nky;epiy ,uz;lhk; mz;l caphpay; · +2 practical manual 1 nky;epiy ,uz;lhk; mz;l

www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com

+2 Practical manual 1 http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2013/07/latest-12th-study-materials-2013.html

Nky;epiy ,uz;lhk; Mz;L

caphpay;

nra;Kiw

ifNaL

Mf;fk;..,

,.epth]; M.Sc., M.Sc., B.A., B.Ed., PGDBI

m.upghAjPd; M.Sc., B.Ed.,



nra;Kiw - caphpay; ifNaL

caphpay; - tpyq;fpay;

ghyp kw;Wk; khNdh rhf;fpfiuLfSf;fhd Ma;T (];lhh;r; kw;Wk; FSf;Nfh];)

Nehf;fk;:

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s A,B,C - ve;j czTf; fiury;fspy; ];lhh;r; kw;Wk; FSf;Nfh]; cs;sJ

vd fz;lwpjy;.

cgfuzq;fs;:

Nrhjidf; Foha;fs;> jhq;fp> ,Lf;fpfs; kw;Wk; nfhjp ePh;.

nra;Kiw:

m) ];lhh;r;ir fz;lwpjy;

1) xU Rj;jkhd Nrhjidf; Fohapy; 1 kp.yp Nrhjidf; fiuriy vLj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;.

2) mj;Jld; xU rpy Jspfs; mNahbd; fiuriyr; Nrh;f;fTk;.

3) mjpy; Njhd;Wk; fUePy epwk;> mf;fiurypy; ];lhh;r;R cs;sJ vd;gijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

M) FSf;Nfhi]f; fz;lwpjy;:

1) xU Rj;jkhdr; Nrhjid Fohapy; 1 kp.yp Nrhjidf; fiuriy vLj;Jf;

nfhs;syhk;.

2) mj;Jld; 1 kp.yp NaOH -iar; Nrh;f;fTk;.

3) Nrhjidf; Fohia nfhjpePhpy; itf;fTk;.

4) mjpy; Njhd;Wk; kQ;rs;; epwj;Jld; $ba rptg;G fye;j gOg;G epwk; FSf;Nfh];

cs;sJ vd;gijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;:

];lhh;r; kw;wk; FSf;Nfh]; fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;LfshFk;. ,tw;wpy; ];lhh;r; xU

ghyprhf;fiuL> FSf;Nfh]; xU khNdhrhf;fiulhFk;. ekJ cztpy; mjpfkhf ];lhh;r;

cs;sJ. ekJ clypy; czT nrhpj;jypd; NghJ ];lhh;r;> ePuhy; gFf;fg;gl;L FSf;Nfhrhf

khw;wg;gLfpwJ. ,e;epfo;tpw;F ekJ czTg; ghijapy; Ruf;fg;gLk; mikNy]; kw;Wk;

khy;Nl]; Nghd;w nehjpfs; cjTfpd;wd.

ml;ltiz:

Nrhjidf; fiury; fhz;gd mwptd

A fU ePy epwk; Njhd;WfpwJ ];lhh;r; cs;sJ

B nrq;fy; rptg;G epwk;

Njhd;WfpwJ

FSf;Nfh];

cs;sJ

B epw khw;wkpy;iy ,y;iy

KbT : Nrhjid fiury; A -apy; ];lhh;r; cs;sJ.

Nrhjid fiury; B -apy; FSf;Nfh]; cs;sJ.



Gujj;jpw;fhd epd;i`l;hpd Ma;T

Nehf;fk;:

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s czTr; fiurypy; Gujk; cs;sjh vdf; fz;lwpjy;

cgfuzq;fs;:

Nrhjidf; Foha;fs;> ,Lf;fp> jhq;fp kw;Wk; nfhjpePh;.

fiury;fs;:

epd;i`l;hpd; fiury;

nra;Kiw:

1) xU Rj;jkhd Nrhjidf; Fohapy; 3 kp.yp Nrhjidf;fhd czTf; fiuriy

vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

2) mj;Jld; 2 my;yJ 3 nrhl;Lfs; epd;i`l;hpd; fiuriy Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

3) Nrhjidf; Fohia ed;whf FYf;fpa gpd; R+LgLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

4) gpd;dh;> mij miw ntg;gepiy msTf;F Fspur; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

5) mjpy; ePy epwk; Njhd;wpdhy; Gujk; vd;gijfd; Fwpf;fpwJ.

ml;ltiz:


D ePy epwkhf Njhd;WfpwJ Gujk; cs;sJ

KbT : nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nrhjidf;fiury; D -apy; Gujk; cs;sJ.

nfhOg;gpw;fhd Nrhg;ghjy; Ma;T

Nehf;fk;:

