new & old calorimetry technologies with new tools for lc y.onel, university of iowa d.r.winn,...
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![Page 1: New & Old Calorimetry Technologies with New Tools for LC Y.Onel, University of Iowa D.R.Winn, Fairfield University ALCPG - Victoria Linear Collider Workshop](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649d435503460f94a1ed52/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
New & Old Calorimetry Technologies with New Tools for LC
Y.Onel, University of Iowa
D.R.Winn, Fairfield University
ALCPG - Victoria Linear Collider Workshop
July 28-31, 2004
(a) Secondary Emission Calorimeter Sensors(b) Cerenkov Compensated Precision Calorimetry(c) Quartz fiber Calorimetry
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Energy-Flow & Digital Calorimeters
• Problem: Finding Compact & Robust Ionization Sensors to make calorimeter “pixels” inside a large device.
Proposed Solutions:
(a) Secondary Emission Modules
(b) New Ultra-Compact PMT
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• SE Rad-Hard, Fast– Dynodes survive 100 Grad equiv.– SEM monitors normal beam diagnostics
• Signal from SE surface(s): – ~0.1-1 SE per mip/e >100 KeV– 1<SE<2,000 per e<100 KeV (dep. on surface)
• Gain:– 1<g<10,000 per module
• Metal sheet dynodes (6-8 stages)• Large area SiMCP• Thin B-doped Diamond:Cs SE film + W foil
Secondary Emission Ionization Sensor Modules
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SE Modules
• CAN BE MADE COMPACT for Energy-Flow Digital Calorimeter Modules
• SE is very robust, long lined and will require no maintenance nor suffer degradation
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(a) Secondary Emission Sensor Modules for Calorimeters
• Basic Idea:A Dynode Stack is an Efficient High Gain Radiation Sensor
- High Gain & Efficient (yield ~1 e/mip for CsSb coating)- Compact (micromachined metal<1mm thick/stage)- Rad-Hard (PMT dynodes>100 GRads)- Fast- Simple SEM monitors proven at accelerators - Rugged/Could be structural elements (see below)- Easily integrated compactly into large calorimeters
low dead areas or services needed.
SE Detector Modules Are Applicable to:- Energy-Flow Calorimeters- Polarimeters- Forward Calorimeters
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Basic SEM Calorimeter Sensor Module Form
“A Flat PMT without a Photocathode as replaced by an SE Surface”:- The photocathode is replaced by an SEM film on Metal.- Stack of 5-10 metal sheet dynodes, or a Si MCP in a metal “window”-
ceramic wall vacuum package about 5-10 mm thick x 10-25 cm square, adjustable in shape/area to the transverse shower size.
- Sheet dynodes/SiMCP/insulators made with MEMS/micromachining techniques are newly available, in thicknesses as fine as ~0.1 mm/dynode
- Ceramic wall thickness can be ~2mm, moulded and fired from commonly available greenforms (Coors, etc.)
- Outer electrodes (SEM cathode, anode) can be thick metal, serving as absorber and structural elements.
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Schematic of SEM Calorimeter Sensor Module
brazed ceramic insulators
10 mil HV insulator (polymer)
signal (male)
signal (female) -optional for stacking
film bias resistor chain
1.8 mm thick Cu
HV connector
HV female socket (optional for stacking)
stackable
-2kV
signal out6 dynodes (200 µm thick @ 0.8mm spacing) 50ž
2 silicon micro channel plates
Cs3Sb SEM Surface
1cm
15 cm
top view
ceramic
Cu plate
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• Dynode stages ~100-200 m thick
• Self-Supporting, Self-Aligning
• No Separate Vacuum Envelope
• Standard MEMS, Fab Tooling, Economics
• Thickness 8 Stage “PMT”<3 mm w/ 0.5-30 cm diameter!
• Channelized Photocathode, p.e. gain, and Anode– Essentially No Cross-Talk
– > ACHTUNG! High B-field operation
New PMT
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Micromachined Metal Cs3Sb Coated mesh-like but channelized microDynodes – available up to 30 cm diameter
View Down Single Channel of Stack,Showing Offset
Mesh Dynode(L)And AssembledStacks(R).Channel Width~200 m
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SEM & Compact PMT Calorimeter Sensors
• Iowa/Fairfield Propose Constructing Prototype SEM sensor module with gain of 105, 8 cm x 8cm.
• Iowa/Fairfield Propose acquiring compact PMT and building 20 cm cube calorimeter module
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b) Cerenkov Compensation Precision Calorimetry
• Basic Idea:Cerenkov Light is most sensitive to electrons (photons)
Ionization sensitive to neutrons, hadrons, electronsUse these 2 measurements to correct calorimeter energy – stochastic & constant terms
- Detect both Cerenkov Signal Ec and Ionization Ei on the same shower.- For pure e-m showers, normalize the detected energies so that Ei = Ec = Eem.- For hadrons, only when only 0 are produced does Eh ~ Ei ~ Ec. - As Eh fluctuates more into n, +-, etc., Ec decreases faster than Ei. - On an Ec vs Ei scatter plot, the fluctuation is correlated/described by a straight line with slope
a<1, from which the constant is defined by a = /(1+).- The Ec vs Ei correlation yields an estimate of the compensated E as:
Ecomps = Ei + (Ei-Ec),where the constant is different for each calorimeter material/design.For electrons, Ecomps = Ei = Ec, since (Ei-Ec) = 0
- No “suppression” needed for compensation, thus more active material can be used, up to 100%, thus reducing the stochastic term.
