nfefi animal id

8/2/2019 NFEFI Animal ID

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nfefi-animal-id 1/29

JHMHI Kjiekb Ilmj|ihick|ifj

K~eij Gkbkbkjo" Tk|~icg Liy" Gybm Ck}sijo" G~is|ikj ̂ myms kjl @faj K~~fyf

Ijcfetbm|ifj fh Mcfbfoy ~m{}i~memj|

S}nei||ml |f0 E~s* @mssick Tkckbifok

Xiskykj w~i|aml Af~jnibb ‒\kbk~kg―

Gijolfe0 Kjiekbik

Tayb}e0 Caf~lk|k

Cbkss0 Cf~kcihf~ems

Hkeiby0 N}cm~|ilkm

Scimj|ihic jkem0 Kcm~fs _kblmji

Cfeefj jkem0 Mjobisa ^}hf}s%amklml Af~jnibb" _kblmj’s Af~jnibb" _~i|aml Nibbml

Af~jnibb

Cfjsm~xk|ifj S|k|}s0 C~i|ickbby Mjlkom~ml

@}s|ihick|ifj0

Mq|mjsixm bfss fh bfw |f eil%kb|i|}lm hf~ms| kjl a}j|ijo akxm ~ms}b|ml ij k mq|~memby ~ktil

lmcbijm fh i|s tft}bk|ifj" kb|af}oa mhhf~|s ij cfjsm~xk|ifj emks}~ms fj Tkjky fhhm~ aftm |ak|

lmcbijms ckj nm s|fttml* \am ~mekijijo tft}bk|ifj fh |ais stmcims is cfjsilm~ml |f nm sekbb kjl

smxm~mby h~koemj|ml* !C}~if" M*" Bks|iefpk" B*" Fbixm~" _*)

Omfo~ktaic ^kjom0

Kcm~fs wkblmji is mjlmeic |f |am _ms|m~j Xiskyks ij |am Taibittijms" wam~m i| is t~ms}eml |f

akxm fcc}~ml fj |a~mm isbkjls0 O}iek~ks" Jmo~fs kjl Tkjky* I| is jfw knsmj| h~fe O}iek~ks kjl

s}~xixms fjby fj Jmo~fs kjl Tkjky* Ny >448" |am tft}bk|ifj ij |am Cmj|~kb Tkjky Ef}j|kij^kjom !CTE^) akl nmmj hf}jl ny TaibCfjsm~xm !hf~em~by TMSCT) |f cfj|kij =4> n~mmlijo

tki~s" wi|a ?=> kc|ixm jms| afbms bfck|ml ij >44?* \am~m akxm nmmj jf n~mmlijo ~mcf~ls sijcm

;99? !fjm tki~) ij |am jf~|a%wms| Tkjky Tmjijs}bk wam~m" afwmxm~" jf sys|mek|ic smk~ca aks

nmmj cfjl}c|ml* L}m |f |am sekbb sipm fh |am ~mekijijo hf~ms| ij |am tmjijs}bk !c*="444 ak) kjy

n~mmlijo |am~m eky akxm nmmj stf~klic kjl i| aks sijcm kbefs| cm~|kijby nmmj mq|i~tk|ml" lmsti|m

t~f%kc|ixm kj|i%tfkcaijo kjl f|am~ hf~ms| wk~lijo kc|ixi|ims f~cams|~k|ml ny bfckb s}ttf~| o~f}ts*

\am stmcims eky nm h}jc|ifjkbby mq|ijc| fj Jmo~fs wi|a jf hio}~ms nmijo kxkibknbm*



Tft}bk|ifj0 ?=> kc|ixm jms| afbms ij Cmj|~kb Tkjkykj Ef}j|kij ^kjom ij >44? !M* C}~if ij bi||*

>441)

Tft}bk|ifj |~mjl0 ↓ Lmc~mksijo

Akni|k| kjl Mcfbfoy0

I| ijakni|s cbfsml%ckjfty hf~ms|s" kbsf h~m{}mj|ijo bfooml k~mks kjl fccksifjkbby isfbk|ml |~mms ij

cbmk~ijos* I| is t~fnknby klkt|ml |f bfwm~ f~ eil%mbmxk|ifj hf~ms|" wi|a ~mcf~ls h~fe <44%;">44 e

fj Tkjky kjl 344%9=4 e fj Jmo~fs*

Akni|s&Nmakxif~0 K~nf~mkb7 smmj ij hbfcgs

Lim| ij |am _ibl0

I| is fejixf~f}s" |kgijo sfem kjiekb ek||m~ |f i|s jms|s kjl hmmlijo ij |am ckjfty fj hios kjl

f|am~ h~}i|s* I| eky ekgm bfckb jfeklic efxmemj|s ij ~mstfjsm |f hffl kxkibknibi|y* I| jms|s ij

bk~om |~mms*

Lim| ij ckt|ixi|y0

Tijgims !eicm)"_f~es" H~}i|s" kjl Lfo tmbbm|s !t~f|mij sf}~cm)

Cfjsm~xk|ixm Kc|ifjs0

K jms|%o}k~lijo scamem ny TaibCfjsm~xm bml |f k ~ml}c|ifj fh jms| tfkcaijo ny 9=- fj Tkjky

kjl |ak| tft}bk|ifj ckj nm s|knibipml k| i|s c}~~mj| sipm ih ij~fkls ij|f |am hf~ms| ny sekbb%sckbm

bfooijo ckj nm s|fttml* \am hbmloijo fh jmk~by =44 n~ffls fh ;%3 yf}jo mkca ij |am Cmj|~kb

Tkjky Ef}j|kij ^kjom wks |am cfjsm{}mjcm fh |ais jms|%t~f|mc|ifj scamem" kjl |am kie is |f

mqtkjl jms| t~f|mc|ifj ij|f ef~m sf}|am~by tk~|s fh |am CTE^* Cfjhisck|ml af~jnibbs akxm nmmj

~maknibi|k|ml kjl ~mbmksml ny TMSCT&TaibCfjsm~xm" kjl s}ccmssh}b ckt|ixm n~mmlijo aks |kgmj

tbkcm k| |am Ek~i%i| _iblbihm Cfjsm~xk|ifj Tk~g sijcm >44=" wi|a smxmj n~mmlijo tki~s ij >441*

Bixmbiaffl ijcmj|ixms s}ca ks ck~knkf !wf~g kjiekbs) k~m nmijo oixmj |f a}j|m~s |f ms|knbisa

tm~ekjmj| ko~ic}b|}~kb tbf|s ijs|mkl fh saih|ijo c}b|ixk|ifj* Smmlbijos fh h~}i| |~mms" nksic hk~e

|ffbs" ~icm smmls kjl ijhf~ekb |~kijijo k~m oixmj |f a}j|m~s ny |am Ek~i%i| _iblbihm Cfjsm~xk|ifj

Tk~g |f mjcf}~kom |ame |f |kgm }t kb|m~jk|ixm bixmbiaffls*

\a~mk|s0 Akni|k| bfss" A}j|ijo kjl \~kttijo |m~~ms|~ikb kjiekbs



^mt~fl}c|ixm Lk|k0

Af~jnibbs omjm~kbby hf~e efjfokef}s tki~s" kb|af}oa sfem stmcims mjokom ij cfftm~k|ixm

n~mmlijo* \am hmekbm bkys }t |f siq wai|m moos ij mqis|ijo afbms f~ c~mxicms" mi|am~ ij |~mms f~

~fcgs*

Lmsc~it|ifj0

Ekbm0 Amkl" jmcg" kjl }ttm~ cams| j}|7 sfem stmcims k~m lk~gm~ |akj f|am~s* ]ttm~ tk~|s nbkcg

obfssml wi|a o~mmj" nmbby is nbkcg* \kib is wai|m wi|a k |m~eijkb nbkcg nkjl7 nkskb |ai~l is nbkcg7

~ms| is wai|m wi|a nbkcg |its fj hmk|am~s" fh|mj s|kijml wi|a ~}hf}s*

Hmekbm0 Sieibk~ |f ekbm n}| wi|a lk~g o~ffxms" kjl |am hmm| is nbkcg*

Taibittijm Cfcgk|ff ‒Gkbkoky―

Gijolfe0 Kjiekbik

Tayb}e0 Caf~lk|k

Cbkss0 Kxms

F~lm~0 Tsi||kcihf~ems

Hkeiby0 Tsi||kcilkm

Scimj|ihic jkem0 Ckck|}k Akmek|}~ftyoik

Cfeefj jkem0 Mjobisa%Taibittijm Cfcgk|ff" ^ml%xmj|ml Cfcgk|ff" Stkjisa%Ckck|ðk lm bk Cfbk

Skjo~kj|m

Cfjsm~xk|ifj S|k|}s0 C~i|ickbby Mjlkjom~ml

@}s|ihick|ifj0

\ais stmcims {}kbihims ks C~i|ickbby Mjlkjom~ml nmck}sm i| aks s}hhm~ml kj mq|~memby ~ktil

tft}bk|ifj ~ml}c|ifj fwijo |f mq|mjsixm bfss fh i|s bfwbkjl akni|k|s kjl |~kttijo hf~ |am ckomni~l

|~klm*!_iblekjj" T*)

Omfo~ktaic ^kjom0

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogamous

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogamous



Ckck|}k akmek|}~ftyoik is mjlmeic |f |am Taibittijms* Ij ;9=4" i| wks cfeefj |a~f}oaf}| n}|

k ~ktil lmcbijm aks bmh| k tft}bk|ifj fh c*;"444 ni~ls* Fh |amsm" |am~m k~m >=4%?44 fj Tkbkwkj kjl

i|s sk|mbbi|m isbkjls" .Smxm~kb a}jl~ml. f~ ;44%>44 fj \kwi|kwi" i| is tfssinby mq|ijc| fj

Eijlkjkf" kjl |am~m k~m hmwm~ |akj |wmj|y ijlixil}kbs ij |am Tfbibbf o~f}t fh isbkjls kjl Skek~

~mstmc|ixmby* S}ntft}bk|ifjs kwky h~fe Tkbkwkj kjl |am S}b}s k~m ekijby |ijy kjl akxm hmw

bfjo%|m~e t~fstmc|s* Cfjsm~xk|ifj mhhf~|s k~m }jlm~wky k| hf}~ si|ms7 ijcb}lijo fj ^ksk Isbkjl

jmk~ Jk~~k" Tkbkwkj" wam~m |am tft}bk|ifj ijc~mksml h~fe >4 ij ;991 |f fxm~ >44 ij >441" kjl k

~mcf~l n~mmlijo smksfj ij >441 skw <1 yf}jo nkjlml ny Eky >4417 n}| mbsmwam~m lmcbijms akxm

cfj|ij}ml*

Tft}bk|ifj \~mjl0 ↓ Lmc~mksijo


I| kttmk~s |f nm ~ms|~ic|ml |f bfwbkjl t~iek~y kjl&f~ smcfjlk~y hf~ms| t~mlfeijkj|by nmbfw =4 e"kl`kcmj| ij ~ixm~ijm f~ cfks|kb k~mks wi|a ekjo~fxms* I| n~mmls h~fe @}by |f Lmcmenm~ kjl

f}|silm |am n~mmlijo smksfj i| h~m{}mj|s nf|a cf~j% kjl ~icm%himbls* I| lmtmjls fj smksfjkbby

hb}c|}k|ijo hffl ~msf}~cms kjl is tk~|ikbby jfeklic* Ni~ls hby h~fe |am ekijbkjl |f fhhsaf~m

isbkjls ks hk~ ks mioa| gibfem|~ms kwky h~fe |am ekijbkjl |f ~ffs| kjl n~mml*

Lim|s ij |am wibl0 îcm o~kijs f~ cf~j" h~}i|s

Lim|s ij ckt|ixi|y0 îcm o~kijs" S}ttbmemj|kb wk|m~" lfo tmbbm|s !t~f|mij sf}~cm)

\a~mk|s0

L}~ijo jms| efji|f~ijo fj Tkjlkjkj" ibbmokb |~mm c}||ijo wks kbsf lfc}emj|ml* Bfwbkjl

lmhf~ms|k|ifj kjl ekjo~fxm lms|~}c|ifj akxm nmmj mq|mjsixm |a~f}oaf}| i|s ~kjom" kjl akxm

cfj|~in}|ml siojihickj|by |f i|s lmcbijm* I| is kbsf tm~smc}|ml ks k c~ft%tms| kjl a}j|ml hf~ hffl*

