new thesis 3 15.4.13shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/14125/8/08_chapter 1.pdffish...
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INTRODUCTION
Fishes form an important nutritious food item of man. The
importance of fish as food has been recognised by man from antiquity.
FAO (Food and Agricultural Organizsation) has recognized the
importance of fish as a food source particularly for its role in protein
supply. In its first report on Fisheries, FAO stated that “… fish should be
regarded as one of the most important sources of food in any program
for raising the nutritional level of people throughout the world”. It
provides high quality protein and a wide variety of vitamins and
minerals. On average, fish provides about 20–30 kilocalories per person
per day. Experts agree that even in small quantities fish can have a
significant positive impact of improving the quality of dietary proteins.
Approximately one billion people worldwide rely on fish as the most
significant source of animal protein in their diets. More than 75% of the
world’s fish production is consumed by humans and remaining is fed to
animals, particularly in the form of fishmeal. Asia is the first largest fish
consuming continent and Europe stands second in fish consumption
whereas the lowest level of consumption occurs in Africa and the near
east. The demand for fish food in recent years is in the range of 110 to
120 million tonnes/year. Fish consumption rose to a record 17.2 kg per
person per year and would rise further as more people recognised the
benefits of seafood, the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO,
2011) said in a report.
Fishes also provide many other important by-products like fish oil,
fish meal, fish flour, fish protein, fish glue, fish skins. Fish liver oil is an
important natural source of Vitamin A. It also contains small quantities
of Vitamin D, C and E. Fishes like mackerel, salmon, herrings, sardines,
cods, halibuts, tunas, sharks and rays are the best oil yielders. Fish oil is
widely used for the manufacture of edible oil, margarine, lard-
substitutes, soap, paints and varnishes. Omega -3 is the name of a type of
fat that is found in oil-rich fish. Fish protein concentrate (FPC) is stable
fish preparation, intended for human consumption.
India is the third largest producer of fish in the world and second
in inland fish production. Fisheries are important for the Indian economy
as it provides employment opportunities and is a source of a nutritional
food and foreign exchange earnings. Fish production in the country has
been growing continuously with improvement in productivity and
utilization of untapped resources. The total fish production is 6.4 million
metric tones/year of which 3.4 million metric tonnes is inland and the
remaining 3.0 mmt is from marine environment.
Andhra Pradesh has been contributing significantly to the fish
basket of the country in the recent years through an effective strategy in
both coastal and freshwater aquaculture and marketing. The inland fish
production is 6.8 lakh tonnes. Further, by virtue of its 974 km long
coastline, the state produces 2.97 lakh tonnes of marine fish annually. It
stands second in fresh water fish production and fifth in marine fish
production.The advent of mechanisation of fishing craft and introduction
of mechanised fishing vessels has brought significant changes in the
marine fishing industry of Andhra Pradesh. As a result of this, the
fisheries harbour at Visakhapatnam has become one of the key harbours
for mechanised trawl fishing and Visakhapatnam itself has emerged as
one of the most important centres for exporting marine products to
foreign countries. Visakhapatnam coast has a special place in the marine
fisheries map of India being the nucleus of deep sea trawling activities
and various other mechanised and non-mechanised gear operations. A
number of fish landing centres dot along the 130 km coastline with about
185,948 tonnes of fish harvested annually.
Fish form an important dietary component of man. Since, it is
important the fish that are consumed should be healthy and free of
infection ensuring food safety. Infections which are caused by viruses,
bacteria and parasites among fishes in natural and manmade culture
systems are harmful for fish health and growth and sometimes are very
fatal, causing high mortalities. The major parasitic groups found in
marine and freshwater fishes are trematodes, cestodes, acanthocephalans
and nematodes. Parasite infested fish have no or low market value
resulting in loss to fishery industry. Hence it is relevant to identify such
infectious agents and suggest measures for prevention and elimination of
such infections.
It is well documented that many groups of helminths, affecting the
host in different ways by causing mechanical injuries such as irritation,
injury or atrophy of tissue and occlusion of the alimentary canal, blood
vessels or other ducts; introducing toxic metabolic byproducts able to
produce changes in the blood, enzyme, vitamin or hormone activity of
the host. The host reaction may be tissue proliferation, degeneration and
inflammation and probably in the development of immunity. On the
other hand, parasitic infestations affect the metabolic rate of the fish and
result in stunted growth of the fish. A heavy worm infection reduces the
host’s reproductive potential as in the case of nematode infection with
Philometra or delay the sexual maturity in the fish, both the factors
limiting the size of the host population.
