NEOMED TEMPLATEINTRODUCTION TO LEAN

SIX SIGMA PRINCIPLES

DAY 4: MARCH 24, 2020

HOUSEKEEPING

• Engage in today’s learning session by utilizing the voting & chat features in Zoom

• All lines have been muted

• Today’s session is being recorded and will be available for review on the program website

• Bookmark the Resources & Templates web page https://www.neomed.edu/lss/resources-templates/

LEARNING OBJECTIVES• Review the critical actions for Measure phase in the DMAIC

framework

• Discuss Key Process Variables & how they can impact the product or service

• Discuss data sampling methods

• Explore components of a data collection plan

• Review how to graphically present information related to a process’s performance

PREVIOUS DAY RECAP• Discussed the core components of a Project Plan

• Reviewed what a stakeholder is & how to engage with them strategically

• Explored how to collect information on what the Customer values & turn it into a measurement that can be analyzed

• Reviewed the process for creating a Cross-Functional Process Map

• Discussed the how a SIPOC identifies key process inputs & outputs

DMAIC FRAMEWORK

Define

Measure

AnalyzeImprove

Control

DMAIC is a systematic process to solve problems & improve business performance

MEASURE PHASEKey Actions• Create a data collection plan & ensure methods result in a reliable

measurement system

• Collect data on key inputs, outputs, & variables

• Expose underlying causes of the problem by analyzing data related to defects, variation, process flow, & speed

• Establish baseline on how current process performs

• Revise Project Charter as needed to reflect data collection findings

** Refer to Chapter 13 in the Green Belt self study guide under Supplemental Reading

PROCESS VARIABLESKey Process Input Variables (KPIV)A process input that provides a significant impact on the output variation

Key Process Output Variables (KPOV)A process output is determined by the input variables

When making a cup of coffee the quality & quantity of the inputs (coffee, sugar, water, milk) have an impact on the output (taste of the beverage).

WORKSHEET: SIPOC DIAGRAMSupplier: Who or what supplies the process with these items?

Input: What raw goods or information feed the process?

Process: What are the major steps used to convert inputs to an output?

Output: What product or service does the process make?

Customer: Who or what uses this product?

**For more information, refer to Chapter 7 of Yellow Belt Self Study Guide

DATA COLLECTION PLANA document that specifies the type and way project data is to be collected

Answers critical to success questions– What data is to be collected?

– Who will collect the data?

– What units of measurement will be utilized?

– What stratification factors are to be applied?

– Over what time period will the data be collected?

– How frequently will the data be collected?

– What is the sample size collected at each point in time?

– Does data exist or does it need to be constructed?

DATA TYPESDiscrete Data• A count that can’t be made more precise because it involves whole,

indivisible units• Easily to obtain and calculations are simple• No insight about why the variation occurred• Requires larger sample size

“The count of expense reports with errors”

“The number of students who passed the assessment”

Continuous Data• Data that can be measured and broken into smaller parts• Provides detailed information with a small sampler size

“The cycle time for approving an expense report”

“The students assessment scores”

DATA SAMPLING

Population: Total group of items being studied

Sample: Sub-group of the population

Sample Bias: Occurs when differences are introduced into the sample as a result of the sampling process Data Population

Data Sample

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLINGEvery unit has an equal chance to be selected within the population

STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLINGEvery unit has an equal chance to be selected within a stratum of the population

SYSTEMATIC SAMPLINGA method where every nth unit is selected from a population

OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONSA clear, detailed description of what is being observed & measured. Ensures different people will collect and interpret the information consistently.

What are you trying to measure?“Amount of time Faculty members spend performing service for the University”

What is not included?“Faculty members not paid by the University”“Time spent presenting to groups in the community e.g. Rotary, Chambers of Commerce, Schools”

How do you define the measure?“Service = Time spent in scheduled meeting for University’s standing committees

Time spent preparing for meeting and includes document review, report generation, phone calls related to committee work”

How is the measure to be taken?“Time documented in Committee’s meeting minutes”

GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS TOOLSPareto Chart: Analyzes the frequency of problems or causes in a process

Run Rate Chart: Displays a value over time

Control Chart: Graphically shows whether a process is in a state of statistical control

Histogram: A bar chart that shows variation within a process

SPAGHETTI DIAGRAM

Benefits• Identifies inefficiencies in work

areas• Illustrates where there is waste

of transportation or motion• Shows where bottlenecks & wait

occurs• Measures time & distance of

each path

“A visual representation using a continuous flow line tracing the path of an item or activity through a process.”

SPAGHETTI DIAGRAMHow to create1. Plot physical layout of process on paper using scaling

2. Using a single line, draw the start to finish flow using different colors for each applicable category

a. Productsb. Paperc. Peopled. Digital Information

3. Notate any wait time or bottlenecks 4. Measure the time and/or distance of each path, number of hand-offs,

and other related information

5. Repeat for each trip

** Include small steps & repeated motions

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