neurons & nervous system development – genes; ~25,000 in a fertilized egg structure - ~ 3 lbs;...
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Neurons & Nervous System
Development – Genes; ~25,000 in a fertilized egg
Structure - ~ 3 lbs; fuel = glucoseglial cells (support; insulation)Neurons (brain cells)
Some Repair- no regrowth in neurons except dendrite extensions
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What’s in the Central Nervous System ?
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain – (Made up of neurons) & Spinal CordWhat comprises a Neuron? (refer to diagram)• Cell body – • Dendrites –• Axon – • Myelin Sheath - • End bulbs – • Synapse –
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Neuron
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Peripheral Nervous System
Nerves outside the Brain & Spinal cord
Can regrow, regenerate & reattach
What is the Peripheral Nervous System?
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What do Neurotransmitters do? Excitatory
Open up the chemical gates in organs/cells increase the response
InhibitoryBlock the chemical gates – decrease the organ response
Endorphins – Natural pain killers
ALL or NONE Law – transmission occurs from start to end in a neuron
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What are Reflex Responses?
Unlearned, involuntary, protective
Afferent – SensoryAttach to the Spinal Cord
Efferent – MotorExit from the Spinal Cord
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What is Phantom Limb Phenomena? Feeling Sensations from an amputated limb
? Stump Nerves? ? Spinal Cord?? Brain? (Apparently images & sensations are stored there)
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How do drugs affect neurons?
Blocking reuptake of neurotransmitter
Blocking receptors
Mimicking neurotransmitters
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Should Fetal Tissue Transplants be Allowed?
Allows growth of neurons in damaged areas
Parkinson’s disease – motor neuron recoveryAlzheimersMultiple SclerosisCells removed from aborted fetuses
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The Brain – Structure / Function Anamolies: Which affect brain…
Anencephaly Hydrocephaly
Trisomy 21 – Down’s Syndrome
Fragile X syndrome – pinched X
Epilepsy / Stroke
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How does the Theory of Evolution Relate?
Basis for much of psychology due to Darwin’s influence
How is behavior, growth, development adaptive or functional for the individual and/or species
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How do we look at the brain?
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)Radio frequencies Structure
PET Scan-Positron Emission TopographyRadioactive absorption in areasFunctioning
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What are the branches of the Peripheral Nervous System?
Somatic – VoluntaryIncludes afferent and efferent nerves
Autonomic – Involuntary (Automatic)Sympathetic –
Parasympathetic –
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How does the Peripheral Nervous System Work?
Fight or Flight Response – triggered by Sympathetic system
Bodily reaction to threatening situation
Homeostasis –equilibrium
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Autonomic Nervous System
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What’s at the front of our brain?Frontal Lobes
Most evolvedAspects of EmotionExecutive FunctionsMotor Cortex **-Voluntary motor functionsBroca’s area – Production of language
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What’s at the top of our brain? Parietal Lobes
Sensory information; temp & painSomatasensory Cortex
• Information on touch, limbs, pain & temperature, object recognition & remembering
** Contralateral – one side of brain controls opposite side of body
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What’s at the side of our brain? Temporal Lobes Hearing/speaking words/ Writing
Primary Auditory Cortex – Auditory association area – Wernicke’s area – understanding speech and speaking coherently
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What’s at the back of our brain?
Occipital LobesColors, Recognizing objects, animals,
people
Primary Visual Cortex –
Visual Association Area –
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What is in the Hindbrain?
Cerebellum – “little brain” Co-ordinated motor movement
Pons - Sleep
Medulla – vital functions
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Is there a correlation between Brain Size & Intelligence ?
Racial myths – only used confirming data leading to biases
Density, not structural size appears important
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Are there Hemispheric Differences ?
Left Side of the BrainVerbal Language, Math, Analytical (pieces)
Right Side of the BrainNonverbal, Spatial, Holistic (combining parts into meaningful whole)
Split-brain video clip