new cover layout 1/05 · pdf fileyou can study that manual as well as this one, even if you...
TRANSCRIPT
Mot
orcy
cle
Man
ual
NEW
YOR
K ST
ATE
DEPA
RTM
ENT
OF M
OTOR
VEH
ICLE
S
MV-21 MC (7/15)
A Message from the Governor
Motorcycling is a popular choice for economical and
convenient travel. More than 241,000 New Yorkers use
motorcycles for commuting, touring and recreational
activities.
The New York State Motorcycle Safety Program is
dedicated to improving motorcycle safety. We recognize
the need to promote rider education and motorcycle
awareness for all motorists
. Through education and
greater public awareness, motorcycling can be a safe
and enjoyable activity. This manual will help to make
your motorcycle traveling safer. I urge you to read it
carefully and to follow its good advice: keep your motor-
cycle in good condition, wear a helmet and protective
clothing, drive defensively, always obey the rules of the
road and never drink and drive.
Andrew M. Cuomo
Governor
NYS Department of Motor VehiclesMotorcycle Safety Program6 Empire State Plaza, Room 335Albany, New York 12228
Visit our Internet Office at:www.dmv.ny.gov
MOTORCYCLE LICENSES, OWNERSHIP, SPECIAL RULES
Licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Registration, Inspection, Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Special Rules and Required Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Children As Passengers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
HOW TO PREPARE TO RIDE
Wear the Right Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Helmet Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Helmet Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Eye and Face Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Know Your Motorcycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6The Right Motorcycle For You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Receive and Lend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Know Your Motorcycle Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Check Your Motorcycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Know Your Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES
Vehicle Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Body Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Gear Shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Brakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Turns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Keep Your Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Lane Positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14When You Follow Another Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15When You Are Followed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Pass and Being Passed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Lane Share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Merging Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Cars Next to You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18SEE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Blind Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19When You Pass Parked Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20When You Park at the Roadside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Be Seen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Clothes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Headlight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Brake Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Mirror Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Head Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Table Of Contents
Horn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23When You Ride at Night . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Crash Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Quick Stops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Swerves or Quick Turns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25When You Ride a Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27How to Handle Dangerous Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Difficult Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Wet Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Railroad Tracks, Grooves and Gratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Mechanical Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Tire Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Stuck Throttle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Wobble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Chain Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Engine Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Flying Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32How to Get Off The Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32How to Carry Passengers and Cargo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Passenger Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33How to Ride with Passengers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33How to Carry Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Group Rides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Keep the Group Small . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Keep the Group Together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Keep Your Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
PHYSICAL SHAPE TO RIDE
Why this Information is Important . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Alcohol and Other Drugs in Motorcycle Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Alcohol in the Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Blood Alcohol Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Alcohol and the Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Results of Conviction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Decrease the Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Do Not Drink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Do Not Ride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Get Involved to Protect Friends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
HOW TO EARN YOUR MOTORCYCLE LICENSE
Knowledge and Skill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Knowledge Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42On-Cycle Skill Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
MOTORCYCLE SAFETY PROGRAM
Rider Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Motorcycle Licenses, Ownership, Special Rules
1
LICENSES
To operate a motorcycle in New YorkState, you must have a motorcycle oper-ator’s license (Class M) or a motorcyclejunior operator’s license (Class MJ). Youcan drive a motorcycle in New York ifyou are a resident of another state orcountry and have a valid motorcyclelicense from there. If you are less than18, you must obey the restrictions forboth the out-of-state jurisdiction andNew York State. The instructions to applyfor a driver license, which includes amotorcycle license, are in Chapter One ofthe NYS Driver’s Manual. You can studythat manual as well as this one, even ifyou already have a license. Your motor-cycle license written test will be basedon information from both manuals. TheDriver’s Manual also contains the junioroperator and learner permit restrictions,information on license suspension andrevocation and vehicle registration, titleand insurance. The Driver’s Manualdescribes the junior operator and learnerpermit restrictions, information aboutlicense suspension and revocation, andvehicle registration, title and insurance.Junior motorcycle operators are alsosubject to the New York State graduatedlicense requirements that apply to otherdrivers. In addition to the information inthe Driver’s Manual, motorcycle opera-tors must know that:
� When a motorcycle learner prac-tices the supervising driver musthold a valid motorcycle license, beat least 21 and remain within 1/4mile of the learner at all times.Additional restrictions apply to juniorlearners. The supervising driverneed not ride on the motorcycle ofthe learner, but only the supervising
driver can be a passenger. Thelearner and supervising drivershould remain within sight of oneanother at all times and discuss thelearner’s performance after prac-tice. We recommend at least 30hours of practice, with at least 10 inmoderate to heavy traffic.
� Your road test will include left andright circles and figure-eights onpublic streets. In addition to normaldriving maneuvers, you must beable to accomplish these whilebeing alert for other traffic. If youtake the test on a three-wheeler,your motorcycle license will berestricted to driving three-wheelers.
� You must provide road test trans-portation for the license examinerin a properly registered andinspected car or truck, and a driverat least 21 years old who islicensed to drive both this vehicleand the motorcycle you will driveduring the test.
� If you have a driver license, yourcurrent class and motorcycle classwill both be listed on one licensedocument (for example, Class DM).
� If you already have another class ofdriver license and a motorcycleoperator’s learner permit, the DMVwill waive your motorcycle roadtest if you complete the MotorcycleSafety Foundation’s (MSF)Motorcycle Basic RiderCourse®
� To qualify for the waiver, the coursemust be given by an approvedtraining provider in New York State.
2
For information about the nearest MSFcourse, call 1-800- 446-9227.
REGISTRATION, INSPECTION, INSURANCE
Unlike most other motor vehicles,motorcycles are registered for one yearrather than two, and all motorcycle registrations expire on April 30.
Motorcycles must be inspected atleast once every 12 months at a stationlicensed by the DMV to perform motor-cycle safety inspections. The station willdisplay a yellow and black sign reading"Official NYS Motorcycle InspectionStation." Dealerships must inspectmotorcycles prior to delivery. If purchased in a private sale, you will begiven 10 days from the date of registra-tion to have the motorcycle inspected.
Motorcycles are not included in the"no fault" insurance provisions that coverother motor vehicles in New York State.Motorcyclists owners and operatorsshould know and understand the extentand limitations of their insurance cover-age for themselves and their passengers.
Unlike other motor vehicles, liabilityinsurance may be terminated on amotorcycle without a turn-in of thelicense plate at a DMV office. Thismakes it easier to put the motorcycleback on the road after winter storage.Under no circumstances may a motorcy-cle be operated on public highwayswithout liability coverage. This alsoapplies to motorcycles registered out-of-state.
SPECIAL RULES AND REQUIRED EQUIPMENT
All motorcycle operators and passen-gers must wear approved motorcyclehelmets as defined by USDOT federalmotor vehicle safety standards (FMVSS218). To improve the visibility of themotorcyclist, we recommend that hel-mets have at least four square inches ofreflective material on both sides.
All motorcycle operators must wearapproved eye protection even if themotorcycle has a windshield. Any wind-shield must also be of an approved type.Prescription or made-to order safetyglasses may be used if the user can pre-sent written certification that they meetDMV standards. The eye protection mustbe made in a way that conforms with theregulations established by the AmericanNational Standard Institute (ANSI -Z87.1). However, the DMV recommendsapproved goggles or a face shield for fullprotection.
The headlight and rear light of themotorcycle must be on at all times whenyou operate on the road.
Motorcyclists can use a full lane andcan ride two abreast in a single lane. Youcan not ride abreast of another vehicle inthe same lane, between lanes orbetween traffic and parked cars.Motorcyclists are subject to all rules ofthe road. This includes signals for allturns and lane changes and pass onlywhere it is allowed for other vehicles.
3
CHILDREN AS PASSENGERS
A child of any age can be a motorcyclepassenger in New York State. Every pas-senger must wear a DOT-approvedmotorcycle helmet, and ride upon a per-manent, seat on a motorcycle that cancarry more than one person. The passen-ger must sit with his face forward, oneleg on each side of the motorcycle, witheach foot on a foot peg, unless he or sheis seated in a properly attached sidecar.It is illegal for an operator to carry a pas-senger, or for the passenger to ride, in aposition that will interfere with the opera-tion or control of the motorcycle or thevision of the operator.
A MOTORCYCLE MUST HAVE ALL OF THEFOLLOWING EQUIPMENT IN GOODWORKING ORDER:
� Approved lights, that include head-light, rear light, stop lamp andlicense plate lamp, at least one redreflector on the rear and directionalsignals if the motorcycle was origi-nally equipped with turn signals or isa 1985 or newer model.
� Brakes, on 1971 and newer motorcy-cles brakes are required on bothwheels
� A horn or other warning device
� At least one mirror mounted on ahandle bar, although mirrors on bothhandlebars are recommended
� A suitable muffler. "Cutouts" or muf-flers with removable baffles are pro-hibited
� Handlebars no higher than the shoul-der height of the operator
� A seat for the operator and a passengerseat in the rear if a passenger is carried (no more than one passenger is permitted)
For more information, please see"Equipment Required for Motorcycles(Including Limited Use Motorcycles)," formMV-529-B, available from the DMV Web sitewww.dmv.ny.gov, by request from a DMVCall Center, and at any motor vehicle office.
Preparing To Ride
4
What you do before you start a tripDetermines if you will get where youwant to go safely. Before any trip, a saferider makes a point to:
1. Wear the right gear. 2. Become familiar with the motorcycle.3. Check the motorcycle equipment.4. Be a responsible rider.
WEAR THE RIGHT GEAR
When you ride, your gear is “right” if itprotects you. In any crash, you have abetter chance to avoid serious injury ifyou wear:
� An approved helmet.
� Face or eye protection.
� Protective clothes.
HELMET USE
Crashes are not rare events —particularly among beginning riders.And one out of every five motorcyclecrashes results in head or neck injuries.Head injuries are just as severe as neckinjuries — and far more common. Crashanalysis shows that head and neckinjuries account for a majority of seriousand fatal injuries to motorcyclists.Research also shows that, with few exceptions, head and neck injuries arereduced by the proper wearing of anapproved helmet.
Some riders do not wear helmetsbecause they think helmets will limit their view to the sides. Others wear helmets only on long trips or when riding at high speeds. Here are some facts to consider:
� An approved helmet lets you see as
far to the sides as necessary. A study of more than 900 motorcycle crashes, where 40% ofthe riders wore helmets, did not findeven one case in which a helmetkept a rider from spotting danger.
