New Battery Development

“Where’s the smart Battery tech”

John Fox FRSA

Strategic Development Director

AMTE Power

John.fox@amtepower.com

An introduction

Thurso ScotlandHome of Lithium Ion

Batteries

Who are we

• AGM Batteries Scotland

• previous owned by :

• AEA Technology, GS Yuasa and Mitsubishi Materials)

• Patent granted 1979 for AEA “Lithium Ion batteries”

Licencing Lithium Battery IP

• Following Patent granted 1979

• 1994 AEA Licensed Far East based Manufacturing Licences

“The progress or the advancement of batteries is much slower than in other fields, this is an

intrinsic limitation of batteries,”

Stefano Passerini, editor-in-chief of the Journal of Power Sources© SMITHSONIAN.COM MARCH 7, 2017

BOTTLENECKS IN BATTERIES│ Energy Densities

│ Currently Li ion 200-250 Wh/kg (pack)

│ Metal-Air batteries estimating >500Wh/kg?

│ BMS Limitations│ Ability to monitor cells vs weight & cost penalty

│ Storage of data

│ Thermal Management│ Current chemistries best between ~15°C to 45°C

│ Able to function between ~0°C to 55°C

│ Applications require use in -40°C to +50°C

│ Cost │ 50km EV range @ $100 per kW.h, means +$1000

│ For 450km EV range = $9000 & 630kg

Enabling the Electrification of Things “EoT”October 2018

Global Market Trends; Li-ion expected to dominate but new tech is emerging

• IHS Markit expect Li-ion batteries to continue to dominate

energy storage technology, accounting for 80% of the

global energy storage installations by 2025

• Despite Li-ion being the fastest growing and most

promising battery chemistry it has several drawbacks

including but not limited to;

• fragile nature

• need for a protection circuit to limit fluctuations in voltage

• potential to become unstable at high temperatures

• experiences capacity deterioration with age

• Demand for new technologies to improve battery

performance across many variables is driving innovation

• Greater energy density

• Reduced cost of manufacture

• Greater charge rates and discharge performance

• New technologies are being examined for use in this

growth market, with Na-ion being specifically referenced

as a potential alternative

Potential “game-changing” technologies

Metal-AirMetal-Air batteries offer a very high potential energy density, cheap and abundant raw materials, and technical improvements of 3X over Li-ion

Fluoride-ion and Chloride-ion BatteriesFluoride and chloride-ion batteries allow the transfer of several electrons per atom, which enables energy densities ten times greater than Li-ion and better power performance

Mg-Based BatteriesMagnesium-based batteries could roughly double the energy density of their lithium counterparts due to magnesium’s atomic structure. However, the components comprising Mg-based batteries currently require expensive materials to produce

Liquid BatteriesLiquid batteries are composed of active materials in liquid form. These inexpensive liquids enable the batteries to operate at temperatures roughly ten times greater than other batteries, thus extending the potential lifetime while reducing costs by a third

Sodium-ion batteries Sodium-ion batteries offer cost advantages because sodium is an abundant element. However, sodium-ion batteries are less dense than their counterparts, which may prohibit mobile applications

Closer to commercialisation

KeyGreens – Developing commercial and lab prototypesBlues – performing basic and applied scienceSource: Deloitte Report 2015

Further from commercialisation

Enabling the Electrification of Things “EoT”October 2018

Global Market Trends; demand is outstripping supply

• The market for new batteries, as defined by Li-ion chemistry, is already sizeable, with significant growth experienced and forecast

• Li-ion cells market in 2017 was ca. $19Bn with CAGR of 37% for grid storage alone.

• Reports forecast that despite this, increase in demand is outstripping increase in supply, and by 2020 the market will be demand led

• Supply is rising with investment in larger production plants, such as Tesla in US and multiple units in China coinciding with

significant orders being placed by large OEMs to ensure security of supply, such as Volkswagen’s US$48Bn order

• Other industries, and niche vehicle manufacturers are already concerned about the security of supply and are seeking alternatives

• For example, niche players seeking performance battery products cannot get a look in: a sports car division of a German mass market OEM

cannot secure battery supply due to the relatively low volumes (10,000s)

Source: Visual Capitalist

Note: Additional factories announced include Panasonic in Japan (3.5GW), Terra E in Germany (34GW),

Reliance in India (25 GW), Northvolt in Sweden (32GW) , SK Innovation in Hungary (7.5GW), 3 factories by

Imperium (48GW) Chart: Deloitte 2016

Enabling the Electrification of Things “EoT”October 2018

Global Market Trends; electric vehicle (“EV”) adoption

• According to the IEA, the global electric car stock

currently makes up just 0.2% of the total number of

passenger light-duty vehicles (“PLDV’s”).