\ytaffjs k~m k |a~mk|" k| bmks| ij kb~mkly lmcbijijo tft}bk|ifjs* Xm~y l~y n~mmlijo smksfjs eky

bmkl |f cfetbm|m n~mmlijo hkib}~m* \am ~mbmksm fh ckt|ixm ni~ls eky ij|~fl}cm lismksm ij|f |am

wibl tft}bk|ifj* Ij|~fl}cml t~mlk|f~s ~mt~msmj| k |a~mk| k| ekjy tf|mj|ikb ~mbmksm si|ms*

Cfjsm~xk|ifj Kc|ifjs0

\a~mm t~f|mc|ml k~mks akxm nmmj stmcihickbby c~mk|ml hf~ |am stmcims ij Tkbkwkj fj ^ksk Isbkjl"

L}ek~kj kjl îpkb* Cfjsm~xk|ifj mhhf~|s fj ^ksk Isbkjl" Tkbkwkj" ~mcfxm~ml k sekbb tft}bk|ifj

h~fe >= ijlixil}kbs |f fxm~ >44 ny @}by >441* Tfkcam~s akxm nmmj |~kijml ks wiblbihm wk~lmjs

kjl wm~m t~fxilml wi|a kb|m~jk|ixm sf}~cms fh ijcfem* \ais |}~jml f}| |f nm |am sijobm efs|

mhhmc|ixm kc|ixi|y |f t~mxmj| tfkcaijo kjl wks ~mtmk|ml ij |a~mm f|am~ t~f`mc| si|ms* Kwk~mjmss

cketkiojs akxm nmmj cfjl}c|ml fj Eijlkjkf" Tkbkwkj kjl Tfbibbf* \~ibijo}kb cfjsm~xk|ifj



tfs|m~s akxm nmmj lis|~in}|ml jk|ifjwilm* \am Gk|kbk T~ilm Cketkioj bk}jcaml fj L}ek~kj

Isbkjl aks hfc}sml fj ~kisijo kwk~mjmss kefjo s|}lmj|s kjl hk~em~s*

^mt~fl}c|ixm Lk|k0

N~mmls h~fe @}by |f Lmcmenm~" sfem n~mml f}|silm |am n~mmlijo smksfj" i| h~m{}mj|s nf|a cf~jkjl ~icm himbls*

Lmsc~it|ifj0

Ni~l kbb wai|m mqcmt| hf~ c~ms|" wijos" kjl |kib" waica akxm xk~yijo lmo~mms fh ymbbfw7 }jlm~ |kib%

cfxm~|s ~mllisa tijg*

B}pfj nbmmlijo amk~| tiomfj

Gijolfe0 Kjiekbik

Tayb}e0 Caf~lk|k

Cbkss0 Kxms

F~lm~0 Cfb}enihf~ems

Hkeiby0 Cfb}enilkm

Scimj|ihic jkem0 Okbbicfb}enk b}pfjick

Cfeefj jkem0 Mjobisa%nbmmlijo amk~| lfxm7 nbmmlijo amk~| tiomfj" B}pfj nbmmlijo amk~|"

Stkjisa%Tkbfek Kt}ûkbklk lm B}pój*

Cfjsm~xk|ifj s|k|}s0 Jmk~ |a~mk|mj

@}s|ihick|ifj0

\ais stmcims is cbkssihiml ks Jmk~ \a~mk|mjml nmck}sm i| is |af}oa| |f nm }jlm~ofijo k eflm~k|mby

~ktil tft}bk|ifj lmcbijm fwijo |f a}j|ijo kjl bfooijo* I| is xm~y smc~m|ixm kjl h}~|am~

ijhf~ek|ifj eky ~m{}i~m i| |f nm }tbis|ml |f X}bjm~knbm*!Ekaffl" S*" N}|cak~|" S*)

Omfo~ktaic ~kjom0

Okbbicfb}enk b}pfjick is mjlmeic |f B}pfj !wam~m i| is mxm~ywam~m sck~cm f~ ~k~m)" Taibittijms"

ij |am Sim~~k Ekl~m sf}|a |f [}mpfj Jk|ifjkb Tk~g kjl E| Ekgibijo" wi|a k ~mcmj| ~mtf~| h~fe



E| N}b}skj ij |am Sf}|a" kbsf Tfbibbf !~mcmj|by ~mliscfxm~ml t~fnknby xm~y ~k~m) kjl Ck|kjl}kjms

!sijobm stmciemj)*



I| is hf}jl ij bfwbkjl !nmbfw ;"<44 e) hf~ms|" ijcb}lijo smbmc|ixmby bfooml kjl f|am~wism tff~

smcfjlk~y o~fw|a kjl mxmj tbkj|k|ifjs*

Lim| ij |am wibl0 H~}i|s" smmls" ijsmc|s

Lim| ij ckt|ixi|y0 H~}i|s" smmls" sekbb c~icgm|s" lfo tmbbm|s

\a~mk|s0 I| is x}bjm~knbm |f sjk~ijo" n}| ~mekijs wilmst~mkl kjl bfckbby j}em~f}s*

Cfjsm~xk|ifj kc|ifjs0 Bkjl&wk|m~ t~f|mc|ifj" ml}ck|ifj kjl kwk~mjmss" ~msf}~cm kjl akni|k| t~f|mc|ifj*

^mt~fl}c|ixm Lk|k0

\am B}pfj nbmmlijo amk~| lfxm bkys |wf moos" waica ak|ca kh|m~ knf}| hf}~|mmj lkys* Bigm f|am~

tiomfjs kjl lfxms" hf~ |am hi~s| hmw lkys |am caicgs k~m hml k ~ica eibgy hb}il |ak| |am kl}b| ni~l

t~fl}cms ij i|s c~ft !|am hi~s| tk~| fh |am lioms|ixm sys|me)* \amj" kh|m~ k hmw lkys |am caicgs

o~kl}k|m |f sfbil hffl s}ca ks h~}i|s kjl smmls*

Lmsc~it|ifj0

Akxm k c~fwj kjl lk~g o~my wijos7 Hmekbm aks hbkjgs kjl }jlm~ |kib cfxm~|s lk~gm~7 bfwm~ n~mks|

kjl nmbby wai|m~" bmss ‒s|kijml― ij kttmk~kjcm*

Jmo~fs Nbmmlijo Amk~| tiomfj ‒Nklbi|kj―

Gijolfe0 Kjiekbik

Tayb}e0 Caf~lk|k

Cbkss0 Kxms


Hkeiby0 Cfb}enilkm

Scimj|ihic jkem0 Okbbicfb}enk gmkyi



Cfeefj jkem0 Mjobisa%Jmo~fs nbmmlijo amk~|

Cfjsm~xk|ifj s|k|}s0 C~i|ickbby mjlkjom~ml

@}s|ihick|ifj0\ais stmcims aks kj mq|~memby sekbb" smxm~mby h~koemj|ml tft}bk|ifj |ak| is bigmby |f nm

}jlm~ofijo k cfj|ij}ijo lmcbijm fwijo |f hf~ms| bfss fj |am |wf isbkjls wam~m i| fcc}~s* Hf~

|amsm ~mksfjs" i| is bis|ml ks C~i|ickbby Mjlkjom~ml* !Afstflk~sgy" T*" N}cfb" @*" Ck~ijf" K*"

Af~jn}cgbm" @*)

Omfo~ktaic ^kjom0

Okbbicfb}enk gmkyi is mjlmeic |f |am Taibittijms" wam~m i| fcc}~s fj Tkjky kjl Jmo~fs* Fj

Tkjky" i| wks ~mcf~lml ij ;99? k| |wf si|ms fj |am jf~|a%wms| tmjijs}bk" akxijo nmmj ~mtf~|ml ny

bfckbs k| hixm si|ms mk~bim~ ij |am lmcklm* Sijcm |amj ni~ls akxm nmmj ~mcf~lml jms|ijo ij |am skemk~mk kjl h}~|am~ fnsm~xk|ifjs fh |am stmcims akxm nmmj eklm;* Fj Jmo~fs" i| wks hki~by cfeefj

ij |am ;9|a cmj|}~y" n}| akl nmcfem mq|~memby ~k~m ny |am ;934s* Sijcm ;914" i| wks ~mcf~lml k|

`}s| fjm bfckbi|y !knfxm Eken}ckb)" lmsti|m smxm~kb wmmgs fh s}~xmys" wi|a }jcfjhi~eml bfckb

~mtf~|s h~fe siq klli|ifjkb bfckbi|ims* ^mcmj| ~msmk~ca ilmj|ihiml k hmw sekbb tft}bk|ifjs ij

sf}|am~j Jmo~fs" n}| i| eky jfw nm mq|ijc| ij |am Jf~|a* I| smmes }jbigmby |ak| ef~m |akj k hmw

a}jl~ml ijlixil}kbs ~mekij fj mkca isbkjl" kb|af}oa ks Tkjky ~m|kijs ef~m hf~ms| cfxm~" i| is

bigmby |ak| |ais tft}bk|ifj is bk~om~*



\ais t~mlfeijkj|by |m~~ms|~ikb stmcims kttmk~s |f t~mhm~ lmjsm cbfsml%ckjfty hf~ms|s h~fe

344%;"444 e" mqcmt|ifjkbby |f ;">44 e" kb|af}oa ~mtf~|s s}ooms|s i| |fbm~k|ms smcfjlk~y akni|k|s

fj Tkjky wam~m i| aks nmmj ~mcf~lml h~fe smbmc|ixmby bfooml hf~ms| fj biems|fjm" kjl h~fe ftmj

kjl smxm~mby lmo~klml hf~ms| wi|a hmw bk~om |~mms* I| smmes }jbigmby |ak| i| }jlm~|kgms ef~m |akj

xm~y bfckb efxmemj|s ij ~mstfjsm |f hffl tk|caijmss* I| aks nmmj ~mcf~lml jms|ijo ij Eky kjl

@}jm wi|a caicgs hbmloijo kh|m~ fjby ;> lkys" kttk~mj|by ks kj klkt|k|ifj |f |am x}bjm~knibi|y fh

|ami~ ftmj kjl bfw jms|s ij mtitay|ic hm~js* I| aks kbsf nmmj ~mcf~lml jms|ijo ij Ek~ca* Jms|s

kttmk~ |f nm ~mo}bk~by t~mlk|ml*

Lim|s ij |am _ibl0 H~}i|s" smmls" ijsmc|s

Lim|s ij ckt|ixi|y0 H~}i|s" smml&~icm o~kijs" o~ijl lfo tmbbm|s" sekbb c~icgm|s



Scimj|ihic jkem0 Tmjmbftilms tkjiji tkjiji

Cfjsm~xk|ifj S|k|}s0 C~i|ickbby mjlkjom~ml

Omfo~ktaickb ~kjom0

Hf}jl ij f~ jmk~ O}iek~ks" Jmo~fs kjl Tkjky* !mjlmeic)



Xiskykj \k~ic|ic Af~jnibbs bixm ij o~f}ts kjl h~m{}mj| |am ckjfty fh ~kijhf~ms|s* \amsm ni~ls k~m

jfisy kjl mei| kj ijcmsskj| sf}jl |ak| sf}jls bigm |k%~ig%|ig " amjcm |am jkem* Lmsti|m |ami~ jfism

|amy k~m lihhic}b| |f hijl" nmijo wmbb ckef}hbkoml ny |am lmjsm hfbikom

Lim|s ij |am wibl0 Ijsmc|s" h~}i|s

Lim|s ij ckt|ixi|y0 Sekbb C~icgm|s" h~}i|s" lfo tmbbm|s

\a~mk|s0

\ais is k aioaby mjlkjom~ml stmcims* Fjby 844 tki~s k~m bmh| ij |am wf~bl* \am~m aks nmmj k amkxy

lmcbijm ij tft}bk|ifj l}m |f a}j|ijo kjl bfss fh akni|k| ck}sml ny lmhf~ms|k|ifj* \am s}nstmcims

|ickmjsis wks lmsc~inml ks .kn}jlkj|. ij ;94=" n}| kbefs| |am mj|i~m hf~ms| fj |am isbkjl wks

