neneww ttecechhnnologologiiccaall plplaatftformorm fforor didigigitaltal aanndd ... ·...
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New Technological PlatformNew Technological Platformfor Digital and Smart Sensorfor Digital and Smart Sensor
Systems IntegrationSystems Integration
Prof. Sergey Y. YurishProf. Sergey Y. Yurish
IFSA President, Barcelona, SpainIFSA President, Barcelona, Spain
Tutorial I. SENSORDEVICES’ 2010, Venice, Italy, 18 July 2010
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22 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
OutlineOutline
Introduction: Definitions and Markets Modern Technologies Smart Sensors Design: Preface Quasi-Digital Sensors State-of-the-art Smart and Intelligent Sensors Design Smart Sensor Systems Integration Summary
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33 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Introduction: Definitions and Markets Modern Technologies Smart Sensors Design: Preface Quasi-Digital Sensors State-of-the-art Smart and Intelligent Sensors Design Smart Sensor Systems Integration Summary
OutlineOutline
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44 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
IntroductionIntroduction
EPoSSEPoSS – The EuropeanTechnology Platform on SmartSystems Integration
3SI3SI - The European TechnologyPlatform on Smart Sensor SystemsIntegration
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55 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Smart Sensor DefinitionSmart Sensor Definition
Sensors: ‘Smart’ vs. ‘Intelligent’
‘Smart’ relates to technological aspects
‘Intelligent’ relates to intellectual aspects
Smart sensorSmart sensor is a combination of a sensing element, an analoginterface circuit, an analog to digital converter (ADC) and a businterface in one housing
Intelligent sensorIntelligent sensor is the sensor that has one or severalintelligent functions such as self-testing, self-identification, self-validation, self-adaptation, etc.
Smart and intelligent sensors and systems ?
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66 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Modern Sensors and MEMSModern Sensors and MEMSMarketsMarkets
Sensors Market in Europe earned revenues of $12.5 billionin 2009 and estimates this to reach $19.0 billion in 2016
5 % growing is observed in the sensors industry at the firstQ1 of 2010 (AMA Association for Sensor Technology)
World smart sensors market is projected to reach $ 7.8billion by 2015 (Global Industry Analysts, Inc.)
Sensor networks and smart sensors are being used widelyin automotive industry, medical, industrial, entertainment,security, and defence (BizAcumen, Inc.)
Strong growth expected for sensors based on MEMS-technologies, smart sensors, sensors with bus capabilitiesand embedded processing.
MEMS sensors market is set to return to growth in 2010after two straight years of decline
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77 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Introduction: Definitions and Markets Modern Technologies Smart Sensors Design: Preface Quasi-Digital Sensors State-of-the-art Smart and Intelligent Sensors Design Smart Sensor Systems Integration Summary
New Technological Platformfor Smart Sensor SystemsIntegration
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88 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Smart Sensors TechnologiesSmart Sensors Technologies
Hybrid technologies
IC-compatible 3D micro-structuring
System-on-Chip (SoC)
System-in-Package (SiP)
System-in-Package (SiP)
System-on-Chip (SoC) 45 nm CMOS process(STMicroelectronics, CMP)
40 nm CMOS process, (TSMC,Europractice)
32 nm CMOS process
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99 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Technological LimitationsTechnological Limitations
Below the 100 nm technology processes thedesign of analog and mixed-signal circuitsbecomes essentially more difficult
Long development time, risk, cost, low yieldrate and the need for very high volumes
The limitation is not only an increaseddesign effort but also a growing powerconsumption
However, digital circuits becomes faster,smaller, and less power hungry
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1010 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Introduction: Definitions and Markets Modern Technologies Smart Sensors Design: Preface Quasi-Digital Sensors State-of-the-Art Smart and Intelligent Sensors Design Smart Sensor Systems Integration Summary
New Technological Platformfor Smart Sensor SystemsIntegration
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1111 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Smart Sensors DesignSmart Sensors Design
- Classical approachSVx
(Ix)ADC BUS
Smart Sensor
BUS
- Proposed approaches
Sfx
FDC BUS
Smart Sensor
Sfx
FDC
Smart Sensor
Vx
(Ix)VFC
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1212 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
FrequencyFrequency--Time DomainTime DomainParameters of SignalParameters of Signal
Frequency-time domain parameters of signal are:frequency, period, its ratio and difference, frequencydeviation, duty-cycle (or duty-off factor), time interval, pulsewidth (or space) pulse number, PWM or phase shift output.
QQxx
ff11/f/f22
ffNNxx
D.c.D.c.
ttTTxxffxx
PWPWMM
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1313 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Informative ParametersInformative Parameters
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1414 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Frequency AdvantagesFrequency Advantages
High Noise Immunity
High Power Signal
Wide Dynamic Range
High Reference Accuracy
Simple Interfacing
Simple Integration and Coding
Multiparametricity
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1515 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
High Noise ImmunityHigh Noise Immunity
Objective property due to a frequencymodulation
Frequency signal can be transmitted bycommunication lines too much greaterdistance
Only two-wire line is necessary fortransmission of such signal
Data transmitting does not require anysynchronization
Frequency signal is ideal for high noiseindustrial environments
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1616 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
High Power SignalHigh Power Signal
Section from a sensor output up to anamplifier input is the heaviest section in ameasuring channel for signal transmittingfrom a power point of view
Losses, originating on this section can notbe filled any more by any signal processing
Output powers of frequency sensors, as arule, are considerably higher
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1717 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Wide Dynamic RangeWide Dynamic Range
Dynamic range is not limited bysupply voltage and noise
Dynamic range of over 120 dB maybe easily obtained
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1818 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
High Reference AccuracyHigh Reference Accuracy
Crystal oscillators can be made morestable, than the voltage reference:
- non-compensated crystal oscillator hasup to (150)·10-6 error
- temperature-compensated crystaloscillator has up to 10-8 10-10 error
Minimum possible error for frequencymeasurements with the help ofquantum frequency standard is 10-14,minimum possible quantization step fortime interval is 10-12 seconds
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1919 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Simplicity of InterfacingSimplicity of Interfacing
Parasitic electromotive force (emf),transient resistances and cross-feed ofchannels in analog multiplexer at theusage of analog sensors are reasons forerrors
Frequency modulated signal is notsensitive to all listed factors
Multiplexers for frequency output sensorsand transducers are simple enough anddo not introduce any errors
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2020 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Simplicity of IntegrationSimplicity of Integrationand Codingand Coding
Digital pulse counter is an idealintegrator with unlimited time ofmeasurement
Frequency signal can be processedby microcontrollers without anyadditional interface circuitry
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2121 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
One sensor’s output - two informativeparameters: a frequency is proportionalto the physical quantity X and duty-cycleat the same output is proportional to thephysical quantity Y
Today there are some examples
It is the future of multiparametric,multichannel and multifunctionalsensors systems
MultiparametricityMultiparametricity
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2222 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Global Sensor MarketGlobal Sensor Market
Analog
55%Digital
30%
Quasi-digital
15%
Global sensor market (IFSA, 2009)
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2323 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
QuasiQuasi--Digital SensorsDigital Sensors
Frequency
70%
PWM
16%
Duty-cycle
9%
Phase-shift
1%
Period
1%Pulse Number
3%
Classification of quasi-digital sensors in term ofoutput signal (IFSA, 2009)
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2424 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Introduction: Definitions and Markets Modern Technologies Smart Sensors Design: Preface Quasi-Digital Sensors State-of-the-art Smart and Intelligent Sensors Design Smart Sensor Systems Integration Summary
