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2020
NewcastleFASD
Youth JusticeMODEL OF CARE
Handbook
THIS PROJECT WAS FUNDED BY THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
NEWCASTLE FASD YOUTH JUSTICE
Preface
Many individuals and organisations kindly contributed directly and indirectly to the production of this resource document.
In 2020 the document was written by Helena H.A. Hodgson (FASD Coordinator, Making FASD History - Newcastle) and Dr. Olivia Hamilton (Research Officer, Making FASD History - Newcastle).
Consultation and contribution from the Making FASD History Team
● Dr. Elizabeth Connor (Program Manager FASD Prevention, Telethon Kids Institute, Western Australia)
● Dr. Rebecca Pedruzzi (Senior Research Officer, Telethon Kids Institute, Western Australia)
● Elvira Johnson (Manager, AOD and Family Services, Mercy Services)
● Dr. Fleur van Dooren (Research Assistant, Telethon Kids Institute, Western Australia)
Model of Care Reference Group Contributions
Consultation was obtained from the following people:
● Magistrate Nell Skinner (Broadmeadow Children’s Court)
● Ruth Marshall (Principal Psychologist, Youth Justice NSW, Department of Communities and Justice)
● Barbara Mannell (NDIS Project Officer, CatholicCare Social Services Hunter-Manning)
● A/Insp Lisa Jones (HR Manager, Northern Region, New South Wales Police Force)
● Jaye Hardy (Broadmeadow Children’s Court Project Coordinator, Department of Communities and Justice, Hunter Central Coast District)
● Leanne Tillock (Assistant Manager, Youth Justice NSW)
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● Rebecca Shiels-Earl (Court Appointed- Outreach Caseworker, Allambi Care)
External Contributions
A number of other people have been involved in providing advice on the Model of Care:
● Dr Kylie Bailey (Senior Clinical Psychologist; Senior Lecturer, University of Newcastle)
● Will Doran (Youth Development Officer, & Chairman, Regional Youth Development Officer’s Network)
● Dubravka Vasiljevic (Multicultural Health Liaison Office for mental health and drug and alcohol clinical services, Hunter New England Local Health District)
● The Australia and New Zealand FASD Clinical Network
● Natalie Kippin, Telethon Kids Institute
● Dr. Hayley Passmore, Telethon Kids Institute
● Prof. Carol Bower, Telethon Kids Institute
● Dr. Rochelle Watkins, Telethon Kids Institute
Strategic Contributions
The following groups are thanked for their guidance and input to the Making FASD History project in Newcastle:
The Making FASD History Project Steering Committee: Dr James Fitzpatrick (Program Lead); Tony Brown (Newcastle site lead); Tony Bidstrup (Newcastle host site lead); Dr John Boffa (Alice Springs site lead); Glenn Pearson (Deputy Director, Aboriginal Health (Telethon)); Louise Gray (NOFASD); Kath Thomas (Community representative).
The authors wish to acknowledge the contributions of the Newcastle Local Drug Action Team in initiating and supporting the Making FASD History project in Newcastle.
This resource has been developed as part of the Making FASD History – Newcastle project. This resource provides information for generalist services to understand the pathway a young person, who may have FASD or other neurodevelopmental disorder, travels in their journey through the justice system.
Acknowledgements
MODEL OF CARE HANDBOOK � 2020
Contents
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1.0 Background .....................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Making FASD History in Newcastle ............................................................................................................ 4
2.0 What is FASD? ................................................................................................................................42.1 Brain anatomy and function ......................................................................................................................... 52.2 Reframing challenging behaviour as a “brain-based” difficulty ......................................................... 5
3.0 Newcastle Model of Care ...........................................................................................................63.1 Aim ..................................................................................................................................................................... 63.2 Objectives ....................................................................................................................................................... 63.3 Development of a Model of Care Document .......................................................................................... 6
4.0 Newcastle FASD Youth Justice Model of Care ....................................................................7
5.0 FASD Across the Lifespan ..........................................................................................................95.1 Observation Across Brain Domains .......................................................................................................... 95.2 Observers Across the Lifespan .................................................................................................................105.3 Strategies Across the Lifespan ..................................................................................................................115.4 Dysmaturity - FASD Chronological Age Vs Developmental Age ......................................................12
6.0 Assessments Across the Life Course ...................................................................................13
7.0 Australian Guide to the Diagnosis of FASD ........................................................................147.1 FASD Diagnosis ..............................................................................................................................................147.2 Information on FASD Diagnostic Assessment for Individuals and Caregivers ...............................15
8.0 Supporting Information ............................................................................................................16
9.0 References .................................................................................................................................... 17
Appendix A: When Can Alcohol Harm the Developing Fetus? ............................................18
Appendix B: Newcastle FASD Youth Justice Model of Care ........................................... 19
Appendix C: Looking for the Indicators of FASD Across the Lifespan .......................... 20
1.0 Background
1.1 Making FASD History in Newcastle
The Making FASD History: A multisite prevention program was a two and a half year fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) prevention program delivered by the Telethon Kids Institute, in partnership with the Newcastle Local Drug Action Team (LDAT), local auspicing partner Mercy Services (New South Wales), and Central Australian Aboriginal Congress Aboriginal Corporation (Northern Territory), and funded by the Commonwealth Department of Health from December 2017 to August 2020.
The focus of the program was sustainability and building local capacity so that communities can continue to lead FASD prevention activities. Targeted prevention activities in the justice sector in Newcastle were undertaken, including:
● Research exploring the role of service providers and staff in the youth justice sector.
● Development of FASD awareness factsheets for use in the youth justice sector.
● Development of a Model of Care tool for young people with cognitive disabilities including FASD who are involved with the Youth Justice system.
This handbook is designed to provide people working in the youth justice sector and other related sectors with information about FASD, and resources about how and where to refer young people who may have FASD or other neurodevelopmental disorders who come into contact with the Youth Justice system. Information about services and supports is provided at the end of the document.
For further information about the Making FASD History: A multi-site prevention program please visit the Telethon Kids website.
What is a Model of Care?A “Model of Care” broadly defines the way health services are delivered. It outlines best practice care and services for a person, population group or patient cohort as they progress through the stages of a condition, injury or event. It aims to ensure people get the right care, at the right time, by the right
team and in the right place (Agency for Clinical Innovation, 2013).
2.0 What is FASD?
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a neurodevelopmental disability caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. FASD is a lifelong and often invisible disability that may affect growth, coordination, behaviour, attention span, memory, learning, speech, IQ, reasoning and judgment. FASD may also affect vision and hearing, and can cause cardiac, renal and skeletal problems. People with FASD may have characteristic facial features, such as a smooth philtrum, small eyes and a thin upper lip (Bower & Elliott, 2016) (for more information on FASD see resources provided in Table 4).