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s czTf; fiurypy; nfhOg;G cs;sjh vdf; fz;lwpjy;.

cgfuzq;fs;:

Nrhjidf; Foha;> jhq;fp> ,Lf;fp kw;Wk; jhq;fp.

nra;Kiw:

1. xU Rj;jkhd Nrhjidf; Fohapy; 2 kp.yp Nrhjidf;fhd czTf; fiuriy

vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

2. mj;Jld; 5% NaOH fiuriy Nrh;j;J ed;F FYf;f Ntz;Lk;. mr;Nrhjidf;

Fohapy; Njhd;Wk; totog;ghd riury;> nfhOg;G cs;sJ vd;gijf; Fwpf;fpaJ.

ml;ltiz:


D totog;ghd fiury; Njhd;WfpwJ nfhOg;G cs;sJ



KbT : nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s D -czTf; fiurypy; nfhOg;G cs;sJ.

A+hpahtpw;fhd Ma;T

Nehf;fk;:

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s fiurypy; A+hpah cs;sjh vdf; fz;lwpf.

cgfuzq;fs;:

Nrhjidf;fhd fiury;> Nrhjidf;Foha;fs;> jhq;fp kw;Wk; ,Lf;fp.

fiury;fs;:

ne];yhpd; fiury;> /gPdhy; rptg;G kw;Wk; nfhs;S nghb.

nra;Kiw : ne];yh; Nrhjid

Ma;T - 1

1. Nrhjidf;fhd fiuriy 1 kp.yp msT xU Rj;jkhd Nrhjidf; Fohapy; vLj;Jf;

nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

2. xU rpl;bif nfhs;S nghbia ,j;Jld; Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

3. ,ijj; njhlh;e;J ,uz;L Jspfs; ne];yhpd; fiuriy Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

4. ,sQ;rptg;G epwk; my;yJ rpte;j gOg;G epwk; NRhjidf;Fohapy; Njhd;WtJ A+hpah

cs;sJ vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;.

nra;Kiw : /gPdhy; Nrhjid

Ma;T - 2

5. xU Rj;jkhd Nrhjidf; Fohapy; 1 kp.yp Nrhjidf;fhd fiuriy vLj;Jf;

nfhs;sTk;.

6. ,j;Jld; 2 nrhl;L /gPdhy; rptg;G fiuriy Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

7. ,j;Jld; xU rpl;bif nfhs;S nghbia Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

8. gpd;dh; Njhd;Wk; Mo;e;j gOg;G my;yJ rptg;G epw tPo;gbT A+hpah cs;sij

Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Nrhjidf;

fiury;

Nrhjid fhz;gd mwptd

E ne];yh;

Nrhjid

,sQ;rptg;G epwk; my;yJ rpte;j gOg;G

epwk; Nrhjidf;Fohapy; Njhd;WfpwJ.

A+hpah cs;sJ

E /gPdhy;

Nrhjid

Mo;e;j gOg;G my;yJ rptg;G epw tPo;gbT

Vw;;gLj;JfpwJ.

A+hpah cs;sJ

F epwkhw;wk; ,y;iy A+hpah ,y;iy



KbT : Nrhjidf; fiury; E -apy; A+hpah cs;sJ.

];iyLfis fz;lwpjy;

,zq;fhZjy;:

,dq;fhz;gjw;fhd itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fz;zhb eOtk; vd;lkPgh `p];lhypbfh

MFk;.

Fwpg;Gfs;:

,J Xh; xU nry; xl;Lz;zpahFk;.

,it> ntg;g ehLfspy; Rfhjhuf; FiwghL nfhz;l ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

,tw;why; ghjpf;fg;gLtjhy; mkpgpf; rPjg;Ngjp my;yJ mkpgpahrp]; cz;lhfpwJ.

,jd; Kjph;r;rp epiy bNuhNghnrha;l; vdg;gLk;. ,jd; tpl;lk; 20 - 30 ikf;uhd;

cilait.

,zq;fhZjy;:

,dq;fhz;gjw;fhd itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fz;zhb eOtk; jl;ilg;GO - ];Nfhyf;];

MFk;.

Fwpg;Gfs;:

bdpah Nrhypak; vdw gd;wp jl;ilg;GO nghJthf kdpjdpd; Flypy;

fhzg;gLfpwJ.

,t;Taphp ];Nfhyf;]; vd;w jiyg; gFjpapd; %yk; Flypd; cl; gFjpapy; xl;bf;

nfhs;sfpwJ.

];Nfhyf;]pd; msT rpwpa Fz;^rpapd; msNt jiyg;gFjpahFk;.

bdpah Nrhypak; Xh; ePz;l GOthFk;.