New Technological Platformfor Smart Sensor SystemsIntegration
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2525 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
QuasiQuasi--Digital SensorDigital SensorClassificationClassification
x(t)–measurand; F(t)–frequency; V(t)–voltage, proportional
to the measurand; P(t)–parameter
Quasi-DigitalSensors
x(t) F(t) x(t)V(t)F(t) x(t)P(t)F(t)
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2626 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Six Sensors Signal DomainsSix Sensors Signal Domains
RadiantRadiant
MechanicalMechanical
ThermalThermal
ElectricalElectrical
MagneticMagnetic
ChemicalChemical
SignalSignalDomainsDomains
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2727 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Temperature SensorsTemperature Sensors
Sensing element take advantage of thevariable resistance properties ofsemiconductor materials
Provide a good linear frequency, period,duty-cycle or pulse width modulated(PWM) output
Direct temperature reading in quasi-digital form
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2828 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Sensor for Thermal MonitoringSensor for Thermal Monitoring
DCx
out
VVC
If
2
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2929 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
THSENSTHSENS--FF
)),20(exp( 020 CTff CelsCelsout wherewhere is the sensitivity,is the sensitivity, ff20Cels20Cels isis
the nominal frequency related tothe nominal frequency related to
TT=20=20 00CC
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3030 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Temperature SensorsTemperature Sensors
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3131 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Temperature SensorsTemperature SensorsTMP03/TMP04TMP03/TMP04
Monolithic temperature detectors fromAnalog Devices
PWM output
Accuracy is ±1.5 0C from –40 0C to +100 0C
16-bit resolution
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3232 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
TMP03/04 OutputTMP03/04 Output
2
1400235
T
TCT
2
1720455
T
TFT
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3333 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Temperature SensorsTemperature SensorsTMP05/TMP06TMP05/TMP06
Monolithic temperature detectors fromAnalog Devices
PWM output
Accuracy is ±0.5 0C from –40 0C to +150 0C
12-bit resolution
2
1751421
T
TCT
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3434 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Temperature SensorsTemperature SensorsMAX6576/MAX6577MAX6576/MAX6577
Monolithic low-cost temperaturesensors from MAXIM
Period/Frequency output
Accuracy is ±3.0 0C from –40 0C to+125 0C
15.273
Ks
sTxCT
15.273
Ks
HzfxCT
- for MAX6576
- for MAX6577
where Ks is the scalar multiplier
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3535 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Temperature SensorsTemperature SensorsMAX6666/MAX6667MAX6666/MAX6667
High accuracy temperature sensorsfrom MAXIM
PWM output
Accuracy is ±1.0 0C from –40 0C to+125 0C
Push-pull (MAX6666) and open-drain(MAX6667) output
T1 is fixed with a typical value of 10 msand T2 is modulated by thetemperature
2
1400235
T
TCT
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3636 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Temperature SensorsTemperature SensorsMAX6672/MAX6673MAX6672/MAX6673
Low-current temperature sensors fromMAXIM
PWM output
Accuracy is ±3.0 0C from –40 0C to +125 0C
27342585.02002
1
3
2
1
t
t
t
tCT
2734252
1
t
tCT - for t > 500C
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3737 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
High accuracy, low-power temperaturesensors PWM output
Accuracy is ±1.5 0C from –40 0C to +125 0C
Temperature SensorsTemperature SensorsMAX6676/MAX6677MAX6676/MAX6677
15.27315.3982
1
t
tCT
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3838 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Temperature SensorTemperature SensorSMT 160SMT 160--3030
Full silicon sensor with duty-cyclemodulated square-wave output
Accuracy ± 0.7 0C
Temperature range –45 0C to +130 0C
Output frequency 1-4 kHz
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3939 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
SMT 160SMT 160--30 Output30 Output
,00470.0320.0.. tftT
tCD xp
x
p
where tp is the pulse width; Tx is the period;fx is the frequency; t is the temperature in 0C
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4040 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Temperature SensorTemperature SensorSBE 3FSBE 3F
High accuracy: initial up to 0.001 0C (0.003 % FS),typical stable to 0.002 0C per yearSensing element is a glass-coated thermistorbeadSensor frequency (26 kHz) is inverselyproportional to the square root of the thermistorresistanceTemperature range: -5 to +35 0C
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4141 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Pressure SensorsPressure Sensors
19681968 - first truly integrated pressure sensorin Europe designed by Gieles atPhilips Research Laboratories
19711971 - first monolithic integrated pressuresensor with frequency output wasdesigned and tested at CaseWestern Reserve University (USA)(USA)
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4242 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Modern Pressure SensorsModern Pressure Sensors
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4343 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Quartz Crystal PressureQuartz Crystal PressureTransducersTransducers
Digiquartz Intelligent Transmitters(8DP, 8B,181KT) fromParoscientific Inc.
Typical full scale (FS) accuracy 0.01 %
Fully thermally compensated
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4444 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Quartzonix™ PressureStandard Series 960
0.01 % FS accuracy(Pressure Systems)
± 0.0001% FS resolution
Output frequency between30 and 45 kHz
Combined pressure andtemperature sensors
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4545 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
AccelerometersAccelerometers
Derivative properties: vibration, shock, tilt
Accelerometers types: piezo film,electromechanical servo, piezoelectric, liquid tilt,bulk micromachined piezoresistive, capacitive,and surface micromachined capacitive
Frequency range from: 0.1 Hz to above 30 kHz
Duty-cycle, frequency or PWM outputs(very suitable for remote sensing and noisyenvironments)
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4646 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
QuasiQuasi--DigitalDigitalAccelerometersAccelerometers
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4747 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
ADXL202/210/213ADXL202/210/213AccelerometersAccelerometers
Dual-axis accelerometers
Direct interface to popularmicrocontrollers
Duty-cycle output
1 ms acquisition time
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4848 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
ADXL202/210/213 OutputADXL202/210/213 Output
%5.12
%5021
TTgonAccelerati
%4
5.021
TTgonAccelerati
%30
5.021
TTgonAccelerati
- for ADXL 202
- for ADXL 210
- for ADXL 213
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4949 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
KXGKXG--20 Accelerometer20 Accelerometer
%20
5.021
TTgonAccelerati
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5050 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Other AccelerometersOther Accelerometers
MXD7202, 7210, 2020, 6125, 200 4 – CMOSaccelerometers with duty-cycle outputs(MEMSIC)
Model 1010 - low-cost, integratedaccelerometer (Silicon Designs). Output:density of pulses (number of pulses persecond) proportional to acceleration
Type BBType BB - frequency output accelerometer(DIGI SENS)
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5151 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
QuasiQuasi--Digital InclinometersDigital Inclinometers
T6 (US Digital) with quadrature TTL squarewave output
NG with PWM output (Nordic Transducer)
SCA830 with PWM output (VTI Technologies)
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5252 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Rotation Speed SensorsRotation Speed Sensors
There are many known rotation speed sensingprinciples
Magnetic sensors (Hall-effect andmagnetoresistor based sensors)
Inductive sensors
Passive and active electromagnetic rpm-sensorsare from the frequency-time domain
Zfn xx
60 , where, where ZZ is the number of modulation rotor’sis the number of modulation rotor’s
(encoder’s) gradations(encoder’s) gradations (teeth)(teeth)
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5353 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Active Sensor of RotationActive Sensor of RotationSpeed (ASRS)Speed (ASRS)
Semiconductor activeposition sensor ofrelaxation type
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5454 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Comparative AnalyseComparative Analyse
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5555 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
ActiveActive IInductivenductive PPositionositionSSensorensorss PO2210/11, PO1604
Frequency range, kHz 0 10 (40)Air-gap, mm 0 1Dual-, Single-channel
Logic
B
A
Supply
Ground
(VDD
)(V
SS)
Sensor chip
Generator micro - coil
Detection micro - coils
Demod.
