nicholas wade, university of dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · nicholas wade, university of dundee. artists...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Scientific Art or Artistic Science?
Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee
![Page 2: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpret them.
“Visual
illusions”
![Page 3: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Pictures are devoid of two dimensions present in objects – depth and
motion. The depth is allusory and the motion is implied.
![Page 4: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
I will argue that artists have
influenced science in the
context of space.
On the other hand, scientists
have affected the ways in
which motion is represented.
![Page 5: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
“Digital picture”
![Page 7: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
A digitised image of
Abraham Lincoln by
Harmon and Julesz
(1973)
![Page 8: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Salvador Dali’s
painting “Gala
Contemplating the
Meditteranean Sea”
(1976)
![Page 9: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
In the 1920s, Gestalt psychologists described the ways in which
elements of patterns are grouped together perceptually.
![Page 10: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
“Good Gestalt I”
Max Wertheimer (1880-1943)
![Page 11: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
“Good Gestalt II”
Franz Koffka (1886-1941)
![Page 12: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
“Good Gestalt III”
Wolfgang Köhler (1887-1967)
![Page 13: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Mosaic of Ocean (from the 2nd century). Roman mosaics manipulated
the elements of pictures (tesserae) to produce complex Gestalten. The
artists demonstrated their knowledge of pictorial principles rather than
the interpretations of them.
![Page 14: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Mosaic from House of the Evil Eye, Antioch (2nd century)
![Page 15: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
A 4th century mosaic floor from London
![Page 16: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Gestalt psychologists were also intrigued by perceptual ambiguities,
like the Necker cube and Rubin’s vase/faces figure, literal variants of
which are shown here.
![Page 17: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Ambiguities of profiles and vases (like that by Crussaire in 1799) were
exploited in art long before they were examined in visual science.
![Page 18: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Mosaic figure-ground alternation in circular designs
(Antioch 2nd century).
![Page 19: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Reversible perspective cubes from a mosaic at Antioch (2nd century)
![Page 20: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Good continuations occur with both radiations and
circles. Mosaic floor from Rome (2nd century).
![Page 21: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Shape from shading. A relief swastika design, and ambiguous
perspectival blocks (Antioch 2nd century).
![Page 22: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Geometrical mosaics displaying ambiguous depth, from (left) the
House of Dionysos, Cyprus, late 3rd century, and (right) House of the
Evil Eye, Antioch, 2nd century.
![Page 23: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
A 2nd century Roman beaker with an upright and inverted head.
![Page 24: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
16th and 17th century representations of arrogance and folly as well as
a Double Head of Pope and Devil.
![Page 25: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
An Italian artist called Giuseppe from around 1700 showed that
species and gender barriers could be crossed with inverted figures!
![Page 26: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Rex Whistler (1905-1944) used the technique extensively.
![Page 27: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
George Malcolm Stratton (1867-1937) studied inversion using
mirrors and prisms.
![Page 28: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Artists have revelled in the ambiguity afforded by the compression
of three dimensions to two, and few more so that Salvador Dali
![Page 29: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Dali’s
“The image
disappears”
is a homage
to Vermeer
![Page 30: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
“Dali’s image
disappears”
![Page 31: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
“The
Skull of
Dali”
![Page 32: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Dali’s “Mae West”
![Page 33: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
“Ceci n’est pas
Magritte”
René Magritte
revelled in the
ambiguity of the
picture plane and
also that between
word and image.
![Page 34: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
“The Rape of
Magritte”
![Page 36: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Magritte’s “The perfidy of images”
![Page 37: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
“The integrity of words”
![Page 38: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The rules of image formation on a picture were determined two
centuries before the same principles were applied to the eye.
Filippo Brunelleschi (left) produced pictures in perspective before
1420, whereas Johannes Kepler (right) described the formation of
an image on the retina in 1604.
![Page 39: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
No sooner had the rules of perspective been formulated than
they were distorted. Leonardo da Vinci produced examples of
distorted perspectives or anamorphoses.