,jd; ePsk; 2 Kjy; 4 kPl;lh; msT nfhz;lJ.

];Nfhyf;]py; fpz;zk; Nghd;W ehd;F cwpQ;rpfs; my;yJ mrpl;lhGyk;

fhzg;gLfpwJ.

,zq;fhZjy;:

,dq;fhz;gjw;fhd itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fz;zhb eOtk; Kjph;e;j GNuhfpshl;bfs;

MFk;.

Fwpg;Gfs;:

gd;wpj; jl;ilg;GO nghJthf kdpjdpd; Flypy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

,g;GO Xh; ,Ughy; caphpahFk;.

,jd; cly; gy fz;lq;fshy; MdJ.

Kjph;e;j GNuhfpshl;bfspy; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; tpe;jfq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,uz;L fJg;Gfis cila xU mz;lfk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

vy;yh tpe;jfq;fSk; gy Ez;zpa Foy;fshy; ,izf;fg;gl;;L xU nghpa tpe;J

ehskhf khWfpwJ.

,zq;fhZjy;:

,dq;fhz;gjw;fhd itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fz;zhb eOtk; ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs; my;yJ

vhpj;jpNuhirl;Lfs; MFk;.

Fwpg;Gfs;:



kdpjdpd; ,uj;jr; rptg;gZf;fs; tl;lkhd ,U gf;f Ftpe;j> jl;L Nghd;w cl;fU

mw;w mikg;GilaitahFk;.

,jd; tpl;lk; 7.2 ikf;uhd;.

rptg;gZf;fis vz;Ztjq;F P̀Nkhirl;Nlh kPl;lh; cgNahfpf;fg; gLfpwJ.

Mz;fspy; fhzg;gLk; rptg;gZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if 4.2 - 5.8 kpy;ypad; / cmm

msTk;> ngz;fspy; 3.6 - 5.2 kpy;ypad; / cmm MFk;.

rptg;gZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if ruhrhpia tplf; FiwAk; NghJ ,uj;jr; Nrhif vDk;

Neha; Vw;gLk;.

,jd; vz;zpf;if ruhrhpia tpl mjpfkhdhy; ghypirj;jpkpah Neha; vdg;gLk;.

,zq;fhZjy;:

,dq;fhz;gjw;fhd itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fz;zhb eOtk; ,uj;j nts;isaZf;fs;

MFk;.

Fwpg;Gfs;:;

,uj;j nts;isaZf;fs; ypA+f;Nrhirl;Lfs; vdg;gLk;.

,itfs; epwkw;w cl;fU nfhz;litfshFk;.

`PNkhFNshgpd; ,y;yhjjpdhy; ,itfs; xsp CLUTk; jd;ik nfhz;lit.

nts;isaZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if 5000 / cmm (4500 Kjy; 11000 tiu)

,jd; msT 8 Kjy; 15 ikf;uhd; MFk;.

Gw mikg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; ,uz;L tifahd nts;is mZf;fs;

fhzg;gLfpwd;wd. mit Jfs;fs; cs;sit kw;Wk; Jfs;fs; mw;witahFk;.

cl;fUthdJ fJg;Gfisak; FNuhNkl;bd; Jfs;fs; cilajhftk; fhzg;gLk;.

,it epwk; Vw;Fk; jpwdpd; mbg;gilapy; %d;W tiffshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

mitfs; epA+l;Nuh/gpy;fs;> <rpNdhgpy;fs; kw;Wk; NgNrh/gpy;fs;MFk;.

khjphpfs;

kdpjdpd; %is

,zq;fhZjy;:

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s khjphp kdpjdpd; %isahFk;.

Fwpg;Gfs;:

1. %is fghyf; $l;bDs; fhzg;gLk;.

2. ,jd; vil 1.36 fp.

3. %isiar; Rw;wp %d;W ciwfs; cs;sd. mit ntsp ciw bAuhNkl;lh;> eLg;gFjp

ciw mh;fdha;L ciw kw;Wk; cs; gFjp ciw igahNkl;lh; MFk;.

4. gahNkl;lh; %isia xl;bf; fhzg;gLk; glyk; ,itfspy; ,uj;j ehsq;fs; cz;L.

5. %isia %d;W gFjpfshfg; gphpf;fyhk;. mit Kd; %is> eL %is kw;wk; gpd;

%is MFk;.

6. Kd; %isapy; fhzg;gLgit ngU%is> Jfh;r;rp fJg;Gfs; kw;Wk; ilad;

nr/gyhd;.

7. nray; mbg;gilapy; ngU %isapy; ,uz;L gFjpfs; cs;sd. mit czh;r;rp

kw;Wk; ,af;fg; gFjpfshFk;.

fz;



,zq;fhZjy;:

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s khjphp kdpjdpd; fz; MFk;.