� Most crashes happen on short trips (less than five miles long), just a few minutes after starting out.
� Most riders are riding slower than 30mph when a crash occurs. At thesespeeds, helmets can cut both thenumber and the severity of headinjuries by half.
No matter what the speed, helmeted riders are three times more likely to survive head injuries than those not wearing helmets at the time of the crash.
HELMET SELECTION
There are two primary types of helmetsthat provide two different levels of cover-age: three-quarter and full face.Whichever style you choose, you can getthe most protection by making sure thatthe helmet:
� Meets U.S. Department ofTransportation (DOT) and state stan-dards. (Helmets with a label from theSnell Memorial Foundation gives youan added assurance of quality.)
� Fits snugly, all the way around.
� Has no obvious defects such ascracks, loose pads or frayed straps.Whatever helmet you decide on,keep it securely fastened on yourhead when you ride. Otherwise, ifyou are involved in a crash, it is likelyto fly off your head before it gets achance to protect you.
5
EYE AND FACE PROTECTION
A plastic shatter-resistant face shieldcan help protect your whole face in acrash. It also protects you from wind,dust, dirt, rain, insects and pebblesthrown from cars ahead. These prob-lems can distract you and can bepainful. If you have to deal with them,you cannot devote your full attention tothe road. Goggles protect your eyes,though they will not protect the rest ofyour face like a face shield does. Awindshield is not a substitute for a faceshield or goggles. Most windshields willnot protect your eyes from the wind.Neither will glasses or sunglasses.Glasses will not keep your eyes fromwatering, and they might blow off whenyou turn your head. To be effective, eyeor face shield protection must:
� Be free of scratches.
� Be resistant to penetration.
� Give a clear view to either side.
� Fasten securely, so it does not blow off.
� Permit air to pass through to reduce fog.
� Permit enough room for glasses orsunglasses, if needed. Tinted eyeprotection should not be worn atnight or any other time when littlelight is available.
HELM
ETS
6
CLOTHING
The right clothing protects you in a col-lision. It also provides comfort, as well asprotection from heat, cold, debris and hotparts of the motorcycle.
� Jacket and pants should cover armsand legs completely. They should fitsnugly enough to keep from flappingin the wind, yet loosely enough tomove freely. Leather offers the mostprotection. Sturdy synthetic materialprovides a lot of protection as well.Wear a jacket even in warm weatherto prevent dehydration. Many jacketsare designed to protect without get-ting you overheated, even on sum-mer days.
� Boots or shoes should be high andsturdy enough to cover your anklesand give them support. Soles shouldbe made of hard, durable slip- resis-tant material. Keep heels short sothey do not catch on rough surfaces.Tuck laces in so they will not catchon your motorcycle.
� Gloves allow a better grip and helpprotect your hands in a crash. Yourgloves should be made of leather orsimilar durable material. In cold orwet weather, your clothes shouldkeep you warm and dry, as well asprotect you from injury. You cannotcontrol a motorcycle well if you arenumb. Riding for long periods in coldweather can cause severe chill andfatigue. A winter jacket should resistwind and fit snugly at the neck,wrists, and waist. Quality rain suitsdesigned for motorcycle use resisttearing or ballooning at high speeds.
KNOW YOUR MOTORCYCLE
There are plenty of things on the high-way that can cause you trouble. Yourmotorcycle should not be one of them. To make sure that your motorcycle willnot let you down:
� Read the owner manual first.
� Start with the right motorcycle for you.
� Be familiar with the motorcycle controls.
� Check the motorcycle before every ride.
� Keep it in safe condition betweenrides.
� Avoid modifications that make yourmotorcycle more difficult to handle.
THE RIGHT MOTORCYCLE FOR YOU
First, make sure your motorcycle is rightfor you. It should “fit” you. Your feetshould reach the ground while you areseated on the motorcycle. At minimum,your street-legal motorcycle should have:
A plastic shatter-resistant face shield:
A. Is not necessary if you have a wind shield.B. Only protects your eyes.C. Helps protect your whole face.D. Does not protect your face as well as
goggles.Answer - page 42
1 Test Yourself
7
� Headlight, taillight and brake light.
� Front and rear brakes.
� Turn signals.
� Horn.
� State law requires only one mirror, though two mirrors are recommended.
UNFAMILIAR VEHICLE
Those who borrow and lend motorcy-cles, beware. Crashes are fairly commonamong novice riders—especially in thefirst months. When you ride an unfamiliarmotorcycle it adds to the problem. If youborrow a motorcycle, make sure youhave its insurance identification card orthat it is properly insured. No matter howexperienced you may be, ride extra care-fully on any motorcycle that is new orunfamiliar to you. More than half of allcrashes occur on motorcycles ridden bythe operator for less than six months.
KNOW YOURMOTORCYCLE CONTROLS
Make sure you are completely familiar with the motorcycle beforeyou take it out on the street. Be sure to review the owner’s manual. Thisis particularly important if you are riding a borrowed motorcycle.
If you are going to use an unfamiliarmotorcycle:
� Make all the checks you would onyour own motorcycle.
� Find out where everything is, particularly the turn signals, horn,headlight switch, fuel-control valve
and engine cut-off switch. Find andoperate these items without havingto look for them.
� Know the gear pattern. Work thethrottle, clutch, and brakes a fewtimes before you start riding. All controls react a little differently.
� Ride very cautiously and be aware of surroundings. Accelerate gently,take turns more slowly and leaveextra room for stopping.
CHECK YOUR MOTORCYCLE
A motorcycle needs more frequentattention than a car.
A minor technical failure in a car seldom leads to anything more than an inconvenience for the driver.
If something is wrong with the motor-cycle, you’ll want to find out about itbefore you get in traffic. Make a complete check of your motorcyclebefore every ride.
Before mounting the motorcycle makethese checks:
� Tires—Check the air pressure,general wear and tread.
� Fluids—Oil and fluid levels. At aminimum, check hydraulic fluids and coolants weekly. Look under the motorcycle for signs of an oil orgas leak.
� Headlights and Taillight—Checkthem both. Test your switch to makesure both high and low beams work.
� Turn Signals—Turn on both right andleft turn signals. Make sure all lightswork properly.
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� Brake Light—Try both brake con-trols, and make sure each one turnson the brake light. Once you havemounted the motorcycle, completethese checks before you begin to ride:
� Clutch and Throttle—Make sure theywork smoothly. The throttle shouldsnap back when you let go. Theclutch should feel tight and smooth.
� Mirrors—Clean and adjust both mir-rors before you start. It is difficult toride with one hand while you try toadjust a mirror. Adjust each mirror so you can see the lane behind and as much as possible of the lane next to you. When properly adjusted, amirror may show the edge of yourarm or shoulder—but it is the road behind and to the side that is most important.
� Brakes—Try the front and rear brakelevers one at a time. Make sure each
one feels firm and holds the motor-cycle when the brake is fully applied.
� Horn—Try the horn. Make sure itworks. In addition to the checks youshould make before every trip, checkthese items at least once a week:Wheels, cables, fasteners and fluids.Follow your owner manual to getrecommendations.
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More than half of all crashes:
A. Occur at speeds greater than 35 mph.B. Happen at night.C. Are caused by worn tires.D. Involve riders who have ridden their
motorcycles less than six months.Answer - page 42
2 Test Yourself
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KNOW YOUR RESPONSIBILITIES
“Accident” implies an unforeseenevent that occurs without fault or negli-gence. Most often in traffic, that is notthe case. In fact, most drivers involved ina crash can usually claim some respon-sibility for what takes place. Consider asituation where someone decides to tryto squeeze through an intersection on ayellow light about to turn red. Your lightturns green. You pull into the intersectionwithout checking for vehicles that maycome late into the intersection. That is allit takes for the two of you to tangle. Itwas the driver of the vehicle who isresponsible to stop. And it was yourresponsibility to look before you pulledout. Neither of you held up your end ofthe deal. Just because someone else isthe first to start the chain of events thatlead to a crash, you are not free ofresponsibility. As a rider you cannot besure that other operators will see you oryield the right of way. To lessen yourchances of a crash:
� Be visible—wear proper clothes, useyour headlight, ride in the best laneposition to see and be seen.
� Communicate your intentions—usethe proper signals, brake light andlane position.
� Maintain an adequate space cush-ion—when you follow, when you arefollowed, when you share a lane,when you pass and are passed.
� Scan your path of travel 12 seconds ahead.
� Identify and separate multiple hazards.
� Be prepared to act—remain alertand know how to carry out propercrash-avoidance skills.
Blame does not matter when someoneis injured in a crash. There is rarely a sin-gle cause of any crash. The ability to rideaware, make critical decisions, and carrythem out separates responsible ridersfrom all the rest. Remember, it is up toyou not to be the cause of or an unpre-pared participant in, any crash.
Ride Within Your Abilities
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BASIC VEHICLE CONTROL
This manual cannot teach you how tocontrol direction, speed or balance. Thatis something you can learn only throughpractice. But control begins with knowl-edge of your abilities and to ride withinthem, along with knowledge of the rulesof the road.
BODY POSITION
To control a motorcycle well:
� Posture—Sit so you can use yourarms to steer the motorcycle ratherthan to hold yourself up.
� Seat—Sit far enough forward so thatarms are slightly bent when you holdthe handle grips. When you bendyour arms it permits you to press on the handlebars without having to stretch.
� Hands—Hold the handle grips firmlyto keep your grip over rough sur-faces. Start with your right wrist flat.This will help you keep from acci-dentally using too much throttle.Also, adjust the handlebars so yourhands are even with or below yourelbows. This permits you to use the
proper muscles to steer with precision.
� Knees—Keep your knees against thegas tank to help you keep your bal-ance as the motorcycle turns.
� Feet—Keep your feet firmly on theFoot pegs to maintain balance. Donot drag your feet. If your foot catch-es on something, you can be injuredand it could affect your control of themotorcycle. Keep your feet near thecontrols so you can get to them fast .Also, do not let your toes pointdownward—they may get caughtbetween the road and the foot pegs.
GEAR SHIFTS
There is more when you change gearsthan a simple smooth pickup of speed.
The ability to use the gears when youdownshift, turn or start on hills is impor-tant for safe motorcycle operation.
