neopatriarchy in syrian and turkish television drama: between the culture industry and the dialect...

7/24/2019 Neopatriarchy in Syrian and Turkish Television Drama: Between the Culture Industry and the Dialect Imagination

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List of Illustrations vii

Acknowledgments ix

Introduction: Publics, Imaginaries, Soft Power, andEpistemologies on the Eve of the Arab Uprisings 1Leila Hudson and Adel Iskandar

Part I Social Change and Political Culture

1 Arab Media, Political Stagnation, and Civil Engagement:Reflections on the Eve of the Arab Spring 15

Mohamed Zayani

2 New Media, Social Change, and the CommunicationRevolution in an Egyptian Village 29Sahar Khamis

3 Mapping the Arabic Blogosphere: Politics,Culture, and Dissent 49Bruce Etling, John Kelly, Robert Faris, and John Palfrey

4 From Brotherhood to Blogosphere: Dynamics ofCyberactivism and Identity in the Egyptian Ikhwan 75Courtney C. Radsch

Part II New Genres and Literacies

5 Preaching Islam to the Video Game Generation:New Media Literacies and Religious Edutainment in the

Arab World 103Vit Sisler

Copyrighted material 9781137403148



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vi CONTENTS

6 Neopatriarchy in Syrian and Turkish Television Drama:Between the Culture Industry and the Dialect Imagination 127Leila Hudson

7 Media Fatwas and Fatwa Editors: Challenging andPreserving Yusuf al-Qaradawis Religious Authority 139Bettina Grf

8 Technology Literacies of the New Media: Phrasing theWorld in the Arab Easy (R)evolution 159Yves Gonzalez-Quijano

Part III Global Effects 9 BBC Broadcasting in the Middle East:

The Evolution of Public Diplomacy 169Annabelle Sreberny

10 New Media and Public Diplomacy in the New Arab World 181Philip Seib

11 Al Jazeera English as a Conciliatory Medium 193

Mohammed el-Nawawy and Shawn Powers

12 Imagined Coherence: Transnational Media and theArab Diaspora in Europe 209Khalil Rinnawi

Part IV Evolution of Media Theories

13 The State of Arab Journalism Studies 223

Noha Mellor14 Arab and Western Media Systems Typologies 235

Kai Hafez

15 Defying Definition: Toward Reflexivity inArab Media Studies 251Adel Iskandar

About the Authors 267

Index 273




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MEDIAEVOLUTIONONTHEEVEOFTHEARABSPRINGCopyright Center for Contemporary Arab Studies,Georgetown University, 2014.

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First published in 2014 byPALGRAVE MACMILLANin the United Statesa division of St. Martins Press LLC,175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.

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ISBN: 9781137403148

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Media evolution on the eve of the Arab Spring / edited byLeila Hudson, Mimi Kirk, Adel Iskandar.

pages cm.(The Palgrave Macmillan series in internationalpolitical communication)

ISBN 9781137403148 (hardback) 1. Mass mediaPolitical aspectsArab countries. 2. Mass mediaSocial aspectsArab countries. 3. Social changeArab countries.4. Arab countriesPolitics and government21st century. I. Hudson,Leila, editor of compilation. II. Kirk, Mimi, editor of compilation.III. Iskander, Adel, editor of compilation.

P95.82.A65M44 2014302.2309174927dc23 2014024779

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Design by Newgen Knowledge Works (P) Ltd., Chennai, India.

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I N T R O D U C T I O N

Publics, Imaginaries, Soft Power, and

Epistemologies on the Eve of the

Arab Uprisings

Leila Hudson and Adel Iskandar

The 2011 Arab uprisings focused the worlds attention on the explosiveproliferation of Middle Eastern media technologies.1 Coming on theheels of two decades of media and information technology evolution inthe region, the uprisings highlighted once again questions about the rela-tionship of communications systems, culture, politics, and power.2Thereal-time coverage of the Arab uprisings focused almost exclusively onnewer social media, namely Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube.3However,in 2010, any social change was more broadly linked to a gradual accumu-

lation of new practices, structures, technologies, and subjectivities associ-ated with older new media, such as satellite television, Internet access,and blogging.4This volume focuses on the complex ecology of media andcommunications evolutions on the eve of the 2011 uprisings. The variouschapters sketch a view of the realm generally thought of as the publicsphere. Representing the work of scholars in a variety of disciplines andwritten prior to and during the summer of 2010just before the popu-lar mobilizations against the Tunisian and Egyptian regimes shocked theworldthey present the effects of 15 years of gradual changes in oldnew media and their technical and social infrastructure.

Since the 1990s, new genres of news,5entertainment,6and spiritualguidance7were incubated and popularized in the competitive transna-tional satellite television market. By 2006, a phase initiated by reality tele-vision and individual blogging marked a new level of interactivity,8but itwas soon overtaken circa 2011 by video blogging, YouTube posting, and




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2 LEILA HUDSON AND ADEL ISKANDAR

mass interactive social media like Facebook and Twitter. Indeed, since thepublication of Yahya Kamalipour and Hamid Mowlanas Mass Media inthe Middle East: A Comprehensive Handbook (1994) and Douglas Boyds

last edition (1999) of Broadcasting in the Arab World, developments inArab media have been nothing short of dizzying. The rapid layering ofnew media in the region has rendered documentation and analyses ofthese changes problematic. Today, the task of monitoring and archivingchanges throughout all Arab nations is at best painstaking and at worstfutile. Earlier survey volumes and studies such as those in this volumethat consider the development of Arab media from an earlier period arenow increasingly relevant as unique historical documents that shed lighton the forces that have facilitated current-day trends.

***

By the time Mohamed Bouazizis self-immolation marked the begin-ning of the Tunisian revolution, a sophisticated youthful vanguard gavevoice to and amplified many protests of anti-authoritarianism, creat-ing a momentum that spilled out into the streets, crossed borders, andbridged social divides.9The Egyptian revolution was its peak, but its

troubled aftermath reveals the limits of media activism. Then, as thesecond wave of the Arab uprisings became mired in regime violence inLibya, Bahrain, Yemen, and especially Syria, a media counterrevolutionin which state resourcesin particular, old state media outlets and newsurveillance technologies linked to established police state infrastruc-turewere deployed to check the protests. Mukhabaratsurveillance thathad allowed regimes to keep isolated bloggers in check from 2005 to2009 was enhanced with hi-tech surveillance software from US firmswith results yet to be fully assessed.10

The consequence of these layered phases of technology adoption andtheir social, cultural, and political corollaries was a reconfiguration ofArab public culture conducive to popular social action, but not generallyeffective in uprooting authoritarianism in the longer term.11 As illus-trated in the chapters collected here, what we think of as the Arab pub-lic had many different elements of form and content: moral imaginariesin which Islam and democracy jostled awkwardly together; massive andoften disengaged television audiences; active and digitally competent

media-savvy elites; state-linked broadcasters competing to win heartsand minds; and regimes surveillance of media windows into the evermore transparent lives of their subjects. Taken together these factors pro-duced a dynamic and unpredictable media ecosystem.

