1

PMVictoriaESPPEm Resource

From: david.distel@exeloncorp.comSent: Wednesday, October 20, 2010 9:20 AMTo: Jessie, JanelleSubject: Exelon Hydrology Audit Site Visit Overview PresentationAttachments: Exelon Hydrology Audit Site Visit Overview Presentation.pdf

Janelle – Resending presentation. Dave Distel David J. Distel New Plant Development Exelon Licensing 610-765-5517 david.distel@exeloncorp.com

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Hearing Identifier: Victoria_ESP_Public Email Number: 128 Mail Envelope Properties (85430D5E2ACDFB48A58B952E9AF5D2D5B999DE) Subject: Exelon Hydrology Audit Site Visit Overview Presentation Sent Date: 10/20/2010 9:19:56 AM Received Date: 10/20/2010 9:20:14 AM From: david.distel@exeloncorp.com Created By: david.distel@exeloncorp.com Recipients: "Jessie, Janelle" <Janelle.Jessie@nrc.gov> Tracking Status: None Post Office: mobmsxch04.energy.power.corp Files Size Date & Time MESSAGE 990 10/20/2010 9:20:14 AM Exelon Hydrology Audit Site Visit Overview Presentation.pdf 2582224 Options Priority: Standard Return Notification: No Reply Requested: No Sensitivity: Normal Expiration Date: Recipients Received:

Exe

lon

Vic

tori

a C

ount

y S

tati

on S

ite

Early

Site

Per

mit

Proj

ect a

nd S

ite O

verv

iew

NR

C H

ydro

logy

Aud

it Si

te V

isit

Oct

ober

18,

201

0

2

Sit

e V

isit

Age

nda

�P

roje

ct O

verv

iew

–D

avid

Dis

tel (

Exe

lon)

�S

urfa

ce W

ater

Ove

rvie

w –

Kit

Ng

(Bec

htel

)

�G

roun

dwat

er O

verv

iew

–G

arre

tt D

ay (B

echt

el)

�S

afet

y B

riefin

g –

Josh

ua T

rem

bley

(Exe

lon)

3

ES

P A

pplic

atio

n O

verv

iew

�V

CS

Ear

ly S

ite P

erm

it A

pplic

atio

n

•S

ubm

itted

to N

RC

on

Mar

ch 2

5, 2

010

•A

ccep

ted

and

Doc

kete

d on

Jun

e 8,

201

0-

No

Hyd

rolo

gy re

late

d ac

cept

ance

revi

ew is

sues

iden

tifie

d

•S

afet

y &

Env

ironm

enta

l Rev

iew

Sch

edul

e is

sued

Aug

ust 3

1, 2

010

-Fo

ur p

hase

Saf

ety

Rev

iew

-R

AIs

and

supp

lem

enta

l RA

Isis

sued

by

Oct

ober

201

1-

Adv

ance

d S

afet

y E

valu

atio

n w

ith n

o op

en it

ems

deve

lope

d by

A

ugus

t 201

2

4

ES

P A

pplic

atio

n O

verv

iew

�V

CS

ES

PA

util

izes

the

initi

al V

CS

CO

LA s

ite e

ngin

eerin

g an

d en

viro

nmen

tal e

valu

atio

ns to

max

imum

ext

ent p

ossi

ble

•E

ssen

tially

con

verte

d th

e C

OLA

to a

n E

SP

app

licat

ion

–si

gnifi

cant

leve

l of

site

dat

a ob

tain

ed

•U

pdat

ed to

add

ress

rele

vant

Par

t 52

appl

ican

t RA

Isan

d V

CS

CO

LA

acce

ptan

ce re

view

issu

es

•U

pdat

ed to

incl

ude

addi

tiona

l site

dat

a (e

.g. m

eteo

rolo

gica

l dat

a, g

roun

d w

ater

leve

ls)