Parasites show deleterious effects on the biology of the host in many
ways. Pathogenicity of fish parasites is now increasingly attracting the
attention of parasitologists, with a considerable significance to the effects
of nematodes on their fish hosts compared to other parasitic helminths. The
importance of fish parasites as a factor contributing to fish mortality should
not be underestimated, especially in fish farming and culture, where
sometimes the whole population of the pond is killed, resulting in the loss
of potential food and incurring financial loss to the farmer.
The highly specific diets among fishes may result in very low
infection with parasites. A more generalized diet on the other hand,
exposes hosts to greater diversity of parasites. Fish serve as the
intermediate or reservoir hosts for larval stages of some nematode
species and as definitive hosts in which sexual maturity is attained for
others. The larval forms of nematodes generally occur in abundance,
which is probably attributable to a life span covering several years. Such
consequent nematode accumulation increases with age of the fish. Many
adult nematode associations with fish, especially those living in the
digestive tract have shorter life span. The larvae live in the skin or in the
internal organs where they encyst. The cysts, when present, cause
inflammation of the internal organs. The cyst produces larva and
develops into the adult worm when the fish is eaten by the definitive
host. The nematodes one usually found in the gut, body cavity, muscles,
blood – vessels, swim bladder, gonads and other organs of the fish. Such
nematodes of fishes probably have a two-host or three-host life cycles.
Certain nematodes parasitize both external and internal organs of fish.
Nematode parasites of fish are also important from human health
point of view. The larvae of Gnathostoma spinigerum, usually encyst in the
muscle of fish, can be ingested by humans with under-cooked fish flesh
which then develop to morphologically mature but sexually immature
worms thus, showing zoonotic potential. These worms become erratic and
find their way into the skin, mucous membranes on the visceral lining, the
eye and the brain.The third stage larvae of ascaridoid nematodes from
marine fish can infect man if ingested raw or lightly salted.
It is important to know that in which species of the fish and under
what circumstances these parasites are able to live and develop. It is
equally important to know the seasonal occurrence of fish parasites. This
knowledge is very important from the practical point of view.
The numerous species of nematodes reported from fishes all over
the world, host specificity and evolution of nematode parasites, which
could form another important piece of research work. The nematode
fauna of fishes in South Asia is now fairly well known. The widely
scattered literature discussing the morphology and taxonomy of
nematode parasites from various regions generally consists of the
descriptions of new taxa, with little or no biological information about
the parasites or host-parasite relationship, although a beginning has
already been made, the parasitic fauna of marine and freshwater needs to
be explored.
Ichthyopathological effects of nematode infections of common fish,
their taxonomical aspects and some of the important larval stages of
nematodes in their definitive hosts are undertaken.
The systematics of nematode parasites need to be repeated atleast
once in 10 years because of the fast changing aquatic environment due to
the interference of human activity and to help in completing the records
pertaining to ecology, biodiversity in relation to geography and the host
parasite relations. In view of the growing importance of fisheries in India
and abroad an attempt has been made to enhance the knowledge of
nematode parasites of fishes and intensity of their infection.
Some of the important early investigations on nematode parasites of
fish include those of Mueller (1777), Rudolphi (1810, 1819), Fourment
(1883), Linton (1891, 1901), Johnstone (1906), Railliet and Henry (1912)
and Travassos (1917). Ward and Magath (1917) gave an account on
nematodes in freshwater fishes. Barreto and De (1918) published a compiled
account of nematodes. Baylis and Lane (1920) published a detailed review
of nematodes of Gnathostomidae. Barreto and De (1922) revised the
nematodes of Cucullanidae. Baylis (1922) reported nematodes from fishes of
the river Nile. Baylis and Daubney (1922, 1923) reported a detailed account
of parasitic nematodes in the collection of the Zoological survey of India.
Baylis (1923a) collected parasitic nematodes mainly from Egypt.