The different textures and scales, uneven distributions, and variouspolitical economic terrains in which these elements mediated Arabseveryday lives can help elucidate the complexities of the Arab uprisings.The interaction of these parts, moving at different speeds, makes for




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PUBLICS, IMAGINARIES, SOFT POWER, AND EPISTEMOLOGIES 3

plenty of unintended consequences and a wide range of outcomes. Thecollective research assembled here, more than quick and dirty theoriesabout social media networks causal power or lack of it, is a first step

toward understanding the turbulence of the uprisings, in particular howmomentum was so strong at the outset and then spread, waned, andyielded to Muslim Brotherhood and regime counter tactics as the upris-ings degenerated into malgovernance and civil war by 2013.

What was the state of Arab media in 2010 before the first Tunisianprotests surprised the world? The chapters collected here show an intrigu-ing mlange of changes at the levels of society, culture, power, and theoryreflected in the four sections of the volume. At the level of society, didthe new media constitute a functioning Habermasian public sphere that

would foster liberalism and democracy? Not a public, argues MohamedZayani, but a citizen audience that produced the lever of public opinionand included the previously marginalized likes of the village women ofKafr Masoud, with whom Sahar Khamis worked. A more forceful subcul-ture of interlinked blogosphere clusters illuminated by Bruce Etling et al.hosted the Muslim Brotherhood networks on which Courtney Radschprovides ethnographic detail through her investigation of Brotherhoodbloggers. This segment of the public helped kick-start the revolution in

Egypt and eventually coopted it through historically durable organiza-tion and successful electoral politics, but by the summer of 2013 was justcoherent enough to be a large, easy target for the citizen audience enragedby the year of Muslim Brotherhood misrule. The chapters in Part 1 sketchout the conceptual parameters and some ethnographic components ofa broad televisual public characterized by asymmetry in scale and func-tion between producers and consumers and a blogosphere full of compactcounterpublicssmall, interactive, literate, critical, and vulnerable.

At the level of culture, the chapters on content and literacy show that

younger citizens were much engaged in a world of colloquial interactiv-ity on the computer, and even in television consumption. The chaptersof Part 2 cluster around the literacies and interactivities of the digitalage and its citizens. Gaming in Vit Sislers chapter, texting argots inYves Gonzalez-Quijanos essay, colloquial television melodrama in LeilaHudsons piece, and even traditional religious authority in Bettina Grfsanalysis were freed by the new media from the strictures of formalfushaand monologic speech, and allowed people to experiment with new voicesand scriptsboth alphabetic and theatrical. The habits of game playing,texting, consuming melodrama, and even seeking online religious adviceare distinctly colloquialcan we see a new dialogism in the digital textsand practices of the pre-uprising era? The rapid spread of new competen-cies, voices, and habits among a small segment of the digital vanguard inthe Arab world makes it easy in hindsight to speculate how a new worldmay have seemed just over the horizon and helped bring Arab youthinto the streets. This was not a vision per se, but a loosely shared set of




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attitudes and orientations that may have contributed to mobilization.However, how these attitudes and orientations will weather the materialrealities of deep states and entrenched neoliberal economies, not to men-

tion war and extremism, remains to be seen.At the level of state and corporate power, we see a world in which state

investment in the soft power of the media from the BBC to Al JazeeraEnglish continued to develop parallel to the more interactive forms ofpopular culture. In Part 3, the role of the state in building the infrastruc-ture of broadcast diplomacy is put into historical context by AnnabelleSrebernys account of the history of the BBC in the Middle East. PhilipSeib reviews the paradox of US public diplomacy in the age of the globalwar on terror and the new public diplomacy represented by Qatars Al

Jazeera English enterprise. Mohammed el-Nawawy and Shawn Powersthen attempt to assess the ability of Al Jazeera English to create concil-iatory cross-cultural understanding. These three chapters demonstratehow media expansion programs on a global scale are part and parcel ofthe media ecosystem. The reception of Arab media by global audiencesof Arabic speakers, as Khalil R innawi shows, is yet another feature of thecomplex system to be investigated.

Finally, scholars position themselves in terms of theory in the field

of Arab media studies. The last section contains three chapters on thecritical analysis of the new media systems. Noha Mellor turns her atten-tion to the development of journalism as a profession, a discipline, andalso as a sophisticated interpretive community for the analysis of Arabculture and politics. Kai Hafez staunchly defends a universal typologicalapproach in which the observer stands outside the system, the better tocomprehend and compare its components, while Adel Iskandar proposesa new model that demonstrates how Arab media studies themselves are aform of reflexivity and social action.

PUBLICSPHEREORCITIZENAUDIENCES?

In Part I on social change and political culture, the authors offer a collageof conceptual and ethnographic chapters that illuminate aspects of socialchange and media practice, primarily in Egypt, circa 2010. MohamedZayani wrestles with the applicability of various notions of publicness tothe Arab world in light of the absence of durable institutions other than

the media, while Bruce Etling et al. map the Arabic blogosphere for asnapshot of 2010 in Arab cyberspace. These pieces are complemented bythe ethnographic fieldwork of Sahar Khamis and Courtney Radsch, wholook at the lives of rural Egyptian women as consumers of new media andthe practices of Muslim Brotherhood bloggers as producers of new media,respectively. Such ethnographic work animates the conceptual chapters.

The effects of these changes might be added to the literature on theArab public sphere. Following Habermass formulation,12Jon Anderson




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and Dale Eickelmans 1990s recognition of a Muslim public sphere,13andhis own elaboration in the context of the Iraq war,14political scientist MarcLynch calls for analysis and interpretation of the challenge to and resil-

ience of authoritarianism in terms of the evolution of the public sphere.15Zayanis opening chapter reiterates the ambivalence of scholars to the adap-tation of the classical public sphere model to the Arab world, and to thenotions of political action that come with it. Zayanis piece reflects a pre-Arab uprisings resignation about the failure of media development to bringpolitical change. This attitude seemed to be belied by the Egyptian revolu-tion of 2011, but the subsequent unfolding of the Morsi regime (counter-revolution) and the Sisi military coup of 2013 (counter-counterrevolution)has shown the durability of Zayanis framework. The new dynamics and

opportunities for participation and engagement produced by new technol-ogies have had only subtle effects on the realm of politics. They instill newvalues by way of a process that one might call capacity-building for civilengagement. In Zayanis analysis, the voices heard in the new Arab medi-ascape reflect public opinion and express opinions publicly, but they donot necessarily constitute communicative action. Zayani reintroduces thenotion of the audience. An active or at least reactive audience pushes backbut is not reflective or agentive in and of itself. Rejecting both the fully

formed European public sphere model and the inertia of a passive audi-ence, Zayani sees media as a terrain for civic engagement in which publicopinion is a force and audiences react and sometimes resist. The citizenaudience thus falls somewhere between the temporary behavioral statusof an audience and the active subjectivity of a citizenry. When we considerthe role of the media in the Arab uprisings in this light, that is, as a ter-rain for engagement populated by a raw citizen audience in which publicopinion constitutes a force to be harnessed, manipulated, and mobilizedbut is lacking in critical consciousness, we can make sense of aspects of the

Egyptian revolution and its aftermath that are not sufficiently explained inthe popular social media causal model.