Shift down through the gears with theclutch as you slow or stop. Remain infirst gear while you are stopped so thatyou can move out quickly if you need to.
Make certain you are riding slowlyenough when you shift into a lower gear.If not, the motorcycle will lurch, and therear wheel may skid. When you ridedownhill or shift into first gear you mayneed to use the brakes to slow enoughbefore you downshift safely. Worktoward a smooth, even clutch release,especially when you downshift.
It is best to change gears before youenter a turn. However, sometimes a shiftwhile in the turn is necessary. If so,remember to do so smoothly.
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A sudden change in power to the rearwheel can cause a skid.
BRAKES
Your motorcycle has two brakes: oneeach for the front and rear wheel. Useboth of them at the same time. The frontbrake is more powerful and can provideat least three-quarters of your totalpower to stop. The front brake is safe touse if you use it properly. Remember:
� Use both brakes every time you slowor stop. When you use both brakesfor even “normal” stops it will permityou to develop the habit or skill ofusing both brakes properly in anemergency. Squeeze the front brakeand press down on the rear. If yougrab at the front brake or jam downon the rear, you can cause thebrakes to lock. This results in control problems.
� If you know the technique, you canuse both brakes in a turn, although itshould be done very carefully. Whenyou lean on the motorcycle some ofthe traction is used for when youcorner. Less traction is available forstopping. A skid can occur if youapply too much brake. Also, if youuse the front brake incorrectly on aslippery surface, it can be haz-ardous. Use caution and squeeze the brake lever, never grab.
� Some motorcycles have integratedbrake systems that link the front andrear brakes together when you applythe rear brake pedal. (Consult theowner manual for a detailed expla-nation on the operation and use of these systems.)
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TURNS
Riders often try to take curves or turnstoo fast. When they cannot hold the turn,they end up in another lane of traffic oroff the road. Or, they overreact and braketoo hard, which causes a skid and loss of control. Approach turns and curveswith caution.
Use four steps for better control:
� SLOW
� LOOK
� LEAN
� ROLL
SLOW — Reduce speed before theturn. Close the throttle and, if neces-sary, apply both brakes.
LOOK — Look through the turn towhere you want to go. Turn just yourhead, not your shoulders, and keepyour eyes level with the horizon.
LEAN — To turn, the motorcycle mustlean. To lean the motorcycle, press onthe handgrip in the direction of the turn.Press left—lean left—go left. Pressright—lean right—go right. Higherspeeds and/or tighter turns require themotorcycle to lean more.
When you ride, you should:
A. Turn your head and shoulders to lookthrough turns.
B. Keep your arms straight.C. Keep your knees away from the gas tank.D. Turn just your head and eyes to look
where you are going.Answer - page 42
3 Test Yourself
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ROLL — Roll on the throttle through theturn to stabilize suspension. Maintainsteady speed or accelerate graduallythrough the turn. This will help keep themotorcycle stable. In normal turns, therider and the motorcycle should leantogether at the same angle.
In slow tight turns, lean the motorcycleonly and keep your body straight. Inslow tight turns, counterbalance by lean-ing the motorcycle only and keeping yourbody straight.
KEEP YOUR DISTANCE
The best protection you can have isdistance—a “cushion of space”—allaround your motorcycle. If someone elsemakes a mistake, distance permits you:
� Time to react.
� Space to maneuver.
LANE POSITIONS
In some ways the size of the motorcy-cle can work to your advantage. Eachtraffic lane gives a motorcycle threepaths of travel, as indicated in the illus-tration.
Your lane position should:
� Increase your ability to see and be seen.
� Avoid others’ blind spots.
� Avoid surface hazards.
� Protect your lane from other drivers.
� Communicate your intentions.
� Avoid wind blast from other vehicles.
� Provide an escape route.
Select the appropriate path to maxi-mize your space cushion and make your-self more easily seen by others on theroad.
In general, there is no single best position for riders to be seen and tomaintain a space cushion around themotorcycle. No portion of the lane needbe avoided — including the center.
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Position yourself in the portion of thelane where you are most likely to beseen and you can maintain a spacecushion around you. Change position astraffic situations change. Ride in path 2or 3 if vehicles and other potential prob-lems are on your left only. Remain in path1 or 2 if hazards are on your right only. Ifvehicles are being operated on bothsides of you, the center of the lane, path2, is usually your best option.
The oily strip in the center portion thatcollects drippings from cars is usually nomore than two feet wide. Unless the roadis wet, the average center strip permitsadequate traction to ride on safely. Youcan operate to the left or right of thegrease strip and still be within the centerportion of the traffic lane. Avoid riding onbig buildups of oil and grease usuallyfound at busy intersections or toll booths.
WHEN YOU FOLLOWANOTHER VEHICLE
“Following too closely” is a major fac-tor in crashes that involve motorcyclists.In traffic, motorcycles need as much dis-tance to stop as cars. Normally, a mini-mum of two seconds distance should bemaintained behind the vehicle ahead.
To gauge your following distance:
� Pick out a marker, such as a pave-ment marking or lamppost, on ornear the road ahead.
� When the rear bumper of the vehicleahead passes the marker, count offthe seconds: “one-thousand-one,one-thousand-two.”
� If you reach the marker before youreach “two,” you are too close. Atwo-second following distanceleaves a minimum amount of spaceto stop or swerve if the driver aheadsuddenly stops. It also permits a bet-ter view of potholes and other haz-
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ards in the road. A larger cushion ofspace is needed if your motorcyclewill take longer than normal to stop.If the pavement is slippery, if youcannot see through the vehicleahead or if traffic is heavy and some-one may squeeze in front of you,open up a three-second or more dis-tance. Keep well behind the vehicleahead even when you are stopped.This will make it easier to get out ofthe way if someone bears down onyou from behind. It will also give youa cushion of space if the vehicleahead starts to back up for somereason. When behind a car, ridewhere the driver can see you in therearview mirror. Riding in the centerportion of the lane should put yourimage in the middle of the rearviewmirror—where a driver is most likelyto see you.
Riding at the far side of a lane may per-mit a driver to see you in a side view mir-ror. But remember that most drivers donot look at their side view mirrors nearlyas often as they check the rearview mir-
ror. If the traffic situation allows, the cen-ter portion of the lane is usually the bestplace for you to be seen by the driversahead and to prevent lane sharing by others.
WHEN YOU ARE BEING FOLLOWED
Speeding up to lose someone who follows too closely only ends up withsomeone trying to tailgate you at a high-er speed. A better way to handle tail-gaters is to get them in front of you.When someone follows too closely,change lanes and let them pass. If youcannot do this, slow down and open upextra space ahead of you to allow roomfor both you and the tailgater to stop.This will also encourage them to pass.If they do not pass, you will have givenyourself and the tailgater more time and space to react in case an emergency does develop ahead.
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THE ART OF PASSING,BEING PASSED
When you pass or are passed byanother Vehicle, it is not much differentthan with a car. However, visibility ismore critical. Be sure other drivers seeyou, and that you see potential hazards.
PASSING
1. Ride in the left portion of the lane ata safe distance to increase your lineof sight and make you more visible.Signal and check for oncoming traf-fic. Use your mirrors and turn yourhead to look for traffic behind.
2. When safe, move into the left laneand accelerate. Select a lane posi-tion that does not crowd the car asyou pass and provides space toavoid hazards in your lane.
3. Ride through the blind spot as quickly as possible.
4. Signal again, and complete mirrorand head checks before you returnto your original lane and then cancel signal.
Remember, passes must be completedwithin posted speed limits, and onlywhere permitted. Know your signs androad markings!
BEING PASSED
When you are being passed frombehind or by a vehicle from the oppositedirection, stay in the center portion ofyour lane. Riding any closer to themcould put you in a hazardous situation.Avoid being hit by:
� The other vehicle—A slight mistakeby you or the passing driver couldcause a sideswipe.
� Extended mirrors—Some drivers for-
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Usually, a good way to handle tailgaters is to:
A.Change lanes and let them pass.
B.Use your horn and make obscene gestures.C.Speed up to put distance between you andthe tailgater.
D.Ignore them.Answer - page 42
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get that their mirrors hang out fartherthan their fenders.
� Objects thrown from windows—Even if the driver knows you’re there,a passenger may not see you andmight toss an object on you or theroad ahead of you.
� Blasts of wind from larger vehicles—They can affect your control. Youhave more room for error if you arein the middle portion when hit by thisblast than if you are on either side ofthe lane.
Do not move into the portion of the lanefarthest from the passing vehicle. It mightinvite the other driver to cut back intoyour lane too early.
WHEN YOU SHARE A LANE
Cars and motorcycles cannot share alane safely. Lane sharing is permittedonly for two motorcycles. When you ridebetween rows of stopped or moving carsin the same lane, it can leave you vulner-able to the unexpected. A hand couldcome out of a window; a door couldopen; a car could turn suddenly.Discourage lane sharing by others. Keep a center-portion position wheneverdrivers might be tempted to squeeze byyou. Drivers are most tempted to do this:
� In heavy, bumper-to-bumper traffic.
� When they want to pass you.
� When you prepare to turn at anintersection.
� When you are move into an exit laneor leave a highway.
WHEN CARS MERGE
Drivers on an entrance ramp may notsee you on the highway. Give them plentyof room. Change to another lane if one isopen. If there is no room for a lanechange, adjust speed to open up spacefor the driver making the merge.
CARS ALONGSIDE
Do not ride next to cars or trucks inother lanes if you do not have to. Youmight be in the blind spot of a car in thenext lane, which could switch into yourlane without warning. Cars in the nextlane also block your escape if you comeupon danger in your own lane. Speed upor drop back to find a place clear of traffic on both sides.
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SEE
Good experienced riders remain awareof what is going on around them. Theyimprove their riding strategy with SEE, athree-step process used to make appro-priate judgments, and apply them cor-rectly in different traffic situations:
� Search
� Evaluate
� Execute
Let’s examine each of these steps.
SEARCH
Search aggressively ahead, to thesides and behind to avoid potential haz-ards even before they arise. Howassertively you search, and how muchtime and space you have, can eliminateor reduce harm. Focus even more onfinding potential escape routes in oraround intersections, shopping areasand school and construction zones.
Search for factors such as:
� Traffic from the other direction mayturn left in front of you.
� Traffic from the left and right.
� Traffic from behind.