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2.1 Brain anatomy and function
Different areas of the brain can be affected by prenatal exposure to alcohol. The degree of damage to the unborn baby will depend on its stage of development at the time of exposure to alcohol because different parts of the brain develop at different times during pregnancy (Brown & Mather, 2014) (see Appendix A: When does alcohol affect the fetus?).
The diagram below demonstrates the different brain function domains that can be affected by prenatal alcohol exposure. People with FASD may present with impairments across these domains (see Table 2: Observation Across Brain Domains, page 9).
Figure 1Brain Domain and Function
2.2 Reframing challenging behaviour as a “brain-based” difficulty
When working with a young person who has FASD, consider reframing their behaviour as the unintentional consequence of compromised brain function, rather than wilful defiance. It can be useful to frame behaviours with the question, “Is it that the child won’t or is it that the child can’t?” (Malbin, 2002). The beliefs that we have about behaviour and the way we frame behaviours can influence our commitment to continue supporting a child with challenging behaviour (McLean, Kettler, Delfabbro, & Riggs, 2012).
5MODEL OF CARE HANDBOOK � 2020
Living& Social
Skills
Focus &Attention
Cognition
Communication
Memory
ExecutiveFunctioning
Sensory& Motor
AcademicSkills
BrainStructure
Note. Adapted from Understanding Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) (p.8.), by NHS Ayrshire & Arran, 2019,n.p. https://www.nhsaaa.net/media/7926/understanding-fasd-a5-summary-guide-aug-19-print.pdf
3.0 Newcastle Model of Care
3.1 Aim
The aim of this work was to improve diagnosis and management of young people with FASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders in contact with the Youth Justice System in Newcastle and to reduce the risk of harm to both themselves and others, and break a cycle of reoffending.
3.2 Objectives
1. To determine the patient journey for young people with possible undiagnosed neurodevelopmental disorders (including FASD) involved with the Newcastle Youth Justice System;
2. To build capacity and understanding among justice professionals and custodial staff of the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure; and
3. To publish a Model of Care tool that can be accessed by staff working with young people who are engaged with the justice system.
3.3 Development of a Model of Care Document
In 2019 the Making FASD History team in Newcastle undertook research to inform the development of a Model of Care tool, including a literature review and interviews with key stakeholders in the youth justice sector. Following completion of the research process, we developed this Model of Care tool in consultation with a reference group of key stakeholders in the youth justice space. We sought input from the Australian and New Zealand FASD Clinical Network to ensure that the document conformed to Australian Standards and guidelines. This Model of Care tool is being made available to staff across the youth justice space in Newcastle. It includes:
● Newcastle FASD Youth Justice Model of Care: Designed for generalist services to understand the pathway a young person travels in their journey through the justice system.
● Looking for Warning Signs of FASD Across the Lifespan: Designed for stakeholders to understand how FASD presents across the lifespan, and to raise awareness of service providers and people who can act as observers and identify potential issues. Some strategies have also been included to assist those working with people with FASD.
● Map of FASD Impairments & Indicative Assessments Across the Life Course: This resource is a clinical diagram demonstrating functional impairments and includes the types of assessments indicated at different stages of the life course.
● FASD Diagnosis: Australian Guide to the diagnosis of diagrams.
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4.0 Newcastle FASD Youth Justice Model of Care
The Newcastle FASD Youth Justice Model of Care as shown in Table 1 is designed for generalist services to understand the pathway a young person, who may have a FASD or other neurodevelopmental impairment, travels in their journey through the justice system (see Appendix B for poster).
There are a number of entry points where a young person may have contact with the legal system. These include:
1. Youth on Track – Is an early intervention scheme for 10 to 17 year-olds that identifies and responds to young people at risk of long-term involvement in the criminal justice system. Police and other eligible agencies can refer young people, known to be at medium to high risk of offending, to a support service without requiring a legal mandate. The young person’s engagement in Youth on Track is voluntary (Communities & Justice, 2020).
2. Police – A young person may come to the notice of police within the community. If there is an offence the young person may be sent for youth conferencing or given a charge which would be heard in court before a magistrate.
3. Children’s Court - A young person who has committed an offence appears before the magistrate who determines the course of action related to the offence.
4. Section 32 – May be applied where a young person has a mental health condition, or cognitive impairment.
5. Sentencing – The magistrate may sentence the young person to a community order, or custody. If a cognitive impairment is suspected there are different processes for evaluation.
Young people who may have FASD or other neurodevelopmental disorders who have contact with the youth justice system can fall into the categories of victim, witness, or offender. They may also have contact with the wider justice system in other capacities, such as child protection and family law matters (Telethon Kids Institute, 2020). Staff and others working with young people in the youth justice system should be cognisant of this, as an awareness and understanding of the needs of young people in these scenarios can assist in accessing appropriate services and supports, and reducing the likelihood of re-offending (Telethon Kids Institute, 2020). The general information and principles illustrated throughout the Model of Care Handbook can apply to young people in all categories.
MODEL OF CARE HANDBOOK � 2020
1. YOUTH ON TRACK - YOUTH AT RISK OF JUSTICE INVOLVEMENTDISCRETIONARY REFERRAL
● Schools, NSW Police, Youth Justice NSW, Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health, solicitors, Community Services, Out of Home Care providers, Community Health, Family Referral Service, Headspace and other mental health services.
AUTOMATED REFERRAL ● Computerised Operating Policing System (COPS)
ELIGIBILITY SCREENING ● Eligibility for Youth on Track:
» Have at least one formal contact with police and a number of offending risk factors (discretionary referral) OR » Have at least two formal contacts with police and are at 60% or greater chance of reoffending (automatic
referral) AND » 10 to 17 years old » Have never received a supervised court order » Offend or go to school in one of the seven Youth on Track sites
● If an intellectual disability or cognitive impairment is present the YoT Senior Case Manager makes referrals for further assessment to a paediatrician or clinical support services.
