neurobiology i – bio 334
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Neurobiology I – Bio 334. Suhita Nadkarni ([email protected]) Raghav Rajan ( [email protected] ) Monday – 10:30 – 11:25 am Thursday – 2:30 – 3:25pm. What is neurobiology?. Scientific study of the nervous system (Wikipedia) Many different sub-areas and sub-categories. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience
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Neurobiology I – Bio 334Suhita Nadkarni ([email protected])Raghav Rajan ([email protected])
Monday – 10:30 – 11:25 amThursday – 2:30 – 3:25pm
01st August 2013
Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience
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What is neurobiology?
• Scientific study of the nervous system (Wikipedia)
• Many different sub-areas and sub-categories
01st August 2013
Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience
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Why study neurobiology?
Men ought to know that from the brain, and from the brain only, arise our pleasures, joy, laughter and jests, as well as our sorrows, pains, griefs and tears
- Hippocrates (400 BC)
If our brains were simple enough for us to understand them, we’d be so simple that we couldn’t
- Ian Stewart (mathematician)01st August 2013
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History of Neuroscience
• Gives an interesting perspective
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Early neurosurgery - Trephination or Trepannation – as early as 6500 BC
• Skulls discovered in France had holes in them (about 40/120)
• To treat injuries, migraines, epilepsy, etc.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trepanning
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Ancient Egyptians did not consider the brain important
• Yet, early references to the brain by them in 1700 B.C.
• Possibly by Imhotep (Mummy fame!), great Egyptian surgeon
• References in the Edwin-Smith surgical papyrus of patients
http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/papy.html
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Case 6: A gaping wound in the head, fracture of the skull and opening of the meninges. This case describes the:1.Convolutions of the brain - the author of the papyrus describes these "like those corrugations which form molten copper." This most likely refers to the wrinkled appearance of the brain created by the gyri and sulci of the brain. "Corrugations" of the Brain2.Meninges (coverings of the brain) - described as the membrane enveloping the brain. "Membrane" enveloping the Brain3.Cerebrospinal fluid - described as the fluid in the interior of the head. "Fluid" in the Interior of the HeadCase 6 was "An ailment not to be treated." http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/papy.ht
ml01st August 2013
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Ancient Greeks divided in their opinion
• Mind-body dualism• The mind and body are separate
• What is mind? No matter. What is matter? Never mind.
– George Berkeley (Irish philosopher)
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Brain or cephalocentric hypothesis started around ~550 B.C.
• Pythagorus, Alcmaeon of Croton• Studied vision• Concluded that the eyes are light
bearing paths to the brain• Eyes have light (phospenes) and
water (dissection)
01st August 2013
http://schatz.sju.edu/neuro/nphistory/nphistory.html
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Hippocrates – theory of humors
• Human beings have a soul and a body• Body made up of 4 substances or humors• Balance of the humors is important for
good health
01st August 2013
http://www.hormones.gr/17/article/article.html
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Hippocrates like Alcmaeon believed the brain to be the seat of intelligence
• Seat of intelligence• Controller of senses, emotion,
movement, etc…. (the works)• Correctly diagnosed epilepsy, etc. as
disorders of the brain• Also recognised that paralysis
occurred on the side opposite to the side with damage
01st August 2013
http://www.princeton.edu/~cggross/Neuroscientist_95-1.pdf
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Aristotle turns the clock back – “learning by heart”
• Heart is the seat of intelligence• Brain, lungs are all for cooling the
heart• REASONS
– Heart develops first– Is present in all organisms– Is connected to all senses
01st August 2013
http://www.princeton.edu/~cggross/Neuroscientist_95-1.pdf
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Galen – puts us back on course
• Very interesting observations• Sensory fibres – softer – for sensory
experience• Motor fibres - firmer – for action• Similarly – cerebrum is soft and so is
sensory• Cerebellum – hard – must control motor
function• Cerebrum – soft, can be moulded – must
therefore store memories
• Three lefts make a right and A few wrongs can also make a right!
01st August 2013
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galenhttp://www.cerebromente.org.br/n16/history/mind-history_i.html
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Brain and nerves – part of a larger plumbing system controlled by the pineal gland
• Animal spirit (liquid + air)
• Brain a large clot of phlegm
• Described ventricles in great detail
01st August 2013
http://bertie.ccsu.edu/naturesci/Evolution/Unit10Background/GalenPhysio.html
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Cell doctrine – ventricles and intelligence
• Nemesius and St. Augustine (130 – 200 A.D.)
• Anterior ventricle – “common sense”
• Middle ventricle – action
• Posterior ventricle - memory
01st August 2013
http://schatz.sju.edu/neuro/nphistory/nphistory.htmlhttp://www.cerebromente.org.br/n16/history/mind-history_i.html
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Andreas Vesalius, using anatomy discredited the ventricular theory
• Other mammals like the ass have the same organisation
• Ventricles store animal spirits
01st August 2013
http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n16/history/mind-history_i.html
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Descartes – Pineal gland controls all the plumbing
• Small filaments that can be controlled by external stimuli
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http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n16/history/mind-history_i.html
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Pineal gland controls sleep and waking by controlling the flow of
animal spirits
01st August 2013
http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n16/history/mind-history_i.html
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A lot of careful anatomy, observations of white matter, gray
matter, etc.
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Luigi Galvani - bioelectricity
01st August 2013
http://electricityrit.blogspot.in/2783/02/frog-legs-galvanis-research-into.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Galvani
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Localization of function within the brain - Phrenology
• Frafz Josef Gall• Bumps on the head related to various functions
01st August 2013
http://www.phrenology.com/franzjosephgall.htmlhttp://www3.niu.edu/acad/psych/Millis/History/2004/phrenology.htm
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Purkinje cells – described by Purkinje
01st August 2013
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Purkinjehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purkinje_cell
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Flourens – uniform function throughout brain
• Through ablations suggested that the whole brain was equivalent
01st August 2013
http://www.columbia.edu/cu/psychology/courses/1010/mangels/neuro/history/history.html
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Broca – localized function returnsWernicke supports idea
• Broca’s aphasia – patient could only say “Tan”
• Wernicke’s aphasia – patient spoke nonsense
01st August 2013
http://www.columbia.edu/cu/psychology/courses/1010/mangels/neuro/history/history.html
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Localization set in stone – Broadmann areas
01st August 2013
http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/Brodmann_Areas.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korbinian_Brodmann
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Golgi and Cajal – the neuron doctrine – Nobel prize in 1906
01st August 2013
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal
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Penfield – homunculus – Grandmother cell
01st August 2013
http://www.columbia.edu/cu/psychology/courses/1010/mangels/neuro/history/history.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilder_Penfieldhttp://teddysratlab.blogspot.in/2011/07/curious-things-we-learned-from-epilepsy.html
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And now – Karl Deisseroth – optogenetics Science fiction
becomes reality
01st August 2013