Baylis (1923b) worked on some nematodes of the genus Cucullanus from
the fishes of the river Nile. Baylis and Daubney (1926) gave a detailed
systematic account of nematodes. Gendre (1927) studied in brief on parasitic
nematodes. Thwaite (1927) published on a collection of nematodes from
Ceylon. Fujita (1928) studied the parasitic nematodes from fishes of Lake
Biwa, Japan. Tornquist (1931) published the anatomical and histological
details of parasitic nematodes of Cucullanidae and Camallanidae. Das and
Rahimullah (1933) published a note on nematodes of India. Hsu (1933)
reported some species of parasitic nematodes from fishes of China. Smedley
(1933 a, b) worked on nematode parasites from Canadian marine and
freshwater fishes. Chandler (1935) described some parasitic nematodes of
Galveston Bay of United states of America. Dollfus (1935) described three
species of parasitic nematodes. Kulkarni (1935) described a nematode
species of Procamallanus from India.
Yamaguti (1935) studied in detail on the nematodes of fishes from
Japan. A detailed description on nematode fauna of British India including
Ceylon and Burma was published by Baylis (1936 & 1939). Johnston and
Mawson (1940) described some nematodes parasitic in Australian
freshwater fish. Karve (1941) reported some parasitic nematodes of fishes.
Yamaguti (1941) published a systematic and histological account of
nematodes in the fishes of Japan. Johnston and Mawson (1942) worked on
some new and known Australian parasitic nematodes. Chandler (1943)
described a species of nematode Contracaecum habena. Johnston and
Mawson (1943) described some nematodes from Australian elasmobranchs.
Baylis (1944) compiled the works on parasitic nematodes. Johnston and
Mawson (1945) worked on parasitic nematodes from Australian fishes.
Skrjabin (1946) revised the taxonomy of the nematodes parasitising in
fishes.
Other contributions were of karve and Naik (1951) on some parasitic
nematodes of fish. Karve (1952) described some of the parasitic nematodes
of fishes of India. Olsen (1952) published on some parasitic nematodes of
marine fishes. Khera (1953) described Pseudoproleptus vestibules n.g., n.sp
from the fish, Mastacembelus armatus. Khera (1954) worked on nematode
parasites of some Indian vertebrates. Saidov (1954) revised the family
Rhabdochonidae and the subfamily Cyclozoninae. Khera (1955) studied
some nematode species of Procamallanus from India. Ali (1956) made
studies on the nematode parasites of fishes and birds in Hyderabad state.
Hartwich (1957) published a detailed systematic account of Superfamily
Ascaridoidea of nematodes. Gupta (1959) studied the nematode parasites of
vertebrates of East Pakistan. Ali (1960) collected two new species of
nematode Procamallanus from India, and published a key upto the species
level. Chakravarthy and Majumdar (1960) described two new species of
nematodes Procamallanus from India, and gave a key to identify upto the
species level. Berland (1961) worked on nematodes from some Norwegion
marine fish. Skrjabin, et al., (1961) published a volume where he compiled a
detail account on morphological, anatomical and systematics of nematodes.
Yamaguti (1961) compiled the works of others and brought out information
from all over the world in his compendium “Systema Helminthum”.
Chakravarthy and Majumdar (1962) collected new nematode parasites from
bird and fish. Fernando and Furtado (1963) studied nematodes in fresh water
fishes in Ceylon. Hopper (1963) reported marine nematodes from the
Coastline of the Gulf of Mexico.
Kreis (1963) made a brief report on marine nematodes from Iceland.
Skrjabin and Sobolev (1964) worked on Spirurid nematodes. Agrawal (1965
a, b) described some new nematode parasites from fresh water fish of
Lucknow, India. Furtado (1965) reported nematode Rhabdochona pengensis
n.sp from a Malayan Cyprinid fish and Lee (1965) studied the physiology of
nematodes.
Rasheed (1965 a, b, c) published on some of the new species of
nematodes from marine fishes of Karachi, Pakistan. Crofton (1966)
published on general account of nematode parasites. Johnson (1966) worked
on the systematic of nematodes. Molnar (1966) described some little known
and new nematode species of the genera Philometra and Skrjabillanus from
fishes in Hungary. Rasheed (1966) described some interesting nematode
parasites of fish from Pakistan. Sahay and Sinha (1966) reported nematode
Zeylanema mastacembeli n.sp from Mastacembelus armatus. Sood (1966)
collected two new nematode parasites from freshwater fishes of Lucknow.
Sahay (1966 a, b, c) described three species of nematodes Procamallanus,
Rhabdochona bosei n.sp and Haemonchus contortus.