•Fo

llow

s R

G 1

.206

/NU

RE

G-0

800

and

NU

RE

G-1

555

form

at a

nd c

onte

nt

�P

PE

App

roac

h U

tiliz

ed•

Est

ablis

hes

set o

f Site

Cha

ract

eris

tics

and

Site

Rel

ated

Des

ign

Par

amet

ers

expe

cted

to e

nvel

ope

the

desi

gn o

f a re

acto

r or r

eact

ors

that

m

ight

be

late

r dep

loye

d at

the

site

5

Vic

tori

a C

ount

y S

tati

on S

ite

�A

ppro

xim

atel

y 13

mile

s so

uth

of V

icto

ria, o

ne m

ile n

orth

east

of

McF

addi

n; b

orde

red

to th

e ea

st b

y Li

nn L

ake

and

to th

e w

est b

y H

ighw

ay 7

7

�A

ppro

xim

atel

y 11

,500

acr

es

�“G

reen

field

”site

that

has

bee

n in

agr

icul

tura

l use

sin

ce a

t lea

st 1

952

for c

attle

gra

zing

, with

som

e oi

l and

gas

pro

duct

ion

6

Sit

e Lo

cati

on M

ap

7

Sit

e Lo

cati

on M

apP

oten

tial

10-

Mile

EP

Z

8

Sit

e Fe

atur

es

�P

ower

Blo

ck A

rea

–B

ased

on

the

boun

ding

foot

prin

t siz

e fo

r a la

rge

two-

unit

LWR

�4,

900

acre

coo

ling

basi

n w

ill b

e us

ed fo

r coo

ling

wat

er•

No

safe

ty fu

nctio

n•

Mak

eup

wat

er fr

om th

e G

uada

lupe

Riv

er•

App

roxi

mat

ely

103,

600

acre

-ft to

tal s

tora

ge c

apac

ity

�P

roxi

mity

to V

icto

ria B

arge

Can

al a

nd H

ighw

ay 7

7 ad

vant

ageo

us fo

r de

ploy

men

t

9

Faci

lity

Mak

eup

and

Liqu

id E

fflu

ents

�S

tatio

n w

ater

and

pot

able

wat

er s

uppl

ied

via

onsi

te p

rodu

ctio

n w

ells

�C

oolin

g ba

sin

mak

eup

wat

er d

eliv

ered

from

the

Gua

dalu

pe R

iver

•In

take

can

al a

nd p

umph

ouse

loca

ted

belo

w th

e co

nflu

ence

of t

he S

an

Ant

onio

and

Gua

dalu

pe R

iver

s, u

pstre

am o

f the

GB

RA

sal

twat

er b

arrie

r•

Des

ign

inta

ke c

apac

ity =

217

cfs

•In

take

max

imum

thro

ugh-

scre

en v

eloc

ity =

0.5

fps

•W

ould

del

iver

up

to 7

5,00

0 ac

re-fe

et /

year

to th

e on

site

coo

ling

basi

n

�Fa

cilit

y ef

fluen

ts•

Non

-rad

iolo

gica

l effl

uent

s di

scha

rged

to th

e co

olin

g ba

sin

•C

oolin

g ba

sin

blow

dow

nan

d ro

utin

e liq

uid

radi

olog

ical

effl

uent

s pu

mpe

d to

a d

iffus

er in

the

Gua

dalu

pe R

iver

•B

low

dow

npi

pelin

e w

ould

par

alle

l the

Vic

toria

Cou

nty

Nav

igat

ion

Dis

trict

(VC

ND

) tra

nspo

rtatio

n co

rrid

or

10

ES

P A

pplic

atio

n R

evie

w

�E

xelo

n O

nlin

e R

efer

ence

Por

tal

-A

vaila

ble

for N

RC

saf

ety

and

envi

ronm

enta

l rev

iew

s –

incl

udin

g N

RC

H

ydro

logy

Aud

it te

chni

cal v

isit

info

rmat

ion

need

s

-P

rovi

des

NR

C a

nd N

RC

-con

tract

ed s

taff

read

-onl

y ac

cess

to b

asis

docu

men

ts a

nd o

ther

refe

renc

e m

ater

ial c

ited

in th

e E

xelo

n V

CS

ES

P

appl

icat

ion

–or

gani

zed

by S

SA

R a

nd E

R s

ectio

n

-P

assw

ord

prot

ecte

d an

d pr

intin

g, s

avin

g, o

r dow

nloa

ding

of d

ocum

ents

di

sabl

ed

-D

ocum

ents

iden

tifie

d by

NR

C s

taff

as n

eces

sary

to h

ave

to c

ondu

ct th

e re

view

will

be

form

ally

sub

mitt

ed o

n th

e do

cket

by

Exe

lon

Exe

lon

Vic

tori

a C

ount

y S

tati

on S

ite

Early

Site

Per

mit

Surf

ace

Wat

er O

verv

iew

NR

C H

ydro

logy

Aud

it Si

te V

isit

Oct

ober

18,

201

0

13

Sur

face

Wat

er O

verv

iew

�R

egio

nal H

ydro

logi

c S

ettin

g•

Gul

f of M

exic

o -3

6 m

iles

to th

e so

uth

of V

CS

•

Riv

er B

asin

s: G

uada

lupe

Riv

er (5

953

mi2 )

