new york maps from the dutch period

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New Amsterdam

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This article is about the settlement that became New York City. For other uses, seeNew Amsterdam (disambiguation) .

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Drawing of New Amsterdam from 1648, found in 1991 in Vienna's Albertina , isprobably the oldest image found to dateNew Amsterdam (Dutch : Nieuw-Amsterdam ) was a17th-century Dutch colonial settlement that served asthe capital of New Netherland . It was later renamedto New York City .

The settlement, outside of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island in the NewNetherland territory (1614 1664), was situated between 38 and 42 degrees latitudeand was as a provincial extension of the Dutch Republic as of 1624. Situated on thestrategic, fortifiable southern tip of the island of Manhattan, the fort was meant todefend the Dutch East India Company 's fur trade operations in the North River(Hudson River). Fort Amsterdam was designated the capital of the province in 1625.

The 1625 date of the founding of New Amsterdam is now commemorated in theofficial Seal of New York City (formerly, the year on the seal was 1664, the year of

the provisional Articles of Transfer, ensuring New Netherlanders that they "shall keepand enjoy the liberty of their consciences in religion", negotiated with the English byPetrus Stuyvesant and his council).

[show ]New Netherland series

History of New York City

Periods Lenape and New Netherland

New Amsterdam British and Revolution

Federal and early American Tammany and Consolidation
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At the time, beaver pelts were highly prized in Europe, because the fur could be felted to make waterproof hats. A by-product of the trade in beaver pelts was castoreum the secretion of the animals' anal glands which was used for its supposed medicinalproperties. The expeditions by Adriaen Block and Hendrick Christiansz in 1611,1612, 1613 and 1614 resulted in the surveying and charting of the region from the

38th parallel to the 45th parallel . On their 1614 map, which gave them a four yeartrade monopoly under a patent of the States General, they named the newlydiscovered and mapped territory New Netherland for the first time. It also showed thefirst year-round trading presence in New Netherland, Fort Nassau , which would bereplaced in 1624 by Fort Orange, which eventually grew into the town of Beverwyck , now Albany .

The territory of Novo Belgio [2] or New Netherland , comprising the Northeast's largestrivers with access to the beaver trade, was originally a private, profit-makingcommercial enterprise focusing on cementing alliances and conducting trade with thediverse Indian tribes. They enabled the surveying and exploration of the region as aprelude to an anticipated official settlement by the Dutch Republic, which occurred in1624.

[edit ] Pilgrims attempt to settle in the Hudson River area

An 1882 depiction of the Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor

In 1620 the Pilgrims attempted to sail to the Hudson River from England. However,the Mayflower reached Cape Cod (now part of Massachusetts) on November 9, 1620,after a voyage of 64 days .[3] For a variety of reasons, primarily a shortage of supplies,the Mayflower could not proceed to the Hudson River and the colonists decided tosettle somewhere on or near Cape Cod .[3]

[edit ] The Dutch return

The mouth of the Hudson River was selected as the ideal place for initial settlement asit had easy access to the ocean while also securing an ice free lifeline to the beavertrading post near present day Albany, settled in 1614, and where American Indian hunters supplied them with pelts in exchange for European-made trade goods andwampum , which was soon being made by the Dutch on Long Island . In 1621 theDutch West India Company was founded. Between 1621 and 1623, orders were givento the private, commercial traders to vacate the territory, thus opening up the territoryto Dutch settlers and company traders. It also allowed the laws and ordinances of thestates of Holland to now apply. Previously, during the private, commercial period,

only the law of the ship had applied.
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ipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverwyckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Nassauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45th_parallel_northhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38th_parallel_northhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hendrick_Christiansz&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriaen_Blockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castoreumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feltinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur


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In 1624 the first group of families arrived on Noten Eylandt to take possession of theNew Netherland territory and to operate various trading posts . They were spread outto Verhulsten Island (Burlington Island ) in the South River (now the Delaware River ),to Kievitshoek (now Old Saybrook, Connecticut ) at the mouth of the Verse River(now the Connecticut River ) and at the top of the Mauritius or North River (now the

Hudson River ), around what is now Albany .

Upon first settlement on Noten Eylant in 1624, a fort and sawmill were built. Thelatter was constructed by Franchoys Fezard.

