neuro examination
TRANSCRIPT
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NEURORADIOLOGYNEURORADIOLOGYProf. Dr. Mahmoud El SheikhProf. Dr. Mahmoud El Sheikh
Professor of RadiologyProfessor of RadiologyFaculty of Medicine . University of AlexandriaFaculty of Medicine . University of Alexandria
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Imaging ModalitiesImaging Modalities
• Conventional Radiography:Conventional Radiography: Plain, Contrast, Plain, Contrast, FluoroFluoro
• Computed Tomography:Computed Tomography: MDCT MDCT• Magnetic Resonance Imaging:Magnetic Resonance Imaging: fMR, MRS fMR, MRS• Ultrasonography:Ultrasonography: Color Doppler Color Doppler• Angiography:Angiography: DSA, MRA, CTA DSA, MRA, CTA• ScintigraphyScintigraphy, SPECT, SPECT• Positron Emission TomographyPositron Emission Tomography,, PET/CT PET/CT
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Computed Tomography (CT)Computed Tomography (CT)
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Digital ImageDigital Image
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Air = -1000 HUAir = -1000 HUFat = -50 HUFat = -50 HU
Water = 0 HUWater = 0 HU
Soft Tissue = 25-35 HUSoft Tissue = 25-35 HUAcute Hemorrhage = 70-100 HUAcute Hemorrhage = 70-100 HUCalcification = 200-300 HUCalcification = 200-300 HUCortical Bone >= 1000 HUCortical Bone >= 1000 HU
Tissue Contrast depends on Attenuation Number (Hounsfield Unit)
CT Tissue CharacterizationCT Tissue Characterization
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IV Contrast EnhancementIV Contrast Enhancement
► Improves the soft tissue contrast.Improves the soft tissue contrast.►Enhancement depends on:Enhancement depends on:
Extra-axial tissue:Extra-axial tissue: vascularityvascularity Intra-axial tissue:Intra-axial tissue: BBB BreakdownBBB Breakdown
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Magnetic Resonance (MR)Magnetic Resonance (MR)
Closed Magnet Open Magnet
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Advantages of MRAdvantages of MR
► No ionizing radiationNo ionizing radiation► High contrast resolutionHigh contrast resolution► Good spatial resolutionGood spatial resolution► Multiplanar capabilitiesMultiplanar capabilities► Multi weighted sequences: Multi weighted sequences:
Fluid attenuation (FLAIR)Fluid attenuation (FLAIR) Fat suppression (STIR)Fat suppression (STIR) Diffusion weighted (DWI)Diffusion weighted (DWI) Functional MR (fMR: BOLD)Functional MR (fMR: BOLD) Spectroscopy (MRS)Spectroscopy (MRS)
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• Protons (nuclei of hydrogen atoms) Protons (nuclei of hydrogen atoms) placed in a strong magnetic field are placed in a strong magnetic field are excited by a radio-frequency pulse, then excited by a radio-frequency pulse, then allowed to loose energy.allowed to loose energy.
• The loss of gained energy occurs either The loss of gained energy occurs either to the surrounding matrix (T1) or through to the surrounding matrix (T1) or through interaction between each other (T2).interaction between each other (T2).
• The loss of energy is measured and used The loss of energy is measured and used to produce images. to produce images.
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Normal MR BrainNormal MR Brain
T1 Weighted Image T2 Weighted Image
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Other Pulse SequencesOther Pulse Sequences
Fluid Attenuation (FLAIR) Fat Suppression (STIR)
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T1 or T2 Weighted ImagesT1 or T2 Weighted Images
► When reviewing an MR image, the easiest way When reviewing an MR image, the easiest way to determine the type of image, is to look at to determine the type of image, is to look at the the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
► If the CSF is darkIf the CSF is dark it is a T1-weighted imaged. it is a T1-weighted imaged.
► If the CSF is brightIf the CSF is bright, it is a T2-weighted image. , it is a T2-weighted image.
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Sagittal MR BrainSagittal MR Brain
T1 WI
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MR Tissues Signal CharacteristicsMR Tissues Signal CharacteristicsT1T1 T2T2
Fluid DarkDark BrightBrightFat BrightBright DarkDarkSolid GreyGrey BrightBrightSubacute Blood BrightBright BrightBrightCalcificationsFlowing Blood DarkDark DarkDark
Acute, Ch Blood GreyGrey DarkDark
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IV Contrast EnhancementIV Contrast Enhancement GadoliniumGadolinium
►Gadolinium increases signal intensity on Gadolinium increases signal intensity on T1-weighted images through shortening T1-weighted images through shortening the T1 relaxation time of the tissue.the T1 relaxation time of the tissue.