; San

Ant

onio

Riv

er (4

180

mi2 )

•B

ays:

San

Ant

onio

Bay

•S

tora

ge R

eser

voirs

: 29

in G

uada

lupe

Riv

er B

asin

, 34

in S

an A

nton

io R

iver

Bas

in•

Maj

or D

ams:

Can

yon

Dam

, Col

eto

Cre

ek D

am•

Oth

er W

ater

Fea

ture

s:

�K

uy C

reek

(62

mi2 )

, Col

eto

Cre

ek (5

14 m

i2 ), b

oth

tribu

tarie

s to

Gua

dalu

pe R

iver

�Li

nn L

ake

(470

acr

es s

hallo

w d

epre

ssio

n ea

st o

f VC

S)

�In

term

itten

t/eph

emer

al s

tream

s/cr

eeks

, wet

land

s�

Vic

toria

Bar

ge C

anal

�G

BR

A C

alho

un C

anal

Sys

tem

incl

udin

g th

e D

iver

sion

Dam

and

Sal

twat

er B

arrie

r at

Tivo

li

�P

ropo

sed

VC

S H

ydro

logi

c Fe

atur

es/C

hara

cter

istic

s•

4900

-acr

e C

oolin

g B

asin

sou

th o

f Pow

er B

lock

•R

aw W

ater

Mak

eup

Sys

tem

Inta

ke o

n G

uada

lupe

Riv

er w

ith m

axim

um a

nnua

l div

ersi

on

rate

of 7

5,00

0 ac

re-fe

et

•Bl

owdo

wn

Out

fall

on G

uada

lupe

Riv

er•

Pow

er B

lock

Fin

ish

Site

Gra

de a

t 95

ft N

AV

D88

min

.•

Nat

ural

Gra

de in

Coo

ling

Bas

in fr

om 8

0 ft

NA

VD

88 (n

orth

) to

65 ft

NA

VD

88 (s

outh

)

14

Reg

iona

l Sur

face

W

ater

Fea

ture

s

15R

iver

Bas

ins

and

Sel

ecte

d S

trea

m G

ages

16D

ams

in G

uada

lupe

Riv

er B

asin

17

Pro

pose

d V

CS

H

ydro

logi

c Fe

atur

es

18

Hyd

rolo

gic

Haz

ards

at

VC

S�

Pote

ntia

l Flo

odin

g H

azar

ds•

Prob

able

Max

imum

Stre

am F

lood

ing

from

Gua

dalu

pe R

iver

(SS

AR

2.4

.3)

•U

pstre

am D

am F

ailu

res

-Can

yon

Dam

and

Col

eto

Cre

ek D

am (S

SA

R 2

.4.4

)•

Brea

chin

g of

Coo

ling

Bas

in E

mba

nkm

ent (

SS

AR

2.4

.4)

•Pr

obab

le M

axim

um S

torm

Sur

ge fr

om G

ulf (

SS

AR

2.4

.5)

•Su

rge

from

Pro

babl

e M

axim

um T

suna

mi (

SS

AR

2.4

.6)

•Br

each

ing

of Ic

e-Ja

ms

(SS

AR

2.4

.7)

•C

hann

el D

iver

sion

s an

d M

igra

tions

(SS

AR

2.4

.9)

•Fl

oodi

ng fr

om L

ocal

Inte

nse

Pre

cipi

tatio

n is

Tec

hnol

ogy

Dep

ende

nt a

nd N

ot E

valu

ated

in E

SP

A

pplic

atio

n (S

SA

R 2

.4.2

)