Fwpg;Gfs;:

1. fz; Xh; czh; cWg;ghFk;.

2. xsp fz;zpd; fhh;dpah topahf Eioe;J rpjwile;J nyd;rpd; topahf tpl;u];;

`PA+kiu milfpd;wJ.

3. fz; %d;W ciwfis nfhz;lJ. ntspAiw ];fpspuh MFk;. ,t;Tiw fbd

,izg;Gj; jpRf;fshy; Md ntz;ikahd gfjpahFk;.

4. eL ciw nfhuha;L MFk;. ,it kpUJthd ,uj;j ehsq;fs; kw;Wk; fz;zpd;

epwkpfs; mlq;fpa gFjpahFk;. ,jd; Kd; gFjp Ihp]; vdg;gLk;.

5. Ihp]; gFjpjhd; fz;zpd; ePyk;> fWg;G kw;wk; gOg;G epwj;jpw;fhd fhuzpahFk;.

6. Ihp]; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; Jthuk; fz;ghit vdg;gLk;.

nrtp

,zq;fhZjy;

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s khjphp kdpjdpd; fhJ MFk;.

Fwpg;Gfs;:

1. nrtp Xh; xyp czh; cWg;G.

2. xypia Nfl;gjw;Fk;> clypd; rkepiyapy; itg;gjw;Fk; ,t;TWg;G cjTfpwJ.

3. nrtpapd; %yk; xypapd; mjph;Tfs; kpd; J}z;ly;fshf khw;wg;g;Lfpd;wd.

4. ntspr;nrtpapisj; njhlh;e;J nrtpf;Foy; nrtpg;giw tiur; nry;YfpwJ.

,t;topahf xyp nrtpg;giwia milfpwJ.

5. cl;nrtp fhf;ypah kw;wk; nt];bA+G+y;fshy; Mdit.

6. fhf;ypahtpd; cl;Gwk; fhzg;gLk; xyp czh; gFjpf;F fhh;il cWg;G vd;W ngah;.

ghY}l;bapd; rpWePufk;

,zq;fhZjy;:;

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s khjphp kdpjdpd; rpWePufk;

Fwpg;Gfs;:

1. Xh; ,iz rpWePufq;fs; yk;;ghh; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rpWePufk; mlh; rptg;ghd

mtiu tpij tbtk; nfhz;lJ.

2. rpWePufj;ijr; Rw;wp fhzg;gLk; jbj;j ciw fhg;R+y; vdg;gLk;.

3. ePs;ntl;Lj; Njhw;wj;jpy; ntspg;Gw mlh;rptg;G gFjp fhh;nlf;]; vd;Wk;> cl;Gwk;

ntsphpag; gFjp nkLy;yh vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;.

4. nkLy;yh gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; gpukpl; tbt gFjpfs; rpWePufg; gpukpLfs; vdg;gLk;.

5. rpWePufg; gpukpLfSf;F ,ilapy; cs;s fpz;zk; Nghd;w mikg;Gfs; fhypRfs;

vdg;gLk;.

6. gpukpLfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l gFjpfspy; fhh;nlf;]; gFjp jpRf;fs; ePz;L

fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,itfs; ngh;bdpapd; J}z;fs; vdg;gLk;.

ne/g;uhd;

,zq;fhZjy;:



nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s khjphp ; ghY}l;bad; ne/g ;uhd;

Fwpg;Gfs;:

1. ne/g;uhd;fs; rpWePufj;jpd; nray; kw;Wk; mbg;gil myfhFk;.

2. ne/g;uhd;fspy; ,U gFjpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit khy;/gp[pad; fhg;R+y; kw;Wk;

rpWePuff; Ez;Foy; MFk;.

3. khy;/gp[pad; fhg;R+ypd; tpl;lk; 0.2 kp.kP

4. rpWePuf Ez; Foypd; ePsk; 50 Kjy; 60 kp.kP

5. khy;/gp[pad; fhg;R+y;> Xh; fpz;z tbt ngskhdpd; fpz;zKk;> njhFjpahd ,uj;j

je;Jfpfs; nfhz;l FshkUy]; nfhz;ljhFk;.

6. khy;gp[pad; fhg;R+ypy;> FshkUyhh; tbfl;Ljy; eilngWfpwJ.

kdpj ,jak;

,zq;fhZjy;:

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s khjphp kdpj ,jak; vdf; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.

Fwpg;Gfs;:

1. ,jak; $k;G tbt jirahy; Md cWg;G. ,J kPbahdh];bdg; gFjpapy;

mike;Js;sJ.