� Hazardous road conditions. Be espe-cially alert in areas with limited visibility. Visually “busy” surround-ings could hide you and your motorcycle from others.
EVALUATE
Think about how hazards can interactto create risks for you. Anticipate potential problems and have a plan to reduce risks.
� Stationary Objects— potholes,guardrails, bridges, telephone polesand trees won’t move into your pathbut may influence your strategy asyou ride.
� Traffic control devices— Look fortraffic signals. This includes regula-tory signs, warning signs, and pave-ment mark, to help you evaluatecircumstances ahead.
� Other vehicles, pedestrians and ani-mals—may suddenly into your pathand increase the likelihood of acrash. Think about your time and
To reduce your reaction time, you should:
A.Ride slower than the speed limit.B.Cover the clutch and the brakes.C.Shift into neutral when slowing.D.Pull in the clutch when turning.
Answer - page 42
5 Test Yourself
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space requirements in order tomaintain a margin of safety. Youmust leave yourself time to react ifan emergency arises.
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WHEN YOU PASS PARKED CARS
When pass parked cars, stay towardthe left of your lane. You can avoid prob-lems caused by doors that may open,drivers who get out of cars or peoplewho step out from between cars. If traf-fic from the other direction is present, itis usually best to remain in the center-lane position to maximize your spacecushion. A bigger problem can occur if adriver does not check for traffic behindas he pulls away from the curb. Even ifhe does look, he may fail to see you. Ineither event, the driver might cut intoyour path. Slow down or change lanes tomake room for someone who may cut in.Cars that make a sudden U-turn are themost dangerous. They may cut you offentirely and block the entire roadwayand leave you with no place to go. Sinceyou can not tell what a driver will do,slow down and get his attention.
Sound your horn and continue with caution.
WHEN YOU PARK AT THE ROADSIDE
Park at a 90-degree angle to the curb.Your rear wheel should touch the curb.
BE CONSPICUOUS
In crashes with motorcyclists, driversoften say they never saw the motorcycle.From ahead or behind, a motorcycle out-line is much smaller than that of a car.Also, it is hard to see an object you donot look for, and most drivers do not lookfor motorcycles. More likely, they willlook through the skinny, two-wheeled sil-houette in search of cars that may posea problem to them.
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Making eye contact with other drivers:
A. Is a good sign they see you.B. Is not worth the effort it takes.C. Doesn’t mean that the driver will yield.D. Guarantees that the other driver will yield
to you.Answer - page 42
6 Test Yourself
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Even if a driver does see you, you arenot necessarily safe. Smaller vehiclesappear farther away, and seem to betravel slower than they actually are. It iscommon for drivers to pull out in front ofmotorcyclists, as they think they haveplenty of time. Too often, they are wrong.However, you can do many things tomake it easier for others to recognize you and your motorcycle.
CLOTHES
Most crashes occur in broad daylight.Wear bright colored clothes to help yoube seen. Remember, your body is half ofthe visible surface area of the rider/motorcycle unit.
Bright orange, red, yellow or greenjackets or vests are your best bets forvisibility. Your helmet can do more thanprotect you in a crash. Brightly coloredhelmets can also help others see you.
Any bright color is better than drab ordark colors. Reflective, bright coloredclothes (helmet and jacket or vest) isbest. Reflective material on a vest and onthe sides of the helmet will help driverswho come from the side spot you.
Reflective material can also be a bighelp for drivers from the other directionor from behind.
HEADLIGHT
The best way to help others see yourmotorcycle is to keep the headlight on—at all times ( motorcycles sold in the U.S.since 1978 have the headlights on auto-matically when running.) Studies showthat, during the day, a motorcycle with itslight on is twice as likely to be noticed.Use of the high beam during the day
increases the likelihood that drivers fromthe other direction will see you. Use thelow beam at night and in cloudy weather.
SIGNALS
The signals on a motorcycle are similarto those on a car. They tell others whatyou plan to do. However, due to a rider’sadded vulnerability, signals are evenmore important. Use them anytime youplan to change lanes or turn. Use themeven when you think no one else isaround. It is the car you do not see that isgoing to give you the most trouble. Yoursignal lights also make you easier tospot. That is why it is a good idea to useyour turn signals even when what youplan to do is obvious.
When you enter onto a freeway, driverswho approach from behind are morelikely to see your signal and make roomfor you.
When you turn your signal light onbefore each turn it reduces confusionand frustration for the traffic around you.Once you turn, make sure your signal is
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off or a driver may pull directly into yourpath, because he thinks you plan to turnagain. Use your signals at every turn sodrivers can react accordingly. Do notmake them guess what you intend to do.
BRAKE LIGHT
Your motorcycle brake light is usuallynot as noticeable as the brake lights on acar—particularly when your taillight ison. (It goes on with the headlight.) If thesituation permits, flash your brake lightbefore you slow down to help othersnotice you . It is especially important toflash your brake light before:
� You slow more quickly than othersmight expect (when you turn off ahigh-speed highway).
� You slow where others may notexpect it (in the middle of a block orat an alley). If you are being followed closely, it is a good idea to flash yourbrake light before you slow. The tail-gater may be watching you and notsee something ahead that will makeyou slow down. This may discouragethem from tailgating and warn themof hazards ahead they may not see.
MIRROR USE
While it is most important to keep trackof what goes on ahead, you cannotafford to ignore situations behind. Trafficconditions change quickly. Knowledge ofwhat is going on behind is essential foryou to make a safe decision about howto handle trouble ahead. Frequent mirrorchecks should be part of your normalroutine.
Make a special point to use your mirrors:
� When you are stopped at an inter-section. Watch cars that approachfrom behind. If the driver is not atten-tive, he could be on top of you beforehe sees you.
� Before you change lanes. Make sureno one is about to pass you.
� Before you slow down. The driverbehind may not expect you to slow,or may be unsure about where youwill slow. For example, you signal aturn and the driver thinks you plan toturn at a distant intersection, ratherthan at a nearer driveway.
Some motorcycles have rounded (con-vex) mirrors. These provide a wider viewof the road behind than do flat mirrors.They also make cars seem farther awaythan they really are. If you are not used to convex mirrors, get familiar with them.(While you are stopped, pick out aparked car in your mirror. Form a mentalimage of how far away it is. Then, turnaround and look at it to see how closeyou came.) Practice with your mirrorsuntil you become a good judge of dis-tance. Even then, allow extra distancebefore you change lanes.
HEAD CHECKS
It is not enough to check your mirrors.Motorcycles have “blind spots” like cars.Before you change lanes, turn your headand look to the side for other vehicles.On a road with several lanes, check thefar lane and the one next to you. A driverin the distant lane may head for the samespace you plan to take. Frequent headchecks should be your normal routine.Know the situation all around you.
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HORN
Be ready to use your horn to get theattention of someone quickly. It is a goodidea to give a quick beep before youpass anyone that may move into yourlane. Here are some situations:
� A driver in the lane next to you isdriving too closely to the vehicleahead and may want to pass.
� A parked car has someone in thedriver seat.
� Someone is in the street, riding abicycle or on foot. In an emergency,press the horn button loud and long.Be ready to stop or swerve awayfrom the danger. Keep in mind that amotorcycle horn is not as loud as acar horn, therefore, use it but do notrely on it. Other strategies may beappropriate along with the horn.
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WHEN YOU RIDE AT NIGHT
At night it is harder for you to see andbe seen. The ability to pick your headlightor taillight out of the car lights aroundyou is not easy for other drivers. To compensate, you should:
Reduce Your Speed—Ride even slowerthan you would during the day—partic-ularly on roads you do not know well.This will increase your chances ofavoiding a hazard.
Increase Distance—Distances areharder to judge at night than in day-light. Your eyes rely upon shadows andlight contrasts to determine how faraway an object is and how fast it iscoming. These contrasts are missing ordistorted under artificial lights at night.Open up a three-second distance ormore when you follow. And allow moredistance to pass and be passed.
Use the Car Ahead—The headlights ofthe car ahead can give you a betterview of the road than even your highbeam can. Its taillights bouncing upand down can alert you to bumps orrough pavement.
Use Your High Beam—Get all the lightyou can. Use your high beam wheneveryou are not following or meeting a car.
Be visible, wear reflective materialswhen you ride at night.
Be Flexible About Lane Position.Change to whatever portion of the laneis best able to help you see, be seenand keep an adequate space cushion.
CRASH AVOIDANCE
No matter how careful you are, therewill be times when you find yourself in atight spot. Your chances of getting outsafely depend on your ability to reactquickly and properly. Often, a crashoccurs because a rider is not preparedor skilled in crash-avoidance maneuvers.
in crash-avoidance maneuvers. Knowwhen and how to stop or swerve, twoskills critical to avoid a crash. It is notalways desirable or possible to stopquickly to avoid an obstacle. Riders mustalso be able to swerve around an obsta-cle. How you determine the skill neces-sary for the situation is important as well.Studies show that most riders involved incrashes:
� Underbrake the front tire and overbrake the rear.
� Did not separate using brakes from a swerve or did not choose toswerve when it was appropriate.
The following information offers some good advice.
QUICK STOPS
To stop quickly, apply both brakes atthe same time. Do not be shy about usingthe front brake, but do not “grab” it,either. Squeeze the brake lever firmly andprogressively. If the front wheel locks,release the front brake immediately
Reflective clothing should:
A. Be worn at night.B. Be worn during the day.C. Not be worn.D. Be worn day and night.
Answer - page 42
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then reapply it firmly. At the same time,press down on the rear brake. If youaccidentally lock the rear brake on agood traction surface, keep it locked untilyou have completely stopped. Even witha locked rear wheel, you can control themotorcycle on a straightaway if it isupright and going in a straight line.Always use both brakes at the same timeto stop. The front brake can provide 70percent or more of the potential stoppingpower. If you must stop quickly when youturn or ride a curve, the best technique isto straighten the bike upright first andthen brake. However, it may not alwaysbe possible to straighten the motorcycleand then stop. If you must brake whileyou lean, apply light brakes and reduce
the throttle. As you slow, you can reduceyour lean angle and apply more brakepressure until the motorcycle is straightand maximum brake pressure is possible.You should “straighten” the handlebars in the last few feet of stopping, themotorcycle should then be straight upand in balance.
