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Section 1

Jefferson Takes OfficeWhen Jefferson becomes president in 1801, his party replaces Federalist programs with its own.

The Election of 1800

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• Thomas Jefferson, Aaron Burr are Democratic-Republican candidates

1SECTION

• Believe Alien and Sedition Acts violate Bill of Rights

Jefferson Takes Office

• John Adams is Federalist candidate • Thinks radicals, people with extreme political

views, will ruin nation • Burr and Jefferson defeat Adams in

presidential election • Burr, Jefferson receive same number of

electoral votes

Aaron Burr, American political leader (1834).

Breaking the Tie

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1SECTION

• House of Representatives breaks Burr/Jefferson tie

• Others, like Alexander Hamilton, feel Burr is unreliable

• Some Federalists fear Jefferson’s views

• Federalists control the House of Representatives

• House elects Jefferson as president

The Talented Jefferson

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1SECTION

• Jefferson has many talents:- advises Washington D. C. architects- skilled violinist, horseman, scientist, devoted

reader• Book collection becomes core for the Library of Congress

Thomas Jefferson’s drawing of a macaroni machine and instructions for making pasta (about 1787).

Jefferson’s Philosophy

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1SECTION

• Jefferson wants to unite Americans, promotes common life style

• Believes such a nation upholds strong democratic values

• Wants U.S. to remain a nation of small, independent farmers

• Believes in a modest role for the central government

Undoing Federalist Programs

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1SECTION

• Jefferson seeks to end many Federalist policies:- allows Alien and Sedition Acts to end- ends many taxes including whiskey tax- reduces number of Federal employees,

government debt

Marshall and the Judiciary

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1SECTION

• Adams uses Judiciary Act of 1801 to appoint many Federalist judges

• Cannot change judges because they are appointed for life

• New president Jefferson is frustrated with Federalist judiciary

• Before leaving office, Adams picks Chief Justice of Supreme Court

• Federalist Chief Justice John Marshall in office for over 3 decades

• Strengthens the federal courts, presides over Marbury v. Madison, 1803

John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States (about 1831).

Marbury v. Madison

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1SECTION

• Before leaving office, Adams picks William Marbury as a justice

• Marbury sues, case goes to Supreme Court

• New Secretary of State James Madison refuses to install Marbury

• Court rules that law under which Marbury sues is unconstitutional

• Unconstitutional: contradicts the law of the Constitution

Continued . . .

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1SECTION

• Supreme Court establishes principle of judicial review- judicial review—has final say in interpreting

the Constitution- helps establish balance between 3

government branches

Continued Marbury v. Madison

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Jefferson purchases the Louisiana Territory in 1803 and doubles the size of the United States.

Section 2

The Louisiana Purchase and Exploration

The West in 1800

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2SECTION

• Many settlers move to region between Appalachians, Mississippi River

• France, Spain want Louisiana Territory, Britain claims land in region

• Kentucky, Tennessee become states (1800), Ohio becomes state (1803)

The Louisiana Purchase and Exploration

• Louisiana Territory between the Mississippi River, Rocky Mountains

• Americans want free use of Mississippi River and New Orleans’ port

• Spain settles California, Russians settle Pacific coast

Emigrants crossing the Appalachians on way to Pittsburgh (early 19th century).

Napoleon and New Orleans

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2SECTION

• Louisiana Territory is claimed by France, then Spain

• Angers many Americans who call for war with Spain, France

• Before returning territory, Spain closes New Orleans to Americans

• Spain returns territory to France (1800), French plan to colonize it

• Jefferson offers to buy New Orleans from France

• French ask if U.S. wants to buy all of Louisiana Territory

The Louisiana Purchase

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2SECTION

• France, Napoleon offer Louisiana Territory to U.S. because: - U.S. determination to keep New Orleans- France’s problems with colonization- Napoleon’s costly war with Britain

• Jefferson approves Louisiana Purchase on April 30, 1803

• Buys territory for $15 million, doubles size of U.S.

Lewis and Clark Explore

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2SECTION

• Jefferson chooses Meriwether Lewis to lead Louisiana exploration

• Lewis chooses William Clark to pick, oversee volunteer force

• Clark is accompanied by York, African American slave, skilled hunter

• Expedition is known as Lewis and Clark expedition

• Expedition sets out in summer of 1803, reaches St. Louis by winter

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2SECTION

• Expedition leaves St. Louis (May 1804), heads up Missouri River

• Reaches Mandan Indian villages in October, builds fort, spends winter

• Relates well with Native Americans, describes landscape, animals

• Explores river, hopes to find water route across continent

• Leave with French trapper, Shoshone wife Sacagawea in spring 1805

Up the Missouri River

Shoshone guide Sacagawea with Lewis and Clark. Art (1940), N. C. Wyeth.

