need to make this presentation 50-50 process & intellectual property/plagiarism/authorship
TRANSCRIPT
NEED TO MAKE THIS PRESENTATION 50-50 process & intellectual property/plagiarism/authorship
Controversy in Research? Ethics, Rules, and Doing
the Right Thing
“Integrity is doing the right thing, even if nobody is watching.”
~ unknown author
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1. the philosophical study of the moral value of human conduct and of the rules and principles that ought to govern it; moral philosophy
2. a social, religious, or civil code of behavior considered correct, esp. that of a particular group, profession, or individual
3. the moral fitness of a decision, course of action, etc.
What are Ethics?
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No real guidelines prior to late 1940s Early medical & psychological researchers
assumed fellow researchers would not allow harm to come to their participants/students/clients
Several notable historical examples prove this to have been…wrong…◦ The Tuskegee Study – 1932-1972
Now - written ethical standards regarding research, teaching, therapy, supervision, etc.
The Evolution of Ethical Guidelines
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Specificity of terms◦ The APA ethical code was first published in 1958, revised in
1972, 1992, 2002, 2010◦ Guide for researchers, teachers, therapists, administrators◦ Ethical dilemmas are common because the code is pretty vague
Have to be a psychologist for the code to apply?◦ Technically, yes…but…
Are they guidelines, or rules?◦ Both!◦ We are expected to act ethically & encourage others to do so
too, but…◦ 1974 National Research Act requires all research institutions to
have Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) to ensure protection of human participants
◦ 1985 – U.S. Dept. of Agriculture published guidelines for treatment of animal subjects
◦ Codes of conduct
Are These More Guidelines Than Actual Rules?
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Office of Responsible Research Practices◦ Institutional Animal Care & Use Committee (IACUC)◦ Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC)◦ Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Check whether ethical principles are being followed
Evaluate Risk/Benefit ratio for the study◦ Subjective evaluation of costs & rewards to the
participants & society Asks the question: Is this research worth it?
◦ Consider whether it is a well-designed study◦ Is there a way to do the study using lower risk
procedures?
Oversight of Research
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A man has been on an inpatient unit for years – he has schizophrenia & borderline (low) IQ – his functioning is low enough that he cannot sign his name – a new anti-psychotic medication becomes available for clinical trial & the unit psychiatrists switch him to it with the patient’s consent – he has had satisfactory response to his current regimen of medication – his family is not informed of the switch – a few weeks later, he suffers a heart attack and dies, perhaps as a result of the switch – after his death, the family argues that they should have been consulted - did the physicians on the unit behave ethically?
An Ethical Dilemma to Help Us Think…
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Including physical & psychological/emotional
During experiment & in future as a result of their participation
Always strive for minimal risk◦ No risks greater than they would experience in
daily life◦ Historical example = Milgram’s Obedience
Study Pretty much all the other rules stem from
this Prime Directive
The Prime Directive: Protection from Harm
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Privacy – the right to decide how information about themselves is communicated to others
Confidentiality – what happens in the research study (therapy session, grades, supervision, etc.) stays in there
Very Important Rules of Research: Confidentiality
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Physical, psychological, monetary Use of convenience samples
◦ Intro Psych students◦ Prisoners◦ Inpatients
Compensation?
Very Important Research Rules: Freedom from Coercion
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Social contract between researcher & participant
The researcher must tell them about anything that might influence their willingness to participate◦ Activities to expect◦ Risks/benefits◦ Right to withdraw
The participant’s ethical obligation is to behave appropriately – no lying, cheating, etc.
Who can’t give consent?
Very Important Rules of Research: Informed Consent
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Research examples - What Do You Think? Withholding information or misinforming
participants Pros
◦ Can study natural behavior◦ Can get at behaviors/beliefs not readily studied
without deception Cons
◦ Contradicts informed consent◦ May make people suspicious
Very Important Rules of Research: Deception
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In studies with deception◦ Reasons for deception◦ Clear misconceptions◦ Remove harmful effects
In all studies◦ Benefits researchers & participants
Educational Participants’ viewpoint Helpful to interpretation of results
Very Important Rules of Research: Debriefing
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Who gets publication credit?◦ Who made significant contribution?
What does significant contribution mean?◦ Credit vs. authorship◦ Discuss this openly, early, & often
Plagiarism issues◦ The standard: don’t present substantial portions or elements
of another’s work as your own What does “substantial” mean?
◦ When do you cite?◦ When do you use quote marks?◦ Do you cite if you use quote marks?◦ Can you turn in virtually the same paper in 2 different
classes?◦ Plagiarism.org
Writing Things Down
Thank you!Me: [email protected]
The Office of Responsible Research Practices: http://orrp.osu.edu/
OSU Code of Student Conduct (& other helpful links):
http://www.osu.edu/currentstudents/