry) 0.77 -0.52 -0.22

Δ Pedestrian noise exposure 0.08 0.04 -0.49

Δ Retail 0.46 0.48 0.41

Δ Green space -0.77 -0.30 -0.33

c’1 c’2 c’3

Δ Population 0.11 0.76 0.19

Δ Low qualifications -0.32 -0.16 -0.51

Δ Graduates -0.04 0.30 0.84

Δ Employment rate -0.26 0.03 0.65

Δ Vacant dwellings -0.65 -0.57 0.23

Δ Owned dwelling 0.04 0.09 0.79

Δ Small dwellings -0.61 0.00 -0.50

Δ Large dwellings 0.07 0.07 0.87

Δ Informal dwelling 0.72 0.28 -0.44

Δ New buildings 0.01 0.64 0.30

NEIGHBOURHOOD PEOPLE, DWELLINGS

07

Network planning: optimization

00.51

-1 -0.5 0

F2

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 ≥0.5< 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 ≥0.5< 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 ≥0.5<

0.3

0

0.1

0.2

Time gains

Community Severance

Optimization variable: community severance, inversely weighted by qualification levels

Analyse distribution of costs according to benefits

ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS

Bookchin

Wenz

Engels

The ancients stole all our great ideas

Developments in GIS and statistical methods now allow for the quantification of concepts found in existing theories of justice

08

SOC

IAL

JUST

ICE

Walzer

Sen

Rousseau

Kant

Rawls

TR

AN

SPO

RT

JU

STIC

E

GorzHarvey

Illich

Macintyre, S., Macdonald, L., Ellaway, A. (2008) Do poorer people have poorer access to local resources and facilities? The distribution of local resources by area deprivation in Glasgow, Scotland. Social Science & Medicine 67 (6), 900-914.

Kruize, H., Driessen, P P J., Glasbergen, P., Van Egmond, K. (2007) Environmental equity and the role of public policy: Experiences in the Rijnmond region. Environmental Management 40 (4), 578-595.

Mitchell, G. (2005) Forecasting environmental equity: Air quality responses to road user charging in Leeds, UK. Journal of Environmental Management 77 (3), 212-226.

Kingham, S., Pearce, J., Zawar-Reza, P. (2007) Driven to injustice? Environmental justice and vehicle pollution in Christchurch, New Zealand. Transportation Research D 12 (4), 254-263.

“The ancients stole all our great ideas” - Edward Ruscha (b. 1937)

Thank you for your attention