SWERVES OR QUICK TURNS
Sometimes you may not have enoughroom to stop, even if you use both brakesproperly. An object might appear sud-denly in your path. Or the car aheadmight squeal to a stop. The only way toavoid a crash may be to turn quickly, orswerve around it. A swerve is any sud-den change in direction. It can be twoquick turns, or a rapid shift to the side.Apply a small amount of hand pressureto the handgrip located on the side ofyour intended direction of escape. Thiswill cause the motorcycle to lean quickly.The sharper the turn(s), the more themotorcycle must lean. Keep your bodyupright and allow the motorcycle to leanin the direction of the turn while youkeep your knees against the tank andyour feet solidly on the foot rests. Let the
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motorcycle move underneath you. Makeyour escape route the target of yourvision. Press on the opposite handgriponce you clear the obstacle to return youto your original direction of travel. Toswerve to the left, press the left hand-grip, then press the right to recover. Toswerve to the right, press right, then left
IF BRAKING IS REQUIRED, SEPARATE IT FROM SWERVING.
Brake before or after — neverwhile swerving.
RIDING A CURVE
A primary cause of single-vehiclecrashes is motorcyclists who run wide ina curve or turn and collide with the road-way or a fixed object. Every curve is dif-ferent. Be alert to whether a curveremains constant, gradually widens, getstighter or involves multiple turns. Ridewithin your skill level and posted speedlimits. Your best path may not always follow the curve of the road. Change laneposition as traffic, road conditions andcurve of the road dictate. If no traffic ispresent, start at the outside of a curve to
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increase your line of sight and the effec-tive radius of the turn. As you turn, movetoward the inside of the curve, and asyou pass the center, move to the outsideto exit. Another alternative is to move tothe center of your lane before you entera curve—and stay there until you exit.This permits you to spot traffic thatapproaches as soon as possible. You canalso adjust for traffic that crowds thecenter line, or debris that blocks part ofyour lane.
HOW TO HANDLE DANGEROUS SURFACES
Your chance of a fall or being involvedin a crash increases whenever you rideacross:
� Uneven surfaces or obstacles.
� Slippery surfaces.
� Railroad tracks.
� Grooves and gratings.
UNEVEN SURFACES AND OBSTACLES
Watch for uneven surfaces such asbumps, broken pavement, potholes orsmall pieces of highway trash. The bestway to avoid obstacles is to slow downor go around them. If you must go overthe obstacle, first, determine if it is possible. Approach it at as close to a 90°angle as possible. Look where you wantto go to control your path of travel. If you have to ride over the obstacle, you should:
� Slow down as much as possible before contact.
� Make sure the motorcycle is straight.
� Rise slightly off the seat with yourweight on the foot pegs to absorb the shock with your knees andelbows, and avoid being thrown off the motorcycle.
� Just before contact, roll on the throt-tle slightly to lighten the front end. Ifyou ride over an object on the street,pull off the road and check your tires
OBST
ACLE
S
The best way to stop quickly is to:
A. Use the front brake only.B. Use the rear brake first.C. Throttle down and use the front brake.D. Use both brakes at the same time.
Answer - page 42
8 Test Yourself
28
and rims for damage before you ride any farther.
SLIPPERY SURFACES
Motorcycles handle better when riddenon surfaces that permit good traction.Surfaces that provide poor tractioninclude:
� Wet pavement, particularly just afterit starts to rain and before surface oilwashes to the side of the road.
� Gravel roads, or where sand andgravel collect.
� Mud, snow, and ice.
� Lane markings, steel plates and man-hole covers, especially when wet.
To ride safely on slippery surfaces:
� Reduce Speed—Slow down beforeyou get to a slippery surface tolessen your chances of skidding.Your motorcycle needs more dis-tance to stop. And, it is particularlyimportant to reduce speed beforeyou enter wet curves.
� Avoid Sudden Moves—Any suddenchange in speed or direction cancause a skid. Be as smooth as possi-ble when you speed up, shift gears,turn or brake.
� Use Both Brakes—The front brake isstill effective, even on a slippery sur-face. Squeeze the brake lever gradu-ally to avoid a lock of the frontwheel. Remember, gentle pressureon the rear bake.
� The center of a lane can be haz-ardous when wet. When it starts torain, ride in the tire tracks left by
cars. Often, the left tire track will bethe best position. This depends ontraffic and other road conditions as well.
� Watch for oil spots when you putyour foot down to stop or park. Youmay slip and fall.
� Dirt and gravel collect along thesides of the road—especially oncurves and ramps that lead to andfrom highways. Be aware of what ison the edge of the road, particularlywhen you make sharp turns and geton or off freeways at high speeds.
� Rain dries and snow melts faster onsome sections of a road than on oth-ers. Patches of ice tend to crop up inlow or shaded areas and on bridgesand overpasses. Wet surfaces orwet leaves are just as slippery. Rideon the least slippery portion of thelane and reduce speed. Cautious rid-ers steer clear of roads covered withice or snow. If you cannot avoid aslippery surface, keep your motorcy-cle straight up and proceed as slow-ly as possible. If you encounter alarge surface so slippery that youmust coast, or travel at a slow pace,consider letting your feet skim alongthe surface. If the motorcycle startsto fall, you can catch yourself. Besure to keep off the brakes. If possi-ble, squeeze the clutch and coast. Ifyou attempt this maneuver at any-thing other than the slowest ofspeeds it could prove hazardous.
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RAILROAD TRACKS, TROLLEY TRACKSAND PAVEMENT SEAMS
Usually it is safer to ride straight withinyour lane to cross tracks. If you try to turnto take tracks head-on (at a 90° angle), it
can be more dangerous—your path maycarry you into another lane of traffic. Fortrack and road seams that run parallel toyour course, move far enough away fromtracks, ruts, or pavement seams to crossat an angle of at least 45°. Then, make a quick, sharp turn. Edging across
could catch your tires and throw you off balance.
GROOVES AND GRATINGS
Riding over rain grooves or bridge gratings may cause a motorcycle toweave. The uneasy, wandering feelinggenerally is not hazardous. Relax, main-tain a steady speed and ride straightacross. Crossing at an angle forces rid-ers to zigzag to stay in the lane. Thezigzag is far more hazardous than thewandering feeling.
When it starts to rain it is usually best to:
A. Ride in the center of the lane.B. Pull off to the side until the rain stops.C. Ride in the tire tracks left by cars.D. Increase your speed.
Answer - page 42
9 Test Yourself
CROS
STRA
CKS
(RIG
HT)
CROS
STRA
CKS
(WRO
NG)
PARA
LELL
TRA
CKS
(RIG
HT)
PARA
LELL
TRA
CKS
(WRO
NG)
GRAT
E CR
OSSI
NGS
(R
IGHT
)GR
ATE
CROS
SIN
GS
(WRO
NG)
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MECHANICAL PROBLEMS
You can find yourself in an emergencythe moment something goes wrong withyour motorcycle. With any mechanicalproblem, take into account the road andtraffic conditions you face. Here aresome guidelines that can help you han-dle mechanical problems safely.
TIRE FAILURE
You will seldom hear a tire go flat. If themotorcycle starts to handle in a differentmanner, it may be a tire failure. This canbe dangerous. You must be able to tellfrom the way the motorcycle reacts. Ifone of your tires suddenly loses air, reactquickly to keep your balance. Pull off andcheck the tires. If the front tire goes flat,the steering will feel “heavy.” A front-wheel flat is particularly hazardousbecause it affects how you steer. Youhave to steer well to keep your balance.If the rear tire goes flat, the back of themotorcycle may jerk or sway from side toside.
If either tire goes flat while riding:
� Hold handle grips firmly, ease off thethrottle, and keep a straight course.
� If you must brake, however, gradual-ly apply the brake of the tire that isnot flat, if you are sure which one itis.
� When the motorcycle slows, edge tothe side of the road, squeeze theclutch and stop.
STUCK THROTTLE
Twist the throttle back and forth severaltimes. If the throttle cable is stuck, thismay free it. If the throttle remains stuckimmediately operate the engine cut-offswitch and pull in the clutch at the sametime. This will remove power from therear wheel, though engine noise may notimmediately decline. Once the motorcy-cle is “under control,” pull off and stop.
After you have stopped, check thethrottle cable carefully to find the sourceof the trouble. Make certain the throttleworks freely before you start to ride again.
WOBBLE
A “wobble” occurs when the frontwheel and handlebars start to shakesuddenly from side to side at any speed.Most wobbles can be traced to improperloading, unsuitable accessories or incor-rect tire pressure. If you have a heavyload, lighten it. If you cannot, shift it.Center the weight lower and farther for-ward on the motorcycle. Make sure tirepressure, spring pre-load air shocks anddampers are at the settings recommend-ed for that much weight. Make surewindshields and fairings are mountedproperly. Check for poorly adjusted steer-ing; worn steering parts; a front wheelthat is bent, misaligned, or out of bal-ance; loose wheel bearings or spokes;and swing arm bearings. If none of theseare determined to be the cause, have themotorcycle checked out thoroughly by aqualified professional. Trying to “acceler-ate out of a wobble” will only make themotorcycle more unstable. Instead:
� Grip the handlebars firmly, but do notfight the wobble.
31
� Close the throttle gradually to slowdown. Do not apply the brakes; thiscould make the wobble worse.
� Move your weight as far forward anddown as possible.
� Pull off the road as soon as you canto fix the problem.
CHAIN PROBLEMS
A chain that slips or breaks while you
operate the motorcycle could lock therear wheel and cause your cycle to skid.Chain slippage or breakage can beavoided by proper maintenance.
Slippage—If the chain slips when youtry to speed up quickly or ride uphill, pulloff the road. Check the chain and sprock-ets. It may help to tighten the chain . Ifthe problem is a worn or stretched chainor worn or bent sprockets, replace thechain, the sprockets or both before ridingagain.
Breakage—You will notice an instantloss of power to the rear wheel. Closethe throttle and brake to a stop.
ENGINE SEIZURE
When the engine “locks” or “freezes”it is usually low on oil. The moving partsof the engine cannot move smoothlyagainst each other, and the engine over-heats. The first sign may be a loss ofengine power or a change in the enginesound. Squeeze the clutch lever to disen-gage the engine from the rear wheel. Pulloff the road and stop. Check the oil. Ifneeded, oil should be added as soon aspossible or the engine will seize. Whenthis happens, the effect is the same as alocked rear wheel. Let the engine coolbefore restarting.