~mtbkcml ny tbkj|k|ifjs kjl sm||bmemj|s ij |am >4|a cmj|}~y* \am bks| |iem |am \ickf \k~ic|ic wkssmmj wks ij ;9?;" kjl i| is jfw cfjsilm~ml mq|ijc|* \ais wks |am hi~s| hf~e fh af~jnibb |f of

mq|ijc| ij ~mcf~lml ais|f~y7 ekjy f|am~ |kqk ij |am hkeiby k~m jfw k| ~isg*


Cfjsm~xk|ifj ny bkjl kjl ek~ijm t~f|mc|ml k~mks ij nf|a Jmo~fs kjl Tkjky wks ietbmemj|ml ny

Cfjsm~xk|ifj Taibittijms kjl wibl%bihm

^mt~fl}c|ixm Lk|k0

\am jms|bijo tm~ifl fh |am Xiskykj \k~ic|ic Af~jnibb is == |f =1 lkys* Hf~ |am B}pfj wam~mks

~mtf~| jms|bijo tm~ifls fh =?–83 lkys nksml fj lk|k h~fe pffs

Lmsc~it|ifj0

Ekbm0 ]ttm~ tk~|s akxm s|~fjom~ o~mmj obfss" bmss n~fwj7 }jlm~ tk~|s k~m ~}hf}s" jf| sf tkbm n}hh"

ef~m wai|m fj |kib*

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Hmekbm0 ]jlm~ tk~|s lk~g n~fwj" nbkcgms| fj |a~fk|7 ~ms| sieibk~ |f ekbm*

Taibittijm Mkobm Fwb ‒g}bmkyf―

Gijolfe0 Kjiekbik

Tayb}e0 Caf~lk|k

Cbkss0 Kxms

F~lm~0 S|~ioihf~ems

Hkeiby0 S|~ioilkm

Scimj|ihic jkem0 N}nf Taibittmjsis

Cfeefj jkem0 Mjobisa%Taibittijm Mkobm%fwb" Taibittijm Mkobm%fwb" Stkjisa%Nðaf Hibitijf*

Cfjsm~xk|ifj S|k|}s0 X}bjm~knbm

@}s|ihick|ifj0

\ais stmcims aks k sekbb" smxm~mby h~koemj|ml tft}bk|ifj waica is }jlm~ofijo k ~ktil lmcbijm ks

k ~ms}b| fh mq|mjsixm bfwbkjl lmhf~ms|k|ifj |a~f}oaf}| i|s ~kjom" tb}s tm~akts a}j|ijo* I||am~mhf~m {}kbihyims ks X}bjm~knbm*

Omfo~ktaic ^kjom0

N}nf taibittmjsis is mjlmeic |f |am Taibittijms" wam~m i| is gjfwj h~fe B}pfj" Ck|kjl}kjms"

Skek~" Bmy|m" Nfafb" Eijlkjkf kjl tfssinby Sin}ykj* Ais|f~ickbby i| wks }jcfeefj kjl |am

tk}ci|y fh ~mcmj| ~mcf~ls !|am ek`f~i|y fh waica lm~ixm h~fe B}pfj" wi|a fll ~mcf~ls h~fe

Nfafb" Eijlkjkf kjl Ck|kjl}kjms*) s}ooms|s |ak| i| is jfw ~k~m* \ais cfjcb}sifj is s}ttf~|ml ny

~ms}b|s fh mq|mjsixm himblwf~g" cfjl}c|ml fxm~ |wf |a~mm%efj|a tm~ifls ij ;99;%9>" ij |am Sim~~k

Ekl~m Ef}j|kijs !B}pfj)" wamj `}s| |a~mm f~ hf}~ ni~ls wm~m ~mcf~lml k| |a~mm si|ms*



I| kttmk~s |f nm k smlmj|k~y ~msilmj| fh bfwbkjl hf~ms|" sfem|iems jmk~ wk|m~cf}~sms" omjm~kbby

nmbfw 8=4 e n}| fccksifjkbby }t |f ;">=4 e !m*o* fj Bmy|m)* I| |fbm~k|ms lis|}~nml" smbmc|ixmby



bfooml kjl smcfjlk~y hf~ms| kjl mxmj cfcfj}| tbkj|k|ifjs wi|a tk|cams fh |aicg smcfjlk~y

o~fw|a*

Akni|s&Nmakxif~0 ^kt|f~ikb7 smmj tm~caml jmk~ ~ixm~ bijm sys|mes k| l}sg*

Lim|s ij |am wibl0 Sekbb t~my hf}jl jmk~ ~ixm~

Lim|s ij Ckt|ixi|y0 H~}i|s" Lfo tmbbm|s" \~kt eicm" Caicgmj sc~kt fh|mj nfibml

\a~mk|s0

Mq|mjsixm bfwbkjl lmhf~ms|k|ifj |a~f}oaf}| i|s ~kjom wibb ijmxi|knby akxm akl k ek`f~ kjl

cfj|ij}ijo lmbm|m~if}s mhhmc| fj i|s tft}bk|ifj* Fj B}pfj" hf~ms| cfxm~ ij |am Sim~~k Ekl~m aks

lmcbijml ny 13- sijcm |am ;934s kjl ibbmokb bfooijo is cfeefj k| |wf si|ms h~fe wam~m |am~m k~m

~mcmj| ~mcf~ls* S}ns|kj|ikb t~ftf~|ifj fh ~mekijijo bfwbkjl hf~ms| ij |am Taibittijms is bmksml |f

bfooijo cfjcmssifjs" kjl eijijo kttbick|ifjs tfsm kj klli|ifjkb |a~mk|* Bfckb t~mss}~ms k| ^k`kaSigk|}jk Jk|ifjkb Tk~g !Nfafb)" k gmy si|m" ijcb}lm ibbmokb |~mm%c}||ijo" ko~ic}b|}~kb mqtkjsifj

kjl sfib m~fsifj* \ytaffjs fj Ck|kjl}kjms ij ;91? kjl ;998 lms|~fyml bk~om k~mks fh hf~ms|*

A}j|ijo eky nm kj klli|ifjkb |a~mk|*


Cfjl}c| h}~|am~ himblwf~g }sijo tbkynkcg" |f ms|knbisa i|s c}~~mj| lis|~in}|ifj kjl s|k|}s* T~ftfsm

kjl lmsiojk|m h}~|am~ gmy si|ms ks hf~ekb t~f|mc|ml k~mks !m*o* cmj|~kb Ck|kjl}kjms kjl |am Kjok|

wk|m~saml)* Iet~fxm akni|k| t~f|mc|ifj emks}~ms ij mqis|ijo t~f|mc|ml k~mks" m*o* k| Ckyktk ij |am

Jf~|am~j Sim~~k Ekl~m Jk|}~kb Tk~g kjl |am ]* T* Bko}jk Bkjl O~kj|" kccf~lkjcm wi|a i|sfhhicikb s|k|}s*

^mt~fl}c|ixm Lk|k0

\ais mkobm%fwb bkys fjm moo tm~ cb}|ca kjl aks kj ijc}nk|ifj tm~ifl fh 3= lkys

Lmsc~it|ifj0

Emli}e bk~om fwb wi|a sekbb mk~%|}h|s* Ymbbfw myms* ^}hf}s%n}hh hkcikb lisc* \kwjy%~}hf}s

c~fwj kjl }ttm~tk~|s wi|a cfjstic}f}s lk~g n~fwj sakh|%s|~mkgs* Lk~g n~fwj wijos kjl |kib

wi|a n}hh nk~~ijo* _ai|isa }jlm~tk~|s" wksaml ~}hf}s mstmcikbby fj n~mks|" wi|a nfbl lk~g s|~mkgs*

S}nstmcims N* t* eijlkjmjsis sieibk~ |af}oa lk~gm~* Sieibk~ stt* Oikj| Scfts%fwb Eieip}g}

o}~jmyi is sekbbm~ wi|a lk~g jf| ymbbfw myms kjl aks xm~y lihhm~mj| xfckbisk|ifjs* Xficm Bfjo

sm~ims fh n}n}n}n}n}n ckbbs hklijo kwky k| |am mjl kjl aioa%ti|caml sc~mkes



Em|kbbic _ffl Tiomfj ‒Nkb}l―

Gijolfe0 Kjiekbik

Tayb}e0 Caf~lk|k

Cbkss0 Kxms


Hkeiby0 Cfb}enilkm

Scimj|ihic jkem0 Cfb}enk Xi|mjsis O~ismfo}bk~is

Cfeefj jkem0 Em|kbbic _ffl Tiomfj

Cfjsm~xk|ifj S|k|}s0 Bmks| Cfjcm~j

@}s|ihick|ifj0 Fxm~ a}j|ijo fh |ais kjiekb ij sfem tbkcms ij |am Taibittijms ~ms}b|ml ij lmc~mksm

ij j}enm~" afwmxm~ sfem tbkcm ij |am Taibittijm hf~ mqketbm ^fenbfj kjl Tkjky waica hf}jl

|f nm tbmj|ih}b*

Omfo~ktaickb ~kjom0 Hf}jl |a~f}oaf}| |am Taibittijms" mqcmt| Tkbkwkj


_ilm xk~im|y fh hf~ms| |ytms7ij ekjy k~mks klkt|s |f lis|}~nml akni|k|s kjl hf}jl ij yf}jo

smcfjlk~y hf~ms|"ko~fhf~ms|"cbmk~ijos ( xibbkom ok~lmjs*

Lim|s ij |am wibl0 \am lim| cfjsis|s ekijby fh xk~if}s h~}i|s" o~kijs" smmls kjl nm~~ims

Lim|s ij ckt|ixi|y0 H~}i|s" O~kijs" Smmls" Lfo tmbbm|s

^mt~fl}c|ixm lk|k0

n~mmls Smt|%Hmn"fccksifjkbby @}by%K}o7jms|bijo |kgmj ij Eky ij Taibittijms" \am hmekbm bky fjm%

|wf moos*



Lmsc~it|ifj0

Kbb }ttm~ tk~|s nbkcg7 amkl wi|a t}~tbm obfss aijl jmcg wi|a o~mmj obfss7 ekj|bm" nkcg" kjl ~}et

wi|a t}~tbm obfss7 t~iek~ims" smcfjlk~ims" kjl |kib wi|af}| obfss* Caij" }ttm~ |a~fk|" kjl silms fh

hkcm o~ky7 n~mks| lk~g o~ky wi|a t}~tbm obfss7 nmbby o~ky7 sbioa|by obfssml wi|a t}~tbm*

Taibittijm Sm~tmj| Mkobm ‒Koibk―

Gijolfe0 Kjiekbik

Tayb}e0 Caf~lk|k

Cbkss0 Kxms

F~lm~0 Hkbcfjihf~ems

Hkeiby0 Kcciti|~ilkm

Scimj|ihic jkem0 Stibf~jis Afbfstib}s

Cfeefj jkem0 Mjobisa%Taibittijm sm~tmj|%mkobm" Taibittijm Sm~tmj| Mkobm" Taibittijm Sm~tmj|%

Mkobm*

Cfjsm~xk|ifj S|k|}s0 Bmks| Cfjcm~j

@}s|ihick|ifj0

\ais stmcims aks k xm~y bk~om ~kjom" kjl amjcm lfms jf| ktt~fkca |am |a~msafbls hf~ X}bjm~knbm

}jlm~ |am ~kjom sipm c~i|m~ifj !Mq|mj| fh Fcc}~~mjcm 2>4"444 ge> cfenijml wi|a k lmcbijijo f~

hb}c|}k|ijo ~kjom sipm" akni|k| mq|mj|&{}kbi|y" f~ tft}bk|ifj sipm kjl k sekbb j}enm~ fh bfck|ifjs

f~ smxm~m h~koemj|k|ifj)* Lmsti|m |am hkc| |ak| |am tft}bk|ifj |~mjl kttmk~s |f nm lmc~mksijo" |am

lmcbijm is jf| nmbimxml |f nm s}hhicimj|by ~ktil |f ktt~fkca |am |a~msafbls hf~ X}bjm~knbm }jlm~

|am tft}bk|ifj |~mjl c~i|m~ifj !:34- lmcbijm fxm~ |mj ymk~s f~ |a~mm omjm~k|ifjs)* \am tft}bk|ifj

sipm eky nm eflm~k|mby sekbb |f bk~om" n}| i| is jf| nmbimxml |f ktt~fkca |am |a~msafbls hf~