• This EV penetration rate needs to grow significantly in

order to meet the emissions targets set by

governments across the globe.• Sep 2017: Chinese Government issued a new energy vehicle

mandate that sets the minimum requirement of production of “new

energy” vehicles

• 2017 – Indian Government’s aim to ensure all government vehicles

were electric by 2030

• Nov 2017: European Commission revised the proposed target for

reduction in CO2 emissions per/km to 15% for new vehicles in 2025

and a 30% reduction in 2030

• “Assessments of country targets, original equipment

manufacturers (OEM) announcements and scenarios

on electric car deployment seem to confirm these

positive signals, indicating a good chance that the

electric car stock will range between 9-20m by 2020

and between 40-70m by 2025” - IEA

• With a current car stock of 2m (2016) this implies a

39.4% CAGR out to 2025’s mid-point.

----IEA RTS; scenario that incorporates technology improvements in energy efficiency that support the achievement of policies that have been announced

----IEA Paris; scenario that is consistent with the Paris Agreement

----IEA 2DS; scenario that’s consistent with a 50% probability of limiting the expected global average temperature increase to 2OC

----IEA B2DS; scenario that falls within the Paris Agreement range of ambition, corresponding to an average increase in the global temperature by 1.75OC

Cumulative OEMs (car manufacturers)announcements (estimates)

CumulativeCountry targets

Deployment scenarios for the stock of electric cars to 2030

Source: International Energy Agency

Enabling the Electrification of Things “EoT”October 2018

Accessible Market; specialist niche markets seeking supply lines

• Demand for improved technologies, coupled with concerns over security of supply, provide an opportunity for new technologies

and new manufacturing plants to take a share in the market

• A range of accessible markets are available:

Addressable Market New Technology Demand Security of Supply Concerns

Niche vehicle manufacturers YES; require improved performance to

differentiate with mass vehicle

producers

YES; cannot place sufficient order size

and crowded out by larger

manufacturers

Energy storage

(residential, solar and wind, grid storage)

YES; concerns over use of Li-ion in

segments such as residential

YES; although mass adoption gives

scale, not focussed buying approach to

date

Oil and Gas

(from drilling platforms through to gas station forecourts)

YES; safety concerns of Li-ion YES; small user compared to

automotive

Medical YES; safety concerns over use of Li-

ion in certain segments

NO

Aerospace YES; safety concerns and performance

improvements required

YES; small user compared to

automotive

Defence

(DoD, MoD, Tier 1 suppliers)

YES; continuous demand for improved

performance products

YES; but typically serviced by SMEs as

part of established niche market

12

• Capability to produce several cell formats

• Bridge the development gap by transferring research to manufacturing.

• Developing Smart cells with Embedded ASIC and wireless’ communication.

• Existing and emerging electro-chemistries

History in manufacturing

SMART CELL ETHOS

More accurate SOC estimation and efficient use of battery capacity

Batteries today operates with high safety margins due to lack of valid input data to the BMS. Electric (voltammetry, electron counting etc. ) is insufficient.

A sensor inside the battery chemistry can provide more relevant input data to the BMS allowing a more efficient use of the battery.

Slide 13

AGM BATTERIES SMART CELL

│ BMS chip integrated within cell:

│ SoC

│ Temperature(s)

│ SoH

│ History

│ Better monitoring = Less overcapacity requirement (ageing & variability)

│ Wireless communications

│ Known provenance for each cell

│ Greater residual value & better opportunities for second life

Slide 14

MONITORING - COMMUNICATIONS

│ Complete embedded module and cell software solution

│ Only needs application specific software

│ Uses a sub 1GHz SRD/ISM band radio transceiver

│ 250kbps or 500kbps

│ Communicates processed results, not raw measurements.

│ Cell radio couples to bus antenna in Near Field – isolation: 2mm - 10mm

│ No connectors. No HV wiring.

│ Cell can be completely sealed environmentally and electrically (other than bus bar terminals)

│ Isolation >10kV easily achievable

HIGH VOLTAGE SMART BATTERY PACK

At cell level:o Chemistryo Electrode design

At module level:o Packagingo Connectors

At Pack level:o Cablingo BMS hardwareo Thermal managemento Pack casingo Impact protection

Advanced Pouch-cell design

Smart Cell technology

Advanced heating / cooling & Structural integrity

Slide 16

LIFETIME BENEFITS

Cell Manufacturer Pack Assembler OEM …& beyond

Improved warranty data

Reduced formation cycle

times

Improved performance

Faster, cheaper to design

Grading of cells

Greater spatial freedom

Lower assembly cost

Lower warranty cost

Reduced pack volume

Longer pack life

Reduced pack over spec

Reduced failure risk

Improved energy management

Known cell provenance

Health & efficiency record

Improved residual value

Cell ID & recycling data

Slide 17

Thank You