►Enhancement depends on:Enhancement depends on: Extra-axial tissue:Extra-axial tissue: vascularityvascularity Intra-axial tissue:Intra-axial tissue: BBB BreakdownBBB Breakdown
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BRAINBRAIN
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TRAUMATRAUMA
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Plain X-RayPlain X-Ray
SKULL FRACTURESKULL FRACTURE
Fracture Line
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Digital ImageDigital ImageSoft Tissue Window Bone Window
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Traumatic Cranio-Cerebral LesionsTraumatic Cranio-Cerebral Lesions
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Brain ContusionsBrain Contusions
Hemorrhagic Contusions
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Brain LacerationsBrain Lacerations
Gunshot Injury
R
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Extradural HematomaExtradural Hematoma
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Subdural HematomaSubdural Hematoma
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Subacute Subdural HematomaSubacute Subdural Hematoma
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Subarachnoid HemorrhageSubarachnoid Hemorrhage
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Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)
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Generalized Brain EdemaGeneralized Brain Edema
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Mass Mass EffectEffect Brain HerniationBrain Herniation
MassMass
Brain Brain StemStem
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Decompressive Craniectomy Decompressive Craniectomy
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Non-Traumatic HemorrhageNon-Traumatic Hemorrhage
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Non-Traumatic Intracranial HemorrhageNon-Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage►Very CommonVery Common
HypertensionHypertension AneurysmAneurysm Vascular Malformation AVMVascular Malformation AVM
► CommonCommon Embolic stroke with reperfusionEmbolic stroke with reperfusion Amyloid angiopathyAmyloid angiopathy Prematurity (Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage)Prematurity (Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage) CoagulopathiesCoagulopathies Drug abuseDrug abuse TumorTumor
► UncommonUncommon Venous infarctVenous infarct VasculitisVasculitis
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Hypertensive HemorrhageHypertensive Hemorrhage
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Massive Hypertensive HemorrhageMassive Hypertensive Hemorrhage
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Hemorrhage in Arterio-Venous Hemorrhage in Arterio-Venous Malformation (AVM)Malformation (AVM)
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Subarachnoid HemorrhageSubarachnoid Hemorrhage
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Anterior Communicating AneurysmAnterior Communicating Aneurysm
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Posterior Communicating AneurysmPosterior Communicating Aneurysm
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Cerebral AngiographyCerebral Angiography
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Cerebral AngiographyCerebral Angiography
► Direct AngiographyDirect Angiography► Catheter Angiography:Catheter Angiography:
ConventionalConventional Digital SubtractionDigital Subtraction
► Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)► Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA)Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA)
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MR Angiography
Anterior Communicating Artery Anterior Communicating Artery AneurysmAneurysm
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Middle Cerebral Artery AneurysmMiddle Cerebral Artery Aneurysm
CT Angiography
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InfarctInfarct
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Cerebral Arteries TerritoriesCerebral Arteries Territories
AnteriorAnterior CACA Middle CAMiddle CA PosteriorPosterior CACA
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Anterior Cerebral InfarctAnterior Cerebral Infarct
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Acute Middle Cerebral InfarctAcute Middle Cerebral Infarct
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Posterior Cerebral InfarctPosterior Cerebral Infarct
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Focal Thalamic Infarct Focal Thalamic Infarct
Magnetic ResonanceMagnetic ResonanceT1 WI T2 WI
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Brain Stem InfarctBrain Stem Infarct
T2 WI
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Early InfarctEarly Infarct
CTCT
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Early InfarctEarly Infarct
MR DiffusionCT Perfusion
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Perfusion/Diffusion MismatchPerfusion/Diffusion Mismatch
Penumbra
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Old InfarctOld Infarct
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Neuro-InterventionNeuro-Intervention
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BeforeBefore AfterAfter
Embolization of AVMEmbolization of AVM
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Occluding Aneurysm with CoilsOccluding Aneurysm with Coils
Before After
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Before After
Balloon AngioplastyBalloon Angioplasty
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Brain LesionsBrain Lesions
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AgeAge Clinical presentation Clinical presentation LocationLocation Characteristic imaging featuresCharacteristic imaging features
Similar lesions have Similar imaging featuresSimilar lesions have Similar imaging features
Parameters Used In Lesions Parameters Used In Lesions DiagnosisDiagnosis
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Brain AgingBrain Aging
Involutional ChangesInvolutional Changes
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HydrocephalusHydrocephalus
Aqueduct StenosisAqueduct Stenosis