Khamiss chapter on the effects of the media technology revolutionon the lives of Egyptian village women brings Zayanis concepts to life.Khamiss work reminds us that media reception and processing takes placein context, in villages like Kafr Masoud and in the lives of its women andmen. Media usage patterns by rural women of limited literacy show whyand how the fabled European public sphere has not materialized, and alsoproblematizes the scholarly focus on urban metropolitan spaces. Khamissinterlocutors use satellite television to bypass literacy and state literacyefforts. The anti-literacy effect directly promotes a citizen audience ratherthan an idealized public sphere. Further, religion rather than participa-tory politics becomes the most interesting and contested realm of contentfor this female rural citizen audience sector. We see the effects of thisin the Egyptian revolution and counterrevolution. Millions of Arabs likethe women of Kafr Masoud were able to participate in the momentum of




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public opinioneven to rise up and participate in the waves of actionbut were less able to advance or shape progressive political initiatives.

THEMUSLIMBROTHERHOODBLOGOSPHEREASCOUNTERPUBLIC

In Etling et al.s mapping of the blogosphere circa 2010, the spheroidmodel rejected as a template for a televisually mediated society by Zayaniworks better for the cluster of networks of connection and content traf-fic produced by bloggers or citizen journalists. The blogosphere on theeve of the widespread adoption of Facebook and Twitter is more like

a classic public sphere than the space carved out by the satellite televi-sion revolution. With clusters of related bloggers interacting with eachother and literacy in several languages, contestation occurred, includingopposition to the government. The public sphere of the bloggers (theblogosphere as it has come to be known) is a structure within the larger,more amorphous citizen audience sphere that Zayani sketches. The Arabblogosphere as described by Etling et al., with its emphasis on readingand, especially, on writing, can be seen as public in this traditional sense,and it can also be seen as a counterpublic, a subsector of the larger tele-

visual audience world sketched by Zayani and Khamis.Just as Khamiss ethnography gives a human aspect to Zayanis citizen

audience, Radschs chapter on the Muslim Brotherhoods blogospheregives ethnographic specificity to Etlings teams schema of the Arabicblogosphere circa 2009. The mobilization of a young, tech-savvy gen-eration of Muslim Brothers, its encouragement by the previous genera-tion of leadership, the use of the blog format to engage women, and theblog as a forum for alliances with non-Brotherhood social forces likethe Kefaya movement all point to the more compact and literate blogo-sphere as a place where opposition and rational political thought wereindeed thriving. The Brotherhoods cyberspace ijtihadwas both public(addressing an open, impersonal reader with the goal of persuasion andinclusion) and counter (acting as oppositional and identitarian), makingit a candidate for what Nancy Fraser and Michael Warner might call acounterpublic.16That this blogosphere cluster, along with many oth-ers, existed within and alongside a larger, less deeply engaged televisualcitizen audience may be key to understanding both the initial momen-

tum and the subsequent convulsions of the Egyptian revolution.17

Reading Radschs chapter with hindsight of the active but subduedrole of the Brotherhood in the opening act of the 2011 revolution, thenarrow electoral rise to power of the Morsi government, and that govern-ments dramatic downfall in the summer of 2013, one has the sense thatthe Sisi directorate is much more comfortable with the cruder citizenaudience of Zayanis conceptualization than with the more developed




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capacities of the blogosphere catering to Brotherhood projects andthose of the non-Islamist revolutionary camp. The blogosphere of theMuslim Brotherhood, a highly textual counterpublic within an often

sedentary and reactive citizen audience, became, along with the April6 youth movement, perhaps the most organized social public in uneasyfriction with the state. Did the Tamarod movement18reflect that samemodel of an effective counterpublic when it mobilized against the Morsigovernment?

COLLOQUIALIMAGINARIESA NDINTERACTIVESUBJECTIVITIES

In Part II, the contributors investigate new genres and literacies thatcomprise the content and contribute to the subjectivities of participantsin new Arab media. New genres of the era had some impact on the socialand cultural imaginary of the citizen audience. Video games, online fat-was, new argots for maneuvering in the less than Arabic-friendly envi-ronment of the early Internet, and idealized soap operas depicting oldand new ways of being a modern (Muslim) citizen of an imagined com-munity are part of the input to which participants in the televised and

computer-based digital publics were exposed.Vit Sislers work on gaming culture can be juxtaposed with Bettina

Grfs subtle analysis of media fatwas to illuminate the turn-takingmove and countermove, the query and response, of symbolic actionin the digital world. Yves Gonzalez-Quijanos chapter focusing onthe rapidly changing vernacular of computer keyboards and pre-2010Internet communication reminds us how quickly the forms of the oldernew media could change even as their social effects take decades tomanifest, while Leila Hudsons consideration of the television melo-dramas of the Bab al-Haraand the Turkish model allows inquiry intothe new colloquial habitusspread far and wide by broadcast capitalism.With a humanities rather than a social science approach, the authorsof these pieces refrain from trying to measure the effects of the newcompetencies and genres on Arab subjectivities. Nevertheless, notingthe interactivity of gaming and online fatwas and the easy vernacularproductivity of 3arabizi script and colloquial soap operas suggeststhat new media may have encouraged new forms of political action.

There is, to (mis)use a Bakhtinian term, a dialogism nurtured in thegenres (gaming, online fatwas, ad-hoc texting languages, melodrama)and the skills and subjectivities they incubate.19This dialogism standsin stark contrast to the monologism that critics have seen in some ofthe uglier elements of contemporary Arab life, namely authoritarianismand extremism. In Neopatriarchy, Hisham Sharabi critiqued the mono-logic quality of authority.




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In the monological culture, silence tends to reign; apart from theeffects of censorship and intimidation, the social majoritythat is thepoor, the young and womenis permanently reduced to the status of

listeners (they listen [to] the word, i.e. obey). This majoritys worldis inhabited by multiple, single voices that command and legislate itslife from above.20

For Bakhtin, nondialogic language is authoritative or absolute, and forSharabi, traditional modes of oral and written fushaare fundamentallypatriarchal. The new genres and literacies create a digital record of thekind of language and playfulness that had always dominated everydaylife, but had been ephemeral and fleeting, if not silenced and scorned.

Benedict Andersons classic Imagined Communities drew associationsbetween the genres and vernaculars fostered by print capitalism and thenew national horizons of the consumers of newspapers and novels.21Wesuggest that the new media practices sampled here similarly contributedto the imaginations of Arab youth. The circulation of anti-authoritarianimaginaries22that were polyvocal, interactive, colloquial, playful, oral,and diffused through the ether of broadcast capitalism and the networksof digital communication put the spring in the Arab Spring, even if themovement was ultimately quashed by more sinister and serious forces.