● Referrals to NDIS if required, where diagnosis is present. ● Ineligible young people for Youth on Track are referred to Youth Crime Prevention Command as per the MoU
between Youth Justice NSW and NSW Police for consideration for support under the Rise Up Strategy and or Police Youth Case Management
2. POLICE ● Arrest, warning, caution, youth justice conference, court referral ● Youth on Track referral ● Young person may be known to Department of Communities & Justice and/or in Out of Home Care ● Justice Advocate Support (JAS) in Police Stations. Contact 1300 665 908
3. CHILDREN’S COURTBAIL (Youth Justice supervision or conditions to attend assessment)PLEA/HEARING/SECTION 32/FITNESS TO PLEAD
● Cognitive impairment and mental conditions for which treatments is available in a hospital
SENTENCE ● Sentence can be a caution, youth justice conference,
community based order or control order ● Broadmeadow Pilot Project Court Support Services (assist
the young person in identifying and addressing causes of offending but are not part of the sentence)
» Justice Health Clinician » Specialist Police Prosecutor
» Youth Justice caseworker » Dept. of Communities & Justice out posted case
worker » Education court liaison officer » Children’s court assistance scheme » Youth on track » Allambi Care youth worker » Regular attendance from police youth liaison
officers and school liaison police officers » Civil Youth Lawyer
● Referrals to mental health treatment, drug and alcohol, employment services, anger management, NDIS, health services, PCYC, programs
4. SECTION 32 (S.32) ● Young person has a mental health condition, or cognitive impairment
» Six month community treatment plans » May adopt NDIS plans
https://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/#/view/act/1990/10/part3/sec325. SENTENCING
YOUNG PERSON IN THE COMMUNITY 1. Lawyer arranges private psychological assessment
YOUNG PERSON IN CUSTODY1. Court requests Psychological report. Youth Justice Psychologist undertakes report
CUSTODIAL ORDERS1. Referral to Youth Justice Psychologist2. Caseworkers apply for NDIS (See procedures)3. If known to NDIS, Youth Justice is informed about services
» NDIS is suspended while young person is in custody
Note. Adapted from Working with Young People who have an Intellectual Disability or Cognitive Impairment (pp. 34 - 36),by the Juvenile Justice NSW, Department of Justice, 2016. Copyright 2016 by The Authors.
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Table 1Newcastle FASD Youth Justice Model of Care
5.0 FASD Across the Lifespan
This information is designed to:
a. Help services and individuals understand FASD across the lifespan and how it may present (see 5.1).
b. Raise awareness in service providers and people who can act as observers and alert clients and their families to the possibility of FASD (see 5.2).
c. Provide strategies for working with people with FASD across the lifespan (see 5.3).
d. Demonstrate the concept of dysmaturity as it relates to FASD (see 5.4). (See Appendix C for poster)
5.1 Observation Across Brain Domains
Table 2Observations Across the Lifespan—Brain Domains Affected by FASD
9MODEL OF CARE HANDBOOK � 2020
EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING FOCUS & ATTENTION ● Trouble with planning, sequencing, problem solving,
organisation ● Impulsivity ● Challenges with transitions and change ● Repeats mistakes and difficulty understanding
consequences ● Difficulty with:
» controlling emotions » abstract ideas/concepts » managing time
● Easily distracted, over-stimulated or impulsive ● Difficulty paying attention and over active ● Can’t sit still
SENSORY & MOTOR COGNITION ● Unable to make sense of what is going on around them ● Under or over react to sensory input e.g. light, noise,
touch, smell, taste and movement
● Difficulty with attention, learning, memory, planning and organisation
● Difficulty with understanding complex ideas ● Wide range of IQ possible
ACADEMIC SKILLS COMMUNICATION ● Difficulty with:
» school e.g. maths, reading, time and money » comprehension, organisation and abstract concepts » age appropriate tasks
● May have normal IQ ● Learning is enhanced with visual or hands on approach
● May speak well but not understand the full meaning ● Delayed language milestones for age ● Difficulty with long conversations ● Difficulty following instructions ● May be able to repeat instructions but not able to follow
throughLIVING & SOCIAL SKILLS MEMORY
● May not understand personal boundaries and reading social cues
● Socially vulnerable and easily taken advantage of ● Difficulty seeing things from another’s point of view ● Socially and emotionally immature e.g. behaves younger
than actual age
● Difficulty with long and short term memory e.g. seems forgetful
● Difficulty recalling sequences or complex instructions ● Better visual memory ● Steps in normal daily routine are easily forgotten ● Appear to lie but are really ‘filling in the blanks’
BRAIN STRUCTURE AFFECT REGULATION ● Brain and head circumference may be small ● Emotional swings from sad to happy
● Anxiety, depression, panic attacks ● Separation anxiety or attachment disorders ● Inappropriate sexual behaviours
Note. Adapted from Understanding Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) (p. 9 & 10), by NHS Ayrshire & Arran, 2019,n.p. https://www.nhsaaa.net/media/7926/understanding-fasd-a5-summary-guide-aug-19-print.pdf; Characteristics across the
lifespan, by NOFASD Australia, n.d. https://www.nofasd.org.au/parents-carers-and-families/characteristics-across-the-lifespan/
5.2 Observers Across the Lifespan
Opportunities arise across the lifespan where families, friends and service providers can be looking out for any irregularities in development or behaviour that might indicate FASD.
If you are one of these observers there are tools available from NOFASD Australia to assist in your observations, in the FASD – A Lifetime Story and FASD – A Check List document (also see Services and Support). These tools should not be used as a diagnostic instrument.
Figure 2Observations across the lifespan
0-5YEARS
● Parents, Grandparents, Aunts, Uncles, Friends, Foster Families
● Midwife , Paediatricians, General Practitioners
● Substance Use in Pregnancy and Parenting Program
● Maternal & Child Health (including multicultural services)
● Aboriginal Maternal & Child Health ● Out of Home Care Services, Case
workers, Carers ● Department of Communities & Justice ● Long Day Care
● Parents, Grandparents, Aunts, Uncles, Friends, Foster Families
● Pre-school Teachers and Staff, Long Day Care
● Primary Schools Teachers, Counsellors and Staff
● Police Youth Liaison Officers ● Out of Home Care Services , Case
workers, Carers ● Department of Communities & Justice ● Paediatricians , General Practitioners
6-10YEARS
11-17YEARS
● Parents, Grandparents, Aunts, Uncles, Friends
● Carers, Foster Families ● High School Teachers, School Counsellors
and Staff ● Police School Liaison Officers ● Out of Home Care Services, Case workers ● Department of Communities & Justice ● General Practitioners , Mental Health
Services ● Police, Youth Conference Conveners ● Solicitors and Magistrate ● Justice Health ● Intellectual Disability Rights Service ● Youth Services
● Family, Friends ● General Practitioners,
Hospitals ● Mental Health Services ● Drug and Alcohol
Services ● Police ● Solicitors and Magistrate ● Justice Health ● Intellectual Disability
Rights Service
18-30YEARS
30+YEARS
50-60YEARS
60-70YEARS
70+YEARS
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5.3 Strategies Across the Lifespan
The following table outlines some simple strategies to address FASD across the lifespan.