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2SECTION

• Expedition reaches Great Falls of the Missouri

• Sail down river to Pacific coast, spend winter, return following year

• Shoshone help explorers cross Rockies, reach Columbia River

• Reaches Rocky Mountains, Shoshone lands; Sacagawea is chief’s sister

• Expedition brings back wealth of scientific, geographic information

On to the Pacific Ocean

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2SECTION

• Zebulon Pike leads expedition (1806) into southern Louisiana Territory

• Heads into Spanish territory, arrested by Spanish, released (1807)

• Finds Rocky Mountain peak that is later named Pike’s Peak

• Seeks source of Arkansas, Red rivers, follows Arkansas River to Rockies

• Brings back descriptions of Great Plains, Rio Grande River Valley

Pike’s Expedition

Zebulon M. Pike, American army officer and explorer (19th century).

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2SECTION

• First American explorers of the West bring back tales of adventure

• Bring back valuable scientific, geographical information

The Effects of Exploration

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Jefferson tries to avoid involvement in the problems of other nations.

Section 3

Problems with Foreign Powers

Jefferson’s Foreign Policy

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• As president, Jefferson wants to focus on domestic concerns

3SECTION

• Advises U.S. to be friendly with nations, but not form alliances

• Jefferson’s effort to keep U.S. separate from other nations fails:- U.S. merchants are trading all over world- U.S. has closer contact with other nations- U.S. has little control over actions of foreign

nations

Problems with Foreign Powers

Problems with France and England

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3SECTION

• Britain does not want U.S. to supply Britain’s enemies with provisions

• France is angered by blockade, enacts laws to control foreign shipping

• Sets up blockade (1805), allows certain American ships to reach Europe

• If Americans obey French, their ships could be seized by British

• If Americans obey British, their ships could be seized by the French

Continued . . .

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3SECTION

• Britain uses impressment, or kidnapping, of American sailors

• Famous impressment incident arouses widespread anger in America

• Impressment interferes with U.S. trade

Continued Problems with France and England

• Jefferson decides not to declare war on Britain

British officers seize an American sailor at gunpoint.

Trade as a Weapon

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3SECTION

• Jefferson asks Congress to pass the Embargo Act of 1807 - prohibits U.S. ships to sail to foreign ports- closes U.S. ports to British

• Because of unpopular embargo, Jefferson loses election of 1808

• Act hurts U.S. more than it does Britain, France

• James Madison becomes president, Congress repeals embargo

• Madison allows trade except with Britain, France

Tecumseh and Native American Unity

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3SECTION

• Native Americans lose much land to settlers in the Northwest Territory

• Many tribes answer Tecumseh’s call for unity

• Shawnee chief, Tecumseh says Native Americans must unite

• U.S. defeats Shawnee at Battle of Tippecanoe, sets back unity movement

Tecumseh, Shawnee chief.

War Hawks

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3SECTION

• British welcome Tecumseh, warriors in Canada

• Westerners known as War Hawks call for war with Britain

• British-Native American alliance angers Americans in the West

• Andrew Jackson, War Hawks urge Congress to declare war

• Americans also angry about British violation of American rights at sea

• Congress declares war on Britain on June 18, 1812

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Section 4

The War of 1812Angered by Britain’s interference in the nation’s affairs, the United States goes to war.

The War Begins

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• Britain does not want war with U.S., news reaches U.S. late

4SECTION

• Congress approves war

The War of 1812

• First phase of War of 1812, Britain focuses on defeating France

• Britain does little in U.S. except blockade the American coast

• Second phase, Britain focuses on defeating U.S.

• When war is declared, U.S. military is weak, poorly trained

The First Phase of the War

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4SECTION

• U.S. wins early naval victories

• U.S. defeat British at Battle of the Thames in Canada; Tecumseh killed

• U.S. commander Oliver Hazard Perry, fleet defeat British (1813)

• U.S. victory ends British threat to the northwest Interactive

The Second Phase of the War

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4SECTION

• After defeating Napoleon, Britain focuses on defeating the U.S.

• Lawyer Francis Scott Key proudly watches U.S. defend Fort McHenry

• British troops burn U.S. Capitol building, attack Fort McHenry

• U.S. defeat British at battle of Lake Champlain (1814)

• Writes song that expresses his pride, becomes U.S. national anthem

Continued . . .

Francis Scott Key observing the bombardment and the U.S. flag over Fort McHenry.

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4SECTION

• British troops approach New Orleans

• Defeats British at the Battle of New Orleans

• General Andrew Jackson patches together U.S. troops

Continued The Second Phase of the War

• Britain, U.S. sign Treaty of Ghent, ends war • Battle of New Orleans takes place after the

treaty is signed

The Legacy of the War

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4SECTION

• War of 1812 has no clear winner but has important consequences:- U.S. war heroes increase American

patriotism- war breaks the strength of Native Americans- forces U.S. to manufacture goods previously

imported- U.S. proves it can defend itself against the

mightiest military power