�Fl

ood

Pro

tect

ion

Req

uire

men

ts (S

SA

R 2

.4.1

0)•

Pow

er B

lock

Min

imum

Fin

ish

Site

Gra

de a

t 95

ft N

AV

D88

•D

esig

n B

asis

Flo

od L

evel

(fro

m E

xter

nal E

vent

) is

91 ft

NA

VD

88 D

ue to

Pos

tula

ted

Bre

achi

ng o

f C

oolin

g B

asin

Em

bank

men

t. •

No

Stru

ctur

al F

lood

ing

Pro

tect

ion

Mea

sure

s fo

r Saf

ety

SS

Cs

Req

uire

d at

VC

S•

Stor

mw

ater

Dra

inag

e S

yste

m (w

ould

be

desi

gned

dur

ing

CO

L A

pplic

atio

n S

tage

) will

Div

ert

Run

off A

way

from

Pow

er B

lock

to A

void

Flo

odin

g du

ring

Loca

l PM

P E

vent

�Lo

w W

ater

Con

side

ratio

ns (S

SA

R 2

.4.1

1)•

Stre

am F

low

(Low

Flo

w) F

requ

ency

Ana

lysi

s P

erfo

rmed

•St

ream

or R

iver

Not

Rel

ied

On

for S

afet

y W

ater

Sup

ply

•C

oolin

g B

asin

(for

non

safe

ty c

oolin

g) H

as A

dequ

ate

Inve

ntor

y fo

rCon

tinuo

us P

lant

Ope

ratio

n th

roug

h D

roug

ht E

quiv

alen

t to

the

1950

s D

roug

ht o

f Rec

ord

for t

he R

egio

n

19

Floo

d S

cena

rios

Con

cept

ualiz

atio

n

�N

o hi

stor

ical

floo

ding

reco

rded

from

ice-

rela

ted

even

ts, t

suna

mi

gene

rate

d su

rges

, cha

nnel

mig

ratio

ns o

r dam

failu

res

�P

ower

Blo

ck b

uild

up

to a

min

imum

of 9

5 ft

NA

VD

88,1

5 ft

high

er th

an

natu

ral g

rade

at t

he s

ite a

nd e

ven

high

er th

an n

earb

y na

tura

l wat

er

bodi

es�

Clo

sest

Hyd

rolo

gic

Feat

ure

to P

ower

Blo

ck is

the

Coo

ling

Bas

in

�C

redi

ble

flood

ing

even

ts a

t VC

S•

Stre

am fl

oodi

ng fr

om G

uada

lupe

Riv

er•

Hur

rican

e-in

duce

d st

orm

sur

ges

from

the

Gul

f•

Floo

ding

from

ups

tream

dam

failu

res

(Can

yon

Dam

and

Col

eto

Cre

ek D

am)

•Fl

oodi

ng fr

om b

reac

hing

of t

he C

oolin

g B

asin

em

bank

men

t

Exe

lon

Vic

tori

a C

ount

y S

tati

on S

ite

Early

Site

Per

mit

Gro

undw

ater

Ove

rvie

w

NR

C H

ydro

logy

Aud

it Si

te V

isit

Oct

ober

18,

201

0

22

Gro

undw

ater

Ove

rvie

w

�VC

S Si

te

•S

ituat

ed in

the

Coa

stal

Pra

iries

sub

-pro

vinc

e of

the

Gul

f Coa

stal

Pla

ins

phys

iogr

aphi

c pr

ovin

ce.

•A

gen

tly s

lopi

ng p

lain

cov

ers

mos

t of t

he V

CS

site

. G

roun

d su

rface

el

evat

ion

rang

es fr

om a

ppro

xim

atel

y 85

feet

NA

VD

88

(nor

thw

est)

to

appr

oxim

atel

y 65

feet

NA

VD

88

(sou

thea

st) e

xcep

t whe

re th

e si

te s

lope

s to

the

Gua

dalu

pe R

iver

val

ley,

ele

vatio

n ap

prox

imat

ely

15 fe

et N

AV

D88

at

Linn

Lak

e.

•K

uy C

reek

and

Dry

Kuy

Cre

ek a

re th

e do

min

ate

pre-

exis

ting

surfa

ce w

ater

fe

atur

es a

t the

site

. D

rain

age

patte

rn is

gen

eral

ly d

endr

itic

and

ephe

mer

al.

23

Sit

e Lo

cati

on P

lan

24

Gro

undw

ater

Ove

rvie

w

�R

EGIO

NA

L G

RO

UN

DW

ATE

R A

QU

IFER

S

•Th

e V

CS

site

is u

nder

lain

by

a th

ick

wed

ge o

f sou

thea

ster

ly d

ippi

ng

sedi

men

tary

dep

osits

and

ove

rlies

the

Gul

f Coa

st A

quife

r Sys

tem

.