Osc.Driver
Demod.
Direection4x
Metalic target
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5656 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Optical SensorsOptical Sensors
Low-cost programmable silicon opto sensorsTSL230/235/237/245 (TAOS) with monolithiclight-to-frequency converter
Color-to-frequency converter TCS230 (TAOS)
Square wave output with (0 1 MHz)frequency
Provide programming capability for adjustmentof input sensitivity and output scaling
Light levels of 0.001 to 100 000 W/am2 canbe accommodated directly without filters
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5757 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Smart Integrated OnSmart Integrated On--chipchipColour SensorColour Sensor
Principle: wavelength dependence of theabsorption coefficient in silicon in the opticalpart of the spectrum
Digital output in the IS2 bus format
Pulse frequency is proportional to opticalintensity (luminance)
Duty cycle is proportional to colour(chrominance)
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5858 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
TAOS Light and Color SensorsTAOS Light and Color Sensors
For TSL 230RD: fO = fD + (Re) (Ee),
where fO is the output frequency; fD is the output requency fordark condition (Ee = 0); Re is the device responsivity for a givenwavelength of light given in kHz/(mW/cm2); Ee is the incidentirradiance in mW/cm2
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5959 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
LightLight--toto--Frequency ConverterFrequency ConverterS9705S9705
A photo IC that combines a photodiode and current-to-frequency converter on a monolithic CMOS chip
Frequency output range: 0.1 Hz to 1 MHz
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6060 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
LightLight--toto--Frequency ConverterFrequency ConverterMLX75304MLX75304
CMOS integrated Light-to-Frequency Converter
Extended dynamic range 120 dB;0.1...100k lux
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6161 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Humidity Frequency OutputHumidity Frequency OutputSensorsSensors
Based on humidity–capacitance–frequency(time interval or duty-cycle) converters:X(t) C(t) F(t)
Pulsed signal for both humidityand temperature
Measuring range 0 100% RH
Frequency ranges from some kHzup to hundreds kHz
Accuracy up to 1 %
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6262 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Humidity QuasiHumidity Quasi--Digital SensorsDigital Sensors
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6363 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Humidity Frequency ConverterHumidity Frequency Converter(Galltek +MELAGalltek +MELA)
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6464 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Dedicated Humidity TransducersDedicated Humidity Transducersfrom Humirelfrom Humirel
,000358.00886.079.167314 32 RHRHRHFout - for HTF3130
,189740 RHFout - for HF 3223/HTF 3223
RHFout 8.159600 - for HTF 3226, linear reference curve
2015.028.149570 RHRHFout - for HTF 3226, the secondorder curve
Fout, Hz
RH, %
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6565 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
HumidityHumidity--toto--FrequencyFrequencyConverter KNConverter KN--10501050
Based on a highperformance relativehumidity sensor of variablecapacitance type
Fout, Hz
RH, %
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6666 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Chemical, Gas andChemical, Gas and BiosensorsBiosensors
Sensors arrays (electronic noses and tongues)
Square wave with a frequency inverselyproportional to the sensor resistance
Sensors Array based on chemisorbing polymerfilms
Acoustic gas sensor based on a gas-filled cell
Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) sensors
SAW and bulk acoustic wave sensors
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6767 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Mass Variation SensorsMass Variation Sensors
Crystal resonance frequency changes by fwhen a mass change m occurs on thecrystal according to Sauerbrey equation
Typical frequency range: up to some MHz
Needs high accuracy (the relative errorshould be batter than 0.001 %) reducedtime of measurement (less than 0.1 s)
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6868 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Magnetic SensorsMagnetic Sensors
HAL810, HAL819 – Hall sensors with PWMoutput form Micronas;
MS2G period output sensor from Bartington
FGM-series Magnetic Field Sensors withperiod output from Speake & Co Llanfapley
High resolution CMOS magnetic field tofrequency converter with frequency differenceon its output [1]
[1]. Shr-Lung Chen, Chien-Hung Kuo, and Shen-Iuan Liu, CMOSMagnetic Field to Frequency Converter, IEEE Sensors Journal,Vol.3, No.2, April 2003, pp.241-245
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6969 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Programmable Magnetic FieldProgrammable Magnetic FieldSensor HAL810Sensor HAL810
Can be used for angle or distance measurementsin combination with a rotating or moving magnet
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7070 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Other SensorsOther Sensors
Tilt and inclination sensors with PWM outputs
Torque transducers with frequency output
Level sensors with frequency output
Conductivity sensor SBE4 with frequencyoutput
Flow sensors with frequency output
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7171 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Multiparameters SensorsMultiparameters Sensors
Color sensor (TU Delft, The Netherlands):frequency is proportional to opticalintensity (luminance) and duty-cycle isproportional to colour (chrominance)
Pressure and temperature sensors
Humidity and temperature sensors(transmitters) from E+E Elektronik, Bitron,etc.
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7272 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Historical FactsHistorical Facts
19301930 - string distant thermometer(Pat. No.61727, USSR, Davydenkov N.,Yakutovich M.)
19311931 - string distant tensometer(Pat. No. 21525, USSR, Golovachov D.,Davydenkov N., Yakutovich M.)
19411941 - ADC for the narrow timeintervals(Pat. No. 68785, USSR, Filipov V.N.and Negnevitskiy S.B.
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7373 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Frequency Output SensorsFrequency Output Sensors
In 1961 professor P.V. Novitskiy wrote: "... In the futurewe can expect, that a class of frequency sensors will getsuch development, that the number of now knownfrequency sensors will exceed the number of now knownamplitude sensors..."
Although there are frequency output sensors practicallyfor any physical, chemical, electrical and non-electricalvariables, this prognosis has not been fully justified.