X}bjm~knbm }jlm~ |am tft}bk|ifj sipm c~i|m~ifj !2;4"444 ek|}~m ijlixil}kbs wi|a k cfj|ij}ijo

lmcbijm ms|iek|ml |f nm :;4- ij |mj ymk~s f~ |a~mm omjm~k|ifjs" f~ wi|a k stmcihiml tft}bk|ifj

s|~}c|}~m)* Hf~ |amsm ~mksfjs |am stmcims is mxkb}k|ml ks Bmks| Cfjcm~j* !Ni~l" `*" N}|cak~|" S*)

Omfo~ktaic ~kjom0 Hf}jl |a~f}oaf}| |am Taibittijms !mjlmeic)




\ais stmcims is }s}kbby hf}jl ij hf~ms| cbmk~ijos" ftmj wfflbkjls" kjl sfem|iems ij c}b|ixk|ml

bkjls wi|a sck||m~ml |~mms*

Lim|s ij |am wibl0 \am ni~l hmmls fj ketainikjs" ~mt|ibms kjl f|am~ bixm t~my*

Lim|s ij ckt|ixi|y0 Tijgims !eicm)" Caicgmj Sc~kts sfem|iems nfibml caicgmj amkl"

\a~mk|s0 A}j|ijo" bfooijo kjl wffl ak~xms|ijo


T~f|mc|ixm jk|}~m ~msm~xm kjl jk|ifjkb tk~gs" ietbmemj|k|ifj fh bkw ij a}j|ijo fh |ais kjiekbs*

Cfeefj |a~f}oaf}| i|s biei|ml ~kjom" n}| t~fnknby s}hhm~ijo sfem lmcbijms ks k ~ms}b| fh |am

bfss fh hf~ms|ml akni|k|* Afwmxm~" |ais stmcims eky nm ef~m klkt|knbm |f sfem akni|k|

eflihick|ifj |akj cm~|kij f|am~ mkobm stmcims*

^mt~fl}c|ixm Lk|k0

\am jms| kjl moos k~m }j%lmsc~inml" n}| k ni~l wi|a kj moo ij |am fxil}c| wks ~mtf~|ml ij Kt~ib

!Gmjjmly m| kb* >444)*

Lmsc~it|ifj0

Amkl kjl jktm lk~g n~fwj7 nkcg kjl ~}et n~fwj wi|a wai|m stf|s7 wijos lk~g n~fwj wi|a

ijcfjstic}f}s nk~~ijo7 |kib o~ky%n~fwj wi|a |a~mm nbkcgisa n~fwj nk~s7 caij kjl |a~fk| lk~g ~}hf}s s|~mkgml wi|a nbkcg7 n~mks|" nmbby" kjl |aioas ~}hf}s wi|a wai|m stf|s*

Taibittijm Akwg%Mkobm ‒Koibk―

Gijolfe0 Kjiekbik

Tayb}e0 Caf~lk|k

Cbkss0 Kxms

F~lm~0 Hkbcfjihf~ems

Hkeiby0 Kcciti|~ilkm

Scimj|ihic jkem0 Emsik|}s Taibittijsis



Cfeefj jkem0 Taibittijm Akwg%Mkobm


Omfo~ktaickb ~kjom0 Nksibk" Bmy|m" B}nkjo" B}pfj" Eksnk|m" Eijlf~f" Jmo~fs" Tkbkwkj" Skek~"

kjl Si{}i`f~* !mjlmeic)


\am Taibittijm akwg%mkobm ijakni|s hf~ms|" h~fe |am bfwbkjls }t |f efj|kjm efssy

Hf~ms| k| ;"944 em|m~s* Ks wmbb ks t~iek~y hf~ms| i| aks nmmj ~mcf~lml ij lis|}~nml kjl smbmc|ixmby

bfooml hf~ms|*

Lim|s ij |am wibl0 Sekbb Kjiekbs bigm eicm f~ ~mt|ibms bigm bipk~l k~m fh|mj nmijo mk|mj

Lim|s ij ckt|ixi|y0 Sekbb c~i||m~s fh|mj tijgims k~m nmijo hmml

\a~mk|s0

Lmtmjlmj| fj hf~ms|s ij waica |f hf~kom kjl n~mml" |am Taibittijm akwg%mkobm is bigmby |f nm

|a~mk|mjml ny akni|k| lms|~}c|ifj |a~f}oaf}| i|s t~mlfeijkj|by bfwbkjl ~kjom* Hf~ms| cfxm~ ij |am

Taibittijms aks nmmj l~ks|ickbby ~ml}cml7 hf~ mqketbm" fj Eijlkjkf" fjby >9 tm~cmj| fh |am hf~ms|

cfxm~ ~mekijs" waibm fj Nfafb `}s| siq tm~cmj| is s|ibb s|kjlijo* \amsm ~mejkj| hf~ms| tk|cams

cfj|ij}m |f nm cbmk~ml" wi|a efs| ~mekijijo hf~ms|s nmijo bmksml |f bfooijo cfjcmssifjs f~

cfxm~ml ny eijijo kttbick|ifjs" |am kccmt|kjcm fh waica wf}bl oixm cfetkjims |am ~ioa| |f cbmk~

hf~ms|s* \am ietkc| fh akni|k| bfss is nmijo cfetf}jlml ny siojihickj| a}j|ijo kjl |~kttijo

t~mss}~m*


\am Taibittijm akwg%mkobm is bis|ml fj Kttmjliq II fh |am Cfjxmj|ifj fj Ij|m~jk|ifjkb \~klm ij

Mjlkjom~ml Stmcims !CI\MS)" waica emkjs |ak| kjy ij|m~jk|ifjkb |~klm ij |ais stmcims saf}bl nm

ck~mh}bby cfj|~fbbml ij f~lm~ |f nm cfetk|inbm wi|a i|s cfj|ij}ml s}~xixkb* Afwmxm~" ef~m

mhhmc|ixm bmoisbk|ifj is ~m{}i~ml |f cfj|~fb a}j|ijo kjl |~klijo wi|aij |am Taibittijms* Ij klli|ifj"

waibm |am Taibittijm akwg%mkobm aks nmmj ~mcf~lml h~fe j}em~f}s t~f|mc|ml k~mks" |am lmo~mm fh

t~f|mc|ifj |amsm si|ms kc|}kbby khhf~l is }jcbmk~ kjl |am~m eky nm h}~|am~ ietf~|kj| si|ms" |am

t~f|mc|ifj fh waica wf}bl o~mk|by nmjmhi| |ais ekojihicmj| ni~l fh t~my*

^mt~fl}c|ixm Lk|k0 Jf Lk|k

http://www.arkive.org/philippine-hawk-eagle/spizaetus-philippensis/#GlossaryTerm3





Lmsc~it|ifj0

Hmk|am~s fh amkl kjl jmcg n}hh wi|a lk~g n~fwj cmj|m~s" oixijo k s|~mkgml kttmk~kjcm7 c~ms| bfjo

kjl nbkcg7 nkcg kjl wijos lk~g n~fwj7 |kib n~fwj wi|a lk~g n~fwj nk~s" }jlm~jmk|a bioa| o~ky

wi|a k s}n|m~eijkb nbkcg nkjl7 caij" |a~fk|" kjl n~mks| tkbm ~}hf}s wi|a amkxy lk~g n~fwj

s|~mkgs7 nmbby n}hh7 }jlm~ |kib%cfxm~|s n~fwj7 |aioas kjl |k~s}s n~fwj wi|a hijm wai|m nk~s*

Xiskykj _k~|y Tio ‒nknfy \kb}jfj―

Gijolfe0 Kjiekbik

Tayb}e0 Caf~lk|k

Cbkss0 Ekeekbik

F~lm~0 K~|iflkc|ybk

Hkeiby0 S}ilkm

Scimj|ihic jkem0 S}s Cmnih~fjs

Cfeefj jkem0 Mjobisa%Xiskykj _k~|y Tio

Cfjsm~xk|ifj S|k|}s0 C~i|ickbby Mjlkom~ml

@}s|ihick|ifj0

Bis|ml ks C~i|ickbby Mjlkjom~ml nmck}sm i| is c}~~mj|by }jlm~ofijo k l~ks|ic tft}bk|ifj lmcbijm"

ms|iek|ml |f nm ef~m |akj 14- fxm~ k tm~ifl fh |a~mm omjm~k|ifjs !ms|iek|ml |f nm knf}| >;

ymk~s)" ijhm~~ml h~fe |am kttk~mj| liskttmk~kjcm fh smxm~kb tft}bk|ifjs" kjl |am mhhmc|s fh fxm~%

a}j|ijo" akni|k| bfss kjl ayn~ilipk|ifj* !Bm}s" g* kjl Fbixm~" _*)

Omfo~ktaic ~kjom0

\ais stmcims is mjlmeic |f |am _ms| Xiskykj Isbkjls !f~ Jmo~fs%Tkjky Hk}jkb ^moifj) fh |am

cmj|~kb Taibittijms" wam~m i| t~mxif}sby fcc}~~ml fj Tkjky" O}iek~ks" Jmo~fs" Cmn}" Eksnk|m

kjl !t~fnknby) \ickf Isbkjls !Amkjmy m| kb* ;9917 O~}nn >44=7 Fbixm~ ;993k7 Fbixm~ m| kb* ;998)*

I| is jf| gjfwj wam|am~ S* cmnih~fjs f~ S* taibittmjsis fcc}~~ml hf~em~by fj |am jmioanf}~ijo

isbkjl fh Si{}i`f~" wam~m wibl tios akxm kbsf nmmj mq|i~tk|ml" n}| |ais stmcims is ~mtbkcml ny S*

taibittmjsis fj Nfafb kjl kbb f|am~ bk~om~ Taibittijm Isbkjls mks| fh A}qbmy’s Bijm" mqcmt| fj

Eijlf~f wam~m i| is ~mtbkcml ny S* fbixm~i !O~fxms ;99?" >44;7 Fbixm~ ;99=" >44;7 Fbixm~ m| kb*

;993)* \ais stmcims aks nmmj mq|i~tk|ml h~fe efs| fh i|s ~kjom" kjl h~koemj|ml tft}bk|ifjs

s}~xixm |flky fjby fj Jmo~fs" Tkjky" kjl tfssinby Eksnk|m*





F~ioijkbby |ais stmcims fcc}~~ml ij t~iek~y kjl smcfjlk~y hf~ms| h~fe smk%bmxmb |f efssy hf~ms| k|

;"844 e ksb* Jfw i| fcc}~s efs|by knfxm 144 e ksb" ks |am~m k~m ~mbk|ixmby hmw tk|cams fh

s}i|knbm akni|k| ij |am bfwbkjls !Amkjmy m| kb* ;991)* I| ckj tm~sis| ij sfem lmo~klml akni|k|s

s}ca ks cfofj o~kssbkjls ks bfjo ks |am~m k~m k~mks fh lmjsm cfxm~" |af}oa |am~m is sfem mxilmjcm

|f s}ooms| |ak| tios s}~xixijo ij bk~omby lmj}lml k~mks k~m t~mlfeijk|mby cfetfsml fh hm~kb

kjiekbs fh eiqml f~ioij !_* Fbixm~ tm~s* cfee*)*

Lim|s ij |am wibl0 \am lim| fh |am tio ekijby cfjsis|s fh ~ff|s" |}nm~s" kjl h~}i|s |ak| ckj nm hf}jl

ij |am hf~ms|* \amy eky kbsf mk| c}b|ixk|ml c~fts*

Lim|s ij ckt|ixi|y0 Nkjkjk tmmbijos" S}ttbmemj|ml wk|m~" h~}i|s

\a~mk|s0

\am hmw ~mekijijo tft}bk|ifjs fh |amsm kjiekbs k~m jfw wilmby h~koemj|ml kjl lmcbijijo7 nf|a

|a~f}oa hf~em~ wilmst~mkl cfeem~cikb bfooijo ftm~k|ifjs" cfj|ij}ml bfw%bmxmb ibbmokb bfooijo

kjl ko~ic}b|}~kb mqtkjsifj !tk~|ic}bk~by sbksa%kjl%n}~j c}b|ixk|ifj f~ ‒gkijoij―) kjl a}j|ijo

t~mss}~m* \am bk||m~ cfj|ij}ms |a~f}oaf}| i|s ~mekijijo ~kjom" nf|a ny bfckb hk~em~s ij aij|m~bkjl

cfee}ji|ims kjl ~mc~mk|ifjkb a}j|m~s h~fe bk~om~ ci|ims* Nf|a fh |amsm o~f}ts eky kbsf smbb kjy

s}~tb}s emk| waica }s}kbby cfeekjls k| bmks| |wicm |am t~icm fh lfems|ic tf~g ij bfckb ek~gm|skjl stmcikbi|y ~ms|k}~kj|s* Mhhf~|s |f ~ml}cm f~ liscf}~kom a}j|ijo k~m }jhf~|}jk|mby kbsf fh|mj

cfet~feisml ny omjm~kbby jmok|ixm k||i|}lms |fwk~ls |amsm kjiekbs" waica ckj ck}sm smxm~m

lkekom |f c~fts tbkj|ml wi|aij f~ cbfsm |f mqis|ijo hf~ms| nf}jlk~ims" kjl waica k~m |am~mhf~m

