new aia hurricane 2007
TRANSCRIPT
AIA 2007
Hurricane Laminated Glass Protection Beyond the Storm
Objectives
• Hurricane Formation, Classification and History
• The Effect of Hurricanes on Unprotected Structures
• Test Requirements• Building Code Overview• Product Options and
Performance• Design Considerations
About Solutia
World Headquarters World Headquarters located in St. Louis, MOlocated in St. Louis, MO
$3 Billion Chemical $3 Billion Chemical CompanyCompany
Saflex division is the Saflex division is the world’s largest producer world’s largest producer of polyvinyl butyral of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) used in (PVB) used in laminated glasslaminated glass
Solutia Architectural Brands
This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
Thank you!
The Glass Product PipelineFloat Glass Float Glass
(PPG, Visteon, LOF)(PPG, Visteon, LOF)
Float Glass Float Glass
(PPG, Visteon, LOF)(PPG, Visteon, LOF)
Fabricators/LaminatorsFabricators/Laminators
(Oldcastle, Viracon)(Oldcastle, Viracon)
Fabricators/LaminatorsFabricators/Laminators
(Oldcastle, Viracon)(Oldcastle, Viracon)
Glaziers w/ framingGlaziers w/ framing
(Trainor, Harmon, etc)(Trainor, Harmon, etc)
Glaziers w/ framingGlaziers w/ framing
(Trainor, Harmon, etc)(Trainor, Harmon, etc)
General ContractorGeneral ContractorGeneral ContractorGeneral ContractorArchitectArchitectArchitectArchitect
Building OwnerBuilding OwnerBuilding OwnerBuilding Owner
Window Manf. Window Manf.
WeathershieldWeathershield
Window Manf. Window Manf.
WeathershieldWeathershield
Interlayer(Solutia, DuPont, HT, etc)
Framing System Framing System
(YKK, Kawneer)(YKK, Kawneer)
Framing System Framing System
(YKK, Kawneer)(YKK, Kawneer)
Glazing ContractorsGlazing ContractorsGlazing ContractorsGlazing Contractors
U nited S tatesLandfalling H urricanes
1 9 5 0 -2 0 0 5
S afir-S im pson C ategoryof Landfalling Hurricanes
C ategory 1
C ategory 2
C ategory 3
C ategory 4
C ategory 5
Saffir Simpson Scale
Category Winds Storm Surge Damage1 74 - 95 mph 4 - 5 ft Minimal
2 96 - 110 mph 6 - 8 ft Moderate
3 111 - 130 mph 9 - 12 ft Extensive
4 131 - 155 mph 13 - 18 ft Extreme
5 155 mph + 18 ft + Catastrophic
Major Hurricanes
The 10 Most Costly Disasters in US History
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2005 Dollars in Billions
Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Andrew
World TradeCenter/ PentagonNorthridge, CAEarthquakeHurricane Wilma
Hurricane Charley
Hurricane Ivan
Hurricane Hugo
Hurricane Rita
Hurricane FrancesCourtesy ISO, Insurance Information Institute
Post Andrew Investigations
Florida Department of Community AffairsHUDFEMADade County Building Code Task ForceTexas Tech UniversityWind Engineering Research CouncilDade County Grand JurySBCCIUniversity of Florida
Post Andrew Conclusions
The 2nd leading cause of damage during Hurricane Andrew was the loss of windows and doors.The leading cause of loss of windows and doors was impacts from windbourne debris.The loss of windows and doors lead to the loss of contents due to full internal pressurization.
Pressurization of a Dwelling
Post Andrew ConclusionsThe research clearly pointed out that new building codes would be required that mandated the protection of windows and doors from wind borne debris.In 1994 Dade County and Broward County adopted provisions from the The South Florida Building Code that required glazed openings to be either shuttered, or glazed with Impact resistant framing systems.In 2000 Palm Beach County and Martin County followed the lead of Dade County.