SOF TPOWER, BROADCASTCA PI TA LISM, A NDTHESTAT E

Part III on global effects contextualizes the development of state-basedbroadcasting power. The chapters give a sense of the long history of statesponsorship of media projects in the Middle East and the shifts that putthe Al Jazeera franchise in the same league as the BBC and US public

diplomacy efforts. Three of the chapters focus on the evolution of whatPhilip Seib calls public diplomacy, reflecting a long twentieth-century his-tory dominated by the BBC and various US broadcast interests in whichthe Arab world, along with Iran, was the target of imperial soft power.

Decades of Western colonialism throughout the Arab world andnumerous foreign military engagements in the region set the ground forworks tackling the relationship between Western and Arab media systems.In most cases, the two environments are cast as separate and distinct.

Although for many in the West, a key role of Western Arabic-languageprogramming is to enable greater freedom for the regions media, Arabscholarship tends to see things differently. Some notable Arab analystsbelieve that foreign government programmingpublic diplomacyis a euphemism for propaganda. These analysts and others in Arabmedia often use three expressions to refer to public diplomacy.23 The




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most neutral of these is a direct translation of the term, al-diblumasiyyaal-shabiyya. The second, al-ilam al-muwaja, translates to directionalmedia. The third term, al-ikhtiraq, is the most common and also the

most subversive. The term translates as penetration. A Freudian read-ing of the term signif ies it as the violation and dispossession of the bodyand mind, especially when stated as al-ikhtiraq al-dhihni(penetration ofthe mind). In other Arabic media writings, such as Awatef Abdelrahmansstudy of Zionist broadcasting intended for the Arab world, this notionof al-ikhtiraq is understood not only as a violation of the viewers mindbut also a transnational force that penetrates political boundaries.24

Seibs chapter on US public diplomacy reflects the lessons of USinterventions in the region, focusing on the Iraq war, and Mohammed

el-Nawawy and Shawn Powers chapter considers the possibility of a differ-ent kind of public diplomacy as Al Jazeera became the first Arab networkto encourage another kind of conversationone of reconciliation ratherthan strategic inf luence. Al Jazeeras role as a network that promoted infor-mation flow reversal, whereby information was no longer beamed from theNorth to the South or from the Occident to the Orient, but the otherway around, was key to creating this transformed version of public diplo-macy. A related and crucial aspect was the fact that Al Jazeera rearticulated

the news agenda from a non-Western perspective. These shifts fosteredan approach that provided a voice to the voiceless and a medium throughwhich culturally and politically diverse audiences could come together toengage in dialogue, empathy, and responsibility. The West no longer hasa monopoly on credible and responsible media.25To a great extent, asthe somewhat overly enthusiastic titles of books on Al Jazeera often state,the network has been reframed not only as a representation of the Arabmedia; its behemoth impact can be seen as no less than the redefinitionof modern journalism.26This may seem somewhat hyperbolic, but upon

closer examination, there appears some currency to these statements giventhe contemporary structure and function of global media systems. Thequestion that remains is whether such broadcasting endeavors continue tobe contra-flow and whether they risk losing their critical currency as theyexpand and themselves become the mainstream.27

While the conversation about transnational broadcasting has taken abackseat to the question of the role of the media in domestic Arab transfor-mations, it is part and parcel of the mediascape. These chapters highlight amaterial reality, that is, that states (and state-partnered corporate interests)have driven television to dominate the public culture of the Arab world. Thefourth chapter in this section, Khalil Rinnawis study of German diasporichouseholds intergenerational viewing patterns, shows that media can bemore clearly analyzed as a factor in social change when it is an elementimported into a very different immigrant environment. Radicalization, it




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seems, is more likely in a media-isolated environment than in the denselypacked, heteroglossic cultural milieux of the Arab homeland.

KNOWINGTHEMIDDLEEASTTHROUGHMEDIA

Much of the discussion surrounding the Arab media since the events ofSeptember 11, 2001 either explicitly or implicitly suggests the existenceof a battle of ideas between news narratives from the Arab world and theWest. This has further invigorated the contestation of discourses aboutmedia institutions in both regions and their varying approaches to news.However, these debates precede 9/11 and are instead an extension of asubstantial body of literature from dependency theory and the traditionof cultural imperialismways of thinking that have inf luenced attemptsto describe and categorize regional media systems. It is important tocomprehend how Arab media studies in the region have constructedand reproduced a sense of commonality in their classification as Arabmedia. As a response to foreign broadcasting and the perception of animperial media project, the very term Arab media denotes a pan-Arabjournalistic tradition with a sense of common belonginga necessarycomponent of any discussion of Arab media typologies.

In Part IV, on the evolution of theories of media, Kai Hafezs chap-ter illustrates the development of increasingly sophisticated typologiesthat correlate ever more specifically between media and political sys-tems, making a persuasive case that a link exists between media institu-tions, publics, and the particular form of state power in the Arab worldas in Europe or anywhere else. But Noha Mellors and Adel Iskandarschapters turn to Arab societies and specific f ields and sectors to describefrom within, reflectively and critically, the contours of the public cul-ture. Mellor highlights the rise of the critical journalism profession in

the Arab world and the ethos of professional objectivity and reflexivityof information specialists whose job it is to report and reflect upon theirenvironment. This work proceeds apace. Iskandars chapter puts Arabacademics at the heart of a process that critically analyzes a complex envi-ronment of layered publics, rich dialogism, and awareness of state andimperial power. This project too proceeds apace.

N

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East Politics Today (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006).

15. Lynch, After Egypt: The Limits and Promise of Online Challenges.16. M. Warner, Publics and Counterpublics, Public Culture, 14, 1 (2002)

4990. Warners queer counterpublic deviates from the literacy norm bybeing a space for the public performance of identity, not just its rational-

communicative progenitor.

17. N. Fraser, Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to theCritique of Actually Existing Democracy, Social Text, 2526 (1990)5680. Fraser and Warner (Publics and Counterpublics) have elabo-

rated notions of counterpublics in which subalterns in particular develop

identities that both echo and resist the mainstream public. Frasers femi-nist counterpublic is a public of different and oppositional content that

mirrors the sites (bookstores, cinemas, salons) of the literate public anddepends on reading and its derivatives.

18. A. Iskandar, Egypts Revolution Hones Its Skills,Jadaliyya, June 30,

2013.19. M. M. Bakhtin and M. Holquist, The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981), p. 426.

20. H. Sharabi, Neopatriarchy: A Theory of Distorted Change in Arab Society

(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 87.21. B. Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and

Spread of Nationalism (London, New York: Verso, 1991).22. C. Calhoun, Imagining Solidarity, Public Culture, 14, 1 (2002)

147171; D. P. Gaonkar, Toward New Imaginaries, Public Culture,14, 1 (2002) 119; and C. Taylor, Modern Social Imaginaries, Public

Culture, 14, 1 (2002) 91124.23. A. Iskandar, Is Al-Jazeera Alternative: Mainstreaming Alterity and

Assimilating Discourses of Dissent, Transnational Broadcasting Studies,

15 (Fall 2005), http://tbsjournal.arabmediasociety.com/Archives/Fall05/Iskandar.html.