2. ,jak; ,uz;L Rth;fis cila nghpfhh;bak; vd;Dk; glyj;jhy; R+og;gl;Ls;sJ.

3. ,uz;L glyq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; nghpfhh;bay; jputk; fhzg;gLwJ. ,it ,jak;

nray;gLk; NghJ Vw;gLk; cuha;itf; Fiwf;fpwJ.

4. ,jak; ehd;F miwfshy; MdJ. Nky; ,uz;L miwfs; Vl;hpaq;fs; vd;Wk;> fPo;

,uz;L miwfs; ntd;l;hpf;fps; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

5. tyJ Vl;hpaj;jpy; %d;W ,uj;j ehsq;fs; te;J NrUfpd;wJ. mit Nkw;ngUQ;rpiu

fPo;ngUQ;rpiu kw;wk; nfhudhp ird]; MFk;.

6. ,lJ Vl;hpaj;jpy; ehd;F EiuaPuy; rpiufs; jpwf;fpd;wd.

7. kdpj ,jaj;jpd; Jbg;G ikNahn[dpf; tifahFk;.

fUtpfs; - kUe;Jg; nghUl;fs;

];nlj;j];Nfhg;

,zq;fhZjy;:

,zq;fhd;gjw;fhf itf;fg;gl;Ls;s kUe;Jg; nghUl;fs; ];nlj;j];Nfhg; MFk;.

Fwpg;Gfs;:

1. ,f;fUtp ,jaj;Jbg;gpd; xypfs;> cl;Rthr ntspr;Rthr Ntisfspy; Njhd;Wk;

xypfs; kw;Wk; ,iug;ig ,af;f xypfis Jy;ypakhff; Nfl;f cjTk;.

2. ,f;fUtpahy; Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpd; FiwghLfis mwptNjhL Neha;fisf;

fz;lwpayhk;.

3. ,uj;j mOj;j khdpiag; gad;gLj;Jk; Ntisapy; ];nlj;j];Nfhg; Njitg;gLk;.

4. ,U fhJfs; topNa xyp czUk; Kjy; ];nlj;j];Nfhg; 1855 -Mk; Mz;by; fz;L

gpbf;fg;gl;lJ.



gad;fs;:

1. ,jaj;jpd; ,ay;ghd xypfisak; (yg; - lg;) Kiwaw;w xypfisAk; NtWgLj;jp

czuyhk;.

2. ,ja thy;Tfspd; nray; jpwid eph;zapf;fyhk;.

3. epA+Nkhdpah> EiuaPuy; tPf;fk; Nghd;w Neha;fs; EiuaPuypy; jputk; Njq;Ftij

mwpayhk;.

4. Rthrg; ghijapy; Njhd;Wk; gpuhq;ifb];> gpspA+iul;b]; Nghd;w Neha;fis

mwpayhk;.

5. Fly; gFjpapd; ,af;fq;fspy; Njhd;Wk; khWghLfis mwpayhk;.

,zq;fhZjy;:

,zq;fhz;gjw;F itf;fg;gl;Ls;s kUj;Jt cgfuzk; ,uj;j ,Oj;jkhdp -

(];gpf;NkhkhNdh kPl;lh;) MFk;.

1. ,f;fUtp ,uj;j mOj;jj;ij mwpa cjTk; fUtpahFk;.

2. ‘];gpf;k];’ vDk; fpNuf;f nkhopr; nrhy;ypypUe;J ‘];gpf;NkhkhNdhkPl;lh;‘ Njhd;wpaJ.

,jw;F ‘Jbg;G‘ vd;W ngah;.

3. ,uj;jk; flj;jg;gLk; Ntisapy; jkdpfspd; Rtw;wpy; Njhd;Wk; mOj;j tpirNa

,uj;j mOj;jk; vdg;gLk;.

4. ,ja ,af;f Row;rpapy; jkdpfspy; Njhd;Wk; mOj;jk; NtWgLk;.

5. ,ja ,af;fj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; xU rp];Nlhy;> xU ila];Nlhy; ,ja ,af;f Row;rp

vdg;gLk;.

6. rp];Nlhy; ,jak; RUq;FjiyAk; ila];Nlhy; ,jak; tphptiljiyak; Fwpf;Fk;.

,zq;fhZjy;:

,zq;fhz;gjw;F itf;fg;gl;Ls;s kUj;Jt cgfuzk; fz; nrhl;L kUe;J; MFk;.

Fwpg;Gfs;:

1. xU jFjpngw;w kUj;Jthpd; MNyhridg;gbNa fz;zpw;F nrhl;L kUe;J Nghl

Ntz;Lk;.