Agrawal (1967) published some new Camallanoidea (spirurida)
nematodes from fishes, amphibians and reptiles. James and Srivastava
(1967) described some nematode parasites from five bearded rocking fish
Onos mustelus from Mumbles head, Swansea. Sahay and Narayan (1967)
published on the nematode family Camallanidae with its classification.
Margolis (1968) published some nematode parasites from Salmonid fishes.
Further Sahay (1968) and Sood (1968 a, b) reported some nematode
parasites from freshwater fishes of India. Kalyankar (1969) worked on some
nematode parasites, Mehdiascaris n.g and two new species of ascarids from
a marine fish Muraenesox talabanoides. Further work on nematodes was
done by Misra (1969) who worked on the fauna of India and adjacent
countries. Rai (1969) worked on some of the hitherto known and unknown
nematodes parasitic in some of the freshwater siluroid fishes.
Sahay, et al., (1969) also worked on Rhabdochonid nematode
parasites from fishes of India. Troncy (1969) described some nematode
parasites. Chitwood (1970) also worked on fish nematodes. Freitas, et al.,
(1970) studied a new Camallanid nematode parasite of fish in Peru.
Kalyankar (1970) reported a new nematode, Alibagascaris pseudosciaenae
gen et n.sp from marine fishes of Alibag and Bombay, India. Sood and
Agarwal (1970) discussed on two nematode parasites of fishes from
Lucknow. Bilquees, et al., (1971) studied the marine fish nematodes of West
Pakistan.
Kalyankar (1971 a,b,c,d,e,f,g) described six new species of
nematodes, Thynnascaris carangis n.sp., Neospinitectus ophiocephali n.g,
n.sp and new species of Philometra and Pseudocucullanus tachysuri n.g.
n.sp Neocucullanellus yamaguti n.sp and Aliascaris indica collected from
fishes Caranx malabaricus, Ophiocephalus punctatus and Trygon sephen.
Further investigation was done by Khan and Begum (1971) on nematode
parasites of fishes from West Pakistan. Majumdar and De (1971) described a
nematode Rhabdochona barusi n.sp from the fish Barilius sp with the key to
the Indian species of this genus. Mohan (1971) discussed on the infestation
of the gonadial nematode parasite Philometra rajani from the sciaenid fish
Pennahia aneus. Moravec (1971) worked on nematodes of fishes in
Czechoslovakia. Rasheed Ilyas (1971) studied nematode parasites of fishes,
amphibia, birds and reptiles of Maharashtra State of India. Soota and
Chaturvedi (1971 a, b, c) reported some nematodes from the unnamed
collection of the Zoological Survey of India.
Further investigations was done by Bilquees and Khanum (1972) and
Chitwood and Lichenfels (1972) on the marine fish nematodes. Kalyankar
(1972 a, b, c) reported some new nematodes from India. Moravec (1972)
discussed the general characterization of the nematode genus Rhabdochona
with a revision of the South American species. Sood (1972 a, b, c) worked
on some nematode parasites from freshwater fishes of India. Soota and
Chaturvedi (1972) described the nematode fauna of Goa, India. Verma
(1972) worked on nematode parasites of freshwater fishes and described two
new species of the genus Rhabdochona from Lucknow. Bashirullah (1973 a,
b, c) reported two new species of nematode Spirocamallanus from
Bangladesh. Rehana and Bilquees (1973) described Rhabdochona cavasius
n.sp from Mystus cavasius. Wouts (1973) reported some nematodes from
New Zealand. Bashirullah (1974) studied two new nematode species of
Camallanus from fresh water fishes of Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Hartwich (1974) published a detailed descriptions for the
identification of nematode parasites with a key. Jehan (1974) worked on
some Spirurid nematodes. Petter (1974) described the classfication of family
Cucullanidae. Schmidt, et al., (1974) studied the helminthes of North
Dekota and described nematodes from Paddle fish, Polyodon spathula. A
brief note has been published on nematode parasites by Sommerville and
Buzzell (1974). Amin (1975) and Arya and Johnson (1975) described new
nematode species from Indian waters. Chabaud (1975) reported a key to
identify the nematode parasites of the genera of the order Spirurida.
Moravec (1975) reconstructed the nematode genus, Rhabdochona with a
review of the species parasitic in fishes of Europe and Asia. Srivastava and
Gupta (1975 a,b,c) described in detail on nematode parasites of marine
fishes from Pentkota, Puri, Orissa including three new species of the genus
Camallanus. Zaidi and Khan (1975) worked on nematode parasites from
fishes of Pakistan.
