new republic
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New Republic. Introduction Washington (1789-97) Getting Established Hamilton Parties Emerge Adams (1797-1801) Quasi-War and Responses. Themes. Key issues in Washington’s Administration Judicial Branch Foreign Policy Issues Political Parties John Adams avoids war with France. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
New Republic
• Introduction• Washington (1789-97)
▫ Getting Established▫ Hamilton▫ Parties Emerge
• Adams (1797-1801)▫ Quasi-War and Responses
Themes• Key issues in Washington’s
Administration▫ Judicial Branch▫ Foreign Policy Issues▫ Political Parties
• John Adams avoids war with France
• Introduction• Washington (1789-97)
▫ Getting Established▫ Hamilton▫ Parties Emerge
• Adams (1797-1801)▫ Quasi-War and Responses
Bellwork•How is the Executive department set up?
The First President• George Wash. Did not seek
office• Electoral College
unanimously chose him• Selected John Adams as
VP
How does the Electoral College Work?
Source
The First President•Wash. established many precedents for
others to follow▫Chief Executive - Appointing a cabinet▫Chief Legislature - Role as law maker▫Commander and Chief - Monopoly on
Violence▫Chief Diplomat - Foreign Policy
Chief Executive - Washington's Cabinet•Cabinet Members
▫Henry Knox (MA) - Secretary of War▫Edmund Randolph (VA) - Attorney General▫Thomas Jefferson (VA) - Secretary of State▫Alexander Hamilton (NY) - Secretary of
Treasury
Chief Legislature – Major Legislation•Judiciary Act 1789•Naturalization Act 1790•Bank Act 1791•Coinage Act 1792•Fugitive Slave Act 1793•Naval Act 1794•Ratification of the Bill of Rights
Chief Legislature – Major LegislationBill of Rights
• First Amendment:▫ Free speech, press,
religion, assembly, petition
• Second Amendment:▫ Right to bear arms
Chief Legislature – Major LegislationBill of Rights• Prohibited unreasonable
searches• Protected the rights of the
accused:▫ Allowed for jury trials▫ No cruel and unusual
punishment• Power was reserved to the
states and the people
Commander and Chief – Whiskey Rebellion (1794)• A tax was placed on
whiskey• Farmers in western Penn.
protested and intimidated tax collectors
• Wash. led a militia of 13,000 to end rebellion.▫ *Precedent: no violent
resistance to U.S. policies*
Chief Diplomat – Foreign Policy - France• The French Rev. began in
1789 and many Am. Rejoiced▫ Specifically Jefferson and
his followers• But, the Rev. turned
violent and war broke out in Europe
• Wash. Declared Am. neutral in European war
Chief Diplomat -Foreign Policy - Spain
• Two Concerns▫ Americans access to port
of New Orleans▫ Boundary dispute in the
south east• Pinckney’s Treaty (1796)
▫ Granted America free access to Mississippi
▫ 31 Parallel = U.S. boundary with Florida.
Farwell Address•Condemned political parties•Warned of entangling alliances•Established precedence of serving only 2
terms
Check Up!•Executive Departments Today
•How has the cabinet changed over time? How is this a reflection of the expanding role of the presidency today?
• Introduction• Washington (1789-97)
▫ Getting Established▫ Hamilton▫ Foreign Policy▫ Parties Emerge
• Adams (1797-1801)▫ Quasi-War and Responses
Bellwork•What is the difference between deficit and
debt? Why is debt a dangerous thing?
Alexander Hamilton (Sec. of Treasury)•Born in West Indies•Served as aid to Wash. during Rev. War
Alexander Hamilton (Sec. of Treasury)•Born in West Indies•Served as aid to Wash. during Rev. War•Hoped to concentrate debt in the national
government▫Success of large investors would be linked
to success of national government.
National Debt•U.S. Debt = $54 million•Goal: off foreign debt and have national
gov. assume state debt•Some states supported the proposal, but
others had already paid their debt (like Virginia)
National Debt Compromise• Compromise
▫ Rep. from the south agreed for the national gov to take on debt
▫ The capital would transfer from Philadelphia to a location on the Potomac River in Virginia.
Bank of the United States• Hamilton supported
creation of a National Bank of the United States▫ Provide a safe place to
deposit the gov.’s money▫ Borrow money for the
gov. by selling bonds▫ Help regulate state banks
• But was it Constitutional?
Bank of the United States• Jefferson’s View
• Strict Interpretation▫ No: Bank of U.S.▫ Constitution did not give
Congress this power▫ This was reserved to the
states
Bank of the United States• Hamilton’s View
• Loose Interpretation▫ Yes: Bank of U.S.▫ Elastic Clause: Congress
had power to ‘make all laws necessary and proper’ to carry out its functions
▫ Wash. Agreed and signed the Bank bill into law, creating the Bank of the U.S.
Dealing with the Debt•Vocabulary
▫Deficit – The amount of money spent each year not collected as revenue
▫Surplus – The amount of money left over after spending for all expenses
▫Debt – Total money owed▫Revenue – Money collected through tariffs,
taxes, and fees
Dealing with the Debt•National Bank assumed state debts and
issued debt holders bonds.•Whiskey Tax (led to Whiskey Rebellion)
Debt as a Percentage of GDP
•U.S. Debt Clock
Solutions Now•Increase Taxes•Cut Spending•Increase Taxes and Cut Spending•Increase the size of the economy (collect
more revenue but keep taxes at same rates)
Check Up!National Debt Crisis Then National Debt Crisis Now
Solution: Solution:
Check Up!•Based on what has worked in the past,
and what is currently happening in the United States today, develop a plan for how the U.S. can abolish its national debt.