2. fz; mow;rp> tPf;fk;> FSf;Nfhkh kw;Wk; gpw Neha;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf

fz;nrhl;L kUe;J gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

3. ghf;Bhpah> itu]; kw;Wk; G+Q;ir Neha;fis jLg;gjw;fhfTk; nrhl;L kUe;J

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

4. nrhl;L kUe;J ghl;bypd; %bapy; cs;s rpwpa Jthug; gFjpia ifapy;

njhlf;$lhJ.

5. ghl;bypy; kPjp ,Uf;Fk; kUe;ij rpwpJ fhyjk;jpw;F gpd; kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;jf;$lhJ.

er;Rj; jil fOTg; nghUs;

,zq;fhZjy;:

,zq;fhz;gjw;F itf;fg;gl;Ls;s rhjdk; er;Rj; jil fOTg; nghUs; MFk;.

Fwpg;Gfs;:



1. er;Rj;jil fOTg;nghUs; Nehia cz;L gz;Zk; fpUkpfspd; tsh;r;rpiaj; jil

nra;fpwJ.

2. mWit rpfpr;ir kUj;Jtj;jpy; Neha;f;fpUkpfspd; jhf;Fjy; ,d;wp nray;gLj;Jk;

tpjj;ij> yp];lh; Kjd; Kjypy; nra;J fhl;bdhh;. (1860)

3. yp];lh; fhh;ghypf; mkpyj;ij er;Rj;jil fOT nghUshf gad;gLj;jpdhh;.

4. jw;NghJ gy Ntjpg;nghUl;fs; er;Rj;jil fOT nghUshf gad;gLj;jg;gl;;L

tUfpd;wd.

5. er;Rj;jil fOT nghUs;> mWit rpfpr;ir nra;Ak; ,lj;jpy; rpfpr;irf;F Kd;

jltg;gLfpwJ.

6. rpwpa fhaq;fis fOTtjw;fhfTk; ,g;nghUs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

,UNtW Ftpa J}uq;fisf; nfhz;l %f;Ff; fz;zhb

,zq;fhZjy;:

fhl;rpf;F itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; kUj;Jt cgfuzk; ,UNtW Ftpa J}uq;fisf; nfhz;l

%f;Ff; fz;zhb MFk;.

Fwpg;Gfs;:

1. %f;ff; fz;zhbfs; fz;zpy; Njhd;Wk; xsp tpyFjiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

2. xU Clfj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU Clfj;jpDs; xyp nry;Yk; NghJ> xsptpyfy; Vw;gLk;.

3. fz;zpd; ruhrhp tpl;l msT 24.4 kp.kP.

4. xsp tpyfspdhy; fz; fpl;lg;ghh;it nfhz;ljhfNth my;yJ J}ug;ghh;it

nfhz;ljhfNth khwptpLfpwJ.

5. ,f;FiwghLfis ,U Ftpaj;J}uq;fisf; nfhz;l %f;Ff; fz;zhbfisg;

gad;gLj;jp rhp nra;ayhk;.

6. ,t;tif %f;Ff; fz;zhbfspy;> Nky;gFjp nyd;]; J}ug;ghh;itahftk;> fPo;gFjp

nyd;]; gbg;gjw;fhfTk; (fpl;lg;ghh;it) gad;gLfpd;wd.

caph; jhtutpay;

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s kyhpd; Kf;fpag; gz;Gfs;

,zq;fhZjy;:

i) I.A.nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s kyh; khy;Ntrp FLk;gj;ij rhh;e;j i`gp];f]; Nuhrh irndd;rp];

MFk;.

ii) kyhpd; ghfq;fis jdpikg;gLj;jp Mrphpah; kjpg;gPl;bw;F rkh;g;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

iii) kyhpd; rpwg;G gz;Gfs;

1. Gy;ypfs; 5> ,ize;jit> njhL ,joiktpy; mike;Js;sd.

2. my;ypfs;5> jdpj;jit> xNu msTilad> jpUF ,joiktpy; mike;Js;sd.

3. kfue;jj;jhs;fs; gy> kfue;jj;jhs;fs; ,ize;J xU fw;iwahf cs;sd.

kfue;jg;igfs; ,ize;J cUthd kfue;jf;fk;gp Foy; R+y;jz;bid R+o;e;Js;sJ.

4. rpWePuf tbt XuiwTila kfue;jg;ig fhzg;gLfpwJ.