- Two independent measurements enable tuning the constant term to near zero.
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Cerenkov Compensation MC Results
• GEANT MC Checked by reproducing data:- pions in Lscint (10% stochastic, 10% constant term, FNAL E1A)- pions in PbGlass (35% stochastic, 10% constant – Serpekov)- e in PbGlass (5% stochastic – Dubna)- e in Cu/Quartz fibers(1.5%) (80% stochastic, 1% constant – CMS)
• Infinite media (LAr, Lscint, BaF2, NaI(Tl)), counting detected ionization and Cerenkov light yields (filters for scintillators): E/E ~ [11%-16%] E-1/2, with constant terms <1%.
• Model Cu absorber Sampling Fiber Calorimeter15% 0.8 mm clear fibers, 35% 0.8 mm scintillating fibers:- E/E ~ 18-20% E-1/2, with a constant term <0.5%.
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Potential Applications in LC
• Compensating E-M & Hadron Calorimeters- CMS experience: combined crystal em + compensated hadron Calorimeter: hadrons
E/E ~ 90-100%E-1/2 + 3-4% - unacceptable for LC performance.
- To correct a crystal em+hadron system, Add a 2nd wavelength filtered Cerenkov photodetector to each crystal to compensate the crystal e-m calorimeter. Combined em+hadron Resolution should reach resolution of compensated hadron alone.
- To correct any highly non-compensated em calorimeter, add some Cerenkov (or electron-sensitive) detector.
• High Precision Sampling Hadron Calorimeter- MC indicates that E/E ~ 20%E-1/2 + <1% practical
- Energy-Flow possible with Clear & Scintillating “bricks”
read-out with WLS fibers, similar to ATLAS, CMS schemes.
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Future Work on Cerenkov Compensation
• Iowa/Fairfield are proposing to beam-test crystal compensation.
• More Detailed GEANT4 MC of possible fiber and energy-flow designs in progress.
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(c) Quartz Calorimetry
• The detector is intrinsically radiation hard at the required level (hundreds of MRads)
• The detector, for all practical purposes, is sensitive to the electromagnetic shower components (M)
• It is based on Cherenkov radiation and is extremely fast (< 10 ns)
• Low but sufficient light yield (<1 pe/GeV)
• The effects of induced radioactivity and neutron flux to a great extend are eliminated from the signal
• Neutron production is considerably reduced (high-Z vs low-Z)
• The detector is relatively short
• The detector is perfectly hermetic
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Cherenkov Light Generation
• When high energy charged particles traverses dielectric media, a coherent wavefront is emitted by the excited atoms at a fixed angle : called Cherenkov light.
• Light is generated by Cherenkov effect in quartz fibers
• Sensitive to relativistic charged particles (Compton electrons...)
• d2N/dxd=2 q2(sin2c / 2)
=(2 q2/ 2 )[1-1/2n2]
min = 1/n
Emin ~ 200 KeV
• Amount of collected light depends on the angle between the particle path and the fiber axis
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Iowa-Fairfield-ORNL-Tennessee-Mississippi
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PPP-I Schematic View
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PPP-I
Fiber Bundles(EM, HAD and TC)300-micron core
QP
Ferrules
ROBox( Light Guides)
R6425 PMTs
Iron Absorbe
r(9.5 I)
Radioactive Source
Tubes
3 x 3 Tower structure
(6 cm x 6 cm)
LED, Laser and PIN
PDs
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Previous Experimental Data on Photodetectors by HF Group
R6427
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HF Pulse Shape
25 ns
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Spatial Uniformity w/ e- beam
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Spatial Uniformity w/ - beam
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PPP-I Response to 100 GeV e- and 225 GeV -
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Energy Response Linearity
HF PPP1 responds linearly within 1% to electrons in the energy range tested (6 – 200 GeV). The - response is highly nonlinear.
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Energy Resolution
Energy resolution of a calorimeter is parameterized as (/E)2 = (a/E)2 + b2
a/E : sampling term : Characterizes the statistical fluctuations in signal generating processes. b : Constant term: Responsible for the imperfections of the calorimeter, signal collection non-uniformity, calibration errors and leakage from the calorimeter.
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HF Wedge
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First HF End Completed
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First HF End Completed
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Summary
• SE Modules Have Good Potential
• Cerenkov Compensation may enable precision jet calorimetry when combined with digital/energy-flow designs.
• Quartz fiber calorimetry with multi-anode PMT readout could be used in the LC forward region.