Table 3Strategies across the lifespan
0-5 YEARS
● Poor sleep: soft music, sing, rocking, frequent holding, low lights, automatic swings, and wrap snuggly ● Poor weight gain: consult a nutritionist ● Chronic ear infections: check hearing & infections ● Developmental delays: consult an occupational therapist ● Speech delays: consult a speech therapist ● Dental problems: consult a paediatric dentist ● Small appetites or sensitivity to food texture: serve small portions that are lukewarm or cool and have some
texture. Allow plenty of time during meals and decrease distractions such as television, radio or multiple conversations
6-10 YEARS
● Sleep problems: shorten naps or cut them out ● Making friends: pair your child with another who is one or two years younger ● Boundary issues: create a stable, structured home with clear routines and plenty of repetition ● Attention problems: establish a routine and use structure. Simplify rooms in the home and reduce noises or
other stimulation ● Easily frustrated/tantrum: remove child from the situation and use calming techniques such as sitting in a
rocker, giving a warm bath or playing quiet music ● Difficulty understanding cause and effect: repetition, consistency and clear consequences for behaviour
are important ● Network of friends, family and professionals who can adapt the environment as needed
11-17 YEARS
● Anxiety and depression: counselling or encouraging participation in sports, clubs or other structured activities
● Victimisation: monitor the activities and discuss dealing with strangers ● Lying, stealing or antisocial behaviour: family counselling, set simple and consistent rules with immediate
consequences ● Network of friends, family and professionals who can adapt the environment as needed
18-70+ YEARS
● Anxiety and depression: counselling or encouraging participation in sports, clubs or other structured activities
● Victimisation: monitor the activities and discuss dealing with strangers ● Lying, stealing or antisocial behaviour: family counselling, set simple and consistent rules with immediate
consequences ● Housing: contact community housing services ● Network of friends, family and professionals who can adapt the environment as needed
Note. Adapted from Living with FASD by National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome,n.d. www.nofas.org/living-with-fasd/ Copyright by The Authors.
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5.4 Dysmaturity - FASD Chronological Age Vs Developmental Age
Dysmaturity is when a person’s developmental age is less than their chronological age, so they may act and think younger than they are (Malbin, 2010; Streissguth, 1994). It is thought that children will develop and grow according to an accepted chronological schedule and for physical, cognitive, and psychological development to occur at about the same rate. Unfortunately for individuals affected by prenatal alcohol exposure, these assumptions about development can create a poor fit between abilities and the expectations placed upon individuals (see, for discussion, the work of Diane Malbin (2002) - Trying Differently Rather Than Harder: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders).
The image below demonstrates how a person with FASD might present in terms of their developmental stages across a range of domains. In this example the chronological age of the person is 18 years. However, their social skills are that of a 7 year old, while their expressive language is that of a 20 year old.
Figure 3Dysmaturity
Note. Adapted from Understanding Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD), (p.11), by NHS Ayrshire & Arran, 2019,https://www.nhsaaa.net/media/7926/understanding-fasd-a5-summary-guide-aug-19-print.pdf
6Comprehension
& socialmaturity
7Social skills
8Money & time
concepts
11Living skills
16Readingability
18Actual
chronologicalage
20Expressivelanguage
DEVELOPMENTALAGE
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6.0 Map of FASD Impairments & IndicativeAssessments Across the Life CourseThis is a clinical diagram which demonstrates the functional impairments that can present with FASD and indicates the types of assessments required at different stages of the life course.
Figure 4Map of FASD Impairments & Indicative Assessments Across the Life Course
Note. Reprinted from NDIA Planning Project, (p. 12), by A. Dudley, T. Reibel, C. Bower, J. Fitzpatrick, 2016,https://www.fasdhub.org.au/siteassets/pdfs/critical-review-of-the-literature-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders-14jun2016.pdf
13MODEL OF CARE HANDBOOK � 2020
7.0 Australian Guide to the Diagnosis of FASD
7.1 FASD Diagnosis
This diagram shows the diagnostic algorithm for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) in Australia.
Figure 5Diagnostic Algorithm for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)
Note. Reprinted from the Australian Guide to the Diagnosis of FASD, (p.6), by C. Bower, and E. Elliott, 2016,https://www.fasdhub.org.au/contentassets/32961d4a5cf94de48ebcf985c34d5456/australian-guide-to-the-diagnosis-of-fasd_all-
appendices_feb2020.docx.pdf
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7.2 Information on FASD Diagnostic Assessment for Individualsand Caregivers
The flow chart below demonstrates the general pathway for diagnosing FASD, illustrating the steps and health care providers involved in this process.
Diagnostic assessment for FASD can be conducted with people of all ages, but is generally conducted with children under 18 years of age. Ideally an individual should have a diagnostic assessment as early as possible. The information in the diagram below is for parents and caregivers. Here, the word ‘child’ refers to a person under the age of 18. However, the information could also be used to explain the FASD Diagnostic Assessment to a person of any age undergoing diagnostic assessment. The number and arrangement of appointments will depend on where a person has their assessment conducted e.g. hospital, community clinic, paediatrician in private practice (Bower & Elliot, 2016, updated 2020, p. 49).
Figure 6What is involved in getting a diagnosis?
15
Note. Reprinted from the Australian Guide to the Diagnosis of FASD, (p.49), by C. Bower, and E. Elliott, 2016,https://www.fasdhub.org.au/contentassets/32961d4a5cf94de48ebcf985c34d5456/australian-guide-to-the-diagnosis-of-fasd_all-
appendices_feb2020.docx.pdf
MODEL OF CARE HANDBOOK � 2020
8.0 Supporting Information
Table 4 below provides details for services, supports, information and training available in the Newcastle area and information and training opportunities for service staff and individuals interested in finding out more about FASD.
Table 4Services, Support, Information & Training
SERVICES & SUPPORT
Justice Advocate from Intellectual Disability Rights Service for support at a police station or court.
7 days a week from 9am to 10pmhttps://idrs.org.au/site18/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/About-the-Service.pdf
FASD HUB Service Directory https://www.fasdhub.org.au/services/
HealthShare - Find a professional https://www.healthshare.com.au/
NOFASD Australia - Diagnosis https://www.nofasd.org.au/parents-carers-and-families/fasd-diagnosis/
NOFASD Australia - FASD: A Checklist for parents and carers https://www.nofasd.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/FASD-checklist.pdf
NOFASD Australia - FASD: A Lifetime Story
https://www.nofasd.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/FASD-A-Lifetime-Story.pdf
Telethon Kids Institute - Resources https://alcoholpregnancy.telethonkids.org.au/resources/
Australian Institute of Family Studies https://aifs.gov.au/cfca/publications/supporting-children-living-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders-practice-princ
PCYC - Police Citizens Youth Club Rise Up Programs - https://www.pcycnsw.org.au/programs/police-programs/
YAMS - Youth Action Meetings https://www.police.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/616816/YouthStrategy_D17.pdf
Community HealthPathways (FASD) (for health professionals) https://hne.communityhealthpathways.org/193728.htm
Youth on Track http://www.youthontrack.justice.nsw.gov.au/
INFORMATION & TRAINING
Australian Guide to the Diagnosis of FASD
https://www.fasdhub.org.au/fasd-information/assessment-and-diagnosis/guide-to-diagnosis/
FASD HUB - FASD and Justice Videos https://www.fasdhub.org.au/fasd-information/managing-fasd/what-can-justice-professionals-do/videos/
Telethon Kids Institute - FASD and Justice Videos
https://alcoholpregnancy.telethonkids.org.au/our-research/fasd--justice/professional-development/
Telethon Kids Institute - On-line Continuing Professional Development Module for Lawyers
Contact [email protected] or phone (08) 9261 6384.