[edit ] Fort Amsterdam (1625)

The threat of attack from other European colonial powers prompted the directors of the Dutch West India Company to formulate a plan to protect the entrance to theHudson River . In 1625, many settlers were moved from Noten Eylant to ManhattanIsland, where a citadel to contain Fort Amsterdam was being laid out by CrynFrederickz van Lobbrecht at the direction of Willem Verhulst . By the end of 1625, thesite had been staked out directly south of Bowling Green on the site of the presentU.S. Custom House . The Mohawk Mahican War at the top of the Hudson led thecompany to relocate even more settlers to the vicinity of the new Fort Amsterdam. Inthe end, colonizing was a prohibitively expensive undertaking, only partly subsidizedby the fur trade. This led to a scaling back of the original plans. By 1628, a smallerfort was constructed with walls containing a mixture of clay and sand.

[edit ] 1625 1674

New Amsterdam in 1664(looking approximately north)

Willem Verhulst, who with his council was responsible for the selection of Manhattanas permanent place of settlement and situating Fort Amsterdam , was replaced as thecompany director-general of New Amsterdam by Peter Minuit in 1626.

To legally safeguard the settlers' investments, possessions and farms on Manhattanisland, Minuit negotiated the "purchase" of Manhattan from the Manahatta band of Lenape for 60 guilders worth of trade goods. The deed itself has not survived, so thespecific details are unknown. A textual reference to the deed became the foundationfor the legend that Minuit had purchased Manhattan from the Native Americans for24 dollars' worth of trinkets and beads. However, the actual price of 60 guilders in1626 amounts to around $1,000 in 2006 dollars .[4]
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The New Amsterdam settlement had a population of approximately 270 people,including infants . In 1642, the new director-general Willem Kieft decided to build astone church within the fort. The work was carried out by recent English immigrants,the brothers John and Richard Ogden. The church was finished in 1645 and stooduntil destroyed in the Slave Insurrection of 1741 .

A pen-and-ink view of New Amsterdam ,[5] drawn on-the-spot and discovered in themap collection of the Austrian National Library of Vienna in 1991, provides a uniqueview of Nieuw Amsterdam as it appeared from Capske (small Cape) Rock in 1648.Capske Rock was situated in the water close to Manhattan between Manhattan andNoten Eylant, which signaled the start of the East River roadstead.

The Fall of New Amsterdam , by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris , showing Peter Stuyvesant(left of center, with wooden leg) standing on shore among residents of NewAmsterdam who are pleading with him not to open fire on the English who havearrived in warships waiting in the harbor to claim the territory for England.

New Amsterdam received municipal rights on February 2 , 1653 thus becoming a city,(Albany, then named Beverwyck, received its city rights in 1652).

On August 22, 1654, the first Ashkenazic Jews arrived with West India Companypassports from Amsterdam to be followed in September by a sizable group of Sephardic Jews, without passports, fleeing from the Portuguese reconquest of Dutchpossessions in Brazil. The legal-cultural foundation of toleration as the basis forplurality in New Amsterdam superseded matters of personal intolerance or individualbigotry. Hence, and in spite of certain private objections (including that of director-general Peter Stuyvesant ), the Sephardim were granted permanent residency on thebasis of "reason and equity" in 1655. Nieuw Haarlem (now known as Harlem ) was

formally recognized in 1658.

On August 27, 1664, while England and the Dutch Republic were at peace, fourEnglish frigates sailed into New Amsterdam's harbor and demanded NewNetherland's surrender, whereupon New Netherland was provisionally ceded bydirector-general Peter Stuyvesant . This resulted in the Second Anglo-Dutch War , between England and the Dutch Republic . In June 1665, New Amsterdam wasreincorporated under English law as New York City, named after the Duke of York (later King James II ). He was brother of the English King Charles II , who had beengranted the lands.

In 1667 the Treaty of Breda ended the conflict. The Dutch did not press their claimson New Netherland . In return, they were granted the tiny Island of Run in North
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Maluku , rich in nutmegs , and the guarantee for the factual possession of Suriname , that year captured by them.

In July 1673, During the Third Anglo-Dutch War , the Dutch occupied New York Cityand renamed it New Orange. Anthony Colve was installed as the first Governor .

Previously there had only been West India Company Directors. After the signing of the Treaty of Westminster in November 1674, the city was relinquished to the Englishand the name reverted to "New York". Suriname became an official Dutch possessionin return.