24. A. Abdelrahman, al-Sihafa al-Arabiyya fi Muwajahat al-Tabaiyya wa-l-Ikhtiraq al-Sihyuni (Cairo: al-Arabi, 1996).

25. Zayani, The Al Jazeera Phenomenon, pp. 3031.26. El-Nawawy and Iskandar, Al-Jazeera: The Story of the Network That is

Rattling Governments and Redefining Modern Journalism.27. Iskandar, Is Al-Jazeera Alternative.




16/28

Abbas, Mohammed, 96Abbas, Wael, 260Abu al-Hanna, 216

Abu Isas New Dawn, 112activism

civil, and civil society, 201and Muslim Brotherhood, 7599

Adeeb, Imad, 229Adel, Mohammed, 85Age of Empires, 120Agha-Soltan, Neda, 68agriculture, 34

Akef, Mohammad Mahdi, 78Akhbar al-Youm, 229Al-Ahram, 229Al-Ahram Weekly, 256Al Arabiya, 66, 182, 183, 210, 228,

253Al-Azhar ninja incident, 91, 92Al-Dabbur, 133Al-Dostour, 83, 93, 259

Algeria, 60, 239, 245Al-Ghad, 259Al-Gharib, 135, 136Al-Hayat, 162, 257Al Hurra, 183, 256Al Jazeera, 23, 66, 67, 163, 173,

176, 182, 210, 227, 239,240, 241, 251, 253, 260

founding of, 181

freedom of, 183and pan-Arabism, 226pan-Islamic public diplomacy of,

185professionalism and, 244Qaradawi and, 141

and real-time diplomacy, 185typologies of, 235

Al Jazeera Academy, 224

Al Jazeera Arabic, 184, 198, 201Al Jazeera effect, 183Al Jazeera English (AJE), 183, 187

broadcasting centers of, 200and clash of civilizations, 1945as conciliatory medium, 193208conciliatory role of

conclusions about, 2056research findings and, 2015

research method for, 2001research responses on, 203

contra-flow action of, 199history of, 198200reporting on Malaysian

minorities, 204reporting on My Lai episode, 202reporting on Myanmar, 203unique features of, 193

and war journalism, 1945Al Jazeera Mubasher Misr, 231Al-Jazeera Talk, 83Alliance of Independent Culture,

230Al-Manar TV, 224, 258Al-Masry al-Youm, 93, 240, 241,

259Al-Mughamirun, 110, 111, 120

finite-state machine abstractionand, 111

Al-Muslim al-Saghir, 110, 119Al-Nahar, 163Al-Qabas, 162Al-Quds al-Arabi, 162, 257

I




17/28

274 INDEX

Al-Safir, 163Al-Sharia wa-l-Hayat, 141Al-Sharqal-Awsat, 162, 230, 257

Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya, 114Al-Zaim, 133Amer, Kareem, 78American University in Cairo, 223Amin, Shahira, 229April 6 Movement, 7, 76, 84, 945,

97aqid, 130, 132, 133

Arab community, in Berlin. See

diaspora, ArabArab diaspora. Seediaspora, ArabArab Easy Revolution, 15966Arab journalism

conclusions about, 232studies of, state of, 22334

Arab media. See alsomediaArab in, 2558as distinct from Arabic media,

2558meanings of, 257studies of, reflexivity in, 25165taxonomies of, conclusions about,

2634taxonomys last stand and, 2525typologies of, 23550

Arab mediascape, new, 1516see alsomedia

Arab public opinion, theories on,17, 18, 19

Arab smart mob, 165Arab Spring, 107

eve ofcivil engagement in, 1528media and, 1528, 182political stagnation and, 1528Qaradawi during, 140

and media evolution, 178technology and, 160

Arab street, 17Arab uprisings, 251

eve ofepistemologies and, 112

imaginaries and, 112publics and, 112

and media, 112

soft power and, 112and television trends, 12738Arabawy, 260Arabic diglossia, 163Arabic language media ecosystem,

667Arabic media, as distinct from Arab

media, 2558Arabic Network for Human Rights

Information, 229Arabizi, 1635main combinations of numerals

for Arabic letters in, 164Arafa, Sherif, 229Ak-i Memnu, 134associational life, 21

Atia, Eman Mahmoud, 82attentive cluster, 53

audiences, 224, 25, 195active, 22citizen, 46pan-Arab, 18passive, 22and public diplomacy, 169

authoritarianism, 15, 238, 239Ayam al-Arab, 120Ayyam Shamiyya, 129, 130, 131,

132Ayyash, Abdelrahman, 82, 88

Bab al-Hara, 128, 129, 130, 131,132, 133, 134, 136, 216,218

season three of, 133Bahai religion, and blogosphere, 64Bahrain, 251

Baker, Kieran, 200Al-Banna, Hassan, 76, 77, 78, 87Al-Batr, Someya, 93Battle of the Camel, 229, 230Battle in Sadr City, 108Bayt Jiddi, 133




18/28

INDEX 275

BBC (British BroadcastingCorporation)

in Middle East, 16980

during World War II, 171BBC Empire Service, 170BBC World Service, 169, 193, 199,

200British financial crisis and, 1778

within changing definition ofBritish public diplomacy,1767

and global conversation, 176

history of, in Middle East, 1701and public diplomacy, 1745television and, 172

BBC World Service Arabic, 1712,257

BBC World Service Arabictelevision, 173

BBC World Service Persiantelevision, 173, 176

Bel Arabi,228Ben Ali, Zine el-Abidine, 95Ben Jeddou, Ghassan, 226Ben Qana, Khadija, 227Berlin, Arab community in, 20910

see alsodiasporaBERSIH, 204Bia shamiyya, 128, 129, 131, 132,

134

Bible Adventures, 109Bin Talal, Walid, 259blogosphere, 160, 260

African countries and, 60and Arab uprisings, 112

Arabic use on, 612articulating identity in, 79attentive clustering in, 53Bahai religion and, 64

bridge regions of, 52, 55clustering in, 51, 5564computer text analysis of, 54conclusions about, 701as counterpublic, 67culture and, 4974

dissent and, 4974Egypt and, 63English use on, 59, 61

eschewing anonymity in, 79French bridge in, 59gender use of, 65human coding of, 545, 645Islam and, 63, 65Islamic clustering on, 57Islamic focus on, 624Jordan and, 5960Kefaya and, 56

Kuwait and, 612Lebanon and, 59Levantine/English bridge and,

589Maghreb/French bridge and,

60, 63mapping of, 4974, 52, 53,

5564Muslim Brotherhood and, 56, 57,

58, 63naming as form of protest in, 81network map of, 52, 53Palestinians and, 5960, 63politics and, 4974religion and, 65Saudi Arabia and, 601secular reformist clustering in,

55, 56

Syria and, 61terrorism and, 64, 81

British Broadcasting Corporation.SeeBBC

Britain, Arab diaspora in, 212,213

Cairo Radio, 172Cairo University, 224, 231

Call for Duty, 108capitalism, broadcast, 810emberimde Gl Oya, 134censorship, 17, 18civic engagement, 16civil activism. Seeactivism