•Th

e G

ulf C

oast

Aqu

ifer S

yste

m c

onsi

sts

of a

ltern

atin

g be

ds o

f cla

y, s

ilt,

sand

and

gra

vel.

•Th

e G

ulf C

oast

Aqu

ifer,

in g

ener

al, i

s su

bdiv

ided

into

four

maj

or

hydr

ogeo

logi

c un

its.

From

sha

llow

est t

o de

epes

t the

y ar

e:�

Chi

cot A

quife

r�

Evan

gelin

e Aq

uife

r�

Jasp

er A

quife

r (c

onta

ins

the

Bur

kevi

lle C

onfin

ing

Sys

tem

)�

Cat

ahou

la C

onfin

ing

Sys

tem

•Th

e pr

inci

pal a

quife

rs in

Vic

toria

Cou

nty

are

the

Chi

cota

ndEv

ange

line.

25

Gro

undw

ater

Ove

rvie

w

�LO

CA

L G

RO

UN

DW

ATE

R A

QU

IFER

S

•Th

e C

hico

t Aqu

ifere

xten

ds to

a d

epth

of a

ppro

xim

atel

y 40

0 fe

et

(ele

vatio

n of

app

roxi

mat

ely

-300

feet

) ben

eath

the

site

.�

Prim

ary

aqui

fer o

f int

eres

t for

pla

nt c

onst

ruct

ion,

site

dev

elop

men

t, an

d ac

cide

ntal

rele

ase

anal

ysis

.�

Eva

luat

ed th

roug

h lit

erat

ure

and

stat

e da

taba

se re

view

s, a

nd fr

om d

ata

colle

cted

dur

ing

site

geo

tech

nica

l sub

surfa

ce in

vest

igat

ions

.

•Th

e Ev

ange

line

Aqu

iferu

nder

lies

the

Chi

cot A

quife

r to

a de

pth

of

appr

oxim

atel

y 1,

100

feet

(ele

vatio

n of

app

roxi

mat

ely

-1,0

00 fe

et).

�Id

entif

ied

sour

ce o

f gro

undw

ater

for p

lant

ope

ratio

ns (p

ropo

sed

on-s

ite w

ell

field

).�

Eva

luat

ed th

roug

h lit

erat

ure

and

stat

e da

taba

se re

view

s.

•P

rimar

y pl

ant w

ater

dem

ands

is fo

r coo

ling

and

will

be

from

sur

face

wat

er

sour

ces.

�G

roun

dwat

er is

a s

econ

dary

sou

rce

for p

lant

non

-coo

ling

use.

26

Gro

undw

ater

Ove

rvie

w

�SU

BSU

RFA

CE

INVE

STIG

ATI

ON

PR

OG

RA

M

•E

valu

ate

site

geo

tech

nica

l, ge

olog

ic a

nd h

ydro

geol

ogic

con

ditio

ns to

a

dept

h of

up

to 6

00 fe

et.

•S

ubsu

rface

info

rmat

ion

was

col

lect

ed fr

om m

ore

than

200

geo

tech

nica

l bo

rings

, geo

logi

c/ge

ophy

sica

l bor

ings

, con

e pe

netro

met

er te

sts

(CP

Ts),

shal

low

test

pits

, gro

undw

ater

obs

erva

tion

and

test

wel

ls, a

nd b

oreh

ole

perm

eam

eter

test

s.

•La

bora

tory

Ana

lysi

s:�

Geo

tech

nica

l pro

perti

es.

�D

istri

butio

n C

oeffi

cien

ts (K

d) fo

r sel

ecte

d is

otop

es (i

n su

ppor

tof S

SA

R 2

.4.1

3 –

Acc

iden

tal R

elea

se o

f Rad

ioac

tive

Liqu

id E

fflue

nts

in G

roun

d an

dS

urfa

ce

Wat

er).

27

Sub

surf

ace

Pro

file

: U

nit

1(W

est

–E

ast)

28

Gro

undw

ater

Ove

rvie

w

�G

RO

UN

DW

ATE

R S

PEC

IFIC

FIE

LD IN

VEST

IGA

TIO

N

•G

eote

chni

cal B

orin

gs L

ogs,

Geo

phys

ical

Log

s, a

nd L

abor

ator

y Te

sts:

Use

d to

der

ive

site

hyd

rost

ratig

raph

y.

