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Suleyman the Lawgiver.

The Muslim World Expands,1300–1700

Three great Muslim powers—the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires—emerge between 1300 and 1600. By 1700 all three were in decline.

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Section 1

The Ottomans Build aVast Empire The Ottomans establish a Muslim empirethat combine many cultures and lasted formore than 600 years.

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Turks Move into Byzantium

The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire

Turkish Warriors• Many Turks live in Anatolia, on edge of Byzantine

Empire• Many see themselves as ghazis—warriors who

fight for Islam

Osman Establishes a State• From 1300 to 1326, Osman, successful ghazi, builds

state in Anatolia• Europeans call him Othman and followers Ottomans• Ottomans win battles because they use muskets and

cannons• Successors expand state through alliances and land

buying

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Continued . . .

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Osman Establishes a State• Orkhan, Osman’s son, declares himself sultan—

overlord• In 1361, Turks conquer Adrianople• Ottomans rule fairly over conquered peoples

continued Turks Move into Byzantium

Timur the Lame Halts Expansion• Timur the Lame—Tamerlane—rises to power in

Central Asia• Timur defeats Ottomans in 1402, burning Baghdad

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Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion

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Murad II• Murad II begins expansion

Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople• Murad’s son, Mehmed II, conquers

Constantinople in 1453• Opens city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims and

rebuilds

Ottomans Take Islam’s Holy Cities• In 1512, Selim the Grim, Mehmed’s grandson,

comes to power• He defeats Persian Safavids and pushes into

North Africa• Conquers Mecca, Medina, and Cairo: important

Muslim cities

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Suleyman the Lawgiver

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A Great Ruler• Suleyman the Lawgiver, Selim’s son, rules from

1520 to 1566

The Empire Reaches Its Limits• Suleyman conquers Belgrade (1521) and

Rhodes (1522)• Ottomans control eastern Mediterranean• Turks take North African coastline, control inland

trade routes • Suleyman’s forces advance to Vienna• By 1526, Ottoman Empire is the largest in the

world

Continued . . .

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Highly Structured Social Organization• Suleyman creates law code, reduces

bureaucracy, simplifies taxation• Army uses devshirme—drafts boys from

conquered lands• Trains 30,000 elite soldiers—janissaries—loyal

only to the sultan• Jews and Christians allowed to practice own

religion

continued Suleyman the Lawgiver

Cultural Flowering• Suleyman’s broad interests lead to flourishing of

arts, learning• Sinan, brilliant architect, designs magnificent

Mosque of Suleyman

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The Empire Declines Slowly

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Gradual Fall• Suleyman kills one son and exiles another• Third son inherits throne but rules weakly• Later sultans kill their brothers and leave their

sons uneducated• Long line of weak sultans leads to empire’s

eventual fall

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The Safavid Empire produce a rich and complex blended culture in Persia.

Section 2

Cultural Blending CASE STUDY: The Safavid Empire

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Patterns of Cultural Blending

Cultural Blending

Cultural Blending in Persia• Between16th and 18th centuries a Shi’ite Muslim

dynasty ruled Persia• Safavid Empire—Shi’ite Muslim dynasty from 16th to

18th centuries

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Causes of Cultural Blending• Changes occur through migration, conquest, trade,

or religion

Results of Cultural Blending• Changes in language, religion, government, use of

technology• Racial and ethnic blending, intermarriage• Cultural styles adapted into arts and architecture

CASE STUDY:The Safavid Empire

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The Safavids Build an Empire

Safavid Origins• Begins as religious order named for founder• Safavids concentrate on building powerful military

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Isma’il Conquers Persia• Fourteen-year-old Isma’il conquers Iran by 1451• Takes title of shah—king• Makes Shi’a Islam official religion; kills Sunnis• Son, Tahmasp, greatly expands empire

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A Safavid Golden Age

Abbas the Great• Shah Abbas—Abbas the Great—takes throne in

1587

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Reforms• Helps create a thriving Safavid culture• Reforms military and government; brings in Christian

trade

A New Capital• Esfahan—new capital—is one of world’s most

beautiful cities

Art Works• Chinese artisans blend Chinese and Persian styles

Carpets• Carpet weaving becomes national industry

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The Dynasty Declines Quickly

The Safavid Empire Weakens• Abbas kills and blinds his ablest sons• Safi, Abbas’s incompetent grandson, leads to

empire’s decline• By 1722, the empire is losing land to the

Ottomans and Afghans • Nadir Shah Afshar expands the empire, but it falls

apart in 1747

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Section 3

The Mughal Empirein IndiaThe Mughal Empire brings Turks, Persians, and Indians together in a vast empire.

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Early History of the Mughals

The Mughal Empire in India

Mongol Invaders• Mughals, or Mongols, invade northwestern India

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Conflict• Muslims and Hindus fight for almost 300 years• In 1000, loose empire of Turkish warlords—Delhi

Sultanate—forms

Delhi Sultanate• Sultans rule from Delhi between 13th and 16th

centuries• Timur the Lame destroys Delhi in 1398

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Early History of the Mughals

Babur Founds an Empire• Babur becomes king of small land in Central Asia at

age 11• Is dethroned and driven south into India• Army conquers much of northern India, forming

Mughal Empire• Son Humayun loses most of the territory Babur

conquered• Babur’s grandson succeeds Humayan

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Akbar’s Golden Age

Babur’s Grandson• Akbar—“Greatest One”— rules India from 1556

to 1605

A Military Conqueror• Akbar uses cannons; names native Indians as

officers

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A Liberal Ruler• Akbar allows religious freedom and abolishes tax on

non-Muslims • Akbar allows all people a chance to serve in high

government office• Hindu finance minister develops better tax plan;

income grows• Akbar gives land to his officials, then reclaims

it when they die

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A Flowering of Culture• Many cultures blend, mixing art, education,

politics, and language• New languages like Hindi and Urdu emerge

continued Akbar’s Golden Age

The Arts and Literature• Book illustrations, called miniatures, flourish• Hindu literature reemerges during Akbar’s rule

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Architecture• New architectural style named for Akbar develops

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Akbar’s Successors

Jahangir and Nur Jahan• Akbar’s son, Jahangir, allows wife Nur Jahan to

control government• Nur Jahan appoints her father prime minister • Nur Jahan favors son Khusrau over other sons• Khusrau rebels, supported by Sikhs, nonviolent

religious group• Sikhs become targets of Mughal hatred

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Continued . . .

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Shah Jahan• Shah Jahan—Jahangir’s son and successor,

marries Persian princess• Assassinates all competitors for throne• His wife dies while giving birth to her 14th child in

1631• Taj Mahal—huge marble tomb Shah Jahan

builds for his wife• Taj Mahal is one of the most beautiful buildings

in the world

continued Akbar’s Successors

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Continued . . .

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The People Suffer• People suffer paying for wars and monuments• Shah Jahan’s third son—Aurangzeb—imprisons

father and takes over

continued Akbar’s Successors

Aurangzeb’s Reign• Rules between 1658 and 1707; expands empire to

its largest• Strictly enforces Islamic law and attempts to get rid

of Hindus• Hindus rebel and Sikhs become militant• Levies oppressive taxes on Hindus, causing more

rebellion

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The Empire’s Decline and Decay

The Mughal Empire Crumbles• Over 2 million people die of famine while Aurangzeb

wages war• Emperor becomes a figurehead; empire breaks into

separate states• Meanwhile, traders arrive from England, Holland,

France, Portugal• European traders gain key ports

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