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Nineteenth-CenturyProgressInven3onstoMakeLifeEasier
Findoneinven3onfromthenineteenthcenturythatyouthinkisinteres3ng.
(onlygetafewminutestodothis)
SeDngtheStage
• Scien3ficdiscoveriespushtheknowledgefron3ers
• Newkindsofenergy:– Gasoline– Electricity– Hydrogen• Firstusedasafuelsourcein1806
• Usedtopoweroneofthefirstcars
Whoinventedthehydrogenpoweredcar?
Whenwasitinvented?
Inven3onstoMakeLifeEasier• ThomasEdison– Patentedmorethan1000inven3ons
– Lightbulb• Directcurrent(DC)
– CreatedaresearchlaboratoryinMenloPark,NewJersey• Mostofhisinven3onswerecreatedhere• WorkedwithLewisH.La3mer,anAfricanAmericaninventor
WhowasEdison’sgreatestrival?
Nameoneofhisotherinven3ons.
Inven3onstoMakeLifeEasier• NikolaTesla(1865)– Alterna3ng-current(AC)machinery• “Teslacoil”–usedforradiotechnology,s3llusedtoday• SoldpatenttoWes3nghouseCorpora3on-gotthecontractfortheChicagoWorld’sFair
– ACcurrentbecamethebestpowersystemofthe20thc• Worldwidestandard
WhatelsedidTeslainvent?
WhatproductdoweknowTeslafortoday(otherthanAC)?
Inven3onstoMakeLifeEasier• AlexanderGrahamBell– Teacherofdeafstudents– Inventedthetelephone– DisplayedatPhiladelphiaCentennialExposi3on1876
• GuglielmoMarconiusedelectromagne3cwavestocreatethefirstradio– SentmessagesusingMorseCodewithoutwires
– Primi3veradiosquicklybecamestandardequipmentforships
WhatdidthefirstmessageonBell’stelephonesay?
Inven3onstoMakeLifeEasier
• HenryFord– 1880s,Germaninventorspoweredavehiclewithgasoline–automobile
– Decidedtomakecarsthatwereaffordable• Standardized,interchangeableparts
• Assemblyline–lineofworkerswhoeachputsinglepieceonunfinishedcarasitpassedonmovingbelt
WhatdidFordchargefortheFIRSTcarsofftheassemblyline?
Howmanycarswereontheroadin1913?
Inven3onstoMakeLifeEasier
• WrightBrothers– BicyclemechanicsfromDayton,Ohio
– FirstheavierthanairaircraftoSUCCEED
– KihyHawk,NorthCarolina• Longestflight59seconds
• Notfirstinflightthough– HenriGiffard-Firstcontrolledflightwasadirigible
– DaVinciwasobsessedwithcrea3ngaflyingmachine
WhatanimalsdidDaVincistudytoinformhisflyingmachine?
NewIdeasinMedicine• GermTheoryofDisease– LouisPasteur(mid-1800s)• Discoveredfermenta3onofalcoholwascausedbymicroscopicorganisms-bacteria
• Pasteuriza3onkillsgermsinliquids
Whatisthemostofenconsumedpasteurizeddrinktoday?
NewIdeasinMedicine– JosephLister• Germsexplainwhy50%ofpa3entsdiedfrominfec3on• 1865–orderedallsurgicalwardsbekeptspotless,woundswashedwithan3sep3c
– Vaccineswerefoundfordeadlydiseases• Peoplestartedtolivelonger
Whatwasthepercentageofpa3entswhosurvivedAFTERListermadechanges?
NewIdeasinScience• MendelandGene3cs– 1850sGregorMendelusedpeastoprovegene3cs• Realizedtherewasapaherntothewaycertaintraitswereinherited
– DifferentfromLamarck• Saidover3me,specieschangedthroughbehavior
WherewasMendelfrom?
NewIdeasinChemistryandPhysics• JohnDalton–allmahermadeof3nypar3clescalledatoms– Elementshavespecificweights
– Compoundscontainmorethanoneelement
• DmitriMendeleev– UsedDalton’sideastoorganizetheperiodictable
– S3llusedtoday
Whatisyourfavoriteelement?
Whatisitsatomicnumber?
• MarieandPierreCurie– Discoveredradiumandpolonium• Foundinpitchblende-releasedapowerfulformofenergy–Calledradioac3vity
– 1903sharedtheNobelPrizeinphysicsradioac3vity
• ErnestRutherford–atomswerenotsmallestpar3cles– Nucleussurroundedbyelectrons
NewIdeasinChemistryandPhysics
WhatyeardidMarieCuriegettheNobelPrize
forChemistry?
NewIdeasinScience• Darwin’sTheoryofEvolu3on– OntheOriginofSpecies– TheoryofEvolu3on
• Popula3onsgrowfasterthanfoodsupply-compe33on
• Onlybestadaptedsurvive• Survivorsproduceoffspring• Overmanygenera3ons,specieschange
– AppliedtoraceswithSocialDarwinism• ReasonwhyEuropeansfeeltherighttocolonizeothercountries
WhatwasthenameofDarwin’sship?
Whatwashisoccupa3onontheship?
SocialSciencesExploreBehavior(andborrowfromtheHardSciences)
• Psychology-Studyofhumanmindandbehavior– IvanPavlov
• Ac3onswereunconsciousreac3onstoexperiences
• Trainingcouldchangethem– SigmundFreud
• Unconsciousminddrivesac3ons
• Psychoanalysis–looksatpsychologicalconflictsduetosuppressedmemories,desires,andimpulses
Wereyouexpec3ngaques3onhere?
AccordingtoPavlov,whatisitcalledwhenyouareexpec3ngsomethingtohappenandreact?
TheRiseofMassCulture• Changesproducemassculture– Appealofart,wri3ng,music,andotherformsofentertainmenttoalargeraudience
– Goodscheaper,easierformorepeopletobuy
TheRiseofMassCulture• MusicHallsandVaudeville– Vaudevilleacts-varietyshowsthattraveledfromtowntotown
• Movies– 1880s-movingimages– Edisonsucceeded– 1900s,producingfeaturefilms
TheRiseofMassCulture• SportsEntertainMillions
– Spectatorsportsnowentertainment
– US:footballandbaseballgrewquicklyinpopularity
– Europe:SoccerandCricketdrewhugecrowds
– OlympicGames1896• RevivedtheGreektradi3on• FirstgamestookplaceinAthens,
Greeceagain• Athle3cs• Cyclying• Fencing• Gymnas3cs• Shoo3ng• Swimming• Tennis• Weightlifing• WrestlingGreco-Roman