Protected Structure
– Wind-borne Debris means openings must be protected (shutters, plywood or lami) or design for partially enclosed.
– Based on highest 3 second wind gust expected in 50 yr period.
– Wind-borne debris regions stretch across the entire Eastern seaboard, however enforcement of impact codes outside of Florida and areas of Texas remains extremely limited
– Growing enforcement in Carolinas, and legislation ongoing in LA and MS following Katrina and Rita.
Wind-borne Debris Region
Windborne debris zone
Florida Wind-borne Debris Region
Partially Enclosed Buildings
As long as building shell is standing, it has performed as designed. Building contents are not protected and are susceptible to hurricane winds and rain as openings are not required to be protected under this standard.
System Testing Protocol
• Impact testing• Cycling• Air, water and structural
• Three identical units must pass Impact & Cycling
• One unit must go through air, water and structural
Building Regions
• Large missile test– 0-30’
• Small missile test– 30’ to 60’ (ASTM)– 30’ to top (HVHZ)
Code Referenced Missile Testing Standards
• IBC/IRC– ASTM E 1886 and 1996
• Florida– Miami-Dade TAS 201, 202, 203– ASTM E 1886 and E 1996– SSTD 12– HVHZ
• Miami-Dade TAS 201, 202, 203
ASTM E 1996
Missile Level
Missile Impact Speedfeet/sec (mph)
Typical Use
A
Small
2 gram steel ball 130 (89) Above 30 ft All wind zones
B 2 lb. Lumber 50 (34) Skylights < 30 ft < 130 mh (Basic)
C
Med
4.5 lb. Lumber 40 (27) Under 30 ft < 130 mph (Basic)
D
Large
9 lb. Lumber 50 (34) Under 30 ftAll wind zones (Basic)
< 130 mph (Enhanced)
E
Large
9 lb. Lumber 80 (55) Under 30 ftAll wind zones (Enhanced)
Large Missile Protocol
• Used for residential and commercial
• Required: Grade level up to 30 feet
• 2 x 4 inch stud used• Simulates heavy flying
objects: roof tile, timbers, etc
• Must survive 2 impacts at 50 feet/per second (34mph)
Large Missile Impact
Small Missile Protocol
• Three shots of ten: 2 gram steel balls
• 130 fps (88 mph)• Simulates roof gravel• 30’-60’ ASTM• 30’ and up Dade
Cycling Requirements
• Simulates prolonged and shifting winds
• 9000 Cycles• 3500 required for
shutters
Determining Design Pressure
• Fenestration design pressures – Wind Speed (110, 120, 130, 140, 150 mph)– Location (corner, etc)– Exposure category (A, B, C, D)– Size
Cyclic Pressure Loading
Inward-acting pressure (positive)
Range Cycles0.2P max – 0.5P max 3,5000.0P max – 0.6P max 3000.5P max – 0.8P max 6000.3P max – 1.0P max 100 Total: 4,500
P max is the design wind pressure from the building code, based on an unbreached building envelope
Cyclic Pressure Loading
Outward acting pressure (negative)
Range Cycles0.3P max – 1.0P max 500.5P max – 0.8P max 1,0500.0P max – 0.6P max 500.2P max -- 0.5P max 3,350
Total: 4,500
P max is the design wind pressure from the building code, based on an unbreached building envelope
Pressure Cycling
System Assessment
System Drivers:- Glass bite- Unit Size- Design Pressure- Shape
Test as a “Total System”
The building codes require that the all of the components that make up a “protective glazing system” be tested together: Framing System Gaskets Structural Silicone Glass Anchors
“Total System” testing ensures that the glazing system will provide the desired level of protection.
Structura lS ilicone
Lam inatedG lass
3/8”
Glass Performance
Penetration Failure
Cohesive Silicone Failure
Edge Release
Pass Fail Criteria
• ASTM 1996 (IBC,FBC)– 5” Tear where a 3”
sphere can’t pass through.
– Penetration of missile allowed.