ANIMALS
Naturally, you should do everything yousafely can to avoid a collision with ananimal. If you are in traffic, however,remain in your lane. A collision with asmall animal is less dangerous to youthan a collision with big animal orobject—like a car. Motorcycles seem toattract dogs. If you are chased, down-shift and approach the animal slowly. Asyou approach it, accelerate away andleave the animal behind. Do not kick atan animal. Keep control of your motorcy-cle and look to where you want to go.
For larger animals (deer, elk, cattle)brake and prepare to stop, they areunpredictable.
FLYING OBJECTS
If your motorcycle starts to wobble:
A. Accelerate out of the wobble.B. Use brakes gradually.C. Grip the handlebars firmly and close the throttle gradually.
D. Downshift.Answer - page 42
10 Test Yourself
If you are chased by a dog:
A. Kick it away.B. Stop until the animal loses interest.C. Swerve around the animal.D. Approach the animal slowly, then speedup.
Answer - page 42
11 Test Yourself
32
FLYING OBJECTS
From time to time riders are struck byinsects, cigarettes thrown from cars orpebbles kicked up by the tires of thevehicle ahead. If you are wearing faceprotection, it might get smeared orcracked. This makes it difficult to see.Without face protection, an object couldhit you in the eye, face or mouth.Whatever happens, keep your eyes onthe road and your hands on the handle-bars. When safe, pull off the road andrepair the damage.
HOW TO GET OFF THE ROAD
If you need to leave the road to checkthe motorcycle (or just to rest for awhile), be sure you:
� Check the roadside—Make sure thesurface of the roadside is firmenough to ride on. If it is soft grass,loose sand, or if you are just not sureabout it, slow way down before youturn onto it.
� Signal—Drivers behind might notexpect you to slow down. Give aclear signal that you will slow downand change direction. Check yourmirror and make a head checkbefore you take any action.
� Pull off the road—Get as far off theroad as you can. It can be very hardto spot a motorcycle by the side ofthe road. You do not want someoneelse to pull off at the same place you are.
� Park carefully—Loose and slopedshoulders can make setting the sideor center stand difficult.
HOW TO CARRYPASSENGERS AND CARGO
Only experienced riders should carrypassengers or large loads. The extraweight changes the way the motorcyclehandles, balances, turns, speeds up andslows down. Before you take a passen-ger or heavy load on the street, practiceaway from traffic.
EQUIPMENT
To carry passengers safely:
� Equip and adjust your motorcycle to carry passengers.
� Instruct the passenger before you start.
� Adjust your riding technique for theadded weight.
Equipment should include:
� A proper seat—large enough to holdboth of you without crowding. Youshould not sit any farther forwardthan you usually do.
� Foot rests—for the passenger. Firmfooting prevents your passengerfrom a fall off the cycle, which couldpossibly pull you off too.
� Protective equipment—the sameprotective gear recommended foroperators. Adjust the suspension tohandle the additional weight. You willprobably need to add a few poundsof pressure to the tires if you carry apassenger. (Check your owner’smanual for appropriate settings.)While your passenger sits on theseat with you, adjust the mirror andheadlight according to the change in
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the motorcycle’s angle.
HOW TO INSTRUCT PASSENGERS
Even if your passenger is a motorcyclerider, provide complete instructionsbefore you start. Tell your passenger to:
� Get on the motorcycle only after youhave started the engine.
� Sit as far forward as possible with-out crowding you.
� Hold firmly to your waist, hips or belt.
� Keep both feet on the pegs, evenwhen stopped.
� Keep legs away from the muffler(s),chains or parts that move.
� Stay directly behind you, and lean asyou lean.
� Avoid unnecessary talk or motion. *Also, tell your passenger to tightenhis or her hold when you:
� Approach surface problems.
� Are about to start from a stop.
� Warn that you will make a sudden move.
WHEN YOU RIDE WITH PASSENGERS
Your motorcycle will respond moreslowly with a passenger on board. Theheavier your passenger, the longer it willtake to slow down, speed up, or turn—especially on a light motorcycle.
� Ride a little slower, especially whentaking curves, corners, or bumps.
� Start slowing earlier as youapproach a stop.
� Open up a larger cushion of spaceahead and to the sides.
� Wait for larger gaps to cross, enter,or merge in traffic.
Warn your passenger of special conditions—when you will pull out, stop quickly, turn sharply or ride over a bump. Turn your head slightly to make yourselfunderstood, but keep your eyes on theroad ahead.
WHEN YOU CARRY LOADS
Most motorcycles are not designed to carry much cargo. Small loads can be carried safely if positioned and fastened properly.
� Keep the Load Low—Fasten loadssecurely or put them in saddle bags.Piling loads against a sissy bar orframe on the back of the seat raisesthe motorcycle’s center of gravityand disturbs its balance.
� Keep the Load Forward—Place theload over, or in front of, the rear axle.Tank bags keep loads forward, butuse caution when you load hard orsharp objects. Make sure the tank
Passengers should:
A. Lean as you lean.B. Hold on to the motorcycle seat.C. Sit as far back as possible.D. Never hold onto you.
Answer - page 42
12 Test Yourself
34
bag does not interfere with the han-dlebars or controls. When you putloads behind the rear axle, it canaffect how the motorcycle turns andbrakes. It can also cause a wobble.
� Distribute the Load Evenly—Loadsaddlebags with about the sameweight. An uneven load can causethe motorcycle to drift to one side.
� Secure the Load—Fasten the loadsecurely with elastic cords (bungeecords or nets). Elastic cords withmore than one attachment point perside are more secure. A tight loadwill not catch in the wheel or chain,which can cause it to lock up andskid. Rope tends to stretch and knotscome loose, which permits the loadto shift or fall.
� Check the Load—Stop and checkthe load every so often to make sureit has not worked loose or moved.
GROUP RIDES
If you ride with others, do it in a waythat promotes safety and does not inter-fere with the flow of traffic.
KEEP THE GROUP SMALL
Small groups make it easier and saferfor car drivers who need to get aroundthem. A small number is not separated aseasily by traffic or red lights. If yourgroup is larger than four or five riders,divide it up into two or more smaller groups.
KEEP THE GROUP TOGETHER
� Plan—The leader should look aheadfor road changes and signal early so“the word gets back” in plenty of
time. Start lane changes early to permit everyone to complete the change.
� Put Beginners Up Front -—Placeinexperienced riders just behind theleader. That way the more experi-enced riders can watch them fromthe back.
� Follow Those Behind—Let the lastrider set the pace. Use your mirrorsto keep an eye on the person behind.If a rider falls behind, everyoneshould slow down a little to stay withthat rider.
� Know the Route—Make sure every-one knows the route. Then, if some-one is separated he or she will nothave to hurry to try to catch up. Planfrequent stops on long rides.
KEEP YOUR DISTANCE
Maintain close ranks but at the sametime keep a safe distance to allow eachrider in the group time and space toreact to hazards. A close group takes upless space on the highway, is easier tosee and is less likely to be separated.However, it must be done properly.
Don’t Pair Up—Never operate directly
STAG
GERE
D FO
RMAT
ION
35
alongside another rider. There is noplace to go if you have to avoid a car orsomething on the road. To talk, wait untilyou are both stopped.
Staggered Formation—This is the bestway to keep ranks close yet maintain anadequate space cushion. The leaderrides in the left side of the lane, while thesecond rider stays one second behind inthe right side of the lane. A third ridermaintains in the left position, two sec-onds behind the first rider. The fourthrider would keep a two-second distancebehind the second rider. This formationkeeps the group close and permits eachrider a safe distance from others ahead,behind and to the sides.
� Passing in Formation—Riders in astaggered formation should pass oneat a time.
� First, the lead rider should pull outand pass when it is safe. After hepasses, the leader should return tothe left position and continue atpassing speed to open room for thenext rider. After the first rider passessafely, the second rider should moveup to the left position and watch fora safe chance to pass. After hepasses, this rider should return tothe right position and open up room
for the next rider. Some people sug-gest the leader should move to theright side after he passes a vehicle.This is not a good idea. It encour-ages the second rider to pass andcut back in before there is a largeenough space cushion in front of thepassed vehicle. It is simpler andsafer to wait until there is enoughroom ahead of the passed vehicle toallow each rider to move into thesame position held before the pass.
Single-File Formation—It is best tomove into a single-file formation whenriding curves, turning, entering or leavinga highway.
After the first rider passes safely, thesecond rider should move up to the leftposition and watch for a safe chance topass. After passing, this rider shouldreturn to the right position and open uproom for the next rider.
GROU
P PA
SSIN
G (S
TAGE
1)
GROU
P PA
SSIN
G (S
TAGE
2)
When riding in a group, inexperienced ridersshould position themselves:
A. Just behind the leader.B. In front of the group.C. At the tail end of the group.D. Beside the leader.
Answer - page 42
13 Test Yourself
In Shape To Ride
36
Operation of a motorcycle is a complextask. Skilled riders pay attention to theenvironment and to the operation of themotorcycle. They try to identify potentialhazards, make good judgments and execute decisions quickly and skillfully.Your ability to perform and respond toroad and traffic conditions that constant-ly change is influenced by how fit andalert you are. Alcohol and other drugs,more than any other factors, degradeyour ability to think clearly and to ridesafely. As little as one drink can have asignificant effect on your performance.
This section looks at the risks involved in the operation of a motorcycle after youdrink or use drugs. What to do to protectyourself and your fellow riders is also examined.
WHY THIS INFORMATION IS IMPORTANT
Alcohol is a major contributor to motor-cycle crashes, particularly fatal crashes.Studies show that 40 percent to 45 per-cent of all riders killed in motorcyclecrashes had used alcohol. Only one-thirdof those riders had a blood alcohol con-centration above legal limits. The resthad only a few drinks in their systems—enough to impair skills. In the past, druglevels have been harder to distinguish orhave not been separated from alcoholviolations for the traffic records. Butoperation of a motorcycle “under theinfluence” of either alcohol or drugsposes physical and legal hazards forevery rider.
Alcohol and drug use is as big a prob-lem among motorcyclists as it is amongautomobile drivers. Motorcyclists, how-ever, are more likely to be killed or
severely injured in a crash. Injuries occurin 90 percent of motorcycle crashes and33 percent of automobile crashes thatinvolve abuse of substances. On a yearlybasis, 2,100 motorcyclists are killed andabout 50,000 seriously injured in thissame type of crash. These statistics aretoo significant to ignore.