•G

roun

dwat

er O

bser

vatio

n W

ells

: 27

wel

l pai

rs (5

4 ob

serv

atio

n w

ells

).�

Wel

l dep

ths

rang

ed fr

om a

ppro

xim

atel

y 45

to 1

55 fe

et.

�G

eoch

emic

al w

ater

sam

ples

wer

e co

llect

ed fr

om a

sub

set o

f the

se w

ells

.

•S

lug

Test

s: T

ests

con

duct

ed in

the

obse

rvat

ion

wel

ls.

•A

quife

r Pum

ping

Tes

ts:

Two

aqui

fer p

umpi

ng te

st w

ell c

lust

ers.

�E

ach

wel

l clu

ster

con

sist

ed o

f 1 te

st w

ell a

nd 4

obs

erva

tion

wel

ls.

�Te

st w

ell d

epth

s: A

ppro

xim

atel

y 80

feet

and

180

feet

.

•B

oreh

ole

Per

mea

met

er T

ests

: Te

sts

pref

orm

ed a

t 16

loca

tions

.�

Bor

ehol

es lo

cate

d in

the

foot

prin

t of t

he p

ropo

sed

Coo

ling

Bas

in.

�Te

st d

epth

s: A

ppro

xim

atel

y 5

and

10 fe

et.

29

Sit

e W

ell L

ocat

ion

Pla

n

30

Gro

undw

ater

Ove

rvie

w

�C

HIC

OT

AQ

UIF

ER –

SITE

CO

ND

ITIO

NS

•G

roun

dwat

er e

ncou

nter

ed a

t dep

ths

of a

ppro

xim

atel

y 30

to 6

0 fe

etbe

neat

h th

e si

te.

•Th

e C

hico

t Aqu

ifer w

as s

ubdi

vide

d in

to th

e fo

llow

ing

hydr

ostra

tigra

phic

un

its:

�A

dis

cont

inuo

us, u

nsat

urat

ed (v

ados

e zo

ne) s

and

unit

enco

unte

red

in th

e cl

ay

units

abo

ve th

e w

ater

tabl

e.�

A S

hallo

w A

quife

r con

sist

ing

of in

terb

edde

d sa

nd la

yers

to a

dep

th o

f ap

prox

imat

ely

120

feet

bel

ow g

roun

d su

rface

.o

Upp

er S

hallo

w A

quife

r (ap

prox

imat

ely

50 to

80

feet

bel

ow g

roun

d su

rface

).o

Low

er S

hallo

w A

quife

r (ap

prox

imat

ely

90 to

120

feet

bel

ow g

roun

dsu

rface

).�

A D

eep

Aqu

ifer c

onsi

stin

g of

inte

rbed

ded

sand

laye

r fro

m a

ppro

xim

atel

y 13

0 to

28

0 fe

et b

elow

gro

und

surfa

ce.

•Th

e gr

ound

wat

er fl

ow d

irect

ion

is g

ener

ally

to th

e ea

st to

war

ds th

e G

uada

lupe

Riv

er V

alle

y.

31

Pot

enti

omet

ric

Sur

face

Map

32

Gro

undw

ater

Ove

rvie

w

�G

RO

UN

DW

ATE

R F

LOW

MO

DEL

•A

n el

even

laye

r, nu

mer

ical

gro

undw

ater

flow

mod

el w

as d

evel

oped

to

assi

st w

ith th

e in

terp

reta

tion

of th

e su

bsur

face

hyd

roge

olog

ic m

ater

ials

and

to

sim

ulat

e po

st-c

onst

ruct

ion

grou

ndw

ater

con

ditio

ns.

�S

eepa

ge ra

te fr

om th

e co

olin

g ba

sin

into

the

site

gro

undw

ater

sys

tem

s.�

Pos

t-con

stru

ctio

n gr

ound

wat

er le

vel i

n th

e po

wer

blo

ck.

�P

lant

con

stru

ctio

n de

wat

erin

g.�

Pos

tula

ted,

pos

t-con

stru

ctio

n ac

cide

ntal

rele

ase

path

way

s.

33

Pla

n V

iew

of

Mod

elin

g G

rid

34

Acc

iden

tal R

elea

se P

arti

cles

Tra

cks