~mok~lml ks tms|s kjl" amjcm" k bmoi|iek|m |k~om| hf~ a}j|ijo kc|ixi|ims !Fbixm~ m| kb* ;993)*

]jhf~|}jk|mby" |ais stmcims is kbsf |a~mk|mjml ny omjm|ic cfj|keijk|ifj xik ayn~ilipk|ifj wi|a

h~mm%~kjoijo lfems|ic kjl hm~kb kjiekbs fh mq%S* sc~fhk f~ioij" kjl ayn~ils akxm nmmj cfjhi~eml

h~fe kbefs| kbb ~mekijijo tft}bk|ifj si|ms !Nbf}ca" ;99=7 Fbixm~" ;99=7 >44;)*


;* Mjakjcm ekjkomemj| kjl t~f|mc|ifj fh mqis|ijo t~f|mc|ml k~mks kjl&f~ kssis| ms|knbisaemj| fh

jmw /bfckb cfjsm~xk|ifj k~mks/ !ij mhhmc| /e}jicitkb ~msm~xms/) kjl&f~ t~ixk|m jk|}~m ~msm~xms

>* ^mijxms|iok|m |am c}~~mj| s|k|}s fh |ais stmcims fj Eksnk|m kjl lmxmbft kjl ietbmemj|

~mbmxkj| cfjsm~xk|ifj ekjkomemj| ~mcfeemjlk|ifjs hf~ |am mjakjcml h}|}~m t~f|mc|ifj fh kjy

~mekijijo jk|ixm hf~ms| akni|k|s kjl |am tf|mj|ikb h}|}~m ~mij|~fl}c|ifj fh |ais !kjl f|am~ _ms|

Xiskykj mjlmeic stmcims) fj |ais isbkjl kjl fj Cmn}



3* Ietbmemj| t~if~i|y ~mcfeemjlk|ifjs ~m* bfckb kwk~mjmss ~kisijo k~isijo h~fe ~mcmj|" ~kjom%

wilm /m|ajfnifbfoickb/ s}~xmys" ~mxmkbijo nf|a c}~~mj|by bfw bmxmbs fh kwk~mjmss ~m* Bfckb

t~f|mc|ifj bmoisbk|ifj kjl t~mxkbmjcm fh /~mc~mk|ifjkb/" /~mt~iskb/ f~ /cfeem~cikb/ !~k|am~ |akj

/s}nsis|mjcm/) a}j|ijo ij kbb gmy smc|f~s*

<* Cfjl}c| !f~ cfetbm|m) sys|mek|ic !ijcb}lijo e|LJK) ~msmk~ca fj ij|~k% kjl ij|m~%tft}bk|ifj

xk~ik|ifj kefjos| s}~xixijo Jmo~fs kjl Tkjky Isbkjl tft}bk|ifjs*

^mt~fl}c|ixm Lk|k0

Xiskykj _k~|y Tio tiobm|s k~m fh|mj smmj l}~ijo |am l~y smksfj nm|wmmj |am efj|as fh @kj}k~y

kjl Ek~ca ij |ami~ jk|ixm akni|k| fh |am wms|m~j Xiskykj Isbkjls* \am emkj j}enm~ fh tiobm|s is

|a~mm |f hf}~ tm~ bi||m~*

Lisc~it|ifj0

\am Xiskykj _k~|y Tio ~mcmixms i|s jkem h~fe |am |a~mm tki~s fh hbmsay .wk~|s. t~msmj| fj |am

xiskom fh |am nfk~* Nifbfois|s stmc}bk|m |ak| |am ~mksfj hf~ |am wk~|s is |f kssis| ks k jk|}~kb

lmhmjsm kokijs| |am |}sgs fh ~ixkb tios l}~ijo k hioa|* \am nfk~s kbsf o~fw s|ihh stigmy aki~*

Xiskykj Stf||ml Lmk~ ‒]sk―

Gijolfe0 Kjiekbik

Tayb}e0 Caf~lk|k

Cbkss0 Ekeekbik

F~lm~0 K~|iflkc|ybk

Hkeiby0 Cm~xilkm

Scimj|ihic jkem0 ^}sk Kbh~mli

Cfeefj jkem0 Mjobisa%Taibittijm Stf||ml Lmm~" Xiskykj Stf||ml Lmm~

Cfjsm~xk|ifj S|k|}s0 Mjlkom~ml



@}s|ihick|ifj0

Bis|ml ks Mjlkjom~ml nmck}sm i|s tft}bk|ifj sipm is ms|iek|ml |f j}enm~ hmwm~ |akj >"=44 ek|}~m

ijlixil}kbs" |am~m is kj fnsm~xml cfj|ij}ijo lmcbijm ij |am j}enm~ fh ek|}~m ijlixil}kbs" kjl jf

s}ntft}bk|ifj is bigmby |f cfj|kij ef~m |akj >=4 ek|}~m ijlixil}kbs*

Omfo~ktaickb ^kjom0

\ais stmcims is mjlmeic |f |am _ms|m~j Xiskykj Isbkjls !f~ Jmo~fs%Tkjky Hk}jkb ^moifj) fh |am

cmj|~kb Taibittijms* \am stmcims wks t~mxif}sby hf}jl fj Tkjky" O}iek~ks" Jmo~fs" Cmn}"

Eksnk|m kjl t~fnknby \ickf Isbkjls !Amkjmy m| kb* ;9917 O~}nn >44=7 Fbixm~ ;993k" ;998)*

T~msmj|by" |am stmcims is ~ms|~ic|ml |f |am Ef}j| Ekl`k % Ef}j| Nkbfy k~mk fh wms| Tkjky kjl k

hmw sck||m~ml ~mejkj|s fh hf~ms| fj Jmo~fs !Cfq ;91?7 Fbixm~ m| kb* ;99>)* I| wks mq|i~tk|ml fj

Cmn} ij |am eil%|wmj|im|a cmj|}~y* K hmw ijlixil}kbs wm~m ~mtf~|ml |f s}~xixm fj Eksnk|m

nm|wmmj ;99; kjl ;993" n}| |am tft}bk|ifj |am~m is kbefs| cm~|kijby mq|ijc| f~ ‑h}jc|ifjkbbymq|ijc|’* I| is jf| gjfwj wam|am~ ^* kbh~mli f~ ^* ek~ikjj}s fcc}~~ml hf~em~by fj Si{}i`f~" wam~m

jf lmm~ jfw s}~xixm" n}| |ais stmcims is ~mtbkcml ny ^* ek~ikjj}s fj Nfafb kjl kbb f|am~ bk~om~

Taibittijm Isbkjls mks| fh A}qbmy’s Bijm !i*m* mqcb}lijo Tkbkwkj) !O~}nn >44=7 Fbixm~ ;993k"

;998)*



\am stmcims hf~em~by fcc}~~ml h~fe smk%bmxmb |f k| bmks| >"444 e ksb ij t~iek~y hf~ms| kjl smcfjlo~fw|a* I| ckj tm~sis| ij sfem lmo~klml akni|k|s s}ca ks cfofj o~kssbkjls ks bfjo ks |am~m k~m

k~mks fh lmjsm cfxm~* \am t~mhm~~ml akni|k| fh |ais stmcims is jf| cbmk~" sijcm i| is jfw ~ms|~ic|ml |f

s|mmt" ~}ooml sbftms fh lit|m~fck~t hf~ms| |ak| k~m ijjkccmssinbm |f a}ekjs !Cfq" ;91?)* I| wks

gjfwj |f ~mby fj lmjsm hf~ms| hf~ ~mh}om !^knf~" ;9??)" n}| kbsf h~m{}mj|s ftmj o~kssy tk|cams

kjl smcfjlk~y cfee}ji|ims* ^knf~ !;9??) ~mtf~|s |ak| |am ekij cfjs|i|}mj|s fh |ami~ lim| k~m

yf}jo saff|s fh cfofj o~kss !hf}jl ij cbmk~ijos) kjl yf}jo bfw%o~fwijo bmkxms kjl n}ls wi|aij

hf~ms|s* I| is t~mlfeijk|mby k n~fwsm~" n}| kbsf k o~kpm~ !ckt|ixm kjiekbs kbsf ~mbisa h~}i|)* \amy

kbsf xisi| n}~j| hf~ms| cbmk~ijos hf~ |am eijm~kb cfj|mj| fh hbf~kb ksa" ks wmbb ks |am tifjmm~ijo

saff|s* Kbb bfckb ~mtf~|s ijlick|m kj kxm~kom o~f}t sipm fh fjm |f |a~mm ijlixil}kbs % efs|by

sfbi|k~y ekbms kjl hmekbms wi|a sijobm yf}jo – |af}oa i| ~mekijs }jcbmk~ wam|am~ f~ jf| |amsm

sekbb o~f}t sipms k~m k h}jc|ifj fh cfj|ij}ml kjl s}s|kijml a}j|ijo t~mss}~m" tk~|ic}bk~by ks

e}ca bk~om~ j}enm~s fh ijlixil}kbs akxm nmmj ekij|kijml tmkcmh}bby |fom|am~ ij ckt|ixi|y hf~

ijlmhiji|m tm~ifls !_* Fbixm~" tm~s* fns*)* \am stmcims n~mmls ymk~ ~f}jl ij ckt|ixi|y kjl yf}jo

kjiekbs k~m ~mtf~|ml |f nm ckt|}~ml ij |am wibl k| kbb |iems fh |am ymk~*

Lim|s ij |am wibl0 _ibl o~kss" H~}i|s



Lim|s ij ckt|ixi|y0 H~}i|s" nkjkjk tmmbs" o~kss

\a~mk|s0

\ais stmcims aks lmcbijml t~iek~iby ks k ~ms}b| fh akni|k| cfjxm~sifj !ko~ic}b|}~m kjl bfooijo) kjl

a}j|ijo !Cfq ;91?7 Fbixm~ m| kb*" ;99;7 Fbixm~ ;99>)* Lmsti|m nmijo h}bby t~f|mc|ml ny bkw" |aisstmcims is s|ibb ij|mjsixmby a}j|ml |a~f}oaf}| i|s ~mekijijo ~kjom7 nf|a ny bfckb hk~em~s ij

aij|m~bkjl cfee}ji|ims kjl ~mc~mk|ifjkb a}j|m~s h~fe bk~om~ ci|ims7 nf|a fh waica o~f}ts }sm |am

stmcims ks okem !hf~ emk| kjl |~ftaims)" ~k|am~ |akj hf~ s}nsis|mjcm t}~tfsms !Cfq" ;91?7 Mxkjs

m| kb*" ;9937 Fbixm~" ;99<7 Fbixm~ m| kb*" ;99>)* Nf|a fh |amsm o~f}ts eky kbsf smbb kjy s}~tb}s

emk| ks xmjisfj ij bfckb ek~gm|s f~ |f stmcikbi|y ~ms|k}~kj|s7 wam~mks bfckb a}j|m~s h~fe }tbkjl

cfee}ji|ims kbsf stmcikbipm ij bixm%ckt|}~ms |f emm| s|~fjo lmekjl hf~ |amsm kjiekbs ks tm|s