Nate Sheets - Oragon Behaviour Consultation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LwxVZXefkr4
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9.0 References
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INFORMATION & TRAINING (cont.)
Dan Dubovsky - FASD Specialist at Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration FASD Centre for Excellence, Washington D.C. Metro Area
Strategies for Improving Outcomes - https://www.fasdoutreach.ca/resources/all/d/dan-dubovsky-strategies-improving-outcomes
Rewards & Consequences - https://www.fasdoutreach.ca/resources/all/d/dan-dubovsky-rewards-consquences
Comparing ODD, ADHD, and FASD - https://www.fasdoutreach.ca/resources/all/d/dan-dubovsky-comparing-odd-adhd-fasd
Malbin, D., Boulding, D., Brooks, S. Trying Differently: Rethinking Juvenile Justice Using a Neuro-Behavioural Model
http://fascets.org/images/uploads/docs/ABA_JJ_newsletter_Trying_Differently_july_2010.pdf
Bower, C., & Elliott, E. (2016, updated 2020). Australian Guide to the Diagnosis of FASD. https://www.fasdhub.org.au/siteassets/pdfs/australian-guide-to-diagnosis-of-fasd_all-appendices.pdf
Brown, J., & Mather, M. (2014). FASD: Parenting a child with an invisible disability: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
Communities & Justice. (2020). Youth on Track. NSW Government. http://www.youthontrack.justice.nsw.gov.au/
Dudley, A., Reibel, T., Bower, C., & Fitzpatrick, J. (2016). Critical Review of the Literature, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. https://www.fasdhub.org.au/siteassets/pdfs/critical-review-of-the-literature-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders-14jun2016.pdf
Juvenile Justice NSW, Department of Justice. (2016). Working with Young People who have an Intellectual Disability or Cognitive Impairment, n.p.
Malbin, D. (2002). Trying differently rather than harder (2nd Ed.). FASCETS Inc.
Malbin, D., Boulding, D., & Brooks, S. (2010). Trying Differently: Rethinking Juvenile Justice Using a Neuro-Behavioral Model. Juvenile Justice Committee Newsletter (5). http://fascets.org/images/uploads/docs/ABA_JJ_newsletter_Trying_Differently_july_2010.pdf
McLean, S., Kettler, L., Delfabbro, P., & Riggs, D. (2012). Frameworks for understanding challenging behaviour in out-of-home care. Clinical Psychologist, 16(2), 72-81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-9552.2011.00037.x
NHS Ayrshire & Arran. (2019). Understanding Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). https://www.nhsaaa.net/media/7926/understanding-fasd-a5-summary-guide-aug-19-print.pdf
National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. (n.d). Living with FASD. www.nofas.org/living-with-fasd/
NOFASD Australia. (n.d.). Characteristics across the lifespan. https://www.nofasd.org.au/parents-carers-and-families/characteristics-across-the-lifespan/
Streissguth A. P. (1994). A Long-Term Perspective of FAS. Alcohol health and research world, 18(1), 74–81. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6876481/
Telethon Kids Institute. (2020). FASD & Justice. https://alcoholpregnancy.telethonkids.org.au/our-research/fasd--justice/
MODEL OF CARE HANDBOOK � 2020
Appendix A: When Can Alcohol Harm the Developing Fetus?
This diagram shows the stages of fetal development during pregnancy, and the different parts of the body affected and the level of severity, depending on the point in pregnancy.
Figure 7When can alcohol damage the developing fetus?
Note. Adapted from Understanding Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD), (pp. 5 -6) by NHS Ayrshire & Arran, 2019,https://www.nhsaaa.net/media/7926/understanding-fasd-a5-summary-guide-aug-19-print.pdf
NEWCASTLE FASD YOUTH JUSTICE18
Appendix B: Newcastle FASD Youth Justice Model of Care
19MODEL OF CARE HANDBOOK � 2020
New
cast
le F
ASD
You
th J
ustic
e M
OD
EL O
F CA
REA
you
ng p
erso
n’s
inte
grat
ed jo
urne
y: F
etal
Alc
ohol
Spe
ctru
m D
isor
der
(FA
SD
) 10
+ Ye
ars
●● H
odgs
on, H
. & H
amilt
on, O
. ●●
May
20
20
1. Yo
uth
on T
rack
: Is a
n ea
rly in
terv
entio
n sc
hem
e fo
r 10
to 17
yea
r-old
s tha
t id
entifi
es
and
resp
onds
to y
oung
peo
ple
at ri
sk o
f lon
g-te
rm in
volv
emen
t in
the
crim
inal
jus
tice
syst
em.
Polic
e an
d ot
her
elig
ible
age
ncie
s ca
n re
fer y
oung
peo
ple,
kno
wn
to b
e at
med
ium
to h
igh
risk
of o
� end
ing,
to
a su
ppor
t ser
vice
with
out r
equi
ring
a le
gal m
anda
te. T
he y
oung
per
son’
s en
gage
men
t in
Yout
h on
Tra
ck is
vol
unta
ry (C
omm
uniti
es &
Jus
tice,
202
0).
2. P
olic
e: A
you
ng p
erso
n m
ay c
ome
to
the
notic
e of
pol
ice
with
in th
e co
mm
unity
. If
ther
e is
an
o� e
nce
the
youn
g pe
rson
m
ay b
e se
nt f
or y
outh
con
fere
ncin
g or
gi
ven
a ch
arge
whi
ch w
ould
be
hear
d in
co
urt b
efor
e a
mag
istra
te.
3. C
hild
ren’
s Co
urt:
A yo
ung
pers
on w
ho h
as c
omm
itted
an
o�
enc
e ap
pear
s be
fore
the
mag
istra
te w
ho
dete
rmin
es
the
cour
se
of
actio
n re
late
d to
the
o� e
nce.
4. S
ectio
n 32
: M
ay b
e ap
plie
d w
here
a y
oung
pe
rson
ha
s a
men
tal
heal
th
cond
ition
, or
co
gniti
ve im
pairm
ent.
5.
Sent
enci
ng:
The
mag
istra
te
may
sen
tenc
e th
e yo
ung
pers
on
to a
com
mun
ity o
rder
, or c
usto
dy.
If a
cogn
itive
im
pairm
ent
is
susp
ecte
d th
ere
are
di� e
rent
pr
oces
ses
for e
valu
atio
n.
Num
ber
of e
ntry
poi
nts
whe
re a
you
ng p
erso
n m
ay h
ave
cont
act w
ith th
e le
gal s
yste
m.