– Must pass 3 identical samples
• Miami Dade (HVWZ)– 5” Tear, no wider than
1/16” .– No penetration of
missile.– Must pass 3 identical
samples
Product Performance Glass Clad Polycarbonate
Ionoplasts and ,PET Composites High Perf PVB .090
PVB
10” to 20”8” to 14”4” to 8”<5”
<13cm 10 to 20cm 10 to 35cm 25 to 50cm
Why Statewide Building Codes?
• Provides minimum standards for health, safety and public welfare.
• Gives consistent requirements statewide
• Prevents or reduces local modifications
• Easier implementation of updated standards
• Helps to bring about enforcement
Code Referenced Missile Testing Standards
• International Building and Residential Codes (IBC and IRC)– ASTM E 1886 and 1996
• Florida– Miami-Dade TAS 201, 202, 203
• HVHZ mandates this standard
– ASTM E 1886 and E 1996
Hurricane ProvisionsU.S. Activity
Louisiana
• State mandated enforcement of 2003 IRC and IBC effective 3/1/2006 for areas in 120 mph and greater.
• Adopted IRC and IBC statewide on January 1, 2007
Mississippi
• 2003 IBC/IRC signed into law April 2006 for all counties 120 mph or greater except George.
• Working on statewide commercial code for 2009.
Alabama
• Law in 2006 required code study committee recommend legislation.
• Study published recommending statewide adoption but not enforcement except for areas over 120mph.
• Drafting proposed legislation for introduction in 2007.
Code Approved• PVB• High Perf (PET
composite, Ionoplasts)• Glass Clad
Polycarbonates• Laminated poured in
placed resins
Glazing Products
Passive vs. Active Systems
• In place 24/7• No need to install as
storm approaches• No storage requirements• Good option for
part-time residents
• Provides post-storm protection for building owners
LAG Configurations
Single LiteForced EntryBomb BlastHurricaneAcoustical
Safety
Laminated InsulatedSame as Single Plus:Energy ConservationEnhanced Acoustical
- Can be Double Laminated
Multiply LaminatedSame as Single Plus:
Enhanced Forced EntryBullet Resistance
Enhanced Blast Resistance
Laminated Glass can be …
• used with Low E coatings• made with tinted glass• used in Insulated Glass units• made with multiple layers of
glass• cut when made with annealed
glass
Approved Impact Resistant Glazing Products
www.buildingcodeonline.com
Miami Dade Approvals
1. Plastic checklist
2. Approved test lab
3. Engineering witness and review
4. Glass bugging required for testing
5. Submit to Dade County Product Control Division
for NOA
Firefighter Tutorial
• http://www.oca.gsa.gov/firefighter/index.php
Additional Benefits of Laminated GlassSound Cuts perceived noise by 50%
Solar Cuts out most UV rays, Can meet SHGC
Safety Doesn’t break into dangerous shards
Security Passive impact resistance against forced entry
Color and Design
Colored and patterned interlayers offer design flexibility
Aesthetics More attractive than shutter systems
Comfort is Becoming Code
• Energy becoming very well enforced
• NFRC rating• IECC
becoming common
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient
• The fraction of incident solar radiation admitted through a window
• SHGC = 0 to 1
• The lower the SHGC, the less solar heat is transmitted
• Designed to save cooling $$
• Coatings may be used with laminate or with IG
A SHGC of 0.40 or less is recommended in warm A SHGC of 0.40 or less is recommended in warm climates. climates.
U-Factor
• Window assembly rating
• The lower the U, the better it insulates against heat loss
• Designed to save energy $$
• Requires laminated IG
A U-factor of 0.75 or less is recommended in warm climatesA U-factor of 0.75 or less is recommended in warm climates
www.efficientwindows.orgwww.efficientwindows.org
www.bcap-energy.org
www.energycodes.gov
Energy Resources
Thank you
Bob Ford
Solutia Inc.
813-891-6962
More Information
www.saflex.com