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7474 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Some Subjective ReasonsSome Subjective Reasons
Lacking awareness of the innovationpotential of modern frequency-to-digitalconversion methods
Major expenditures were invested intodevelopment of traditional expensive ADC
Lack of emphasis being placed on thebusiness and market benefits which suchmeasuring technologies can bring tocompanies
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7575 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Some Objective ReasonsSome Objective Reasons
Advanced frequency-to-digital conversionmethods are patented
Difficulties in software development formicrocontroller based frequency-to-digitalcontroller
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7676 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Universal FrequencyUniversal Frequency--toto--DigitalDigitalConverter (UFDCConverter (UFDC--1)1)
Low cost digital IC withprogrammable accuracy
2 channels, 16 measuring modes fordifferent frequency-time parametersand one generating mode(fosc/2 = 8 MHz)
Based on four patented novelconversion methods
Should be very competitive toADC and has wide applications
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7777 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
FeaturesFeatures
Frequency range from 0.05 Hz upto 7 MHz without prescaling and112 MHz with prescalingProgrammable accuracy (relativeerror) for frequency (period)conversion from 1 up to 0.001 %Relative quantization error isconstant in all specified frequencyrangeNon-redundant conversion timeQuartz-accurate automatedcalibrationRS-232/485, SPI and I2C interfaces
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7878 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
UFDCUFDC--1 Block Diagram1 Block Diagram
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7979 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Measuring ModesMeasuring Modes
Frequency, fx1 0.05 Hz – 7MHz directly and up to112 MHz with prescalling
Period, Tx1 150 ns – 20 s
Phase shift, x 0 - 3600 at fx 300 kHz
Time interval between start- and stop-pulse,x 2.5 s – 250 s
Duty-cycle, D.C. 0 – 1 at fx 300 kHz
Duty-off factor, Q 10-8 – 8.106 at fx 300 kHz
Frequency and period difference and ratio
Rotation speed (rpm) and rotation acceleration
Pulse width and space interval 2.5 s – 250 s
Pulse number (events) counting, Nx 0 – 4.109
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8080 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
UFDCUFDC--1 Master Mode1 Master Mode(RS(RS--232)232)
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8181 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
UFDCUFDC--1 Slave Mode1 Slave Mode(RS(RS--232)232)
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8282 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
UFDCUFDC--1 SPI Interface1 SPI InterfaceConnectionConnection
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8383 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
UFDCUFDC--1 I1 I22C Bus ConnectionC Bus Connection
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8484 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Evaluation Board CircuitEvaluation Board CircuitDiagramDiagram
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8585 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Evaluation BoardEvaluation BoardEVALEVAL--UFDC1/UFDCUFDC1/UFDC--1M1M--1616
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8686 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Fast IC UFDCFast IC UFDC--1M1M--1616
Frequency range: 1 Hz to7.5 MHz (120 MHz withprescaling)
Internal referencefrequency 16 MHz
Non-redundantconversion rate: from6.25 s to 6.25 ms
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8787 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Software (Software (Terminal V1.9b)Terminal V1.9b)
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8888 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
LabView Based SoftwareLabView Based Software
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8989 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
What Calibrate ?What Calibrate ?
Systematic quartz-crystal error to reducethe adjustment or trimming inaccuracy
Temperature drift
Quartz-crystal aging error
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9090 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Why Calibration ?Why Calibration ?
Taking into account a high UFDC-1accuracy (up to 0.001 %) it needs a veryaccurate reference at least 0.0001 %
Low cost crystal oscillators does not havea good stability due to systematic error
Example: A 16 MHz crystal oscillators from Siward with 30 ppmdetermined tolerance has the real frequency 16 001 400 Hz thatcorresponds to 90 ppm (0.009 %) reference error
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9191 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
When Calibrate the UFDCWhen Calibrate the UFDC--1 ?1 ?
In order to use the UFDC-1 with any low costcrystal oscillators for conversions with therelative error less than 0.01 % it is necessaryto calibrate it with the aim to compensate theadjustment or trimming inaccuracy
If application needs relative error 0.01 % nocalibration is necessary
If the UFDC-1 is working in specifiedtemperature range
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9292 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
How to Calibrate ?How to Calibrate ?
Should be made in real working conditionswith the 16 MHz crystal oscillator
Connect the UFDC-1 to PC through theserial interface RS-232
Use the test command "T“
Measure the frequency at the TEST pin byany external frequency counter withaccuracy not worse than 0.0001 % or atleast 0.0005 %
Calculate the correction factor
Input it into the UFDC-1
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9393 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Calibration Procedure ExampleCalibration Procedure Example
Let the measured frequency on the TESToutput is 8 000 694.257865 Hz
After rejecting a fractional part the receivedinteger number is 8 000 694 Hz
Calculate the correction factor 8 000 694 –- 8 000 000 = 694 Hz
Convert the result into the hexadecimalnumber (694)10 = (2B6)16
Put the correction command (with takinginto account the correction factor's sign) intothe UFDC-1
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9494 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
UFDCUFDC--1 Calibration Commands1 Calibration Commands
>T ; set the UFDC-1 into the calibration mode
>F+2B6 ; correction command
>F ; check the correction value in the UFDC-1
2B6 ; returned correction factor =+2B6
TEST
fosc/2
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9595 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Temperature Drift CalibrationTemperature Drift Calibration
The UFDC-1 is working inthe industrial temperaturerange: (– 40о C...+ 85о C)
Temperature drift error canbe eliminated by thecalibration in appropriateworking temperatureranges
1
1
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Temperature , C
Frequency, Hz
Hz
kHz
1 MHz
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9696 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
No Calibrate if:No Calibrate if:
Relative error > 0.01 %
Use a precision temperature-compensatedintegrated generator ± 3 ppm frequencystability over the -40°C to +85°C
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9797 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
UFDCUFDC--1 Packages1 Packages
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9898 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Where to use the UFDCWhere to use the UFDC--1 ?1 ?Smart Sensors;Smart Sensors;
QuasiQuasi--digital anddigital andDigital sensors;Digital sensors;MultiparametricMultiparametric
SensorsSensors
FrequencyFrequencyCountersCounters
Tachometers andTachometers andTachometricTachometric
SystemsSystems
Multimeters forMultimeters forFrequencyFrequency--timetime
ParametersParameters
ABSABSSystemsSystems
DAQ boards forDAQ boards forFrequencyFrequency--timetimeParametersParameters
VirtualVirtualInstrumentsInstruments
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9999 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Introduction: Definitions and Markets Modern Technologies Smart Sensors Design: Preface Quasi-Digital Sensors State-of-the-art Smart and Intelligent Sensors Design Smart Sensor Systems Integration Summary
New Technological Platformfor Smart Sensor SystemsIntegration
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100100 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Digital SensorsDigital Sensors
Number of physical phenomenon, on thebasis of which direct conversion sensorswith digital outputs can be designed, isessentially limited
Angular-position encoders and cantilever-based accelerometers – examples of digitalsensors of direct conversion
There are not any nature phenomenon withdiscrete performances changing underpressure, temperature, etc.
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101101 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
AngularAngular--Position EncoderPosition Encoder
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102102 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Digital AccelerometerDigital Accelerometer
Toshihiro Itoh, Takeshi Kobayashi, Hironao Okada, A Digital OutputPiezoelectric Accelerometer for Ultra-low Power Wireless Sensor Node,in Proceedings of IEEE Sensors 2008, 26-29 October 2008, Lecce,Italy, pp.542-545.