YOU
TH O
N T
RA
CK
YOU
TH A
T R
ISK
OF
JUST
ICE
INV
OLV
EMEN
T
Dis
cret
iona
ry R
efer
ral
●
Scho
ols,
NSW
Pol
ice,
You
th J
ustic
e N
SW, J
ustic
e H
ealth
and
For
ensi
c M
enta
l Hea
lth, s
olic
itors
, Co
mm
unity
Ser
vice
s, O
ut o
f Hom
e Ca
re p
rovi
ders
, Com
mun
ity H
ealth
, Fam
ily R
efer
ral S
ervi
ce,
Hea
dspa
ce a
nd o
ther
men
tal h
ealth
ser
vice
s.
Auto
mat
ed R
efer
ral
●
Com
pute
rised
Ope
ratin
g Po
licin
g Sy
stem
(CO
PS)
ELIG
IBIL
ITY
SC
REE
NIN
G
●
Elig
ibili
ty fo
r You
th o
n Tr
ack:
»H
ave
at le
ast o
ne fo
rmal
con
tact
with
pol
ice
and
a nu
mbe
r of o
� end
ing
risk
fact
ors
(dis
cret
iona
ry re
ferr
al) O
R »
Hav
e at
leas
t tw
o fo
rmal
con
tact
s w
ith p
olic
e an
d ar
e at
60%
or g
reat
er c
hanc
e of
re
o� e
ndin
g (a
utom
atic
refe
rral
) AN
D »
10 to
17 y
ears
old
»H
ave
neve
r rec
eive
d a
supe
rvis
ed c
ourt
orde
r »
O� e
nd o
r go
to s
choo
l in
one
of th
e se
ven
Yout
h on
Tra
ck s
ites
●
If an
inte
llect
ual d
isab
ility
or c
ogni
tive
impa
irmen
t is
pres
ent t
he Y
oT S
enio
r Cas
e M
anag
er
mak
es re
ferr
als
for f
urth
er a
sses
smen
t to
a pa
edia
trici
an o
r clin
ical
sup
port
serv
ices
.
●Re
ferr
als
to N
DIS
if re
quire
d, w
here
dia
gnos
is is
pre
sent
.
●In
elig
ible
you
ng p
eopl
e fo
r You
th o
n Tr
ack
are
refe
rred
to Y
outh
Crim
e Pr
even
tion
Com
man
d as
pe
r the
MoU
bet
wee
n Yo
uth
Just
ice
NSW
and
NSW
Pol
ice
for c
onsi
dera
tion
for s
uppo
rt un
der
the
Rise
Up
Stra
tegy
and
or P
olic
e Yo
uth
Case
Man
agem
ent
CH
ILD
REN
’S C
OU
RT
Bail
(You
th J
ustic
e su
perv
isio
n or
con
ditio
ns to
at
tend
ass
essm
ent)
Plea
/Hea
ring/
Sect
ion
32/F
itnes
s to
ple
ad
●
Cogn
itive
impa
irmen
t and
men
tal
cond
ition
s fo
r whi
ch tr
eatm
ents
is a
vaila
ble
in a
hos
pita
l
Sent
ence
●
Sent
ence
can
be
a ca
utio
n, y
outh
just
ice
conf
eren
ce, c
omm
unity
bas
ed o
rder
or
cont
rol o
rder
●
Broa
dmea
dow
Pilo
t Pro
ject
Cou
rt Su
ppor
t Se
rvic
es (a
ssis
t the
you
ng p
erso
n in
id
entif
ying
and
add
ress
ing
caus
es o
f o�
end
ing
but a
re n
ot p
art o
f the
sen
tenc
e) »
Just
ice
Hea
lth C
linic
ian
»Sp
ecia
list P
olic
e Pr
osec
utor
»Yo
uth
Just
ice
case
wor
ker
»D
ept.
of C
omm
uniti
es &
Jus
tice
out
post
ed c
ase
wor
ker
»Ed
ucat
ion
cour
t lia
ison
o�
cer
»Ch
ildre
n’s
cour
t ass
ista
nce
sche
me
»Yo
uth
on tr
ack
»Al
lam
bi C
are
yout
h w
orke
r »
Regu
lar a
ttend
ance
from
pol
ice
yout
h lia
ison
o�
cers
and
sch
ool l
iais
on p
olic
e o�
cer
s »
Civi
l You
th L
awye
r
●Re
ferr
als
to m
enta
l he
alth
tre
atm
ent,
drug
and
alc
ohol
, em
ploy
men
t ser
vice
s,
ange
r man
agem
ent,
ND
IS, h
ealth
ser
vice
s,
PCYC
, pro
gram
s
PO
LIC
E
●
Arre
st, w
arni
ng, c
autio
n, y
outh
just
ice
conf
eren
ce, c
ourt
refe
rral
●
Yout
h on
Tra
ck re
ferr
al
●
Youn
g pe
rson
may
be
know
n to
Dep
artm
ent o
f Com
mun
ities
& J
ustic
e an
d/or
in O
ut o
f Hom
e Ca
re
●Ju
stic
e Ad
voca
te S
uppo
rt (J
AS) i
n Po
lice
Stat
ions
. Co
ntac
t 130
0 66
5 90
8
SEC
TIO
N 3
2 (S
.32)
●
Youn
g pe
rson
has
a m
enta
l hea
lth c
ondi
tion,
or
cogn
itive
impa
irmen
t »
Six
mon
th c
omm
unity
trea
tmen
t pla
ns »
May
ado
pt N
DIS
pla
nsht
tps:/
/ww
w.le
gisla
tion.
nsw
.gov
.au/
#/vi
ew/a
ct/19
90/10
/pa
rt3/s
ec32
SEN
TEN
CIN
G
YOU
NG
PER
SON
IN T
HE
COM
MU
NIT
Y
1. La
wye
r arr
ange
s pr
ivat
e ps
ycho
logi
cal a
sses
smen
t
YOU
NG
PER
SON
IN C
UST
ODY
1. Co
urt r
eque
sts
Psyc
holo
gica
l rep
ort.
Yout
h Ju
stic
e Ps
ycho
logi
st u
nder
take
s re
port
CUST
OD
IAL
ORD
ERS
1. Re
ferr
al to
You
th J
ustic
e Ps
ycho
logi
st
2.
Case
wor
kers
app
ly fo
r ND
IS (S
ee p
roce
dure
s)
3.
If kn
own
to N
DIS
, You
th J
ustic
e is
info
rmed
abo
ut
serv
ices
»N
DIS
is s
uspe
nded
whi
le y
oung
per
son
is in
cu
stod
y
Plea
se re
fer t
o th
e N
ewca
stle
FAS
D Y
outh
Jus
tice
Mod
el o
f Car
e H
andb
ook
for
refe
renc
ing,
info
rmat
ion
on s
ervi
ces,
sup
ports
and
trai
ning
.