19/28

276 INDEX

civil engagement, 24on eve of Arab Spring, 1528media and, 22

civil society, 253and civil activism, 201civil sphere, 25civilizations, clash of, 1945CNN(Cable News Network),66,

106, 182, 185, 193, 199coherence, imagined, 20920,

21718collectivism, 35

communication, in Kafr Masoud,3743

networked, 105communications, research on, 515

Fruchterman-Reingold physicsmodel algorithm used in, 52

selective exposure in, 52communities

imagined, 188, 211

knowledge, 105community

discourse, journalists as, 2268interpretive, journalists as, 2256

conflict, media and, 1957Coptic Christians, 86, 87counterpublic, 67Creative Commons, 184cultural otherness, 247

culture, blogosphere and, 4974culture industry, 1289cyberactivism, and Muslim

Brotherhood, 7599

DamascusBab al-Haraand, 130bygone days of, 127

Dandana TV, 257

Danish cartoon controversy, 188dawa, 77, 87days of old genre, 131Debray, Rgis, 161democracy, deliberative, 19democratization, 235, 252

diaspora, Araballegiance of, 211dual-mode media consumption

of, 213in Europe, transnational mediaand, 20920

generational-cultural gaps inmedia consumption of,21316

in Germanyconclusions about, 218media consumption by,

implications of, 215return to Islam and, 21617media consumption of, 21113

digital acculturation, milestones of,1613

digital diasporas, 177digital diplomacy, 179digital game-based learning

paradigm, 113

digital imperative, 1878digital literacies, 159digital natives, 104

Arab world, 1058digital revolution, 160

Al-Din, Ahmad Ezz, 92dissent, blogosphere and, 4974dissidence, 260Diwan Company, 162

education, 36, 41, 42edutainment, 11012, 106Egypt, 106, 107, 228, 235, 236,

239, 230, 241, 245, 253and blogosphere, 558, 63,

7599journalistic professionalism in,

243

media in, typology of, 258, 259media scholar challenges in,

2312Muslim Brotherhood in (see

Muslim Brotherhood)Qaradawi and, 140, 141




20/28

INDEX 277

revolution in, 956, 260 (see alsoArab Spring, Arab uprisings)

Egyptian Movement for Change.

SeeKefayaEgyptian village, study of. SeeKafr Masoud

18 Days, 229Eissa, Ibrahim, 230, 259El-Aar, 229El-Fagr, 259employment, 36, 41, 42Ensaa, rise of, 924

El-Erian, Asmaa, 93El-Erian, Essam, 78, 93Eternal Forces: Left Behind, 109ethics, codes of, 244Europe

Arab diaspora in (seediaspora,Arab)

journalistic professionalism in,2434

media in, 238political pluralism in, 245reformation in, 235, 236

Facebook, 90, 107, 160, 182, 189,230, 231

Facebook revolution, 182Fadel, Khalil, 108Fattah, Alaa Abdel, 91, 93, 260,

261Fattah, Esraa Abdel, 94

fatwa, 1423defined, 140mass-mediated, 1423media (seemediafatwa)

fawra dramiyya, 128finite-state machine abstraction,

109, 111, 117

of Quraish, 115in Second Life, 117

Foreign and CommonwealthOffice, 169, 170, 171, 174,175, 177, 200

foreign policy, 191

Foucault, Michel, 2558four theories of the press, 236, 244France, 24, 257

Free Egypt Channel, 230French, and blogosphere, 63French government, 132French Mandate, 130French Radio, 172Fruchterman-Reingold physics

model algorithm, 52

galabiyya, 34

Galal, Hala, 230, 231games, multiplayer online role-playing, 116

GazaAl Jazeera coverage of, 183, 184conflict of 20082009 in, BBC

coverage of, 174Israeli blockade of, 68

gender, 31, 39, 43, 148, 202, 225

imbalance among bloggers, 65imbalance in Muslim

Brotherhood blogosphere,58

informing Muslim Brotherhoodstrategies online, 76

and patriarchy, 1346social constructions of, 43in Syrian and Turkish dramas,

132, 134, 136gender roles, 131

in Turkish melodramas, 132Germany, Arab community in. See

diaspora, Arabglobalization, 209, 210Gnlelen, 134Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas,

108

Gm, 134, 135

Habermasian theories, 245, 260Hady al-Islam, 148, 149Hague, William, 177Haiba, Ahmed Abu, 230




21/28

278 INDEX

Al-Hajari, Maryam Hasan, 144halal entertainment, 110halal principles, 112

Haley, William, 172Hallin and Mancinis theories,2458

critiques of, 2458religion and, 247typology of, 237

Hallin, D. C., 237, 2458El-Hamalawy, Hossam, 91, 261Hamza, Khaled, 78, 79, 81

Hamza, Mohammed, 90Hani, 103hara, 131Hariri, Saad, 68Helal, Ibrahim, 198Hizbullah, 59, 61, 65, 73, 224

inf luence of, 258homophily, 51, 52Horrocks, Peter, 177

Houdaiby, Ibrahim, 78

Ibrahim, Ihab, 89Al-Ibrahim, Walid, 128identity

collective, and peace journalism,196

in German Arab diaspora, 210public, politics of, 768

Ihlamurlar Altinda, 134ijma, 91ijtihad, 79, 86, 93

Al-Ikhwan, Bent, 81Ikhwan Muslimeen. SeeMuslim

Brotherhoodilam arabi, 255, 256imaginaries, colloquial, 78imagined coherence, 20920

immigration, two-way, 37individualism, 35information evolution, 160information technologies, ease

with, 1635intelligence, visual, 105

International Union for MuslimScholars, 140, 150

Internet, 18, 140, 159, 160, 187,

242, 260and Al Jazeera English, 184and Arab uprisings, 112conventional views of, 51ease with, 163in Kafr Masoud, 39newspaper sites on, 163pan-Arab, 210and public diplomacy, 181

IslamOnline(IOL), 144, 145Iran, 241green movement of, in 2009, 68protest movement in, of 2009, 68

Iraq, 253US invasion of, 182

war coverage in, 262Ishaq, Ibn, 114Islam

and blogosphere, 57, 624, 65and Muslim Brotherhood, 75, 77preaching to video game

generation, 10325return to, 21617and television programs, 128and Turkish melodramas, 130