•A: To abolish the national debt, the united states needs to…
•R: Because•E: For example
• Introduction• Washington (1789-97)
▫ Getting Established▫ Hamilton▫ Parties Emerge
• Adams (1797-1801)▫ Quasi-War and Responses
Bellwork•Do you find yourself siding with one of the
major political parties in the United States? If so, which one, and why?
Political Parties•Democratic-Republicans
▫Who: Jefferson, Madison▫Where: South and West▫Issues: State Rights, Small Farmers▫Constitution: Strict Interpretation▫Foreign Policy: Pro-French
Political Parties•Federalists
▫Who: John Adams, Alexander Hamilton▫Where: North East, Cities▫Issues: Strong National Government▫Constitution: Loose interpretation,
Constitution should be flexible▫Foreign Policy: Pro-British
Support National Bank of the
United States
Supported by farmers John Adams Promoted State
rights
Wanted Strong national
governmentPro-British Supported by
New England Thomas Jefferson
Alexander Hamilton
Supported by city dwellers
Supported by South and Western
Territories
Loose Interpretation
Used constitutional
phrase “‘make all laws necessary and proper’ to carry out its
functions
Pro-France Strict Interpretation James Madison
Check Up!Washington wrote that the development of political parties would destroy ‘the best fabric of human government and happiness.’
•Do you feel that political parties weaken government, or strengthen it? Be prepared to defend.
• Introduction• Washington (1789-97)
▫ Getting Established▫ Hamilton▫ Foreign Policy▫ Parties Emerge
• Adams (1797-1801)▫ Quasi-War and Responses
John Adams• Defended Br. Soldier after
B. Massacre.• From Mass. And member
of the Continental Congress
• Served as diplomat to France during Am. Rev.
• Wash. VP and a Federalist
Election of 1796• Jefferson ran against
Adams for pres.• Adams won, but Jeff.
became VP▫ Pres. Adams = Federalist▫ VP Jefferson =
Democratic-Republican
Meanwhile…• French Revolution killed
monarchs of France and much of the aristocracy
Meanwhile…• French Revolution killed
monarchs of France and much of the aristocracy
• British opposed the French Revolution
• Fr. And British went to war
Jay’s Treaty•Negotiated by John Jay•Trade settlement between British and
Americans. ▫Br. surrendered forts in western territories ▫Br. agreed to stop arming Native
Americans. ▫Am. agreed to strict anti-French trade
policy•Signed into law by Washington
XYZ Affair• French were angered by
Am. Treaty with England• Adams sent diplomats to
France• French would not meet
with Americans unless the U.S. paid them a bribe of 250,000
• America refused and a wave of anti French sentiment swept the nation
Video
Quasi-War with France•Am. Fought French in Caribbean, yet no
declaration of war•Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans
continued to sympathize with France•Federalists Congress pass laws to
suppress French sympathizers
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)Alien Act, 1798 Sedition Act, 1798
• Source: Enduring Visionp. 213 - 215 • Source: Enduring Vision p. 213 - 215
Bellwork•Is freedom of speech necessary for a
democracy, or should this government be allowed to curtail those rights during times of national crisis?
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)• Aimed at Foreigners:
▫ Pres. could expel any foreigner determined to be a threat to the nation
▫ Foreigners could be deported or jailed by Pres. indefinitely During wartime
▫ Residency for citizenship was increased from 5 to 14 years
• Limited Free Speech▫ Illegal to defame or
criticize Pres. or gov.▫ Aimed at war critics▫ Seemed to violate First
Am
Check Up!•How did the Alien and Seditions Acts
create conflict between the executive authority of John Adams and the constitutional freedoms of opposing political parties?
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)•Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798)
▫States could judge constitutionality of laws passed by Congress
▫States could nullify unconstitutional laws▫The authors of these acts kept their names
secret at the time James Madison T. Jefferson
Check Up!1. Should the gov. be allowed to pass laws such as the Alien
and Sedition Acts during wartime?2. How could the Alien and Sedition Act be used to
suppress political descent?3. Does the Bill of Rights go far enough, or too far, in
protecting civil liberties?4. Should states be allowed to nullify federal laws, as the
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions suggested?
Prompt: How did the Quasi War with France create a constitutional crisis within the United States? - XYZ Affair - Alien and Sedition Acts- Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Reasoning Evidence/O.I. Inference
Assertion
Conclusion
Review• Many events from
Presidencies of Wash. And Adams were discussed
• Key Concepts: Power of Government▫ Should the gov. be
allowed to pass laws such as the Alien and Sedition Acts during wartime?
▫ Does the Bill of Rights go far enough, or too far, in protecting civil liberties?
▫ Power of Central Gov. vs. States
Sites• Bill or Rights• Whiskey Rebellion
National Historic Site• Alexander Hamilton• Jay’s Treaty• Pinckney’s Treaty• Treaty of Greenville• George Washington• Mount Vernon• John Adams• Adams National Historic P
ark
Source• http://college.cengage.co
m/history/lecturepoints/part01_lecture08/part01_lecture08.html