!tk~|ic}bk~by kefjos| bfckb tfbi|icikjs)* Ekjy fh |amsm k~m s}ttbiml ny |am f~takjs fh a}j|m~%

gibbml kjiekbs" |af}oa kbefs| kbb s}ca ckt|ixm s|fcgs kbsf ijcb}lm kjiekbs ckt|}~ml ks kl}b|s ij

bmo sjk~ms" ks mxijcml ny |am ket}|k|ifj fh |ami~ bfwm~ biens*

\am~m is cfj|ij}ijo smxm~m akni|k| h~koemj|k|ifj kjl ~ml}c|ifj fh tft}bk|ifjs h~fe ibbmokb

bfooijo kjl ko~ic}b|}~kb mqtkjsifj" kjl sfem tft}bk|ifjs k~m jfw sf ~ml}cml ij sipm ks |f nm fh

lf}n|h}b xiknibi|y* Ayn~ilipk|ifj wi|a ^* ek~ikjj}s aks nmmj ~mtmk|mlby fnsm~xml kefjos|

tff~by !i*m* }jscimj|ihickbby) ekjkoml ckt|ixm s|fcgs fh |amsm |wf stmcims" n}| !kjl lmsti|m

t~mxif}sby t}nbisaml hmk~s |f |am cfj|~k~y) is efs| }jbigmby |f tfsm kjy klli|ifjkb |a~mk|s |f |am

hmw s}~xixijo tft}bk|ifjs fh ^* kbh~mli oixmj |am mxilmj| kbbftk|~y ij |am jk|}~kb ~kjoms fh |amsm

|wf stmcims !Cfq" ;91?7 Fbixm~ m| kb*" ;99;7 Fbixm~ ;993k" ;998" }jt}nb*)


;*Mjakjcm ekjkomemj| kjl t~f|mc|ifj fh mqis|ijo t~f|mc|ml k~mks" efs| fh waica mhhmc|ixmby

‑}jekjkoml’ kjl ‑}jt~f|mc|ml’ k| t~msmj| fwijo kjy jk|ifjkb n}lom|k~y ~msf}~cm kbbfck|ifjs hf~

|amsm k~mks* Fjm emkjs fh lfijo |ais wf}bl nm |f hkcibik|m lmxmbftemj| fh cf%ekjkomemj|

ko~mmemj|s nm|wmmj |am ~mbmxkj| jk|ifjkb kjl bfckb ofxm~jemj| komjcims7 |am~mny nf|a kc|ixmby

ijxfbxijo |am bk||m~ kjl mjknbijo |am kbbfck|ifj fh kjj}kb bfckb !t~fxijcikb kjl e}jicitkb)

n}lom|k~y ktt~ft~ik|ifjs hf~ |amsm t}~tfsms*

>* Ms|knbisaemj| fh jmw ‑bfckb cfjsm~xk|ifj k~mks’ !ij mhhmc| ‑e}jicitkb ~msm~xms’) xik |am

Taibittijm ‑Bfckb Ofxm~jemj| Cflm’" kjl&f~ t~ixk|m jk|}~m ~msm~xms7 mi|am~ f~ nf|a fh waica

kxfil |am c}enm~sfem t~fcmssms fh |am ‒Jk|ifjkb Ij|mo~k|ml T~f|mc|ml K~mks Sys|me !JITKS)’"

waica mhhmc|ixmby |~kjshm~s kleijis|~k|ixm k}|af~i|y hf~ |amsm k~mks |f sm~if}sby }jlm~%~msf}~cml

jk|ifjkb ofxm~jemj| komjcims" waica k~m |a}s ibb%m{}ittml |f lmxmbftemj| kjl ietbmemj|

mhhmc|ixm t~f|mc|ifj kjl ~ms|f~k|ifj emks}~ms*

3* ^mijxms|iok|m |am c}~~mj| s|k|}s fh |ais stmcims fj Eksnk|m kjl lmxmbft kjl ietbmemj|

~mbmxkj| cfjsm~xk|ifj ekjkomemj| ~mcfeemjlk|ifjs hf~ |am mjakjcml h}|}~m t~f|mc|ifj fh kjy

~mekijijo jk|ixm hf~ms| akni|k|s kjl |am tf|mj|ikb h}|}~m ~mij|~fl}c|ifj fh |ais !kjl f|am~ _ms|



Xiskykj mjlmeic stmcims) fj |ais isbkjl kjl fj Cmn} !wam~m ^* kbh~mli wks mq|i~tk|ml ij |am eil%

|wmj|im|a cmj|}~y)" kjl ij f|am~ smbmc|ml ‑xkckj|’ akni|k|s fj Tkjky kjl Jmo~fs Isbkjls*

<* Ietbmemj| t~if~i|y ~mcfeemjlk|ifjs ~m* bfckb kwk~mjmss%~kisijo k~isijo h~fe ~mcmj|" ~kjom%

wilm ‑m|ajfnifbfoickb’ s}~xmys" ~mxmkbijo nf|a c}~~mj|by bfw bmxmbs fh kwk~mjmss ~m* bfckb

t~f|mc|ifj bmoisbk|ifj kjl fxm~wambeijo t~mxkbmjcm fh ‑~mc~mk|ifjkb’ !~k|am~ |akj ‑s}nsis|mjcm’)a}j|ijo ij kbb gmy smc|f~s*

=* Efji|f~ kjl cfj|~fb ibbmokb ckt|}~ms kjl efxmemj| fh stf||ml lmm~7 kssmss s|k|}s fh t~ixk|mby%

ambl ckt|ixm s|fcgs kjl cfj|ij}m k||met|s |f kccmss kjiekbs fh gjfwj f~ioij hf~ k cfbbknf~k|ixm

n~mmlijo t~fo~ke7 lmxmbft kjl mq|mjl n~mmlijo t~fo~ke |a~f}oa listm~skb fh n~mmlijo s|fcgs fj

bfkj |f ~mt}|knbm !n~mmlijo bfkj siojk|f~y) ijs|i|}|ifjs" waica k~m kbsf t~mtk~ml |f cfj|~in}|m

~msf}~cms kjl |mcajickb kssis|kjcm hf~ ~mbmxkj| ij%si|} cfjsm~xk|ifj kc|ixi|ims }jlm~ |am kmois fh

|ais ‒hbkosait― t~fo~ke* Mq|mjl |amsm kc|ixi|ims |f f|am~ c~i|ickbby |a~mk|mjml Xiskykj mjlmeic

stmcims kjl |ami~ akni|k|s*

8* Cfjl}c| !f~ cfetbm|m) sys|mek|ic !ijcb}lijo e|LJK) ~msmk~ca fj ij|~k% kjl ij|m~%tft}bk|ifj

xk~ik|ifj kefjos| s}~xixijo Jmo~fs kjl Tkjky Isbkjl tft}bk|ifjs*

^mt~fl}c|ixm Lk|k0

\am lmm~ n~mml h~fe Jfxmenm~ |f Lmcmenm~" kb|af}oa ek|ijo cf}bl nmoij mk~bim~* Ekbms akxm k

~fk~ijo ckbb |f k||~kc| hmekbms* ^mtf~|s efs|by emj|ifj k sijobm ckbh wi|a k ek|ml tki~" kb|af}oa

cfjcb}sixm mxilmjcm fj |am j}enm~ fh yf}jo is jf| kxkibknbm nmck}sm fh |am ~k~i|y fh sioa|ijos*

Ckbxms k~m nf~j kh|m~ k oms|k|ifj tm~ifl fh k~f}jl ><4 lkys* _mkjijo |kgms tbkcm k| siq efj|as

kjl |am ckbxms k~m ek|}~m h~fe ;> efj|as*Lmsc~it|ifj0

\am lmm~ is sekbb kjl saf~|%bmooml ym| i| is |am bk~oms| mjlmeic stmcims fh lmm~ kefjo |am

Xiskyks* Kl}b|s ~kjom h~fe ;>= |f ;34 ce bfjo" ?4 – 14 ce ij amioa| kjl >= – 14 go ij wmioa|*

\ais stmcims is mksiby lis|ijo}isaml h~fe f|am~ stmcims fh lmm~ ij |am Taibittijms ny |am

lis|ijc|ixm .K. tk||m~j fh nmiom stf|s waica lf| i|s lmmt n~fwj nkcg kjl silms* F|am~ lis|ijc|ixm

hmk|}~ms ijcb}lm c~mke }jlm~tk~|s kjl wai|m h}~ fj |am caij kjl bfwm~ bit* \am kjiekb/s amkl kjl

jmcg k~m n~fwj" n}| bioa|m~ |akj |am nfly" kjl |am myms k~m ~ijoml wi|a tkbm~ h}~* Ekbms k~m bk~om~

|akj hmekbms kjl akxm saf~|" |aicg" n}ety kj|bm~s*

Xiskykj Bmftk~l Ck| ‒Ek~kb―

Gijolfe0 Kjiekbik

Tayb}e0 Caf~lk|k

Cbkss0 Ekeekbik

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antlers



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestation



F~lm~0 Ck~jixf~k

Hkeiby0 Hmbilkm

Scimj|ihic jkem0 T~ifjkib}~}s nmjokbmjsis ~knf~i

Cfeefj jkem0 Xiskykj Bmftk~l Ck|

Cfsm~xk|ifj S|k|}s0 X}bjm~knbm !Taibittijm bfck|ifjs)

@}s|ihick|ifj0

\am Xiskykj Bmftk~l Ck| is bis|ml ks X}bjm~knbm ks i|s mq|mj| fh fcc}~~mjcm is ms|iek|ml |f nm bmss

|akj >4"444 ge¾" wi|a hmwm~ |akj ;4 s}ntft}bk|ifjs" kjl k cfj|ij}ijo lmcbijm ij mq|mj| fh

fcc}~~mjcm" k~mk fh fcc}tkjcy" akni|k| {}kbi|y" kjl j}enm~ fh ek|}~m ijlixil}kbs* Ij Tkjky" i| is

s}~xixms ij |am ~mekijijo hf~ms| h~koemj|s fh Jf~|awms| kjl Cmj|~kb Tkjky Ef}j|kij ^kjom" kjl

wks kbsf ~mtf~|ml ij Sicfofj" kj isbkjl fhh |am jf~|amks| cfks|* Ij Jmo~fs" i| wks ~mtf~|ml ij |am

hf~ms|s fh |am Jf~|a Jmo~fs Jk|}~kb Tk~g" E|* Gkjbkfj Jk|ifjkb Tk~g" kjl E|* \kbijis%\wij

Bkgms Jk|}~kb Tk~g* Is bigmby |f nm hf}jl kbsf ij hf~ms| h~koemj|s fh sf}|am~j Jmo~fs Fccilmj|kb

!i*m* Sitkbky%Aijfnkkj%Ckjlfji k~mk)* Ij klli|ifj |f |am hf~ms|s fh Jmo~fs" |am bmftk~l ck| kbsf

ijakni|s s}ok~ckjm hk~es* Ij Cmn}" i| wks ~mtf~|ml mq|kj| ij fjby |wf k~mks" Nk~kjokys Skj @fsm

kjl Skj|ickj ij Ck|efj !Bf~ick kjl Fbixm~ }jt}nbisaml)*

Bis|ml ks X}bjm~knbm ks i|s mq|mj| fh fcc}~~mjcm is ms|iek|ml |f nm bmss |akj >4"444 ge ¾" wi|a

hmwm~ |akj ;4 s}ntft}bk|ifjs" kjl k cfj|ij}ijo lmcbijm ij mq|mj| fh fcc}~~mjcm" k~mk fh

fcc}tkjcy" akni|k| {}kbi|y" kjl j}enm~ fh ek|}~m ijlixil}kbs* Ij Tkjky" i| is s}~xixms ij |am

~mekijijo hf~ms| h~koemj|s fh Jf~|awms| kjl Cmj|~kb Tkjky Ef}j|kij ^kjom" kjl wks kbsf

~mtf~|ml ij Sicfofj" kj isbkjl fhh |am jf~|amks| cfks|* Ij Jmo~fs" i| wks ~mtf~|ml ij |am hf~ms|s fh

|am Jf~|a Jmo~fs Jk|}~kb Tk~g" E|* Gkjbkfj Jk|ifjkb Tk~g" kjl E|* \kbijis%\wij Bkgms Jk|}~kb

Tk~g* Is bigmby |f nm hf}jl kbsf ij hf~ms| h~koemj|s fh sf}|am~j Jmo~fs Fccilmj|kb !i*m* Sitkbky%