Bilquees (1976) has given a list of parasites of fishes of Kinjar Lake,
Sind. Bilquees and Khanum (1976) described a new species of the genus
Rhaphidascaroides. Gupta and Garg (1976) worked on two new spiruroid
nematodes from marine food fishes in India. Moravec (1976) observed the
development of Rhabdochona phoxini. Srivastava and Gupta (1976 a,b,c)
published an account on nematode parasites including two new species of
the genus Camallanus and two new species of the genus Indocucullanus
from Pentkota, Puri, Orrisa.
Arya (1977) collected a new species of the genus Echinocephalus
from a fish and also published a key to the species of Echinocephalus. Arya
and Johnson (1977 a, b) collected two new species of the genus
Dujardinascaris and Rhabdochona from the fish Cybium guttatum. They
also reported a new species of nematode belonging to the genus
Dujardinascaris in 1978. Chaturvedi and Kansal (1977) published the check
list of Indian nematodes. Sood, et al., (1977) worked on some nematode
parasites of freshwater fishes from the Punjab state, India.
Arya (1978 a, b) described three new species of the genus
Camallanus and a new species of the genus Rhabdochona from Indian
waters. Chabaud (1978) has given a key to identify the nematode
parasites of vertebrates belonging to the genera of the super families
Cosmocercoidea, Seuratoidea, Heterakoidea and Subuluroidea. De, et
al., (1978) described some little known nematodes from Indian fishes.
Jackson, et al., (1978) studied on nematodes from fish market in the
Washington D.C. Moller (1978) described the effects of salinity and
temperature in the development and survival of nematode parasites.
Moravec (1978) collected the species of the genus Rhabdochona from
fishes of Czechoslovakia. Warren and Wilson (1978) studied parasitic
nematode Contracaecum in two species of fish.
Ahmed and Rahman (1979) studied pathogenicity of some
nematodes in flat fishes. Bilquees (1979) reported Rhabdochona
parastromatei n.sp from the fish Parastromateus niger of the Karachi
Coast. Gupta and Bakshi (1979) reported three new nematode parasites
from freshwater fishes of Lucknow. Margolis and Arthur (1979) worked
on the nematodes of fishes of Canada. Naidu (1979) has given a report
on the larval forms of the nematode belonging to Gnathostoma sp,
Contracaecum sp and Eustrongylides sp. from new piscine hosts of
Vidarbha region of Maharasthra State, India. Petter (1979) reported three
nematode parasites of fish in Malaysia. Salgado–Maldonado and Barqui
nalvarez (1979) described some nematode parasites from the fish Mugil
cephalus. Arya (1980) reported the larval forms of a nematode
Dujardinascaris cybii. Chubb (1980) described the seasonal occurrence
of nematodes in freshwater fishes. Review of Hysterothylacium and
Iheringascaris from the northern Gulf of Mexico were described by
Deardorff and overstreet (1980). Soota and Dey Sarkar (1980 a, b)
described three species of the nematode genus Cucullanus and given a
note on Lappetascaris lutjani from Indian marine fish.
Ahmed (1981) studied the nematode infection in fresh water fishes
of Bangladesh. Soota and Dey Sarkar (1981) worked on some nematodes
from Solan district, Himachal Pradesh, India. Much progress has been
achieved by Srivastava (1981). Bharathalakshmi (1982) reported in
detail on nematodes of Fishes, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals. Bilquees
(1982) reported new host records of nematodes Philometra lateolabracis
and Rhabdochona parastromatei. Deardroff, et al., (1982) reported
larval ascaroid nematodes from fishes near the Hawaiian Islands. Gupta
and Masoodi (1982) reported three nematode parasites and one known
nematodes from Kanpur, India. Gupta and Srivastava (1982) described
four new species of nematodes from the genus Rhabdochona from fresh
water fishes of India. William Eaton, et al., (1982) studied the nematode
infection in the northern anchovy from San Francisco Bay.
Gupta and Bakshi (1983) reported two new spirurids from the
intestine of the freshwater fishes of India. Gupta and Naqvi (1983 a, b)
reported two new species of the genus Indocucullanus and two new species
of the genus Paracucullanellus from freshwater fishes of Lucknow, Uttar
Pradesh. Gupta and Srivastava (1983) have given a brief account on
nematode parasites of fishes. Lakshmi (1983) studied the nematode parasites
of fishes of Andhra Pradesh. Naidu (1983) described some nematode
parasites of fishes of Vidarbha region, Maharashtra state, India. Siddiqi and
Khattak (1983) worked on some nematode parasites of fishes of North, East
and West Pakistan. Soota (1983) published nematode parasites of fishes in
Records of Zoological Survey of India. Gupta and Srivastava (1984 a, b)
reported some nematode parasites of marine fishes from Puri, Orissa.
