neurocognitive and behavioral disorders in children

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Neurocognitive and Behavioral DISORDERS IN CHILDREN MILEN SANTIAGO RAMOS M.A., MSc., PhD

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Page 1: Neurocognitive and behavioral disorders in children

Neurocognitive and Behavioral DISORDERS IN

CHILDRENMILEN SANTIAGO RAMOS M.A., MSc.,

PhD

Page 2: Neurocognitive and behavioral disorders in children

Mental Retardation         

  IQ  LEVELACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT

LEVEL OF SUPERVISION  

SEVERE 0 to 19   FULL  

MODERATE  20 to 49 GRADE 2 MODERATE

SELF- HELP SKILLS-PARTIAL

MILD 50 to 69 GRADE 6 MILDSELF HELP SKILLS  - FULL

         

         

Page 3: Neurocognitive and behavioral disorders in children

ManifestationsLimitations in two areas

1)Intellectual functioning. Also known as IQ, this refers to a person’s ability to learn, reason, make decisions, and solve problems.

2) Adaptive behaviors. These are skills   necessary for       day-to-day life, such as  being  able to communicate     effectively,  interact  with others, and take care of      oneself.

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SignsThere are many different signs of intellectual disability in children. Signs may appear during infancy, or they may not be noticeable until a child reaches school age. It often depends on the severity of the disability. Some of the most common signs of intellectual disability are:

Rolling over, sitting up, crawling, or walking lateTalking late or having trouble with talkingSlow to master things like potty training, dressing, and feeding himself or herselfDifficulty remembering thingsInability to connect actions with consequencesBehavior problems such as explosive tantrumsDifficulty with problem-solving or logical thinkingIn children with severe or profound intellectual disability, there may be other health problems as well. These problems may include seizures, mental disorders, motor handicaps, vision problems, or hearing problems.

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CausesAnytime something interferes with normal brain development, intellectual disability can result. However, a specific cause for intellectual disability can only be pinpointed about a third of the time.The most common causes of intellectual disability are:

Genetic conditions. These include things like Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome.

Problems during pregnancy. Things that can interfere with fetal brain development include alcohol or drug use, malnutrition, certain infections, or preeclampsia.

Problems during childbirth. Intellectual disability may result if a baby is deprived of oxygen during childbirth or born extremely premature.

Illness or injury. Infections like meningitis, whooping cough, or the measles can lead to intellectual disability. Severe head injury, near-drowning, extreme malnutrition, exposure to toxic substances such as lead, and severe neglect or abuse can also cause it.

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What can I do to help my intellectually disabled child?Steps to help your intellectually disabled child include:

Learn everything you can about intellectual disabilities. The more you know, the better advocate you can be for your child.Encourage your child’s independence. Let your child try new things and encourage your child to do things by himself or herself. Provide guidance when it’s needed and give positive feedback when your child does something well or masters something new.Get your child involved in group activities. Taking an art class or participating in Scouts will help your child build social skills.Stay involved. By keeping in touch with your child’s teachers, you’ll be able to follow his or her progress and reinforce what your child is learning at school through practice at home.Get to know other parents of intellectually disabled children. They can be a great source of advice and emotional support.

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ADHDAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder

INATTENTIONINATTENTION-HYPERACTIVITYIMPULSIVENESS

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inattentive typePredominantly inattentive type symptoms 

Be easily distracted, miss details, forget things, and frequently switch from one activity to anotherHave difficulty maintaining focus on one taskBecome bored with a task after only a few minutes, unless doing something enjoyableHave difficulty focusing attention on organizing and completing a task or learning something new or trouble completing or turning in homework assignments, often losing things (e.g., pencils, toys, assignments) needed to complete tasks or activitiesNot seem to listen when spoken toDaydream, become easily confused, and move slowlyHave difficulty processing information as quickly and accurately as othersStruggle to follow instructions.

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hyperactive-impulsive type

Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type symptoms may include

Fidget and squirm in their seatsTalk nonstopDash around, touching or playing with anything and everything in sightHave trouble sitting still during dinner, school, and story timeBe constantly in motionHave difficulty doing quiet tasks or activitiesand also these manifestations primarily of impulsivity

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manifestations primarily of impulsivity

manifestations primarily of impulsivity

Be very impatientBlurt out inappropriate comments, show their emotions without restraint, and act without regard for consequencesBlurts out comments better left unsaid (not always innapropriate)Have difficulty waiting for things they want or waiting their turns in games

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Learning Disabilities

average or above-average intelligence and there is a lack of achievement at age and ability level or there is a large discrepancy between achievement and intellectual ability.

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typesDysgraphia-An individual with Dysgraphia has a difficult time with the physical task of forming letters and words with a pen and paper and has difficulty producing legible handwriting.

Dyscalculia-A person with Dyscalculia has difficulty understanding and using math concepts and symbols.

Dyspraxia-Language comprehension of a person with Dyspraxia does not match language production. She may mix up words and sentences while talking.

Nonverbal Learning Disorder-A Nonverbal Learning Disorder is demonstrated by below-average motor coordination, visual-spatial organization, and social skills.

Dyslexia-An individual with Dyslexia may mix up letters within words and words within sentences while reading. He may also have difficulty spelling words correctly while writing; letter reversals are common. Some individuals with Dyslexia may also have a difficult time with navigating and route finding using right/left and/or compass directions.

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Organic Problems

Seizures – febrile, partial, general, psychomotorBrain traumaCongenital  defect – hydrocephalusTourette syndromes/ticksCerebral palsy - a group of non-progressive non-contagious motor conditions that cause physical disability in human development, chiefly in the various areas of body movement

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Communication disorders

APHASIAa disturbance of the comprehension and formulation of language caused by dysfunction in specific brain regions

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types

ExpressiveReceptiveConduction

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Psychological Disorders

Thinking – childhood schizophreniaAffective- depression, bipolar

Conduct disorders

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Conduct Disordersoppositional defiant disorder are of three types: angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, and vindictiveness. 

conduct disorder wherein   specifier was for people with limited "prosocial emotion“.

 Intermittent explosive disorder, pyromania, and kleptomania  -Impulse-Control Disorders Not Otherwise Specified“.

 intermittent explosive disorder without outbursts of physical aggression

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Chromosomal defectsDown syndrome (DS) or Down's syndrome, also known as trisomy 21, is a 

genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. Usual IQ is 50 (moderate MR)

Fragile X syndrome (FXSis a genetic syndrome that is the most widespread single-gene cause ofautism and inherited cause of mental retardation among boys. It results in a spectrum of intellectual disabilities ranging from mild to severe as well as physical characteristics such as an elongated face, large or protruding ears, and large testes (macroorchidism), and behavioral characteristics such asstereotypic movements (e.g. hand-flapping), and social anxiety.

Fragile X syndrome is associated with the expansion of the CGG trinucleotide repeat affecting the Fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene on the X chromosome, resulting in a failure to express the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), which is required for normal neural development

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AutismAutism is a disorder of neural development characterized by impaired social interactionand verbal and non-verbal communication, and by restricted, repetitive or stereotypedbehavior

Asperger syndrome (AS), also known as Asperger disorder (AD), is an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that is characterized by significant difficulties in social interaction and nonverbal communication, alongside restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and interests. It differs from other autism spectrum disorders by its relative preservation oflinguistic and cognitive development. Although not required for diagnosis, physical clumsiness and atypical (peculiar, odd) use of language are frequently reported

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salamat po