neutrino oscillations at homestake from chlorine to the megadetector ancient origins of the question...
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Neutrino Oscillations at Homestakefrom Chlorine to the Megadetector
Ancient Origins of the Question ~1860
Darwin publishes “On The Origin of Species”- &
Kelvin challenges the time scale – The Sun is less than 30 million years – Gravitational Energy
BUT – Kelvin was wrong-The Physics is more interesting
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1946-Bruno Pontecorvo described a novel neutrino detector
• Neutrino + 37Cl 37Ar + e-
• ∟ 37Cl + • The Atomic Energy Commission classified
the paper – This detector could be used to locate Nuclear vessels
• But the AEC was WRONG
• The Physics is more interesting e + 37Cl 37Ar + e-
• Reactors emit e
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1965-Ray Davis began construction of the Cl Detector to look for e from
HHe fusion in the Sun
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1985-The Cl detector observes 2.55 SNU (solar neutrino units)
• The Solar Model (Bahcall) predicts 8 SNU
• signal/prediction = 1/3
• Conclusion: (a) the measurement is wrong, (b) the model is wrong or (c) both are wrong,
• The Conclusion is WRONG –
• The physics is more interesting
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Neutrinos Oscillate - 3 species Pontecorvo(1967) & MSW(1985)
• But, Solar Neutrino exps. are complicated –
• unknown source and unknown physics
• Remedy – Use a known source
• Reactors – KAMLAND - e
• Accelerators – Fermilab(& CERN, KEK)- μ
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Neutrino Oscillation Fundamentals
• 1) Unoscillated interaction rate ~
• (Beam power) x (Detector Mass)/L2
• 2) Detect & Measure:
• a) Energy distribution of after oscillation
• b) Energy distribution of e due to oscillation
• 3) Backgnd – e from decay of K+ e+ + e
• &e from decay of + e+ ++e
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Fermilab Beam Power Options
• 1) Present – 0.7 Megawatts ( of protons)
• 2) SNuMI – 1.2 Megawatts
• 3) Project X – 2.0 Megawatts
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Oscillation LengthsFor E = 1 GeV, L23 = 494 km( disappearance) L13
= 15,420km (e appearance)
Thus, e amplitude grows linearly with distance over any Earth based oscillation path.
Signal/uncertainly is L independent since flux varies as 1/L2 and uncertainly as (flux)½.
Since e from K+ and + decays ~1% of flux, want beam path ~ 1/10 L13 or ~ 1500 km. for signal/bkgnd ~ 10.
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Large Cavern for Long Base Line Experiment Concept(M. Laurenti)
Finished Cavern
HelicalDrift
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Large Cavern for Long Base Line Experiment Concept(M. Laurenti)
Finished Cavern
HelicalDrift
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Large Cavern for Long Base Line Experiment Concept(M. Laurenti)
Finished Cavern
HelicalDrift
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Large Cavern for Long Base Line Experiment ConceptCross Section
HelicalDrift
4850L
5000L
53M I.D.
85M I.D.
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300 kT300 kT Homestake detector and 2 MW and 2 MW generates ~200000 cc evts/yrgenerates ~200000 cc evts/yr
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Spectra with 300 kT detector and 2MW beam
from FNAL
• Background Background issues examined issues examined by FNAL/BNL by FNAL/BNL study.study.
NormalNormal ReversedReversed
sin²2θ₁₃= 0.04, 300kT, 1300 km, ~2MW @ 60 GeV 3yrs sin²2θ₁₃= 0.04, 300kT, 1300 km, ~2MW @ 60 GeV 3yrs neutrinosneutrinos and 3yrs antineutrinosand 3yrs antineutrinos
sig~1214sig~1214
sig~394sig~394
sig~564sig~564
sig~564sig~564
sig~627sig~627
Mark Dierckxsens(UChicago), Mary Mark Dierckxsens(UChicago), Mary Bishai(BNL)Bishai(BNL)
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Ultimate Reach
Mark Dierckxsens(UChicago), Mary Mark Dierckxsens(UChicago), Mary Bishai(BNL)Bishai(BNL)
Mass Mass orderingordering
θ₁₃θ₁₃
CP ViolationCP Violation60 GeV, 2MW, 3+3 yrs, 300kT60 GeV, 2MW, 3+3 yrs, 300kT
stat+ stat+ 5%syst 5%syst 0.0030.003
0.0070.007
0.0070.007
50% coverage at 3 sigma50% coverage at 3 sigma
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Technical issues
•Measure 3-generation parameters without ambiguities. (CP measurement is approximately independent of θ13). Need large detector independent of θ13 value.
•
300 kT water Cherenkov 300 kT water Cherenkov detector @DUSEL detector @DUSEL
Measurement of CP phase and Measurement of CP phase and Sin²2θ Sin²2θ1313 at several points. All at several points. All
ambiguities and mass ambiguities and mass hierarchy are resolved. hierarchy are resolved.
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Developing Collaboration
•Proposal for an Experimental Program in Neutrino Physics and Proton Decay in the Homestake Laboratory
This is the This is the author list of author list of hep-ex/06080hep-ex/06080
23 August 23 August 20062006
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Other Physics with the Megadetector
• 1) Nucleon decay ~ 1035 years• 2) Supernova prompt neutrinos – • ~105 from SN in the Galaxy• ~10 – 20 from Andromeda• 3) Relic SN neutrinos • 4) Solar neutrinos – sure & HOW• 5) Atmospheric neutrinos – • 6) Also, a great bkgnd shield for • sensitive insert experiments
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Nucleon decay•Large body of work
by HyperK, and UNO.
•background levels for the positron+Pion mode
• 3.6/MTon-yr (normal)
• 0.15/MTon-yr (tight)
Expected Sensitivity on K-nu mode is about ~8x10³³ yr Ref: Shiozawa
(NNN05)
300kTX10yrs => 7X10³⁴ yrs
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HOPEFULLY
• THE NEW PHYSICS WILL BE MORE
• INTERESTING