Aijfnkkj%Ckjlfji k~mk)* Ij klli|ifj |f |am hf~ms|s fh Jmo~fs" |am bmftk~l ck| kbsf ijakni|s

s}ok~ckjm hk~es* Ij Cmn}" i| wks ~mtf~|ml mq|kj| ij fjby |wf k~mks" Nk~kjokys Skj @fsm kjl

Skj|ickj ij Ck|efj !Bf~ick kjl Fbixm~ }jt}nbisaml)*

Kbb kxkibknbm lk|k % ijcb}lijo hf~em~ !i*m* bk|m Tbmis|fcmjm) bkjl n~iloms cfjjmc|ijo kbb |am _ms|

Xiskykj ks k sijobm bkjl ekss)" cf}tbml wi|a i|s ~mcmj| gjfwj lis|~in}|ifj kjl |amsm kjiekb’s

mxilmj| |fbm~kjcm |f k wilm xk~im|y fh akni|k| |ytms – s}ooms| |ak| bmftk~l ck|s wm~m hf~em~by

wilmby lis|~in}|ml |a~f}oa |am ‑_ms| Xiskykj !f~ ‑Jmo~fs%Tkjky’) Hk}jkb ^moifj’" kjl akxm

|am~mhf~m nmmj mq|i~tk|ml h~fe k| bmks| 94%9=- fh |ami~ t~ms}eml hf~em~ ~kjom kjl k~m s|ibb

lmcbijijo* \am _ms| Xiskyks aks kbsf s}hhm~ml |am wf~s| ~k|ms fh lmhf~ms|k|ifj wi|aij |am

Taibittijms" wam~mij |f|kb hf~ms| cfxm~ aks nmmj ~ml}cml |f bmss |akj ;14"444 ak kjl < !fh |am 8)

ekij isbkjls jfw akxm bmss |akj 4*4;- ~mekijijo hf~ms| cfxm~* _ak| bi||bm hf~ms| ~mekijs is kbsf

aioaby h~koemj|ml" fh|mj lmo~klml kjl }s}kbby s}n`mc| |f h}~|am~ k||~i|ifj kjl f|am~ lis|}~nkjcms

|a~f}oa |am ibbmokb cfbbmc|ifj fh |ienm~ kjl f|am~ hf~ms| t~fl}c|s* A}j|ijo t~mss}~m tfsms kj

klli|ifjkb sm~if}s |a~mk| ij sfem k~mks" kjl kb|af}oa bmftk~l ck|s k~m smblfe stmcihickbby |k~om|ml

ny a}j|m~s" |amy k~m h~m{}mj|by mjsjk~ml ij |~kts sm| hf~ f|am~ stmcims kjl&f~ ckt|}~ml fj kj

fttf~|}jis|ic nksis* F}|byijo s}ntft}bk|ifjs ijakni|ijo s}ok~ ckjm hk~es ij t~iek~y s}ok~ k~mks



fj Jmo~fs Fccilmj|kb" k~m kbsf s}n`mc| |f fttf~|}jis|ic a}j|ijo t~mss}~m !mstmcikbby l}~ijo ckj

ak~xms|ijo) kjl&f~ wilmst~mkl }sm fh ~flmj|icilms kjl f|am~ ko~f%tfisfjs*

Omfo~ktaickb ^kjom0 Nks}kjok" Cmn}" Jmo~fs" Tkbkwkj" kjl Tkjky*



]jcfeefj n}| wilmst~mkl" hf}jl efs|by jmk~ f~ ij s}ok~ ckjm himbls* Kj kbm~| bmftk~l ck|

Bmftk~l ck|s k~m sfbi|k~y" mqcmt| l}~ijo n~mmlijo smksfj* Sfem k~m kc|ixm l}~ijo |am lky" n}|

efs| a}j| k| jioa|" t~mhm~~ijo |f s|kbg e}~ils"|~mm sa~mws kjl ak~ms* \amy k~m koibm cbienm~s kjl

{}i|m k~nf~mkb ij |ami~ akni|s* \amy ~ms| ij |~mms" n}| kbsf ailm ij lmjsm |af~jy }jlm~o~fw|a fj |am

o~f}jl* Ij |am fib tkbe tbkj|k|ifjs fh Sknka" |amy akxm nmmj fnsm~xml }t |f < e !;3 h|) knfxm

o~f}jl a}j|ijo ~flmj|s kjl nmm|bms* Ij |ais akni|k|" ekbms akl bk~om~ afem ~kjoms |akj hmekbms"

kxm~koijo 3*= ge> !;*< s{ ei) kjl >*; ge> !4*1; s{ ei) ~mstmc|ixmby* Mkca ekbm/s ~kjom

fxm~bkttml fjm f~ ef~m hmekbm

~kjoms* Bmftk~l ck|s ckj swie" n}| smblfe lf sf* \amy t~fl}cm k sieibk~~kjom fh xfckbisk|ifjs

|f |am lfems|ic ck|* Nf|a smqms scmj| ek~g |ami~ |m~~i|f~y ny st~kyijo }~ijm" bmkxijo hkmcms ij

mqtfsml bfck|ifjs" amkl ~}nnijo" kjl sc~k|caijo*

Lim| ij |am wibl0

Bmftk~l ck|s k~m ck~jixf~f}s" hmmlijo fj k xk~im|y fh sekbb t~my ijcb}lijo ekeekbs" bipk~ls"

ketainikjs" ni~ls kjl ijsmc|s* Ij efs| tk~|s fh |ami~ ~kjom" sekbb ~flmj|s s}ca ks ~k|s kjl eicm

hf~e |am ek`f~ tk~| fh |ami~ lim|" waica is fh|mj s}ttbmemj|ml wi|a o~kss" moos" tf}b|~y" kjl

k{}k|ic t~my* \amy k~m kc|ixm a}j|m~s" listk|caijo |ami~ t~my wi|a k ~ktil tf}jcm kjl ni|m* ]jbigm

ekjy f|am~ sekbb ck|s" |amy lf jf| .tbky. wi|a |ami~ hffl" ekij|kijijo k |ioa| o~it wi|a |ami~

cbkws }j|ib |am kjiekb is lmkl* \ais eky nm ~mbk|ml |f |am ~mbk|ixmby aioa t~ftf~|ifj fh ni~ls ij

|ami~ lim|" waica k~m ef~m bigmby |f mscktm wamj ~mbmksml |akj k~m ~flmj|s*

Lim|s ij ckt|ixi|y0 Efs|by hmml fj Caicgmj Sc~kts kjl f|am~ sekbb t~my bigm tijgims !eicm)

\a~mk|s0

\am cmj|~m fh i|s ~kjom" cfeem~cikb mqtbfi|k|ifj aks nmmj amkxy0 a}jl~mls fh |af}skjls fh

Bmftk~l Ck| sgijs tm~ ymk~ wm~m mqtf~|ml ij |am ;914s* Kb|af}oa cfeem~cikb |~klm is e}ca

~ml}cml" |am stmcims cfj|ij}ms |f nm a}j|ml |a~f}oaf}| efs| fh i|s ~kjom hf~ h}~" hf~ hffl" kjl ks tm|s* \amy k~m kbsf wilmby ximwml ks tf}b|~y tms|s kjl gibbml ij ~m|~in}|ifj* Isbkjl tft}bk|ifjs

k~m sekbb kjl sm~if}sby |a~mk|mjml ij |am Taibittijms kjl @ktkj* Bmftk~l ck|s ckj ayn~ilipm wi|a

lfems|ic ck|s" ks is safwj ny |am tft}bk~ lfems|ic n~mml" |am .skhk~i ck|.* Ayn~ilipk|ifj ij |am

wibl aks nmmj ~mtf~|ml" n}| is jf| cfjsilm~ml k siojihickj| |a~mk|* Kb|af}oa |am stmcims is bmss

lmtmjlmj| fj hf~ms| cfxm~ |akj f|am~s" akni|k| bfss kjl h~koemj|k|ifj is s|ibb k ek`f~ |a~mk| kc~fss

efs| fh i|s Ksikj ~kjom !Jfwmbb kjl @kcgsfj ;998)*




Nkjjijo kbb a}j|ijo kjl |~klijo fh |ais stmcims wi|aij |am cf}j|~y* I| is hf}jl ij j}em~f}s

t~f|mc|ml k~mks*

^mt~fl}c|ixm Lk|k0

\am~m is jf hiqml n~mmlijo tm~ifl ij |am sf}|am~j tk~| fh i|s ~kjom7 ij |am cfblm~ jf~|am~j ~kjom

|amy |mjl |f n~mml k~f}jl Ek~ca f~ Kt~ib" wamj |am wmk|am~ is eibl mjf}oa |f s}ttf~| jmwnf~j

gi||mjs* \am ms|~}s tm~ifl bks|s hf~ =–9 lkys* Ih |am gi||mjs lf jf| s}~xixm" |am hmekbm eky cfem

ij|f amk| kokij kjl akxm kjf|am~ bi||m~ |ak| ymk~* Kh|m~ k oms|k|ifj tm~ifl fh 84–?4 lkys" |wf |f

hf}~ gi||mjs k~m nf~j ij k lmj" wam~m |amy ~mekij }j|ib |amy k~m k efj|a fbl* \am gi||mjs wmioa

knf}| ?= |f ;34 o~kes !>*8 |f <*8 fp) k| ni~|a kjl }s}kbby lf}nbm |ami~ wmioa| ny kom fh |wf

wmmgs7 k| hixm wmmgs" |amy k~m hf}~ |iems |ami~ ni~|a wmioa|*\am myms ftmj k| |mj lkys" kjl |am

gi||mjs s|k~| |f mk| sfbil hffl k| >3 lkys* K| |am kom fh hf}~ wmmgs" |am tm~ekjmj| ckjijms kttmk~"

kjl |am gi||mjs nmoij |f mk| sfbil hffl* Bmftk~l ck|s akxm bixml hf~ }t |f |ai~|mmj ymk~s ijckt|ixi|y* Bmftk~l ck|s }s}kbby tki~ hf~ bihm kjl ~kism |ami~ gi||mjs |fom|am~ hf~ knf}| ? |f ;4

efj|as* H}bb ek|}~i|y is ~mkcaml k| ;1 efj|as" n}| ij ckt|ixi|y" |am ekbm ckj nmcfem ~mkly |f

n~mml k| ? efj|as" kjl |am hmekbm k| ;4 efj|as*

Lmsc~it|ifj0

Bmftk~l ck|s k~m knf}| |am sipm fh k lfems|ic ck|" n}| ef~m sbmjlm~ wi|a bfjom~ bmos kjl wmbb%

lmhijml wmns nm|wmmj|am |fms* \ami~ sekbb amkl is ek~gml wi|a |wf t~feijmj| lk~g s|~itms" |ami~

saf~| kjl jk~~fw e}ppbm wai|m* \am~m k~m |wf lk~g s|~itms ~}jjijo h~fe |am myms |f |am mk~s" kjl

sekbbm~ wai|m s|~mkgs ~}jjijo h~fe |am myms |f |am jfsm* \am nkcgs fh |ami~ eflm~k|mby bfjo kjl~f}jlml mk~s k~m nbkcg wi|a k cmj|~kb wai|m stf|* Nfly kjl biens k~m ek~gml wi|a nbkcg stf|s fh

xk~yijo sipm kjl cfbf~" kjl kbfjo |am nkcg k~m |wf |f hf}~ ~fws fh mbfjok|ml stf|s* \am |kib is

knf}| akbh |am sipm fh |ami~ amkl%nfly%bmjo|a kjl stf||ml wi|a k hmw ijlis|ijc| ~ijos jmk~ |am

nbkcg |it* \am nkcgo~f}jl cfbf~ fh |ami~ stf||ml h}~ is |kwjy wi|a k wai|m cams| kjl nmbby* N}| ij

|ami~ a}om ~kjom" |amy xk~y sf e}ca ij cfbf~k|ifj kjl sipm fh stf|s ks wmbb ks ij nfly sipm kjl

wmioa| |ak| iji|ikbby |amy wm~m |af}oa| |f nm smxm~kb lihhm~mj| stmcims* \am h}~ cfbf~ is ymbbfwisa

n~fwj ij |am sf}|am~j tft}bk|ifjs" n}| tkbm sibxm~%o~my ij |am jf~|am~j fjms*

Taibittijm Skib%hij Bipk~l

Gijolfe0 Kjiekbik

Tayb}e0 Caf~lk|k

Cbkss0 ^mt|kbik

F~lm~0 S{}kek|k



Hkeiby0 Kokeilkm

Scimj|ihic jkem0 Ayl~fsk}~}s t}s|}bk|}s

Cfeefj jkem0 Mjobisa%C~ms|ml Bipk~l7 Skib%hij bipk~l" Skibhij _k|m~ Bipk~l" Sfk%sfk _k|m~