![Page 40: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Jean-François Niceron (1613-1646) described the construction and
mathematics of these curious perspectives. He produced linear,
conical, and cylindrical (mirror) anamorphoses.
![Page 41: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
The optical principles on which
anamorphoses are based are
precisely those used by
Adelbert Ames (1880-1955) in
his perceptual demonstrations.
![Page 42: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Cubists, like Pablo Picasso, were producing essentially 2 ½ D
sketches related to those depicted by visual scientist David Marr.
“Cubist” “2 ½ D sketch”
![Page 43: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Brunelleschi’s vision was monocular, whereas that of Leonardo was
binocular. His deliberations over ‘natural perspective’ led him to
examine the depth seen with two eyes.
![Page 44: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
“Mirror stereoscope” Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875)
![Page 45: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
“Lenticular stereoscope”
David Brewster
(1781-1868)
![Page 46: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Bela Julesz (1928-2003)
“Random dot stereograms”
![Page 47: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Ludwig Wilding has found a novel method of manipulating relative
spatial frequencies to yield stereoscopic depth and apparent motion.
![Page 48: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Patrick Hughes is shown standing between the protrusions of one of
his works, which are reverse perspectives.
![Page 49: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
http://www.perceptionweb.com/perc0999/wade.pdf
![Page 50: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
“Mondrians”
http://www.perceptionweb.com/perc0999/wade.gif
![Page 51: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Scientific influences of art have derived mostly from the other
lost dimension of pictures – motion. Rather than implying
motion scientists synthesised it.
![Page 52: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Thomas Young’s (1800) diagrams of persisting images
reflecting from foil on vibrating piano strings.
![Page 53: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Peter Mark Roget (1779-1869) and his spoke pattern
“Thesaurus of Roget”
![Page 54: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
John Ayrton Paris (1785-1856) and the thaumatrope
“Wonder turner”
![Page 55: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Charles Wheatstone’s (1827) kaleidophone,
named after Brewster’s kaleidoscope.
![Page 56: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Michael Faraday (1791-1867)
![Page 57: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
“Plateau’s dancer”
Joseph Plateau
(1801-1883)
![Page 58: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Marcel Duchamp utilised visual persistence, and he also made
rotoreliefs that induce kinetic depth effects in the 1930s. They were
studied in visual science by Musatti (1929)
![Page 59: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
http://www.opprints.co.uk/gallery.php
![Page 60: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
“Tyndall figures”
John Tyndall
(1820-1893)
wrote a book on
Sound which
included an
illustration of
Chladni figures.
![Page 61: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Ludimar Hermann (1838-1914) and Ewald Hering (1834-1918)
“Hermann-Hering grids”
![Page 62: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
“Towards plastic
unity”
Hermann and
Hering grids have
been manipulated
with great skill by
Victor Vasarely.
They have played
a major part in Op
Art – the genre
that closely binds
the art and science
of vision.
![Page 63: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Thomas Young described his own regular astigmatism in 1801, and
transient astigmatism has been amplified extensively in the art of
Bridget Riley and other Op artists.
“Astigmat” “Abstract Geometer”
![Page 64: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Purkinje described the distortions that are seen with regular geometrical
patterns, like circles and radiations. Bridget Riley uses these effects in
her op art. Patterns like these often produce subjective colours.
“Sehen in subjektiver Hinsicht” “The Responsive Eye”
![Page 65: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
“Young
Helmholtz”
Hermann
Helmholtz
(1821-1894)
devoted one of
his Popular
Lectures to the
relation of
optics to
painting –
particularly
colour.
![Page 66: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
“Nobel colours”
Ragnar Granit
(1900-1991)
![Page 67: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
“Limulus”
Haldan Keffer
Hartline
(1903-1983)
![Page 68: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
George Wald
(1906-1997)
“Visual
purple”
![Page 69: Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee · 2020. 2. 3. · Nicholas Wade, University of Dundee. Artists represent natural phenomena whereas scientists interpretthem. “Visual illusions](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081621/6129a6043d5c2132542f287d/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)