Kumar, et al., (1984) described two new nematodes from cold water fishes
of Garhwal Himalaya. Siddiqi and Khattak (1984 a, b) collected some new
species of nematodes from fishes of North, East and West Pakistan. Wang
(1984) published three new species and given a list of parasitic nematodes
from vertebrates in Fujian Province.
Further work was done by Lushchina (1985) and Hamman (1986) on
nematode parasites. Ali, et al., (1987) described the nematode fauna of some
fresh water fishes from Tigris River, Baghdad, Iraq. Gupta and Garg (1987)
reported three ascaroids from marine food fishes in India. Gupta and Jaiswal
(1987) worked on some nematode parasites of vertebrates. Gupta and
Jaiswal (1988) erected some nematode parasites from fresh water fishes of
Lucknow. Haseen Fatima (1988) described the seasonal variation of
nematodes of some edible fishes of Karachi coast, Pakistan. Moravec and
Sey (1988) reported nematodes from fresh water fishes of North Vietnam.
Sood (1988) compiled the available information of nematodes in his book on
fish nematodes from South Asia. Munoz, et al., (1989) worked on some
cucullanid nematodes of eel Conger conger from the inshore water of
Valencia. Petter and Radujkovic (1989) worked on parasites of marine fishes
from Montenegro.
Ali, et al., (1990), Moravec and Rohde (1992) and Imam, et al.,
(1993) reported on parasitic nematodes of fishes. Moravec, et al., (1993)
collected some nematode parasites of fishes of the Parana River, Brazil.
Boomker (1994) did work on parasitic nematodes of fishes. Petter (1995)
worked on nematodes of fish from Paraguay. Moravec and Thatcher (1997)
described a new species of nematode Raphidascaroides brasiliensis in
thorny catfish from the Brazilian Amazon. Sardella, et al., (1997) described
a new species of Cucullanus in the fishes of South West Atlantic. Sudha
(1998) studied nematodes of marine and freshwater fishes of Visakhapatnam
coast. Ismen and Bingel (1999) studied nematode infection in the whiting
Merlangius merlangus euxinus off Turkish coast of the Black sea. Lakshmi
and Sudha (1999 a, b) described a new species Rhabdochona marina from
the intestine of Pempheris vanicolensis of Visakhapatnam and redescribed
Procamallanus mathurai.
Kirk, et al., (2000) worked on the effect of salinity on hatching,
survival and infectivity of Anguillicola crassus larvae under experimental
conditions. Lakshmi (2000) described a new parasite of the genus
Cucullanus from the fish Thalassinus. Ozturk, et al., (2000) studied
metazoan parasites of Pike (Esox lucius) from lake Uluabat, Turkey where
the third dominant parasite was the nematode Raphidascaris acus. Lakshmi
(2001) reported a new species Rhabdochona Indiana from the intestine of
Pempheris vanicolensis. Moravec and Huffman (2001) observed the biology
of Rhadochona kidderi texensis, a parasite of North American cichlid fish.
Lymbery, et al., (2002) worked on nematode parasites of inshore fish
species of South Western Australia. Crean, et al., (2003) described the anal
redness in european eels as an indicator of infection by the swimbladder
nematode, Anguillicola crassus. Doupe, et al., (2003) studied larval anisakid
infections of some tropical fish species from North West Australia.