Not
e. A
dapt
ed f
rom
Wor
king
with
You
ng P
eopl
e w
ho h
ave
an I
ntel
lect
ual
Dis
abilit
y or
Cog
nitiv
e Im
pairm
ent (
pp. 3
4 - 3
6), b
y th
e Ju
veni
le J
ustic
e N
SW,
Dep
artm
ent o
f Jus
tice,
201
6. C
opyr
ight
201
6 by
The
Aut
hors
.TH
IS P
ROJE
CT
WAS
FU
ND
ED B
Y TH
E AU
STRA
LIA
N G
OVE
RNM
ENT
DEP
ART
MEN
T O
F H
EALT
H.
1. 2.
3.4. 5.
Note. Adapted from Working with Young People who have an Intellectual Disability or Cognitive Impairment(pp. 34 - 36), by the Juvenile Justice NSW, Department of Justice, 2016. Copyright 2016 by The Authors.
Appendix C: Looking for the Indicators of FASD Across the Lifespan
20
Look
ing
for t
he IN
DIC
ATO
RS O
F FA
SD A
cros
s th
e Li
fesp
anFr
om B
irth
to A
dulth
ood:
Fet
al A
lcoh
ol S
pect
rum
Dis
orde
r (F
AS
D)
●● H
odgs
on, H
. & H
amilt
on, O
. ●●
May
20
20
EXEC
UTIV
E FUN
CTIO
NING
FOCU
S &
ATTE
NTIO
N
●Tr
oubl
e w
ith p
lann
ing,
se
quen
cing,
pro
blem
solvi
ng,
orga
nisa
tion
●
Impu
lsivit
y
●Ch
alle
nges
with
tran
sitio
ns a
nd
chan
ge
●Re
peat
s m
istak
es a
nd d
i� cu
lty
unde
rsta
ndin
g co
nseq
uenc
es
●Di
� cu
lty w
ith:
»co
ntro
lling
emot
ions
»ab
strac
t ide
as/c
once
pts
»m
anag
ing
time
●
Easil
y dist
ract
ed, o
ver-s
timul
ated
or
impu
lsive
●
Di�
culty
pay
ing
atte
ntio
n an
d ov
er a
ctive
●Ca
n’t s
it sti
ll
SENS
ORY
& M
OTOR
COGN
ITIO
N
●Un
able
to m
ake
sens
e of
wha
t is
goin
g on
aro
und
them
●
Unde
r or o
ver r
eact
to se
nsor
y in
put e
.g. li
ght,
noise
, tou
ch,
smel
l, tas
te a
nd m
ovem
ent
●
Di�
culty
with
atte
ntio
n,
lear
ning
, mem
ory,
plan
ning
and
or
gani
satio
n
●Di
� cu
lty w
ith u
nder
stand
ing
com
plex
idea
s
●W
ide
rang
e of
IQ p
ossib
le
ACAD
EMIC
SKI
LLS
COM
MUN
ICAT
ION
●
Di�
culty
with
: »
scho
ol e
.g. m
aths
, rea
ding
, tim
e an
d m
oney
»co
mpr
ehen
sion,
org
anisa
tion
an
d a
bstra
ct co
ncep
ts »
age
appr
opria
te ta
sks
●
May
hav
e no
rmal
IQ
●Le
arni
ng is
enh
ance
d wi
th vi
sual
or
han
ds o
n ap
proa
ch
●
May
spea
k wel
l but
not
un
ders
tand
the
full m
eani
ng
●De
laye
d la
ngua
ge m
ilesto
nes f
or
age
●
Di�
culty
with
long
conv
ersa
tions
●
Di�
culty
follo
wing
instr
uctio
ns
●M
ay b
e ab
le to
repe
at in
stru
ctio
ns
but n
ot a
ble
to fo
llow
thro
ugh
LIVIN
G &
SOCI
AL S
KILL
SM
EMOR
Y
●M
ay n
ot u
nder
stand
per
sona
l bo
unda
ries a
nd re
adin
g so
cial
cues
●
Socia
lly vu
lner
able
and
eas
ily
take
n ad
vant
age
of
●Di
� cu
lty se
eing
thin
gs fr
om
anot
her’s
poi
nt o
f vie
w
●So
cially
and
em
otio
nally
im
mat
ure
e.g.
beh
aves
youn
ger
than
act
ual a
ge
●
Di�
culty
with
long
and
shor
t ter
m
mem
ory e
.g. s
eem
s for
getfu
l
●Di
� cu
lty re
callin
g se
quen
ces o
r co
mpl
ex in
struc
tions
●Be
tter v
isual
mem
ory
●
Step
s in
norm
al d
aily
rout
ine
are
easil
y for
gotte
n
●Ap
pear
to lie
but
are
real
ly ‘fi
lling
in th
e bl
anks
’
BRAI
N ST
RUCT
URE
AFFE
CT R
EGUL
ATIO
N
●Br
ain
and
head
circ
umfe
renc
e m
ay b
e sm
all
●
Emot
iona
l swi
ngs f
rom
sad
to
happ
y
●An
xiety,
dep
ress
ion,
pan
ic at
tack
s
●Se
para
tion
anxie
ty o
r atta
chm
ent
diso
rder
s
●In
appr
opria
te se
xual
beh
avio
urs
OB
SER
VA
TIO
NS
0-5
YEAR
S
OB
SER
VER
S
●Pa
rent
s, Gr
andp
aren
ts, A
unts,
Un
cles,
Frie
nds,
Fost
er F
amilie
s
●M
idwi
fe , P
aedi
atric
ians
, Gen
eral
Pr
actit
ione
rs
●
Subs
tanc
e Us
e in
Pre
gnan
cy a
nd
Pare
ntin
g Pr
ogra
m
●
Mat
erna
l & C
hild
Hea
lth (
inclu
ding
m
ultic
ultu
ral s
ervic
es)
●
Abor
igin
al M
ater
nal &
Chi
ld H
ealth
●
Out o
f Hom
e Ca
re S
ervic
es, C
ase
work
ers,
Care
rs
●De
partm
ent o
f Com
mun
ities
&
Justi
ce
●Lo
ng D
ay C
are
STR
ATE
GIE
S
●Po
or sl
eep:
soft
mus
ic, si
ng,
rock
ing,
freq
uent
hol
ding
, low
light
s, au
tom
atic
swin
gs, a
nd w
rap
snug
gly
●
Poor
wei
ght g
ain:
cons
ult a
nu
tritio
nist
●Ch
roni
c ear
infe
ctio
ns: c
heck
he
arin
g &
infe
ctio
ns
●De
velo
pmen
tal d
elay
s: co
nsul
t an
occ
upat
iona
l the
rapi
st
●Sp
eech
del
ays:
cons
ult a
spee
ch
ther
apist
●De
ntal
pro
blem
s: co