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Herpes Virus EncephalitisHerpes Virus Encephalitis
T1 WI T2 WI
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Pyogenic Brain AbscessPyogenic Brain Abscess
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Multiple SclerosisMultiple Sclerosis
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Brain TumorsBrain Tumors
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GliomaGlioma
T1 WI T2 WI T1 WI Post-Contrast
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Glioblastoma MultiformeGlioblastoma Multiforme
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OligodendrogliomaOligodendroglioma
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Sellar & Suprasellar TumorsSellar & Suprasellar Tumors
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Pituitary AdenomaPituitary Adenoma
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Brain stem GliomaBrain stem Glioma
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Cerebello-Pontine Angle TumorsCerebello-Pontine Angle Tumors
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Acoustic NeurinomaAcoustic Neurinoma
Post Contrast CTPost Contrast CT Bone Window CTBone Window CT
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Acoustic NeurinomaAcoustic Neurinoma
T1 WIT1 WI T1 WI Post ContrastT1 WI Post Contrast
MRMR
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MeningiomaMeningioma
T1 WI Post ContrastT1 WI Post ContrastT1 WIT1 WI
MRMR
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MetastasesMetastases
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MetastasesMetastases
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SPINESPINE
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AnatomyAnatomy
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Plain X-RayPlain X-Ray
A-P viewA-P view Lateral viewLateral view Oblique viewOblique view
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MYELOGRAPHYMYELOGRAPHY
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CTCT
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MRMR
T1 WIT1 WI T2 WIT2 WI
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T1 WIT1 WI T2 WIT2 WI
Sagittal ViewSagittal View
MR
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Parasagittal ViewParasagittal View
T1 WI T2 WI
MR
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Spinal TraumaSpinal Trauma
T1 WIT1 WI
CTCTPlain x-ray
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Traumatic Cord ContusionTraumatic Cord Contusion
T2 WIT2 WI
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DiscDiscNerve RootNerve Root
Thecal SacThecal Sac
Epidural FatEpidural Fat
Epidural FatEpidural Fat
Normal Intervertebral DiscNormal Intervertebral Disc
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Disc HerniationDisc Herniation
Normal Disc
Rt Postero-lateral Herniation
Lt Foraminal Herniation
CT
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T1 WIT1 WI T2 WIT2 WI
Disc HerniationDisc Herniation
MR
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T1 WIT1 WI T2 WIT2 WI
Disc HerniationDisc Herniation
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Caudal MigrationCaudal Migration
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Sequestrated DiscSequestrated Disc
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T1 WI PreContrastT1 WI PreContrast T1 WI PostContrastT1 WI PostContrast
Post-Operative SpinePost-Operative SpineRecurrent Disc/Scar tissueRecurrent Disc/Scar tissue
Enhancing Enhancing ScarScar
Nerve RootNerve Root
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Degenerative ChangesDegenerative Changes
Disc bulge with vacuumDisc bulge with vacuum Apophyseal ArthrosisApophyseal Arthrosis
Lateral Recess
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Spinal Canal StenosisSpinal Canal Stenosis
Developmental
Degenerative
![Page 99: Neuro examination](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/554af80bb4c905c12d8b4677/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Central Spinal Canal StenosisCentral Spinal Canal Stenosis
Calcified Ligamenta FlavaThickened Ligamenta Flava
MR CT
![Page 100: Neuro examination](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/554af80bb4c905c12d8b4677/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Foraminal StenosisForaminal Stenosis
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Compression MyelomalaciaCompression Myelomalacia
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SpondylolisthesisSpondylolisthesis
►Lytic►Degenerative
Spondylolisthesis is forward sliding of a vertebra over the vertebra below.Types:
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Lytic SpondylolisthesisLytic Spondylolisthesis
Defect in Pars Inter-articularis
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Pars InterarticularisPars Interarticularis
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Degenerative SpondylolisthesisDegenerative Spondylolisthesis
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Infective SpondylitisInfective Spondylitis
T1WIT1WI T1WI T1WI Post ContrastPost Contrast
![Page 107: Neuro examination](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/554af80bb4c905c12d8b4677/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Transverse MyelitisTransverse Myelitis
T2 WIT2 WI
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SyringomyeliaSyringomyelia
T1 WIT1 WI
![Page 109: Neuro examination](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/554af80bb4c905c12d8b4677/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
GliomaGlioma
T1 WI POST CONTRASTT1 WI POST CONTRAST
![Page 110: Neuro examination](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/554af80bb4c905c12d8b4677/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
MeningiomaMeningioma
T1 WI POST CONTRASTT1 WI POST CONTRAST
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MR T1 WIMR T1 WICTCT
Soft tissue Window
Bone Window
MetastasesMetastases
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Normal
Isotope Bone ScanIsotope Bone Scan
Deposits
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Prof Dr Mahmoud El Sheikh
THANK YOUTHANK YOU