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103103 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Smart Sensor Example ISmart Sensor Example I
ADC – based digital light sensor ISL29015 (Intersil)
Integration time of 16-bit ADC: 45 … 90 ms
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104104 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Smart Sensor Example IISmart Sensor Example II
Conversion time in both cases at 0.01 %
relative error: 0.5 … 16 ms
VFC/FDC – based digital light sensor (I):
Light-to-VoltageConverterISL29102
VxVFC
fxUSTI I2C
Bus
Smart Sensor
Light sensorwith frequency
outputVFC
fxUSTI I2C
Bus
Smart Sensor
FDC – based digital light sensor (II):
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105105 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
VFC Advantages in ADCVFC Advantages in ADC
Conversion SchemeConversion Scheme
Monotonicity is inherent under all supplyand temperature conditions
Analog circuitry (the VFC and analog signalconditioning circuits) to be located close tothe signal source
Digital circuitry (frequency-to-digitalconverter) to be located elsewhere
Resolution can be increased almostindefinitely
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106106 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Modern VFCsModern VFCs
There are a lot of commercially available types ofintegrated VFCs to meet many requirements(0.012 % integral nonlinearity)
Ultra-high speed 1 Hz-100 MHz VFC with 0.06 % linearity
Fast response (3 s) 1 Hz-2.5 MHz VFC with 0.05 %linearity
High stability quartz stabilized 10 kHz – 100 kHz VFCwith 0.005 % linearity
Ultra-linear 100 kHz – 1 MHz VFC with linearity inside7 ppm 0.0007 %) and 1 ppm resolution for 17-bitaccuracy applications
Ultra-linear 100 kHz – 1 MHz VFC with linearity inside7 ppm 0.0007 %) and 1 ppm resolution for 17-bitaccuracy applications
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107107 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
A/D Converter TypesA/D Converter Types
Type Max Speed Resolution NoiseImmunity
RelativeCost
SuccessiveApproximation
Medium
(10 kHz to 1 MHz)
6-16 bits Little Low
Integrating Slow
(10 Hz to 30 Hz)
12-24 bits Good Low
VFC-based Medium
(160 kHz to 1 MHz)
16-24 bitsor more
Excellent Low
Sigma-Delta Slow to Medium
(Up to 1 MHz or higher)
16 bits ormore
High Low
Flash Very Fast
(1 MHz to 500 MHz)
4-8 bits None High
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108108 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
ColorColor--toto--Digital ConverterDigital Converter
Design notes: 100 % scaling mode for TCS230 (S0, S1 =1) andclear photodiode type (no filter, S2=1, S3=0). Power-supply linesmust be decoupled by a 0.01-mF to 0.1-mF capacitor with short
leads mounted close to the device package.
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109109 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
LightLight--toto--Digital ConvertersDigital Converters
(a)
(b)
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110110 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
CommandsCommands ExampleExample(RS(RS--232 interface)232 interface)
>M0 ; Frequency measurement initialization
>A0 ; 1 % conversion error set up
>S ; Start a measurement
>R ; Read a result
1000.674946004319 ; Measurement result indication
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111111 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Multiparameters SensorMultiparameters SensorInterfacingInterfacing
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112112 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Multiparameters SensorMultiparameters SensorInterfacingInterfacing (cont.)(cont.)
>M4 ; Duty-cycle measurement initialization
>S ; Start a measurement
>R ; Read a result
60.9786 ; Duty-cycle measurement result indication
>ME ; Frequency measurement initialization on the 2nd input FX2
>AX ; Appropriate ‘X’ conversion error set up
>S ; Start a measurement
>R ; Read a result
100.578698673 ; Frequency measurement result indication
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113113 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
II22C Interface to TAOS OptoC Interface to TAOS Opto
SensorsSensors
<06><00> ; Frequency measurement initialization
<02><00> ; 1 % conversion error set up
<09> ; Start a measurement
<07> ; Get measurement result in BCD format
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114114 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
SPISPI Interface to TAOS OptoInterface to TAOS OptoSensorsSensors
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115115 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
TMP05/TMP06 SensorsTMP05/TMP06 Sensors
InterfacingInterfacing
TMP05/TMP06 interfacing: T1 and T2 time intervals measurement(a), and period (T1+T2) and space interval (T2) measurement (b)
(a) (b)
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116116 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
MAXIM Temperature SensorsMAXIM Temperature SensorsInterfacing (I)Interfacing (I)
MAX6576 period output sensor interfacing (a) and MAX6577frequency output sensor interfacing (b)
(a) (b)
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117117 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
MAXIM Temperature SensorsMAXIM Temperature SensorsInterfacing (II)Interfacing (II)
MAX6676 to UFDC-1 interfacing functional diagram
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118118 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Accelerometers BasedAccelerometers BasedSystems (I)Systems (I)
ADXL202 to UFDC-2 interfacing functional diagram.
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119119 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Accelerometers BasedAccelerometers BasedSystems (II)Systems (II)
ADXL210 to UFDC-2 interfacing functional diagram.
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120120 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Accelerometers BasedAccelerometers BasedSystems (III)Systems (III)
ADXL213 to UFDC-2 interfacing functional diagram.
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121121 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Acceleration to FrequencyAcceleration to Frequency
CircuitsCircuits
Accelerometers with voltage output maybe paired with a circuit whose outputchanges with frequency to provide a TTLlevel frequency output
Acceleration-to-frequency circuits basedon different voltage-to-frequencyconverters, for example, AD654 VFC(ADXL05 + AD654) or 555 timer
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122122 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Rotation Speed Smart SensorRotation Speed Smart Sensor
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123123 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
CommandsCommands Example (RSExample (RS--232)232)
>MA ;Rotation speed measurement initialization
>Z0C ; Set up Z=12(10)=C(16)
>A9 ;Choose the conversion error 0.001 %
>S ;Start a measurement
>R ;Read a result of measurement in rpm
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124124 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Rotation AccelerationRotation AccelerationMeasurementMeasurement
,2
21
t
nnx
where n1 and n2 of rotation speed and time interval forthe second measurement t2
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125125 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Smart Humidity SensorsSmart Humidity Sensors
PC
RS-2324
6
RH out
7 (+5V)
8 (GND)
EE05
UFDC-1
(a)
(b)
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126126 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Temperature and HumidityTemperature and Humidity
Multisensors SystemMultisensors System
Multisensors systems with the HTF3130 sensor for humiditymeasurement (the second channel) and temperature sensor
MAX6576 temperature measurement (the first channel)
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127127 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Commands Example (RS-232)
>M1; Period measurement, 1st channel, MAX6576 temperature sensor
>A2; Choose the conversion error 0.25 %
>S; Start a measurement
>R; Read a result (period proportional to the temperature)
>ME; Frequency measurement, 2nd channel, HTF3130 humidity sensor
>A2; Choose the conversion error 0.25 %
>S; Start a measurement
>R; Read a result (frequency proportional to the humidity)
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128128 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Pressure Sensors InterfacingPressure Sensors Interfacing
Connection diagram for 8000 Series of frequency outputdepth sensors from Paroscientific, Inc.
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129129 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Commands Example (RSCommands Example (RS--232)232)
>M0 ; Frequency measurement initialization in the first channel
>A0 ; Choose the conversion error 0.001 %
>S ; Start a measurement
>R ; Read a result proportional to temperature
>ME ; Frequency measurement initialization in the second channel
>A0 ; Choose the conversion error 0.001 %
>S ; Start a measurement
>R ; Read a result proportional to pressure
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130130 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Smart Magnetic SensorsSmart Magnetic Sensors
HAL819 to UFDC-1 interfacing circuit
>M4; Duty-cycle measurement initialization (mode 4)
>S; Start measurement
>R; Read result
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131131 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
UFDCUFDC--22
UFDC-1 modes + frequency deviation(absolute and relative) measuring mode
Improved metrological performances: extendedfrequency range up to 9 MHz (144 MHz withprescaling), programmable relative error up to0.0005 %, etc.