Moravec, et al., (2003) described some nematode parasites from
fishes of central china. Steinauer and Font (2003) studied the seasonal
dynamics of the helminths of Blue gill, Lepomis macrochirus in a
subtropical region where Camallanus oxycephalus was the only helminth
that showed a distinct seasonal pattern.Vincent and Font (2003) worked on
seasonal and yearly population dynamics of two exotic helminths
Camallanus cotti (Nematoda) and Bothriocephalus acheilognathi (Cestoda)
parasitizing exotic fishes in Waianu stream, Oahu, Hawaii. Akther, et al.,
(2004) erected a new nematode species Goezia bangladeshi from
Bangladesh. Gaddy and Philip (2004) described anisakid infection in the
Mayan Cichlid fish. Kvach (2004) collected the far eastern nematode
Anguillicola crassus, a new parasite of the invasive round goby, Ncogobius
melanostomus, in the Baltic Sea. Lefebvre, et al., (2004) described the
impacts of nematode Anguillicola crassus from swimbladder of eel Anguilla
anguilla. Luo da min, et al., (2004) described Cucullanid nematode of
marine fishes from Taiwan Strait. Mandujano and Mojica (2004) presented
data on the seasonal variations in the occurrence and maturation of
Rhabdochona canadensis in its definitive host Notropis boucardi of the
Chalma River in the state of Morelos, Mexico.
Moravec (2004) described some aspects of the taxonomy and biology
of dracunculoid nematodes parasitic in fishes. Moravec and Genc (2004)
redescribed three nematode species of Philometra from the gonads of marine
perciform fishes of Iskenderun Bay, Turkey. Bilquees, et al., (2005) erected
nematode Pseudomazzia macrolabiata from fishes of Karachi coast.
Ercument, et al., (2005) worked on the seasonal variation and pathology
associated with helminthes Philometra lateolabracis (Nematoda:
Philometridae) and Trypanorhynch pleurocercoid, Grillotia sp (Cestoda:
Trypanorhynchia) infecting two Serranids of Iskenderun Bay (North east
Mediterranean Sea), Turkey. Ferrer, et al., (2005) described nematodes of
fish from Western Mediterranean sea. Merella, et al., (2005) reinstated
Philometra jordanoi a parasite of the fish Epinephelus marginatus. Moravec
and Ali (2005) erected two new species of Philometra from needle fishes in
Iraq. Moravec and Justine (2005) collected two anisakid nematodes from
marine fishes off New Caledonia including Raphidascaris nemipteri n.sp
from fish Nemipterus furcosus.
Fang and Luo da min (2006) described a new ascarid species in
elasmobranchs from Taiwan Strait. Moravec and Justine (2006) reported
three nematode species from elasmobranchs off New Caledonia. Moravec, et
al., (2006) collected nematode parasites of marine perciform fishes off New
Caledonia. Moravec, et al., (2006) erected a new nematode Procamallanus
from Pacific eels. Moravec, et al., (2006) worked on nematode parasites of
marine fishes off Corsica, France. Carball and Navone (2007) worked on
fishes in the North Patagonian Gulfs, Argentina. Martins, et al., (2007)
reported a new species Camallanus maculatus in an ornamental fish
Xiphophorus maculatus cultivated in Sao Paulo state, Brazil. George and
Lakshmi (2008 a, b) reported new host record for some nematodes from
marine fishes of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. George and Lakshmi
(2009 a, b) reported new species Paragendria muraenesoxi from the coelom,
stomach and intestine of Muraenesox cinereus of Kakinada. Santos and
Moravec (2009) described Goezia spinulosa, a pathogenic parasite of the
fish Arapaima gigas. Sudhakar, et al., (2009) studied nematode parasites
from Sciaenids fishes of Parangipettai, south east coast of India. Puinyabati,
et al., (2010) worked on the seasonal occurrence of helminth parasites
Camallanus anabantis, Paraquimperia manipurensis and Astiotrema
reniferum infecting Anabas testudineus in Awangsoi Lake, Manipur.
Nadirah, et al., (2011) recorded three nematode species parasitized first time
in some marine fishes in Iraq. Moravec and Justin (2012) reported a new
ascaridoid nematode from lutjanid fishes off New Caledonia. Moravec, et
al., (2012) reported two species of Philometrid nematodes from marine
fishes off Japan. Shaheena and Zarrien (2012) described prevalence and
intensity of parasites in edible fishes landing at Karachi Fish Harbour,
Pakistan.
Fish is one of the best nutritious item recommemded by World Health
Organisation (WHO) in recent years. So the impact of fish diet has been
influenced among the people of India. Whereas in some of the states like
West Bengal, Orissa and Assam people treat the fish as one of the important
traditional food item. In view of the significance of fish health and the vast
diversity of parasites it harbours, the present study is undertaken to provide
adequate information on nematode parasites and their impact in different
species of edible fishes in region of Visakhapatnam. The present work gives
an information and caution to the pescetarians (fisheaters), which of the fish
species of both marine and freshwater are prone to nematode infection. The