Islam edutainment industry, 106,11012

Islamic phone, 147IslamOnline (IOL), 143, 144, 145,

147Ismail, Dato Manja, 204isnad, 90, 91, 93Israel, 108

blockade of Gaza by, in 2010, 68

Jabr, Naji, 129

Jameel and Hanaa, 216Jordan, 238, 245

and blogosphere, 5960journalism

as academic discipline, 2235alternative, 262




22/28

INDEX 279

conclusions about, 232ethics and, 2267peace, 1957

postrevolution challenges to,22831professionalism in, 2434red lines in, 239studies of, state of, 22334

war, 1945women in, 244

journalistsas discourse community, 2268

as interpretive community, 2256Justice and Development Party

(AKP), 134

Kafr Masoudagriculture in, 34collectivism in, 35education in, 36, 41, 42employment in, 36, 41, 42

family life in, 35individualism in, 35literacy in, 38, 41, 42media changes in, 38modernization in, 34oral tradition in, 37, 38resistances in, 3743ruralization in, 37transformative communication

landscape in, 3743transformative social landscape

of, 347urbanization in, 34

Kafr Masoud study, 2947conclusions about, 434data-gathering techniques used

in, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34feminist ethnographic approach

in, 33language in, 39methods used in, 304narrative memory and, 33paradoxes in, 44religion in, 40

research goals in, 304sampling technique used in,

33, 34

significance of, 304Kamel, Bouthaina, 231Kandalaft, Dima, 133Kasmiya, Radwan, 106Kassandra, 134Kefaya, 2601

on blogosphere, 56Muslim Brotherhood and, 846

Khan, Mohamed, 229

Khanfar, Wadah, 200Khawali, 130, 132knowledge communities, 105Kurtlar Vadisi, 134Kusa, Bassam, 132Kuwait, 107, 251

and blogosphere, 612

language, 1635, 2268, 2558

and BBC broadcasting, 1712in Kafr Masoud study, 39in Turkish melodramas, 129

Latin American telenovelas, 134Layali Salihiyya, 131, 132learning games, extrinsic and

intrinsic, 111Lebanese, in Germany, 212Lebanon, 108, 235, 239, 241, 242,

245, 253, 258, 259and blogosphere, 59

war coverage in, 262Levantine countries

blogosphere and, 589English bridge in, 589

Libya, 185, 186, 239, 251literacies

digital, 159

new, 10325technology, 15966

literacy, in Kafr Masoud, 42Livestation, 184, 187lOrient du Jour, 256Lyons, Michael, 177




23/28

280 INDEX

MacDonald, Hamish, 204Magdi, Amr, 82, 93Maghrebi peoples, and blogosphere,

60, 63Mahalla al-Kubra strike, 945Mahmoud, Abdelmenem, 81, 82,

85, 87, 90, 91Maidin, Zainuddin, 204Malaysian minorities, AJE reporting

on, 204Al-Malla, Bassam, 129, 130, 131,

132, 133

Manal and Alaas Bit Bucket, 260Al-Manaway, Abdel Latif, 228Mancini, P. SeeHallin and

Mancinimasculinity

in hood between state andreligion, 1303

in traditional society, 131Masr al-Naharda, 1404

Al-Masry, Samer, 132, 133Mavi Marmara, 68MBC4, 216McArabism, 211, 217media

acculturation by, 1613alternative, 260

Arab and Arabic, 2558Arab and Western, typologies of,

23550Arab uprisings and, 112Arabic language ecosystem of,

667and audiences, 224authoritarianism and, 15backdoor users of, 43comparative systems of, 237competition among, 183

conciliatory, typology of, 1978conciliatory role of, 193208,

1957and conflict, 1957and consolidation of public

opinion, 1619

consumption of, by Arabdiaspora, 21113

current authentic Arab theories

of, 254diverse print, 237dual-mode consumption of, 213on eve of Arab Spring, 1528,

256fatwaand (seemediafatwa)four theories of the press and,

236, 244freedom of, 1756

generational-cultural gaps inconsumption of, 21316global effects of, 167220hybrid, categorization of, 25863in Kafr Masoud, 2947industries of, 2413knowing Middle East through, 10management of, 259markets for, 2413

and national public systems, 237new

and public diplomacy, 18192technology literacies of,

15966new genres in, 10166new literacies in, 10166pan-Arab, 17political parallelism in, 240

and politics, 23, 24post-Orientalist era and, 254print, transitional system of, 237professionalization and, 2434scholars of, challenges to, 2312secondary users of, 43after September 11, 2001, 18size of, 239state interventionism and,

23840structural limitations of, 24structure of, 515studies of, reflexivity in, 25165systems of, 2458, 252theories of, evolution of, 22165




24/28

INDEX 281

transnationaland Arab diaspora in Europe,

20920

and cultural order, 21011mediafatwa, 13957adaptation and, 147categorization and, 148and civil engagement, 22consumption of, by diaspora in

Germany, conclusions about,218

conclusions about, 1501

defined, 140editors of, 13957by example, 1437formats of, 14950IOL editors and, 146new modes of, implications of,

215and popularization of knowledge,

1501

principles of production of,14750

religious authority and, 1501selection and, 1489

media piracy, 43Media Professionals Union, 231media revolution, 106mediascape. Seemediamediology, 161

Mehwar TV, 230men, in Turkish melodramas, 131Middle East

events in, and mediaconsumption by diaspora,215

knowing through media, 10types of press in, 237

military tribunals, and rise of

Ensaa, 924Misr, 25, 230MisrDigital, 260Modern Standard Arabic (MSA),

2268modernization, 34, 252

Mohyeldin, Ayman, 206Morocco, 107, 239, 245

and blogosphere, 60

Morsey, Osama, 81Morsi, Mohamed, 5, 6, 7, 96, 140Mubarak, Gamal, 68, 69Mubarak, Hosni, 56, 77, 79, 92,

95, 96, 140, 229, 230, 241,251, 259

Muhannad effect, 135mukhabaratsurveillance, 2mukhtar, 132

musalsals, 129, 131Muslim Brotherhood, 67, 251and Al Jazeera, 185and April 6 apostasy, 945arrests and, 912articulating identity in, 79blogosphere and, 55, 57, 58, 63,

7599, 8990eschewing anonymity in, 79

expansion of, 8890, 912generational groupings in, 77, 78Higher Ulama Council of, 86and Kefaya alliance, 846key contentious issues in, 901leadership in, 78military tribunals and, 924party platform debates within,

867, 889

political goals of, 87Qaradawi and, 139, 140religion and, 878and revolution, 956and rise of Ensaa, 924

women and, 82, 834, 86, 87Muslims, and Turkish serials, 134My Lai episode, AJE reporting on,

202

Myanmar, AJE reporting on, 203

Nabil, Imam, 108Al-Naggar, Mohammed, 78, 81El-Naggar, Mustafa, 81, 85Nahdet Misr, 259




25/28

282 INDEX

Nassef, Amr, 224National Democratic Party, 229National Union of Journalists,

178nationalism, instant, 21718Near East Broadcasting Station,

171neopatriarchy, 130, 137network, mapping of, 5564New World Information and

Communication Order, 253newspapers, 242

electronic, 162Internet sites of, 163

NileSat TV, 229Nour, Ayman, 259Nour, Tarek, 230

Al-Nouri, Abbas, 131, 133Nur, 134, 135, 136

Obama, Barack, 68, 186

Ottoman government, 132

Palestine, 108and blogosophere, 59, 63

Palestiniansand blogosphere, 5960, 63in Germany, 212

pan-Arab media, 17pan-Arabism, 2256

Parsons, Nigel, 199Pashas Daughter Is Terrifying

People on the Street, 49patriarchy, 1346peace journalism, 1957peasants, part-time, 35play, theoretical and methodological

framework of, 10810Point for Debate, 174

political citizenship, 25political culture, social change and,

1399political parallelism, 240political participation, on eve of

Arab Spring, 16

politicsblogosphere and, 4974of public identities, 768

publics and, 245of recognition, 196, 197post-democracy, 236power, soft, 810, 170press