Two channel measurements for everyparameters
Improved calibration procedures
Very suitable for different QCM and otherresonator based bio- and chemical sensors
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132132 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Evaluation Board PrototypeEvaluation Board Prototype
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133133 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Evaluation Board CircuitEvaluation Board CircuitDiagramDiagram
+5V
UFDC-2
1
2J11
C50.1
+5V
C9470uF/16V
R10470
C720pF
J1 MASTER
J8 N1
J9 N0
J6 M0/A0
J2 M2/A2
+5V
R7100k
R8100k
20.0MHzZQ1
J7 N2
J3 M1/A1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
11
12
10
19
17
18
20
21
22
23
24
25
13
14
15
16
DB25-F
XS1
+5V
7...14V AC/DC
C40.1
0.1C1
0.1C10
+5V
C820pF
11 10
74HC14D
IC2:5
23 1J5
23 1J4
1kR5
1kR6
1kR3
1kR1
1
2
XT1
1
2
XT2
0.1C3
C20.1
D2Power
0.1C6
3 4
74HC14D
IC2:21kR4
1kR2
4C2+
6V-
10T2IN
5C2-
13R1IN
15GND
11T1IN
8R2IN
1C1+
3C1-
16VCC
2V+
7T2OUT
12R1OUT
14T1OUT
9R2OUT
ST202D
IC3
D1W02M
1IN
3+5V
2GND
IC47805
13 12
74HC14D
IC2:6
1 2
74HC14D
IC2:1 22GND
28SCL
21NC
20VCC
13SMPL
10OSC2
7VCC
4FX1
1NC
11ST2
12CE2/BN
14CHRG
8GND
5FX2
6ST1
9OSC1
2RXD
3TXD/IS1
16SS/TEST
19SCK/N2
25M1/A1
15CE1/BW
17MOSI/N0
18MISO/N1
24M0/A0
23MES/BS
27SDA/IS0
26M2/A2
IC1
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134134 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
ComparisonComparison PerformancesPerformancesof UFDCof UFDC--1 and UFDC1 and UFDC--22
ParameterParameter UFDCUFDC--11 UFDCUFDC--22
Programmable relative error, % ± (1…0. 001) ± (1…0. 0005)
Maximal frequency range, MHz- without prescaling- with prescaling
7.5120
9144
Reference frequencies, MHz 0. 5 / 16 0. 625 / 20
Generating mode, MHz 8 10
Frequency deviationmeasurement mode
No Yes
TEDS Support No Yes
2-channel conversion forFrequency and
periodAll parameters
Number of measuring modes 16 26
*For custom design IC
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135135 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
QCM Sensor System: Example 1QCM Sensor System: Example 1
>M06 ; Frequency difference measurement initialization>A0A ; 0.0005 % conversion relative error set up>S ; Start a measurement>R ; Read a result7054.07537 ; Measurement result indication
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136136 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
>M13 ; Frequency deviation measurement in the1st channel>A0A ; Absolute deviation measurement, 510-4 % relative error>E7000000.34; Set the reference frequency fref (Hz)>S ; Start a measurement>R ; Read a result6000.7824 ; Measurement result indication
QCM Sensor
Based OscillatorRS-232Fx 1
UFDC-2fx
DAQ System
PC
QCM Sensor System: Example 2QCM Sensor System: Example 2
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137137 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Universal Sensors andUniversal Sensors andTransducers Interface (USTI)Transducers Interface (USTI)
All UFDC’s modes plus a frequency deviation(absolute and relative) measuring mode
Improved metrological performances: extendedfrequency range up to 9 MHz (144 MHz withprescaling), programmable relative error up to0.0005 %, etc.
Two channel measurements for everyparameters
Improved calibration procedures
Resistance, capacitance and resistive bridgemeasuring modes
Can also contain a TEDS in its flash memory
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138138 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
USTI Evaluation BoardUSTI Evaluation Board
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139139 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Evaluation Board CircuitEvaluation Board CircuitDiagramDiagram
+5V
1
2J11
C50.1
+5V
C9470uF/16V
R10470
231 J10
C720pF
2
1
XT5
2
1
XT6
J1 MASTER
J8 N1
J9 N0
J6 M0/A0
J2 M2/A2
+5V
R7100k
R8100k
20.0MHzZQ1
J7 N2
J3 M1/A1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
11
12
10
19
17
18
20
21
22
23
24
25
13
14
15
16
DB25-F
XS1
+5V
7...14V AC/DC
C40.1
0.1C1
0.1C10
+5V
2
1
XT4
2
1
XT3
R9 220
C820pF
11 10
74HC14D
IC2:5
23 1J5
23 1J4
2
1
XT7
1kR5
1kR6
1kR3
1kR1
1
2
XT1
1
2
XT2
0.1C3
C20.1
9 8
74HC14D
IC2:4
D2Power
0.1C6
3 4
74HC14D
IC2:21kR4
1kR2
4C2+
6V-
10T2IN
5C2-
13R1IN
15GND
11T1IN
8R2IN
1C1+
3C1-
16VCC
2V+
7T2OUT
12R1OUT
14T1OUT
9R2OUT
ST202D
IC3
D1W02M
1IN
3+5V
2GND
IC47805
13 12
74HC14D
IC2:6
5 6
74HC14D
IC2:3
1 2
74HC14D
IC2:1 22GND
28SCL
21NC
20VCC
13SMPL
10OSC2
7VCC
4FX1
1NC
11ST2
12CE2/BN
14CHRG
8GND
5FX2
6ST1
9OSC1
2RXD
3TXD/IS1
16SS/TEST
19SCK/N2
25M1/A1
15CE1/BW
17MOSI/N0
18MISO/N1
24M0/A0
23MES/BS
27SDA/IS0
26M2/A2
USTI
IC1
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140140 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
USTI IUSTI I22C InterfaceC Interface
+5V
FX1
J4
C220pF
J1
FX2
TEST
+5V
J2
J3
C120pF
SCL
0.1C3
1
2
3
4
XP1
20.0MHzZQ1
SDA
22GND
28SCL
21NC
20VCC
13SMPL
10OSC2
7VCC
4FX1
1NC
11ST2
12CE2/BN
14CHRG
8GND
5FX2
6ST1
9OSC1
2RXD
3TXD/IS1
16SS/TEST
19SCK/N2
25M1/A1
15CE1/BW
17MOSI/N0
18MISO/N1
24M0/A0
23MES/BS
27SDA/IS0
26M2/A2
USTI
IC1
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141141 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
USTI SPI InterfaceUSTI SPI Interface
+5V
FX1
C220pF
J1
FX2
+5V
J2SS
J3
MISOC1
20pF
TEST
SCK
MOSI
0.1C3
20.0MHzZQ1
1
2
3
4
XP1
22GND
28SCL
21NC
20VCC
13SMPL
10OSC2
7VCC
4FX1
1NC
11ST2
12CE2/BN
14CHRG
8GND
5FX2
6ST1
9OSC1
2RXD
3TXD/IS1
16SS/TEST
19SCK/N2
25M1/A1
15CE1/BW
17MOSI/N0
18MISO/N1
24M0/A0
23MES/BS
27SDA/IS0
26M2/A2
USTI
IC1
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142142 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Direct Resistive SensingDirect Resistive Sensing
Element InterfacingElement Interfacing
c
offref
offxx R
NN
NNR
cR
002.0C
C2200T
xc RR
R0 ≈ 300 … 600 Ω.