Bipk~l*


@}s|ihick|ifj0

Bis|ml ks X}bjm~knbm nmck}sm i| is s}stmc|ml |ak| k tft}bk|ifj lmcbijm" ms|iek|ml |f nm ef~m |akj

34- wf}bl nm em| fxm~ k |mj%ymk~ tm~ifl waica is fjofijo h~fe |am ~mcmj| tks| |f |am jmk~

h}|}~m" ijhm~~ml h~fe akni|k| bfss kjl |am xm~y amkxy cfbbmc|ifj fh |ais stmcims hf~ |am tm| kjl

hffl |~klm*

Omfo~ktaic ~kjom0

\ais stmcims is mjlmeic |f |am Taibittijms" afwmxm~ i|s lis|~in}|ifj is }jcbmk~ nmck}sm fh cfjh}sifj ij ilmj|ihick|ifj nm|wmmj Ayl~fsk}~}s kenfijmjsis kjl A* t}s|}bk|}s* Tft}bk|ifjs fh

A* t}s|}bk|}s akxm nmmj ~mtf~|ml h~fe |am isbkjls fh B}pfj !wi|a ~mcmj| ~mcf~ls h~fe Nicfb)"

Tfbibbf" Eijlf~f" Jmo~fs" Cmn}" O}iek~ks" Tkjky" Eksnk|m" \knbks" ^fenbfj" Sin}ykj" kjl

Ck|kjl}kjms* I| eky nm t~msmj| fj |am isbkjl fh Nfafb n}| |ais ~m{}i~ms cfjhi~ek|ifj*


\ais smei%k{}k|ic stmcims is omjm~kbby ~ms|~ic|ml |f ~itk~ikj xmom|k|ifj t~msmj| ij bfwbkjl |~ftickb

efis| hf~ms|s !nf|a t~iek~y kjl smcfjlk~y) |f ftmj c}b|ixk|ml k~mks* I| is t~fnknby fejixf~f}s"

kjl is kssfcik|ml wi|a cm~|kij hffl |~mms* I| kttmk~s |f akxm k t~mhm~mjcm hf~ tk~|ic}bk~ sa~}ns kjl|~mms ks ~ms|ijo tbkcms !fh|mj fxm~akjoijo wk|m~)" kjl is }s}kbby cfbbmc|ml h~fe |amsm* \ais is kj

fxitk~f}s stmcims |ak| n}~ims moos wi|aij ~ixm~ nkjgs*

Akni|s&nmakxif~0 Smei%k{}k|ic kjl k~nf~mkb7 nksgs f~ ~ms| fj n~kjcams" fxm~akjoijo ~ixm~s kjl

bkgms kjl l~fts |f |am wk|m~ wamj |a~mk|mjml* Afwmxm~" lfms jf| akxm jf|knbm klkt|k|ifjs hf~ kj

k{}k|ic bihm%s|ybm" bigm akxijo hbk||mjml |kibs kjl jfs|~ibs si|}k|ml k| |am |ft fh |am sjf}|* \am skib%

bigm hij fj |am lf~skb tk~|s fh |am nfly kjl |kib" k~m t~fnknby hf~ klf~jemj| f~ |f ij|ieilk|m

t~mlk|f~s kjl ~ixkbs ~k|am~ |akj hf~ swieeijo!Ek||isfj" ;919)*

Lim|s ij |am wibl0 I|s t~fnknby fejixf~f}s" kjl hmmls fj hbfwm~ n}ls" saff|s kjl ijsmc|s*

Lim|s ij ckt|ixi|y0 I| kccmt|s h~}i|s s}ca ks nkjkjks kjl bmkhy saff|s" kjl ijsmc|s" emk| !ijcb}lijo

sekbb lmkl eicm)* Ekjy cfjsilm~ml i| ks cfetbm|m hfbixf~m" n}| ijsmc|s k~m fccksifjkbby mk|mj*



\a~mk|s0

\am |a~mk|s |f |am |wf stmcims fh Ayl~fsk}~}s ij |am Taibittijms k~m omjm~kbby xm~y sieibk~*

Tft}bk|ifjs kttmk~ |f nm t~ijcitkbby |a~mk|mjml ny akni|k| bfss" fh|mj |am cfjxm~sifj fh wfflml

bkjl |f kb|m~jk|ixm }sms !ijcb}lijo ko~ic}b|}~m)" kjl |a~f}oa bfooijo ftm~k|ifjs* Ij klli|ifj"

kjiekbs !mstmcikbby ak|cabijos) k~m amkxiby cfbbmc|ml hf~ nf|a |am tm| |~klm !jk|ifjkb kjl tfssinbyij|m~jk|ifjkb) kjl bfckb cfjs}et|ifj* Nmck}sm fh ij|m~%isbkjl |~klm" |am~m is sfem tfssinibi|y fh

ij|~fl}cml kjiekbs eiqijo wi|a ijliomjf}s tft}bk|ifjs* Ij sfem tk~|s fh is ~kjom i| is

klli|ifjkbby |a~mk|mjml ny wk|m~ tfbb}|ifj ~ms}b|ijo h~fe |am }sm fh ko~fcameickbs kjl ijc~mksml

smliemj|k|ifj*

Bk~om ijlixil}kbs k~m |a~mk|mjml ny fxm~a}j|ijo" sijcm |am hbmsa is ~mt}|ml |f nm lmbicif}s*

Sekbbm~ stmciemjs k~m |a~mk|mjml ny fxm~cfbbmc|ifj hf~ |am tm| |~klm" kjl wm~m sfbl ij bk~om

j}enm~s k| tm| safts ij ekjibk h~fe ;44 |f =44 tat mkca ij ;993 tm~s* cfee* kb|af}oa ~k~m ij

hf~mioj pffs" i| is sfbl ij s}ns|kj|ikb j}enm~s f}|silm |am Taibittijms" cf}tbml wi|a tfbb}|ifj fh

efs| ~ixm~ sys|mes" cfj|~in}|ml |f |am lmcbijm fh hf~ms|%lmtmjlmj| stmcims s}ca ks |am skib%hijbipk~l* \ais stmcims is k x}bjm~knbm ijlick|f~ fh |am mhhmc|s fh a}ekj lis|}~nkjcm kjl akni|k| bfss*


Tft}bk|ifjs akxm nmmj ~mcf~lml h~fe ekjy t~f|mc|ml k~mks* \am~m is k jmml |f nm||m~ ~mo}bk|m |am

cfbbmc|ifj fh |ais stmcims h~fe |am wibl" ks tft}bk|ifjs k~m omjm~kbby cfjsilm~ml |f nm s}scmt|inbm

|f fxm~ak~xms|ijo* \am~m is kbsf k jmml hf~ iet~fxml ~mo}bk|ifj |f t~mxmj| cfj|keijk|ifj fh

wk|m~wkys }sml ny |ais*

Kb|af}oa i| is k ~k~m stmcims" Ckt|ixm n~ml `}xmjibms k~m sfem|iems kxkibknbm h~fe |am pff kjl tm| |~klm l}m |f |am n~mmlijo s}ccmss fh smxm~kb pffs kjl t~ixk|m cfbbmc|f~s ij M}~ftm" @ktkj" kjl

|am ]ji|ml S|k|ms !Ek||isfj" ;99;)* \amsm ckt|ixm%n~ml ijlixil}kbs ckj bmssmj |am lmekjl ny |am

tm| |~klm hf~e wibl tft}bk|ifjs c}~~mj|by" jf gjfw t~f|mc|ifj scamem oixmj |f |ais stmcims"

mqcmt| hf~ bmoisbk|ifjs kjl t~fcbkek|ifjs cfjcm~jijo wiblbihm ij omjm~kb" kjl t~f|mc|ifj fh

akni|k|s ks lmcbk~ml jk|}~m ~msm~xms kjl jk|ifjkb tk~gs*

^mt~fl}c|ixm Lk|k0 I| bkys moos ij |am sfib kbfjo |am s|~mke nkjgs !Kbckbk" ;918)*

Lmsc~it|ifj0

Bk~om ekbm skibhij bipk~ls wibb mqcmml k em|~m ij bmjo|a" e}ca fh waica is |kib* \am efs|

lis|ijc|ixm hmk|}~m is |am m~mc| skib fh sgij si|}k|ml kbfjo |am bfwm~ nkcg kjl nksm fh |am |kib* \ais

eky nm ks bk~om ks 8 f~ ?ce aioa ij sfem stmciemjs* \am h}jc|ifj fh |ais skib is }jcbmk~ n}|

t~fnknby tbkys kj ietf~|kj| ~fbm ij |m~~i|f~ikb listbky waibm kbsf kc|ijo ij k amk|ijo kjl cffbijo

~fbm kbbfwijo |am bipk~l |f mqtfsm k bk~om s}~hkcm k~mk |f |am s}j |f wk~e }t {}icgby* \am tk||m~j

is k ef||bml cfbf}~ fh lk~g fbixm o~mmj kjl n~fwjs" fh|mj wi|a ymbbfwisa tk|cams fj |am hbkjgs

kjl }jlm~ |am amkl*



^mhm~mjcms

Taibittijm ^ml Lk|k Nffg

Ny0 _iblbihm Cfjsm~xk|ifj Sfcim|y fh |am Taibittijms

K ekj}kb ij wiblbihm ;4;0 Ij|~fl}c|ifj |f Taibittijm wiblbihm 3~l mli|ifj ny0 Bm|icik E* Msti~i|}%Kh}kjo kjl @}kj Ck~bfs \* Ofpkbms

Hmmlijo Akni|s fh Xiskykj Bmftk~l Ck|s ! T~ifjkib}~}s nmjokbmjsis ~knf~i)

ij S}ok~ckjm Himbls fh Jmo~fs Fccilmj|kb Taibittijms

Kssms|emj| fh Xiskykj _k~|y Tio" !S}s Cmnih~fjs) ij |am Ienko%Ckbinkj _k|m~saml"

Jf~|a Jmo~fs Hf~ms| ^msm~xm" Taibittijms0 Mcfbfoickb

Kjl Sfcikb Tm~stmc|ixms

Taibittijm Ni~ls Ny0 @faj M* L}tfj|

Lixm~si|y kjl \~ftickb ^kij Hf~ms| ny0 @faj \m~nf~oa

Taibittijm Lixm~si|y Cfjsm~xk|ixm Nifbfoy T~if~i|ims0 K Smcfjl Ij|m~kc|ifj fh |am

Jk|ifjkb Niflixm~si|y S|~k|moy kjl Kc|ifj Tbkj" Hijkb ^mtf~|

Ny0 Cfjsm~xk|ifj Ij|m~jk|ifjkb Taibittijms

N~mmlijo Nifbfoy* Jms| Si|m Cak~kc|m~is|ics kjl Jms| Stkcijo fh \am

Xiskykj \k~i|ic Af~jnibb ! Tmjmbftilms tkjiji tkjiji) fj Tkjky Taibittijms*

Ny0 M~ig Gbft" Mnm~ak~l C}~if" kjl B}cik B* Bks|iefpk

Mq|m~jkb Bijgs0

NNC _iblbihm Hijlm~0 \am bmftk~l Ck|

!a||t0&&www*nnc*cf*}g&jk|}~m&stmcims&Bmftk~l VCk|)

Stf|s kjl S|~itms Hf~mxm~0 Cfjsm~xk|ifj fh Bmftk~l Ck|s

!a||t0&&stf|skjls|~itmshf~mxm~*f~o&Vijhf&Bmftk~l%Ck|*tlh )

Ci|k|ifjs kjl K~|icbms0

I]CJ~mlbis|*f~o" _igitmlik*f~o" ni~l wk|ca f~okjipk|ifjs" @f}~jkb fh Ni~ls" Cken~ilom @f}~jkbs0

_iblbihm Cfjsm~xk|ifj"

http://spotsandstripesforever.org/_info/Leopard-Cat.pdf

http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/species/Leopard





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