New Orange, c. 1674 (looking approximately north; the canal in the centre of theimage (today's Broad St.) runs roughly north-south)

[edit ] Maps of New Amsterdam

The original city map of New Amsterdam called Castello Plan from 1660(the bottom left corner is approximately south, while the top right corner isapproximately north)
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Redraft of the Castello Plan, drawn in 1916

New Amsterdam's beginnings, unlike most other colonies in the New World, werethoroughly documented in city maps . During the time of New Netherland

colonization, the Dutch were Europe's pre-eminent cartographers. Moreover, as theDutch West India Company's delegated authority over New Netherlander wasthreefold, maintaining sovereignty on behalf of the States General, generating cashflow through commercial enterprise for its shareholders and funding the province'sgrowth, its directors regularly required that censuses be taken. These tools to measureand monitor the province's progress were accompanied by accurate maps and plans.These surveys, as well as grassroots activities to seek redress of grievances ,[5] accountfor the existence of some of the most important of the early documents .[6]

There is a particularly detailed city map called the Castello Plan . Virtually everystructure in New Amsterdam at the time is believed to be represented, and by afortunate coincidence it can be determined who resided in every house from the

Nicasius de Sille List of 1660, which enumerates all the citizens of New Amsterdamand their addresses .[7]

The city map known as the Duke's Plan probably derived from the same 1660 censusas the Castello Plan. The Duke's Plan includes the earliest suburban development onManhattan (the two outlined areas along the top of the plan). The work was createdfor James (1633 1701), the duke of York and Albany, after whom New York Cityand New York State's capital Albany was named, just after the seizure of NewAmsterdam by the English .[8] After that provisional relinquishment of NewNetherland, Stuyvesant reported to his superiors that he "had endeavored to promotethe increase of population, agriculture and commerce...the flourishing conditionwhich might have been more flourishing if the now afflicted inhabitants had beenprotected by a suitable garrison...and had been helped with the long sought forsettlement of the boundary, or in default thereof had they been seconded with the oftbesought reinforcement of men and ships against the continual troubles, threats,encroachments and invasions of the English neighbors and government of HartfordColony, our too powerful enemies."

The existence of these city maps has proven to be very useful in the archaeology of New York. For instance, the excavation of the Stadthuys (City Hall ) of New

Amsterdam had great help in finding the exact location of the building from theCastello map .[9]

[edit ] Legacy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_maphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_maphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_maphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_note-de_Koning-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_note-de_Koning-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_note-de_Koning-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castello_Planhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castello_Planhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castello_Planhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duke%27s_Plan&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duke%27s_Plan&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duke%27s_Plan&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Hallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Hallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Hallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Amsterdam&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Amsterdam&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castelloplan.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Amsterdam&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Hallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duke%27s_Plan&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castello_Planhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_note-de_Koning-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_map


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Early 20th century Dutch Revival buildings on S William Street in lower Manhattan recall the Dutch origins of the city. The original 17th century architecture of NewAmsterdam has completely vanished (affected by the fires of 1776 and 1835),[10][11] leaving only archaeological remnants.

The presentation of the legacy of the unique culture of 17th century New Amsterdamremains a concern of preservationists and educators. The National Park Service celebrated in 2009 the 400th anniversary of the Henry Hudson's 1609 voyage onbehalf of the Dutch with the New Amsterdam Trail .[12][13]

The Dutch-American historian and journalist Hendrik Willem van Loon wrote in1933 a work of alternative history entitled "If the Dutch Had Kept Nieuw Amsterdam" (in If, Or History Rewritten , edited by J. C. Squire , 1931, Simon and Schuster).

A similar theme, at greater length, was taken up by writer Elizabeth Bear , whopublished the New Amsterdam Series detective stories taking place in anAlternative history where the city remained Dutch until the Napoleonic Wars andretained its name also afterwards.

[edit ] See also

Director-General of New Netherland Roosevelt family New York: A Documentary Film Holland Society of New York

[edit ] Notes

1. ^ Nieuwe Wereldt ofte Beschrijvinghe van West-Indien, uit veelerhandeSchriften ende Aen-teekeningen van verscheyden Natien (Leiden, Bonaventure& Abraham Elseviers, 1625) p.83: "/in den jare 1609 sonden de bewindt-hebbers van de gheoctroyeerde Oost-Indischische compagnie het jacht dehalve mane/ daer voor schipper ende koopman op roer Hendrick Hudson[...]"("in the year 1609 the administrators of the East Indies Companysent the half moon captained by the merchant Hudson[...]")