5. R+ypiyfs; 5> ,ize;jit> R+yiwfs; 5> gy R+y;fs; mr;R R+y; Xl;by;

mike;Js;sd.

iv) kyhpd; tha;ghL : ,.,., BrlBr )5(),(5),5( ,, GACK



,zq;fhZjy;:

i) I.A. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s kyh; lhl;uhnkl;ly; nrhyhNdrp FLk;gj;ij rhh;e;jJ.

ii) kyhpd; ghfq;fs; jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;L Mrphpahpd; ghh;itf;F rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

iii) kyhpd; rpwg;G gz;Gfs;:

1. Gy;ypfs; 5> gRikahdit> njhL ,joiktpy; mike;Js;sd.

2. my;ypfs; 5> gRik fye;j ntz;ikahdit> jpUF ,joiktpy; ,ize;j my;ypfs;

Foy; Nghd;Ws;sd.

3. my;ypf;Foy; 10 kly;fSld; mfd;w thapidAilaJ.

4. kfue;jj;jhs;fs; 5> jdpj;jit> my;yp xl;bait. ,U my;ypfs; ,izAkplj;jpy;

mike;Js;sd. kfue;jf;fk;gpfs; Foy; Nghd;w ,ize;j my;ypfspd; mbg;gFjpapy;

xl;bf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

5. kfue;jg;igfs; ,U miwfisAilait. mbapize;j ePz;l kfue;jf; fk;gpfs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

iv) kyhpd; tha;ghL : ,.,., EbrlBr )2(),(5),5( ,, GACK

,zq;fhZjy;:

i) I.A. -y; nfhLf;fg;gl;Lss kyh; nu]pd]; fk;A+dp]; - A+/Nghh;gpNarp FLk;gj;ijr;

rhh;e;jJ.


iii) kyhpd; rpwg;G gz;Gfs;:

1. Mz; kyh;fs; G+tbr; nrjpYilait> Mur;rkr;rPUld; KOikaw;witfshFk;.

2. G+tpjo;fs; 5> xU tl;lj;jpy; njhL ,joiktpy; ,iz;e;Js;sd.

3. kfue;jf;fk;gpfs; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; fpisj;J 5 my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l gy

fw;iwfshf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kyl;L R+yfk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

4. ,U miwfisAila kfue;jg;igfs; kfue;jf; fk;gpAld; mbapize;J

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

5. ngz;kyh;fs; G+tbr; nrjpYilait. Mur;rkr;rPUld; KOikaw;witfshFk;.

6. G+tpjo;fs; 3> xU tl;lj;jpy; njhL ,joiktpy; ,ize;Js;sd.

iv) kyhpd; tha;ghL :

Mz;kyh; : OGAPEbrlBr ,,.,., )5( ngz;kyh;; : )3()5( ,,.,, GAPEbrlBr O

,zq;fhZjy;:

i) I.A -y; nfhLf;fg;gl;Lss kyh; kpA+Nrrp FLk;gj;ijr; rhh;e;j kpA+]h ghub]pahfh MFk;.


1. cz;ikahd jz;L jiuabiuNrhk; MFk;. jiuf;F Nky; fhzg;gLk; jz;L

ngha;j;jz;lhFk;.

2. jdp ,iy> ePz;l cWjpahd ,iyf;fhk;Gld; nghpa ,iyj;jhisAilaJ. rpwF

,izg; Nghf;F euk;gikT cilaJ. ,ioaikT Roy;KiwahFk;.

3. fpisj;j ];ghbf;]; kQ;rhp fhzg;gLfpwJ.

4. G+tpjo; 6> mLf;fpw;F 3 tPjk; ,U mLf;Ffspy; mike;Js;sJ. ntsp mLf;fpd; 3

G+tpjo;fSk; cs; mLf;fpd; ,U gf;fthl;L G+tpjo;fSld; njhL ,joiktpy;

,ize;Js;sJ. cs;sLf;fpd; Nky; gf;f G+tpjo; jdpj;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.

5. 6 kfue;jehl;fspy; 5 tskhdJ. cs; mLf;fpd; Nky; gf;f kfue;jjhs; kl;Lk; kyl;L

kfue;jjhshf fhzg;gLfpwJ. kfue;j igfs; <uiwAilaJ. ePs; thf;fpy;

ntbg;git. kfue;j fk;gp ,ioNghd;wJ.



6. fPo; kl;l R+w;ig> %d;W R+ypiyfs; ,ize;jit %d;W R+yiwfs;> gy R+y;fs;

mr;RR+y;xl;L Kiwapy; ,ize;Js;sJ. R+y;jz;L jdpj;j ,io Nghd;wJ. R+y;Kb

%d;W kly;fis cilaJ.

iii) kyhpd; tha;ghL : )3(331)23( ,,.,., GAPEbrlBr

];iyLfs;

,dq;fhZjy; :

II.B -apy; Ez;Nehf;fpapy; ghh;itf;fhf itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fz;zhb eOtk; ,Utpj;jpiyj;

jhtuj; jz;bd; FWf;F ntl;Lj; Njhw;wk; MFk;. v.fh. R+hpafhe;jp

fz;lwpe;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;:

1. th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; fd;[hapz;l;> xUq;fike;jit> jpwe;jit kw;Wk; cs;Nehf;fpa

iryk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

2. th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; gpj;ij Nrh;e;J tisakhf mike;Js;sd.