By becoming knowledgeable about theeffects of alcohol and other drugs youwill see that operation of a motorcycleand substance abuse do not mix.
Take positive steps to protect yourselfand prevent others from injuries.
ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUGS INMOTORCYCLE OPERATION
No one is immune to the effects ofalcohol or drugs. Friends may brag abouttheir ability to hold their liquor or performbetter on drugs, but alcohol or drugsmake them less able to think clearly andperform physical tasks skillfully.Judgment and the decision-making processes needed for vehicle operation are affected long before legal limitations are reached.
Many over-the-counter, prescription,and illegal drugs have side effects thatincrease the risk of motorcycle opera-tion. It is difficult to accurately measurethe involvement of particular drugs inmotorcycle crashes. But we do knowwhat effects various drugs have on theprocess involved in riding a motorcycle.We also know that the combined effectsof alcohol and other drugs are more dan-gerous than either is alone.
37
ALCOHOL IN THE BODY
Alcohol enters the bloodstream quickly.Unlike most foods and beverages, it does not need to be digested. Within min-utes after being consumed, it reaches thebrain and begins to affect the drinker. Themajor effect alcohol has is to slow downand impair bodily functions— both men-tal and physical. Whatever you do, youdo less well after consuming alcohol.
BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION
Blood Alcohol Concentration or BAC isthe amount of alcohol in relation to bloodin the body. Generally, alcohol can beeliminated in the body at the rate ofalmost one drink per hour. But a variety ofother factors may also influence the levelof alcohol retained. The more alcohol inyour blood, the greater the degree ofimpairment.
Three factors play a major part todetermine BAC:
� The amount of alcohol you consume.
� How quickly you drink.
� Your body weight. Other factors alsocontribute to the way alcohol affects
your system. Your sex, physical con-dition and food intake are just a fewthat may cause your BAC level to beeven higher. But the full effects ofthese are not completely known.
Alcohol may still accumulate in yourbody even if you are drinking at a rate ofone drink per hour. Abilities and judg-ment can be affected by that one drink.
A 12-ounce can of beer, a mixed drinkwith one shot of liquor, a 5-ounce glassof wine and a 12-ounce bottle of winecooler all contain the same amount of alcohol.
The quicker you drink, the more alcoholaccumulates in your body. If you drinktwo drinks in an hour, at the end of thathour, at least one drink will remain inyour bloodstream.
Without any of the other factors, theformula below illustrates the LEASTamount of drinks remaining in the blood-stream: A person drinking:
ALCO
HOL
CON
CEN
TRAT
ION
38
� 7 drinks in 3 hours would have at least 4 drinks that remain in their system.
� 4 drinks in 2 hours would have at least 2 drinks that remain in their system.
There are times when a larger personmay not accumulate as high a concen-tration of alcohol for each drink con-sumed. They have more blood and otherbodily fluids. But because of individualdifferences it is better not to take thechance that abilities and judgment havenot been affected. Whether or not youare legally intoxicated is not the realissue. Impairment of judgment and skillsbegins well below the legal limit.
ALCOHOL AND THE LAW
In New York State, a driver with a BACof .08 percent or above is legally intoxi-cated. In other states, the legal limit maybe .10 percent .08 percent or .05 percent.It does not matter how sober you maylook or act. The breath or urine test usu-ally determines whether the operation ofyour motorcycle is legal illegal.
The chances are greater than ever thatyou could be stopped when you operateunder the influence of alcohol.Throughout the nation, law enforcementresponse to the senseless deaths andinjuries caused by operators and driversconsuming alcohol is on the increase.
Your insurance company may refuse topay the injury or medical costs causedby a traffic crash in which you were inoperation of a motorcycle while underthe influence of alcohol or drugs.
CONSEQUENCES OF CONVICTION
The laws of most states impose stiffpenalties on operators who use alcohol.And those penalties are mandatory,meaning that judges must impose them.If you are convicted of the operation of amotorcycle under the influence of alco-hol or drugs, you may receive any of the following penalties:
� Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) or.08% Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) –minimum 6 month license revocation;Driving While Ability Impaired by aDrug (DWAI-Drug) – 6-month sus-pension. Minimum 1-year revocationfor conviction of these offensescommitted within 10 years of anyprevious alcohol or drug violation.
� DWAI or .05% BAC – 90-day suspen-sion. Minimum 6-month revocationfor conviction of these offensescommitted within 5 years of any previous alcohol or drug violation.
� First alcohol or drug-related viola-tion, except Zero Tolerance, by adriver under age 21 – minimum 1-year revocation. Second violation bya driver under age 21 – minimum 1-year revocation or until 21,whichever is longer.
� Chemical test refusal – minimum 1year revocation for most drivers;minimum 1-year revocation for adriver under 21. Chemical testrefusal revocations are separatefrom, and in addition to, those foralcohol or drug-related violations.
� Zero Tolerance Law for drivers under21, (BAC .02% to .07%) – First viola-
39
tion, 6-month suspension. Secondviolation, minimum 1-year revocationor until 21, whichever is longer.
� Driving Under the Influence (DUI)conviction outside New York State –For drivers over 21 years old: 90-dayrevocation for alcohol; 6-month sus-pension for drug. For drivers under21: 1-year revocation for alcohol or drug.
� The court must levy a mandatory finein addition to a license revocation orsuspension for an alcohol or drugconviction. It depends on the convic-tion, but the fine will be from $300 to$10,000. A Zero Tolerance Law viola-tion will result in a civil penalty of atleast $125.
� Community Service – such as thepickup of litter along the highway,keeping cars washed in the motor-vehicle pool, or work at an emergency ward.
� Other costs – this can includelawyer’s fees, time lost from workdue to court appearances or atten-dance in alcohol/drug-educationprograms, public transportationwhile your license is revoked or sus-pended, higher insurances rates foryears, and being known as a "drunkdriver" in your family and community.The law and consequences of con-viction for driving while intoxicatedor ability impaired in New York Stateare summarized in the "ALCOHOLAND OTHER DRUGS" section of theNYS Driver’s Manual.
MINIMIZE THE RISKS
Your ability to judge how well you rideis affected first. Although you may ridemore and more poorly, you think you aredoing better and better. The result is thatyou ride confidently, taking greater andgreater risks. Minimize the risks of alco-hol and riding by taking steps before youdrink. Control how much you drink orcontrol the operation of your motorcycle.
DO NOT DRINK
Don’t Drink — Once you start, yourresistance becomes weaker.
A set limit or pace are poor alternativesat best. Your ability to exercise goodjudgment is one of the first things affect-ed by alcohol. Even if you have tried todrink in moderation, you may not realizeto what extent your skills have sufferedfrom the effects of alcohol.If you haven’tcontrolled your intake of alcohol, you must control your operation of a motorcycle.
� Leave the motorcycle home—so youwon’t be tempted to operate it.Arrange another way to get home.Wait—If you exceed your limit,
� wait until your system eliminates thealcohol and its effects.
If you wait an hour for each drink before you ride:A.You cannot be arrested for drinking and riding.
B.Your skills will not be affected.C.Side effects may still remain.D. You will be okay as long as you ride slowly.
Answer - page 42
14 Test Yourself
40
STEP IN TO PROTECT FRIENDS
People who have had too much to drinkare unable to make a responsible deci-sion. It is up to others to step in and keepthem from taking too great a risk. No onewants to do this—it is uncomfortableand thankless. You are rarely thanked foryour efforts at the time. But the alterna-tives are often worse. There are severalways to keep friends from possible injuryto themselves:
� Arrange a safe ride—Provide alter-native ways for them to get home.
� Slow the pace of alcohol intake—Involve them in other activities. *
� Keep them there—Use any excuseto keep them from their motorcycle.Serve them food and coffee to passthe time. Explain your concerns fortheir risks of possible arrest or injuryto themselves or someone else.
� Get friends involved—Use peerpressure from a group of friends tointervene. It helps to enlist supportfrom others when you decide to step in.
The more people on your side, the easi-er it is to be firm and the harder it is forthe rider to resist. While you may not bethanked at the time, you will never haveto say, “If only I had...”
FATIGUE
Operation of a motorcycle is more tiringthan the operation of a car. On a longtrip, you’ll tire sooner than you would in acar. Avoid operation of a cycle whentired. Fatigue can affect your control ofthe motorcycle.
� Protect yourself from the elements—Wind, cold, and rain make you tirequickly. Dress warmly. A windshieldis worth its cost if you plan to ridelong distances.
� Limit your distance—Experiencedoperators seldom try to ride morethan about six hours a day.
� Take frequent rest breaks—Stop,and get off the motorcycle at leastevery two hours.
� Don’t drink or use drugs—Artificialstimulants often result in extremefatigue or depression when theystart to wear off. Drivers and ridersare unable to concentrate on thetask at hand.
41
How toEarn YourLicense
KnowledgeAnd Skill
42
Safe operation of a motorcyclerequires knowledge and skill. Licensetests are the best measurement of theskills necessary to operate safely in traf-fic. The assessment of your own skills isnot enough. People often overestimatetheir own abilities. It is even harder forfriends and relatives to be totally honestabout your skills. License exams aredesigned to be scored more objectively.
To earn your license, you must pass aknowledge test and an on-cycle skill test.Knowledge test questions are based oninformation, practices and ideas fromthis manual. They require that you knowand understand road rules and safepractices. An on-cycle skill test willeither be conducted in an actual trafficenvironment or in a controlled, off-street area.
KNOWLEDGE TEST
(Sample Questions)
1. It is MOST important to flash yourbrake light when:
A. Someone follows too closely.B. You will slow down suddenly. C. There is a stop sign ahead. D. Your signals do not work.
2. The FRONT brake supplies howmuch of the potential power to stop?
A. About one-quarter. B. About one-half. C. About three-quarters. D. All of the power.
3. To swerve correctly:
A. Shift your weight quickly. B. Turn the handlebars quickly. C. Press the hand grip in the direction
of the turn. D. Press the handgrip in the oppositedirection of the turn.
4. If a tire goes flat while you ride andyou must stop, it is usually best to:
A. Relax on the handle grips. B. Shift your weight toward the good tire. C. Brake on the good tire and steer tothe side of the road. D. Use both brakes and stop quickly.