2. ^ "New York and its origins Legend and reality" .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Street_%28Manhattan%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Street_%28Manhattan%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Street_%28Manhattan%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_New_York_%281776%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_New_York_%281776%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_New_York_%281776%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_note-fire1776-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_note-fire1776-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_note-fire1776-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_preservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_preservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_preservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hudsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hudsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hudsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_note-nps-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_note-nps-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_note-nps-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch-Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch-Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch-Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Willem_van_Loonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Willem_van_Loonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Willem_van_Loonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_It_Had_Happened_Otherwisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_It_Had_Happened_Otherwisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_It_Had_Happened_Otherwisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._Squirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._Squirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._Squirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Amsterdam&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Amsterdam&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director-General_of_New_Netherlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director-General_of_New_Netherlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York:_A_Documentary_Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York:_A_Documentary_Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_Society_of_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_Society_of_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Amsterdam&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Amsterdam&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_ref-0http://www.s4ulanguages.com/delaet.htmlhttp://www.s4ulanguages.com/delaet.htmlhttp://www.s4ulanguages.com/delaet.htmlhttp://www.s4ulanguages.com/delaet.htmlhttp://www.s4ulanguages.com/delaet.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_ref-1http://users.skynet.be/newyorkfoundation/US/the_birth_of_new_york.htmlhttp://users.skynet.be/newyorkfoundation/US/the_birth_of_new_york.htmlhttp://users.skynet.be/newyorkfoundation/US/the_birth_of_new_york.htmlhttp://users.skynet.be/newyorkfoundation/US/the_birth_of_new_york.htmlhttp://users.skynet.be/newyorkfoundation/US/the_birth_of_new_york.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSCN3495_pearlstreet_e.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSCN3495_pearlstreet_e.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSCN3495_pearlstreet_e.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSCN3495_pearlstreet_e.JPGhttp://users.skynet.be/newyorkfoundation/US/the_birth_of_new_york.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_ref-1http://www.s4ulanguages.com/delaet.htmlhttp://www.s4ulanguages.com/delaet.htmlhttp://www.s4ulanguages.com/delaet.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_ref-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Amsterdam&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_Society_of_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York:_A_Documentary_Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director-General_of_New_Netherlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Amsterdam&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._Squirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_It_Had_Happened_Otherwisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Willem_van_Loonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch-Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_note-nps-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_note-nps-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hudsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_preservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_note-fire1776-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam#cite_note-fire1776-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_New_York_%281776%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Street_%28Manhattan%29


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3. ^ a b Stratton, Eugene A. (1986). Plymouth Colony: Its History & People,1620 1691 . Salt Lake City: Ancestry Incorporated. ISBN 0916489132 . (page20).

4. ^ According to a calculation by the International Institute of Social History , Amsterdam at International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam,

Netherlands 5. ^ a b de Koning, Joep M.J. (July/August 2000). "From Van der Donck to

Visscher" . Mercator's World. Retrieved January 17, 2008.6. ^ Robert Augustyn, "Maps in the making of Manhattan" Magazine Antiques ,

September 1995 . URL accessed on December 15, 2005.7. ^ Several reproductions of the Castello plan can be found on-line: New

Netherland Project , New York Public Library , Wikimedia Commons . Coloredversions from 1916 can be found here: New York University and here :NewYork Historical Society . A "Digital redraft of the Castello Plan of NewAmsterdam in New Netherland in 1660" is an interactive map that can befound here: [1]. This map allows you to click in various places to learn moreabout the ownership and use of the land and buildings. All URLs accessed onFebruary 17, 2010. A Google Earth File of the Castello Plan is posted here :[2].

8. ^ An image of the Duke's map can be found on-line at the British Library site:THE BRITISH LIBRARY URL accessed on December 15, 2005.

9. ^ A slideshow of the famous Stadt Huys dig, a landmark archaeologicalexcavation of one of the central blocks of New Amsterdam, can be found here:[3]. A 17-century picture of the Stadthuys can be found here: [4]. Both URLsaccessed on February 2, 2011.

10. ^ NY Public Library Picture Collection. "Map of Great Fire 1776" . RetrievedFebruary 2, 2011.

11. ^ CUNY. "Map of Damages 1835". Retrieved February 2, 2011.12. ^ "The New Amsterdam Trail" . National Park Service, New York Harbor

Parks. 2009.13. ^ "The Henry Hudson 400 Foundation" .

[edit ] Further Reading

Schmidt, Benjamin, Innocence Abroad: The Dutch Imagination and the NewWorld, 1570 1670 , Cambridge: University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0521804080

[edit ] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: New Amsterdam

The New Amsterdam Trail , a downloadable audio walking tour of LowerManhattan

Nieuw Amsterdam to New York , an audio history from the National Parks of New York Harbor Conservancy

New Amsterdam from the New Netherland Project
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From Van der Donck to Visscher: a 1648 view of New Amsterdam,discovered in Vienna in 1991

Background on the Native Americans of the area

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