nsul
t a
paed
iatri
c den
tist
●
Smal
l app
etite
s or s
ensit
ivity
to
food
text
ure:
serv
e sm
all p
ortio
ns
that
are
luke
warm
or c
ool a
nd
have
som
e te
xtur
e. A
llow
plen
ty o
f tim
e du
ring
mea
ls an
d de
crea
se
dist
ract
ions
such
as t
elev
ision
, ra
dio
or m
ultip
le co
nver
satio
ns
OB
SER
VER
S
●Pa
rent
s, Gr
andp
aren
ts, A
unts,
Un
cles,
Frie
nds,
Foste
r Fam
ilies
●
Pre-
scho
ol Te
ache
rs a
nd S
ta� ,
Lo
ng D
ay C
are
●
Prim
ary S
choo
ls Te
ache
rs,
Coun
sello
rs a
nd S
ta�
●
Polic
e Yo
uth
Liaiso
n O�
cer
s
●Ou
t of H
ome
Care
Ser
vices
, Cas
e wo
rker
s, Ca
rers
●
Depa
rtmen
t of C
omm
uniti
es &
Ju
stice
●
Paed
iatri
cians
, Gen
eral
Pr
actit
ione
rs
STR
ATE
GIE
S
●Sl
eep
prob
lem
s: sh
orte
n na
ps o
r cu
t the
m o
ut
●
Mak
ing
frien
ds: p
air y
our c
hild
wi
th a
noth
er w
ho is
one
or t
wo
year
s you
nger
●
Boun
dary
issu
es: c
reat
e a
stabl
e,
struc
ture
d ho
me
with
clea
r ro
utin
es a
nd p
lent
y of r
epet
ition
●
Atte
ntio
n pr
oble
ms:
esta
blish
a
rout
ine
and
use
struc
ture
. Sim
plify
ro
oms i
n th
e ho
me
and
redu
ce
noise
s or o
ther
stim
ulat
ion
●
Easil
y fru
stra
ted/
tant
rum
: rem
ove
child
from
the
situa
tion
and
use
calm
ing
tech
niqu
es su
ch a
s sitt
ing
in a
rock
er, g
iving
a w
arm
bat
h or
pl
ayin
g qu
iet m
usic
●
Di�
culty
und
erst
andi
ng ca
use
and
e� e
ct: r
epet
ition
, con
siste
ncy
and
clea
r con
sequ
ence
s fo
r be
havio
ur a
re im
porta
nt
●Ne
twor
k of f
riend
s, fa
mily
and
prof
essio
nals
who
can
adap
t the
en
viron
men
t as n
eede
d
6-10
YEAR
S11
-17YE
ARS
OB
SER
VER
S
●Pa
rent
s, Gr
andp
aren
ts, A
unts
, Unc
les,
Frie
nds
●
Care
rs, F
oste
r Fam
ilies
●
High
Sch
ool T
each
ers,
Scho
ol C
ouns
ello
rs
and
Sta�
●Po
lice
Scho
ol Li
aiso
n O�
cer
s
●Ou
t of H
ome
Care
Ser
vices
, Cas
e wo
rker
s
●De
partm
ent o
f Com
mun
ities
& Ju
stice
●
Gene
ral P
ract
ition
ers ,
Men
tal H
ealth
Se
rvice
s
●Po
lice,
Yout
h Co
nfer
ence
Con
vene
rs
●So
licito
rs a
nd M
agist
rate
●
Justi
ce H
ealth
●
Inte
llect
ual D
isabi
lity R
ight
s Ser
vice
●
Yout
h Se
rvice
s
STR
ATE
GIE
S
●An
xiety
and
depr
essio
n: co
unse
lling
or
enco
urag
ing
parti
cipat
ion
in sp
orts
, clu
bs
or o
ther
stru
ctur
ed a
ctivi
ties
●
Vict
imisa
tion:
mon
itor t
he a
ctivi
ties a
nd
disc
uss d
ealin
g wi
th st
rang
ers
●
Lyin
g, st
ealin
g or
antis
ocia
l beh
avio
ur:
fam
ily co
unse
lling,
set s
impl
e an
d co
nsist
ent r
ules
with
imm
edia
te
cons
eque
nces
●
Netw
ork o
f frie
nds,
fam
ily an
d pr
ofes
siona
ls wh
o ca
n ad
apt t
he
envir
onm
ent a
s nee
ded
OB
SER
VER
S
●Fa
mily
, Frie
nds
●
Gene
ral P
ract
ition
ers,
Hosp
itals
●
Men
tal H
ealth
Ser
vices
●
Drug
and
Alco
hol S
ervic
es
●Po
lice
●
Solic
itors
and
Mag
istra
te
●Ju
stice
Hea
lth
●In
telle
ctua
l Disa
bilit
y Rig
hts S
ervic
e
STR
ATE
GIE
S
●An
xiety
and
depr
essio
n: co
unse
lling
or
enco
urag
ing
parti
cipat
ion
in sp
orts
, clu
bs
or o
ther
stru
ctur
ed a
ctivi
ties
●
Vict
imisa
tion:
mon
itor t
he a
ctivi
ties
and
disc
uss d
ealin
g wi
th st
rang
ers
●
Lyin
g, st
ealin
g or
antis
ocia
l beh
avio
ur:
fam
ily co
unse
lling,
set s
impl
e an
d co
nsist
ent r
ules
with
imm
edia
te
cons
eque
nces
●
Hous
ing:
cont
act c
omm
unity
hou
sing
serv
ices
●
Netw
ork o
f frie
nds,
fam
ily an
d pr
ofes
siona
ls wh
o ca
n ad
apt t
he
envir
onm
ent a
s nee
ded
18-3
0YE
ARS
30+
YEAR
S50
-60
YEAR
S
60-7
0YE
ARS
70+
YEAR
S
Plea
se re
fer t
o th
e N
ewca
stle
FAS
D Y
outh
Jus
tice
Mod
el o
f Car
e H
andb
ook
for r
efer
enci
ng, i
nfor
mat
ion
on s
ervi
ces,
sup
ports
and
trai
ning
.TH
IS P
ROJE
CT W
AS F
UN
DED
BY
THE
AUST
RALI
AN
GO
VERN
MEN
T D
EPA
RTM
ENT
OF
HEA
LTH
.
6Co
mpr
ehen
sion
& so
cial
mat
urity
7So
cial s
kills
8M
oney
& ti
me
conc
epts
11Li
ving
skills
16 Read
ing
abilit
y
18 Actu
alch
rono
logi
cal
age
20 Expr
essiv
ela
ngua
ge
DEV
ELO
PM
ENTA
LA
GE
DY
SM
ATU
RIT
YFA
SD
Chr
onol
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al A
gevs
Dev
elop
men
tal
Age