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143143 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Oscillograms of ThreeOscillograms of Three--pointpointCalibration TechniqueCalibration Technique
RRxx=1006.5 Ω; R=1006.5 Ω; Rcc=604.02 Ω; C= 3 μF and R=604.02 Ω; C= 3 μF and R00=328.63 Ω (a);=328.63 Ω (a);and Rand Rxx=10 237 000 Ω (b)=10 237 000 Ω (b)
(a) (b)
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144144 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
>M10 ; Set up a resistance Rx measurement mode>E263000.0 ; Set the reference value Rc =263 k>W1B ; Set the charging time 100 ms>S ; Start measurement>C ; Check the measurement status:r ; Returns ‘b’-if in progress; ‘r’-if ready> R ; Read result in
USTIUSTI CCommandsommands for Resistivefor ResistiveMeasurement (RS232 Interface)Measurement (RS232 Interface)
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145145 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Comparative ResistanceComparative ResistanceMeasurement ResultsMeasurement Results
Measuring range:10 …10 M
Average relative error: 0.47 %
± 0.01 % relative error atsplitting of the range ofinto sub ranges
Can work with any knownresistance-to-time orresistance-to-frequencyconverters
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146146 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Direct Capacitance SensingDirect Capacitance Sensing
Element InterfacingElement Interfacing
ref
offref
offxx C
NN
NNC
refC
002.0R
C2200T
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147147 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Capacitance MeasurementCapacitance MeasurementPerformancePerformance
Table 1. Comparative capacitance measurements results for PICOMETER [5] and USTI.
Capacitance measurement rangefrom 50 pF to 100 F.
Average relative error 0.036 %
Worst case relative error for reportedresults is not more than 0.7 %
Can work with any knowncapacitance-to-frequency converters
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148148 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Direct ResistiveDirect Resistive--Bridge SensingBridge Sensing
Element InterfacingElement Interfacing
SENSORDEVICES 11:Sensors Signal Conditioning and Interfacing Circuits IIUniversal Interfacing Circuit for Resistive-Bridge Sensors
Wednesday, July 21, 13:45
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149149 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Measurement Time CalculationMeasurement Time Calculation
calccommconvmeas tttT
xxconv
x
x
conv
Tf
NifT
f
Nt
Tf
Nif
ft
00
0
)0(
1
where N =1/ is the number proportional to the required programmablerelative error
The calculation time depends on operands and is as usually
tcalc 4.5 ms
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150150 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Communication TimeCommunication Time
bitcomm tnt 10• For RS-232 interface:
where tbit = 1/300, 1/600, 1/1200, 1/2400, 1/4800, 1/9600, 1/14400,1/19200, 1/28800 or 1/38400 is the time for one bit transmitting; n isthe number of bytes (n = 1324 for ASCII format).
SCLK
commf
nt1
8 •• For SPI interface:For SPI interface:
where fSCLK is the serial clock frequency (from 100 to 500 kHz);n=1213 is the number of bytes: for BCD (n=13) or binary (n=12)formats
•• ForFor II22C interfaceC interface::SCL
commf
nt1
8
where fSCL is the serial clock frequency100 kHz n=1213 is thenumber of bytes for measurement result: BCD (n = 13) or binary(n =12).
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151151 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Relative ErrorRelative Error
vs. Conversion Timevs. Conversion Time
RelativeRelativeerror,error,xx %%
NN =1/=1/xx
UFDCUFDC--11(at f(at f00=500 kHz)=500 kHz)
UFDCUFDC--1M1M--1616(at f(at f00=16 MHz)=16 MHz)
USTIUSTI(at f(at f00=625 kHz)=625 kHz)
USTIUSTI--1M1M--2020(at f(at f00=20 MHz)=20 MHz)
ttconv,conv, ss
1 100 0.0002 0.00000625 0.00016 0.000005
0.5 200 0.0004 0.0000125 0.00032 0.00001
0.25 400 0.0008 0.000025 0.00064 0.00002
0.1 1000 0.002 0.0000625 0.0016 0.00005
0.05 2000 0.004 0.00125 0.0032 0.0001
0.025 4000 0.008 0.0025 0.0064 0.0002
0.01 10000 0.02 0.00625 0.016 0.0005
0.005 20000 0.04 0.00125 0.032 0.001
0.0025 40000 0.08 0.0025 0.064 0.002
0.001 100000 0.2 0.00625 0.16 0.005
0.0005 200000 - - 0.32 0.01
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152152 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Conversion TimesConversion Timesvs. Relative Errorvs. Relative Error
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
0,0005 0,001 0,0025 0,005 0,01 0,025 0,05 0,1 0,25 0,5 1
Relative error, %
t, sUFDC-1
UFDC-1M-16
USTI, UFDC-2
USTI - 1M-20
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153153 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Adaptive AlgorithmsAdaptive Algorithms
An adaptation in smart sensors systems can beused for increasing of measurement accuracyand/or decreasing of measuring time, etc.
Adaptive measuring algorithms:
where L is the algorithm of measurement; Ts and s areoperations for speed and accuracy increasing; j (t) is theinput action
;* tLtLT jsjsj
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154154 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Parametric AdaptationParametric Adaptation
For the modified MDC:
fxjsj
fxjsj
IFiftL
IFiftLT
**
**
,
,
;II f at
where Fx(*) is the characteristic of input action or measuring conditionsIf is the subset of certain area I of possible values of characteristic Fx (*)
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155155 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Adaptive SystemsAdaptive Systems
and Algorithmand Algorithm
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156156 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Advanced ABS AlgorithmAdvanced ABS Algorithm
Automatic choice of the quantization timedepending on the given conversion error
Required conversion error can be selected bythe microcontroller depending on the currentrotation speed
It will allow to increase speed at measurementof critical rotation speeds
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157157 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Adaptive Rotation SpeedAdaptive Rotation Speed
MeasurementsMeasurements
>MA; Rotation speed measurement initialization in the 1st channel>Z30; Set up the modulation rotor teeth number Z=48(10)=30(16)>A9; Choose the relative error of frequency measurement 0.001 %>S; Start a measurement>R; Read a result of measurement in rpm
; Here microcontroller or computer should check the condition for analgorithm changing and prepare the UFDC-1 to measure with highestspeed (maximum relative error) if a critical rotation speed has beenachieved:
>A0; Choose the relative error of measurement 1 %>S; Start a measurement>R; Read a result of measurement in rpm
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158158 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Relative Humidity Accuracy of HTFRelative Humidity Accuracy of HTF3130 @ 253130 @ 25°°CC
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159159 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Commands for UFDCCommands for UFDC--11(RS232 Interface)(RS232 Interface)
>M0; Frequency measurement initialization in the 1st channel>A2; Choose the relative error of frequency measurement 0.25 %>S; Start a measurement>R; Read a result of measurement
; Here microcontroller or computer should check the condition for analgorithm changing and prepare the UFDC-1 to measure frequencywith 0.5 % relative error if a value of humidity is in the 0 – 10 % RHor 90-100 % RH relative humidity range.