5. The car below waits to enter theintersection. It is best to:
A. Make eye contact with the driver. B. Reduce speed and be ready to react.C. Maintain speed and position. D. Maintain speed and move right.
Answers to Test Yourself (previous pages)
1-C, 2-D, 3-D, 4-A, 5-B
6-C, 7-D, 8-D, 9-C, 10-C,
11-D, 12-A, 13-A, 14-C
Answers to the above Knowledge test:
1-B,2-C,3-C,4-C,5- B
ON-CYCLE SKILL TEST
Basic vehicle control and crash-avoid-ance skills are included in on-cycle teststo determine your ability to handle nor-mal and hazardous traffic situations. Youmay be tested for your ability to:
� Know your motorcycle and your rid-ing limits.
� Accelerate, brake, and turn safely.
� See, be seen and communicate withothers.
� Adjust speed and position to the traf-fic situation.
� Stop, turn and swerve quickly.
� Make critical decisions and carrythem out.
Examiners may score on factors relat-ed to safety such as:
� Selection of safe speeds to performmaneuvers.
Diagrams used in this manual are for reference only and are not to correct scale for size ofvehicles and distances.
43
� Selection of the correct path andstaying within boundaries.
� Completion of normal and quickstops.
� Completion of normal and quickturns, or swerves.
TO RECEIVE A MOTORCYCLE LICENSE WITH FULL PRIVILEGES, MOST STATES REQUIRE THAT MANEUVERS BE PER-FORMED AS DESIGNED. On-motorcycle skill tests are not designed for sidecars or three-wheeled
vehicles. Those vehicles maneuver differently than a two-wheeled motorcycle. It depends on the state, but an examiner may follow you on a car test-route.Restrictions (sidecar, three-wheeled vehicle) may be added until completion of a two-wheeled motorcycle test.
Motorcycles Make Sense So Does Professional Training
44
The Motorcycle Safety Foundation’s purpose is improving safety of motorcy-cles on the nation’s streets and high-ways. In an attempt to reducemotorcycle accidents and injuries, theFoundation has programs in rider educa-tion, licensing improvement, public infor-mation and statistics. These programsare designed for both motorcyclists andmotorists. A national not-for-profit orga-nization, MSF is sponsored by the U.S.motorcycle distributors or manufacturers: BMW,Ducati, Harley-Davidson, Honda,Kawasaki, KTM, Piaggio/Vespa, Suzuki,Vengeance, Victory and Yamaha.
The information contained in this publication is offered for the benefit ofthose who have an interest in ridingmotorcycles. The information has beencompiled from publications, interviewsand observations of individuals and organizations familiar with the use ofmotorcycles, accessories, and training.Because there are many differences inproduct design, riding styles, Federal,State and local laws, there may be organizations and individuals who holddiffering opinions. Consult your local regulatory agencies for information concerning the operation of motorcyclesin your area. Although the MotorcycleSafety Foundation will continue toresearch, field test and publish responsi-ble viewpoints on the subject, it dis-claims any liability for the viewsexpressed herein.
Motorcycles are inexpensive to operate, fun to ride and easy to park. Unfortunately,many riders never learn the critical skills needed to ride safely.
Professional training prepares beginning and experienced riders for traffic situationsin the real world. Motorcycle RiderCourses® teach and improve such skills as:
� Effective turning � Braking maneuvers � Protective apparel selection
� Obstacle avoidance � Traffic strategies � Maintenance
For the location of the basic or experienced Motorcycle RiderCourse®
nearestyou in New York State call toll-free: 800-446-9227
Content & Illustrations courtesy ofMotorcycle Safety Foundation
2 Jenner Street, Suite 150, Irvine, CA 92618-3806http://www.msf-usa.org
Revised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 2004
Motorcycle Safety ProgramRider Education
45
Rider education is one part of a comprehensive motorcyclesafety program supported by the Department of MotorVehicles. To locate the Motorcycle Safety FoundationRider Course nearest you, call 1-800-446-9227, or visit theweb site at www.msf-usa.org
MOTORCYCLE SAFETY FOUNDATION - MOTORCYCLE RIDERCOURSES:
For many people, motorcycling is a fun and energy-efficient means of transportation orrecreation. However, motorcycling requires skill, concentration and reasonable precau-tions. Although it is possible to ride a motorcycle on your own, trial and error is a toughteacher of motorcycling skills. That is why nearly all motorcycle groups have endorsedthe Motorcycle Safety Foundation’s Motorcycle RiderCourses®: the Basic RiderCourse®(BRC) for beginning riders and the Experienced RiderCourse® (ERC) for advanced riding skills.
THE COURSE
The BRC is designed for beginning riders. It was developed by the Motorcycle SafetyFoundation and approved by the New York State Department of Motor Vehicles. It consists of a combined 16 hours classroom and on-motorcycle instruction including the following:
1. Preparation to ride. 2. Shifts, turns, brakes. 3. Street strategies. 4. Special situations. 5. Enhanced riding skills. 6. Maintenance and insurance.
INSTRUCTORS
Instructors for the course are all certified by the Motorcycle Safety Foundation. All aremotorcycle riders and have completed 80+ hours of instructor training.
PROVIDED FOR YOU
The BRC is taught using lightweight (100 - 350cc) motorcycles provided for class use.These will be used off-street only.
YOU PROVIDE
Students provide this protective clothing:
1. Boots with walking heels, high enough to cover ankles; 2. Long pants of denim or other heavy material; 3. Leather gloves - unlined but not too thin; 4. Long-sleeved jacket or shirt, made from denim or other heavy material; 5. Eye protection; 6. USDOT-approved motorcycle helmet. Some sites have loaner helmets available, check with the site for information.
WAIVER OF SKILLS TEST
The motorcycle skills test, ordinarily required for a Class M license, may be waived if astudent successfully completes an approved Basic Rider (BRC) Course at a MotorcycleSafety Foundation training site approved under the New York State Motorcycle Safety pro-gram. To be eligible for the motorcycle road test waiver, you must also possess a currentand valid New York State driver license and a motorcycle learner permit. You must have avalid motorcycle permit before you apply for the road test waiver and motorcycle license.
BASIC RIDERCOURSE 2
The BRC2 is designed for experienced motorcyclists who already have a motorcyclelicense and want to improve their riding skills on their own motorcycles. This half-daycourse will enable riders to hone the physical and mental skills necessary for survivingtraffic. The BRC2 includes:
1. Physical aspects of a safe ride. 2. Risk management 3. Increased visibility and optimum lane position. 4. Personal protective gear. 5. Rider responsibility. 6. Motorcycle inspection and care. 7. The effects of alcohol and other drugs on operation.
ADVANCED TRAINING
DMV and the Motorcycle Safety Foundation encourage riders to maintain their skills bycontinuing to participate in rider training programs throughout their riding lifetime.Remember – Learning is for Life.” MSF offers a variety of courses to meet the trainingneeds of every motorcyclist at every level of experience. For more information, visitwww.NYSMSP.org or www.MSF-USA.org
46
Notes
47
NOTES
47 48
Class A B C
Top speed range mph (km/h) Over 30 to 40 Over 20 to 30 20 or less
(Over 48 to 64) (over 32 to 48) (32 or less)
Type of license or learner permit required 4 M ANY CLASS4 ANY CLASS4
Registration required YES (A Plate) YES (B Plate) YES (C Plate)
Headlight to be on when operating YES YES YES
Helmet & eye protection required when operating 5 YES YES Recommended
Where operation is permitted Any Traffic Lane Right Hand Lane Right Hand Lane Only1 & Shoulder Only1 &
Shoulder or Shoulder
Mandatory insurance required YES YES Recommended2
Safety responsibility3 applies YES YES YES
Annual inspection required YES Recommended Recommended
Title required NO NO NO
1 Except when making a left hand turn.
2 If a Class C limited use motorcycle is used in a rental business, insurance is mandatory.
3 Safety responsibility is the requirement to pay for or post security for damage or personal injury you
may cause in a traffic crash.
4 Usual learner permit and junior license restrictions apply.
5 Motorcyclists must wear approved motorcycle helmets, as defined by USDOT federal motor vehicle
safety standards (FMVSS 218). To improve the motorcyclist’s visibility, the DMV recommends that hel-
mets have at least four square inches of reflective material on both sides. Motorcyclists must also
wear approved eye protection, even if the motorcycle is equipped with a windshield. Prescription or
made-to-order safety glasses may be used if the user can present written certification that they meet
DMV standards. The eye protection must be manufactured in conformity with the regulations issued
by the Vehicle Equipment Safety Commission (VESC-8).
Motorcyclists can get an Enhanced Motorcycle License too! For more information visit: www.dmv.ny.gov
48
Class A B CTop speed range mph (km/h) Over 30 to 40 Over 20 to 30 20 or less
(Over 48 to 64) (over 32 to 48) (32 or less)
Type of license or learnerpermit required4 M ANY CLASS4 ANY CLASS4
Registration required YES (A Plate) YES (B Plate) YES (C Plate)
Headlight to be on whenoperating YES YES YES
Helmet & eye protection required when operating5 YES YES Recommended
Where operation is permitted Any Traffic Lane Right Hand Lane Right Hand Lane Only1 & Shoulder Only1 & Shoulder or Shoulder
Mandatory insurance required YES YES Recommended2
Safety responsibility3 applies YES YES YES
Annual inspection required YES Recommended Recommended
Title required NO NO NO
GUIDE TO LIMITED USE MOTORCYCLE (MOPEDS) OPERATION
1Except when making a left hand turn.
2If a Class C limited use motorcycle is used in a rental
business, insurance is mandatory.
3Safety responsibility is the requirement to pay
for or post security for damage or personal injury you
may cause in a traffic crash.
4Usual learner permit and junior license
restrictions apply.
5Motorcyclists must wear approved motorcycle hel-
mets, as defined by USDOT federal motor vehicle
safety
standards (FMVSS 218). To improve the motorcyclist’s
visibility, the DMV recommends that helmets have at
least four square inches of reflective material on both
sides. Motorcyclists must also wear approved eye
protection, even if the motorcycle is equipped with a
windshield. Prescription or made-to-order safety
glasses may be used if the user can present written
certification that they meet DMV standards. The eye
protection must be manufactured in conformity with
the regulations issued by the Vehicle Equipment
Safety Commission (VESC-8).
Mot
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MV-21 MC (7/15)