Arab-owned offshore, 257four theories of, 236, 244loyalist, 237mobilization, 237

professionalization, 2434Prophets Tales, 110, 111Prophets Wars, 103, 113, 114,

119prosumer, 143prosumption, 143protests, 85, 86, 91, 92, 945

naming as form of, 81proto-democracy, 239

public diplomacy, 182BBC and, 16980BBC World Service and, 1745changing British definition of,

1767credibility and, 183evolution of, 16980growing importance of, 18892and new media, in Arab world,

18192public of, 189report on, 175television and, 1724

public opinion, 19consolidation of, 16theories of, 17, 18, 19

public sphere, 1, 46, 1920, 162Habermass view of, 19

networked, 50publics, 22

and politics, 245

qabaday, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133,136, 137




26/28

INDEX 283

Qaradawi, Yusufbiography of, 1402

fatwa collection of, 148, 149

on Islamic law, 141religious authority of, 13957on violence, 145

Al-Qasim, Faisal, 227Qatar, 251

Al Jazeera English in, 200media in, 181on world stage, 185, 186

Qawuq, Marwan, 133

Quraish, 103, 106, 114, 115, 120finite-state machine analysis of,

115Qutb, Sayyid, 76

Radio Monte Carlo Moyen Orient,257

Radio Moscow, 172Radio Sawa, 66, 256

Rahman, Najat Abdel, 230Ramadan, and diaspora in

Germany, 216, 217Ramadan, Zouhair, 132Rantings of a Sandmonkey, 260

Al-Rashi, Abd al-Rahman, 132Rashwan, Abdelrahman, 82

Al-Rayyes, Riad, 227recognition, 196, 197

religionand blogosphere, 65and diaspora in Germany,

21618and Hallin and Mancinis

theories, 247in Kafr Masoud study, 40masculinity and, 1303Muslim Brotherhood and, 878

Qaradawis authority on, 13957in Turkish melodramas, 133

religious authority, 143and mediafatwa, 1501

religious entertainment, in Arabworld, 10325

resistancesin Kafr Masoud, 3743in Turkish melodramas, 132

revolution, 1789Arab Easy, 15966media, 106

Revolutionary Youth Council, 95Rotana, 259Rotana group, 128ruralization, 37Rushing, Josh, 202

Salem, Amr, 89Salem, Mahmoud, 260Sarhan, Hala, 227, 229satellite television, 18, 22, 128, 134,

160, 182, 194and Arab uprisings, 112freedom of, 1756in Kafr Masoud, 38and public diplomacy, 181

Saudi Arabia, 107, 242, 251, 259bogosphere and, 601MSA in, 227television production in, 128

Saudi Middle East BroadcastingCorporation (MBC), 127

Saxby, Hugh, 176El-Sayyed, Ahmed, 79Second Life, 116, 118, 120

finite-state machine analysis ofhajj simulation in, 117

Secular Reformist blogging, 55, 56September 11, 2001, media

following, 18Sharaf, Wael, 132, 133sharia, 86

Al-Sharkawey, Sadiq, 92Sharq al-Adna, 171

El-Shater, Khairat, 92El-Shater, Zahra, 82Shivah, The, 109Shukrallah, Hani, 231

Al-Sibai, Rafiq, 129, 132Skype, 161




27/28

284 INDEX

soap operas, Turkish, 127social change, and political culture,

1399

social control, 21social media, 230El-Sokkari, Hossam, 173, 174state

interventionism by, 23840masculinity and, 1303soft power and broadcast

capitalism and, 810subjectivities, interactive, 78

Syria, 251and blogosphere, 61television drama in, neopatriarchy

in, 12738Syrian

dialect of, television revolutioninvolving, 1367

dubbing of, in Turkish serials,1346

Tahrir, 230Tahrir Channel, 230Talking Point, 173Tatlitu, Kivan, 135

Al-Taweel, Arwa, 79, 82, 83, 87telephone, psychological, 147television, 18, 242

and Arab uprisings, 112

competition in, 133culture industry and, 1289and diaspora in Germany,

212in Kafr Masoud, 38main trends in, 127neopatriarchy in, 12738pan-Arab, 210and public diplomacy, 1724

reality, 127satellite (seesatellite television)in Syria, 12738in Turkey, 12738

televisual reproduction, age of, artin, 12930

terrorism, 81and blogosphere, 64and video games, 108

This Opinion and the Other, 173Tomorrow party, blogging of, 56totalitarianism, inverted, in United

States, 246Tunisia, 107, 228, 235, 239, 245

and blogosphere, 60Turkey

melodramas of, 128soap operas of, 127, 216

Syrian-dubbed serials producedin, 1346

television drama in, neopatriarchyin, 12738

Tusa, John, 177TV Sheikhs, 41Twitter, 182, 184, 187, 228, 230,

231Twitter revolution, 182

ulama, 86United Arab Emirates, 107, 108,

251television production in, 128

United Statesinverted totalitarianism in,

246in Iraq, 68, 182

and public diplomacy, 190urbanization, 34

superficial, 37

video game generation, 1045preaching Islam to, 10325

video games, 106, 107Christian, 109conclusions about, 11920

extrinsic, 111finite-state machine abstraction

and, 109full-fledged, 11216intrinsic, 111and rules systems, 109




28/28

INDEX 285

theoretical and methodologicalframework of, 10810

as third places, 118

young players of, 107virtual worldsimmersive, 116multi-user, 11619

voiceof the South, 198to the voiceless, 199

Voice of America, 172

war, coverage of, 262war journalism, 1945web 2.0 sites, 66, 159websites, 66, 245

ten widely liked, 67Western hegemony, 224

decline of, 1817Western media, typologies of,

23550

whisper strategy, 129Wikipedia, 66women

agency of, against backdrop ofpatriarchy, 1346

and blogosphere, 57of diaspora in Germany, 212

and digital revolution, 160in journalism, 244of Kafr Masoud, 2947

and Muslim Brotherhood, 82,834, 86, 87in Turkish melodramas, 131, 132,

135in Turkish serials, 134, 135

Yabanci Damat, 135Yasser, Asmaa, 82Yemen, 245

Internet use in, 161Yemen Observer, 256

Youm7, 228Younis, Nora, 91youth

and edutainment, 110as video game generation, 104

YouTube, 49, 66, 6770, 84, 90,187, 189, 204

most-cited videos of, 20092010,69

and war coverage, 262

zaim, 130, 131, 132Al-Zaim, Wafiq, 133Zayed, Naheda, 200


neopatriarchy in syrian and turkish television drama: between the culture industry and the dialect...

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