>A1; Choose the relative error of measurement 0.5 %>S; Start a measurement>R; Read a result of measurement
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160160 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Absolute Errors for MAX6576/77Absolute Errors for MAX6576/77
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161161 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Commands for UFDCCommands for UFDC--11(RS232 Interface)(RS232 Interface)
>M0 ;Start frequency measurement in the 1st channel
>A4 ;Set the relative error 0.05 %
>S ;Start a measurement
>R ;Read a result of measurement
; Here microcontroller or computer should check the conditionfor an algorithm changing and prepare theUFDC-1 to measure frequency with 1 % relative error if a valueof temperature is in the -200C … 00C range.
>A0 ;Choose the relative error of measurement 1 %
>S ;Start a measurement
>R ;Read a result of measurement
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162162 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
IEEE 1451 StandardIEEE 1451 Standard
The standard defines the concept of plug-and-play sensors with analog outputs, maintainingcompatibility with the large existing base ofanalog instrumentation and interfaces.
IEEE 1451 family of standards become moreand more popular
Since 2004 more than 3200 different models ofsensors were manufactured according to IEEE1451.4
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163163 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
IEEE 1451 Standard FamilyIEEE 1451 Standard FamilyMembersMembers
IEEE 1451.1 Information Model for Smart Transducers(Approved 1999)
IEEE 1451.2 Transducer to MicroprocessorCommunication Protocols and Transducer ElectronicData Sheet (TEDS) Formats
IEEE 1451.3 Digital Communication and TEDS Formatsfor Distributed Multidrop Systems (Approved 1999)
IEEE 1451.4 Mixed-mode Communication Protocolsand Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS) Formats(2004)
IEEE 1451.5 Wireless Communication Protocols
IEEE 1451.6 A High-speed CANopen-basedTransducer Network Interface (Proposed)
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164164 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
IEEE 1451 Standard andIEEE 1451 Standard andFrequency Output SensorsFrequency Output Sensors
Frequency sensors also mentioned in somedocuments, articles and papers about thisstandard
Real results are not observed
No exist any TEDS example for frequency-timedomain sensors
Reasons: (a) there is no any standardizedfrequency-to-digital conversion method; (b)sensor system’s error depends on frequencyrange
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165165 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Standard’s ExtensionStandard’s Extension
IEEE 1451.2
IEEE 1451.3
IEEE 1451.5
IEEE 1451.4
TEDS
Txdcr
IEEE
1451.1
Common
Object
Model
IEEE
1451.0
Common
Functiona -
lity &
TEDS
Network-CapableApplicationProcessor
(NCAP)
Network
Frequency+
Digital
Wireless
Distributed
Multidrop Bus
Digital,
Point-to-Point
Mixed -Mode
Transducer
Wireless
Transducer
Transducer Bus
Interface Module
(TBIM)
Smart Transducer
Interface Module
(STIM)
Any Network TII - Transducer Independent Interface
Txdcr - Transducer
Dig
ital
TII
Inte
rface TEDS
FDC Txdcr
Txd
cr
Bu
s
Inte
rface TEDS
FDC Txdcr
Wir
ele
ss
Inte
rface TEDS
FDC Txdcr
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166166 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Physical RepresentationPhysical Representation
of IEEE 1451.2of IEEE 1451.2
Sensor FDC
TEDS
BusInterface
TII busNCAP
IEEE 1451.2
UFDC-1
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167167 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
IEEE 1451 TEDS forIEEE 1451 TEDS forTemperature SensorTemperature Sensor
TEDS StructureTEDS Structure Example of Frequency Output Temperature SensorsExample of Frequency Output Temperature Sensors
Basic TEDSBasic TEDS
Manufacturer ID 19
Model ID 11
Version letter A
Serial number 2399
StandardStandardand Extendedand Extended
TEDSTEDS
Calibration date 28 /11/06
Min. temperature -40 0C
Max. temperature +125 0C
Min. frequency output 1 kHz
Max. frequency output 4 kHz
Absolute error 0.5 0C
FDC quantization error 0.1 %
Sensor response time 5 ms
User AreaUser AreaSensor location P1-P5
Calibration due date 27/11/08
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168168 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
MixMix--Mode InterfaceMode Interfacefor Frequency Output Sensorsfor Frequency Output Sensors
DigitalSignal I/O
FrequencySignalOutput
TEDS
SensorSchmitt-Trigger
Frequency
Digital
Data Acquisition SystemIEEE 1451.4 Plug-and-Play Sensor
Class II multiwire interface
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169169 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Introduction: Definitions and Markets Modern Technologies Smart Sensors Design: Preface Quasi-Digital Sensors State-of-the-art Intelligent and Smart Sensors Design Smart Sensor Systems Integration Summary
New Technological Platformfor Smart Sensor SystemsIntegration
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170170 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
SoP and SiPSoP and SiP
DigitalOutput
SensingElement 1
SensingElement 2
SensingElement 3
VFC
UFDC orUSTI
(Core)
TEDS
Sensors andsensing elements
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171171 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
SMD03025 miniature 3.2 × 2.5 × 0.8 mm,cost-effective surface-mount quartz(Petermann-Technik)
13 to 40 MHz frequency range
-40 to +125 0C temperature range
Ultra-precise frequency tolerance of ± 5 ppm
Miniature Quartz and MEMSMiniature Quartz and MEMSOscillatorsOscillators
SiT9102, a programmable MEMS oscillator(SiTime)
Frequency stability of ± 10 ppm
10 to 220 MHz frequency range
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172172 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Next generation oscillatortechnology
Smaller, higher-precisionreferences
Immune to temperature andvibration
Long-term stability of 0.05 ppm
10 ppm frequency variations
Can go in plastic packages
Much more rugged than quartzcrystal oscillators
MEMS OscillatorsMEMS Oscillators
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173173 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
System-in-Package
fo
fx1
MEMS Oscillator
Universal Frequency-to-Digital Converter
fx2
MEMSSensor 1
MEMSSensor 2
BusOutput
SiP
Sensors system does notrequire any external time orfrequency references
UFDC lets solve problemswith the interface circuitdesign and additionalcircuitry for MEMS oscillatorsin order to increase its shortfrequency stability
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174174 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
SummarySummary
Smart sensors and systems should be intelligent
The ability of intelligent sensors systems to process information isnot enough
Efficient coupling this ability with decision making based on dataprocessing in order to learn and adapt will be required
In order to overcame technological limitations we should move fromtraditional analog signal domain to frequency signal domain, andimplement as much system components as possible in digital orquasi-digital domain (New Technological Platform 3SI challenge)
Namely by this way we will be able to go ahead: from MEMSdevices to MEMS-based systems
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175175 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
ReadingReading
[1]. Kirianaki N.V., Yurish S.Y., ShpakN.O., Deynega V.P., DataAcquisition and Signal Processing forSmart Sensors, John Wiley & Sons,Chichester, UK, 2002
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176176 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Reading (cont.)Reading (cont.)
[2]. Smart Sensor Systems, ed. byGerard C.M. Meijer, John Wiley &Sons, Chichester, UK, 2008
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177177 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Reading (cont.)Reading (cont.)
[3]. Smart Sensors and MEMS, ed. byS.Y. Yurish and M.T. Gomes,Springer Verlag, 2005
[4]. Sensors Web Portal:http://www.sensorsportal.com
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178178 International Frequency Sensor Association ● www.sensorsportal.com
Questions & AnswersQuestions & Answers