3. th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; Mg;;T tbtj;jpy; cs;sd.

4. ];fpsPud;ifkhthyhd fw;iwj; njhg;gpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,dq;fhZjy;:

II.B -apy; Ez;Nehf;fpapy; ghh;itf;fhf itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fz;zhb eOtk; ,Utpj;jpiy

jhtu Nthpd; FWf;Fntl;Lj; Njhw;wk; MFk;. v.fh. mtiu.


1. th];Fyhh; jpRf;fs; Mug;Nghf;F miktpy; cs;sd.

2. iryk; ntspNehf;fpaJ kw;Wk; ehd;F Kid iryk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

3. iryj;jpw;Fk; GNshaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa ghud;ifkhthyhd ,izg;Gj;jpR

fhzg;gLfpwJ.

4. topr;nry;fs; kw;Wk; fh];ghhpad; gl;ilfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,dq;fhzjy;:

II.B -apy; Ez;Nehf;fpapy; ghh;itf;fhf Ez;Nehf;fpapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fz;zhb eOtk;

xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuj; jz;bd; FWf;Fntl;Lj; Njhw;wk;. v.fh.kf;fhNrhsk; MFk;.


1. th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; fd;ap[hz;l; xUq;fike;jit> cs;Nehf;fpa iryk;

nfhz;lit kw;Wk; %baitfshFk;.

2. th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; ghud;ifkhthyhd jsj;jpRtpy; rpjwpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

3. th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; kdpj kz;il XL; tbtj;jpYs;sd.

4. Kjph;r;rpaile;j th];Fyhh; fw;iwapy; GNuhl;Nlhiry ,ilntsp fhzg;gLk;.

,dq;fhZjy;:

,dq;fhz;gjw;fhf Ez;Nehf;fpapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fz;zhb eOtk; xU tpj;jpiyj;jhtu

Nthpd; FWf;Fntl;Lj; Njhw;wk;. v.fh. kf;fhNrhsk; MFk;.



1. th];Fyhh; jpRf;fs; Mug;Nghf;fpy; mike;Js;sd.

2. GNuhl;Nlhiry Kidfspd; vz;zpf;if gy. ,j;jifa iryk; gyKid iryk;

vdg;gLk;.

3. iryj;jpw;Fk; GNshaj;jpw;Fkpilapy; fhzg;gLk; ,izg;Gj;jpR

];fpsPud;ifkhthyhdJ.

4. topr;nry;fs; kw;Wk; fh];ghhpad; gl;ilfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,dq;fhZjy;:

Ez;Nzhf;fpapy; ghh;itf;fhf itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fz;zhb eOtk; ,U tpj;jpiyj; jhtu

,iyapd; FWf;Fntl;Lj; Njhw;wk;. v.fh.R+hpa fhe;jp ,iy MFk;.


1. ,iyapilj;jpRtpy; ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh kw;Wk; ];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkh Mfpa ,U

tifahd jpRf;fSk; cs;sd. Nkw;Gwj;NjhYf;F fPohf ghypNrl; ghud;ifkhTk;>

fPo;Gwj;NjhYf;F ];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkhTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt ,e;j ,iy

Nky;fPo; NtWghL nfhz;l ,iy vdg;gLk;.

2. th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; fd;[hapz;l;> xUq;fike;jit kw;Wk; %bait iryk;

Nky;Gwj;Njhiy Nehf;fpAk;> GNshak; fPo;Gwj;Njhiy Nehf;fpAk; mike;Js;sd.

3. th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; R+o;e;J neUf;fkhf nry; ,ilntspapd;wp XuLf;F

ghud;ifkh nry;fshd ciw fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J fw;iw ciw my;yJ vy;iyg;

ghud;ifkh vdg;gLk;.

4. Nky;Gwj;Njhy; fPo;GwNjhy; kw;wk; ,iyj;Jisfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fPo;GwNjhypy;

,iyj;Jisfspd; vz;zpf;if Nkw;Gj;Njhypy; ,Ug;gijtpl mjpfkhf cs;sJ.

khjphp

,dq;fhZjy;:

II.C -y; ,zq;fhz;gjw;fhf itf;fg;gl;Ls;s khjphp DNA mikg;gpd; khjphpahFk;.


1. DNA ,uz;L RUz;l kw;Wk; gpize;j ,jo;fisAila mikg;G nfhz;lJ.

2. ,uz;L ,iofSk; tyQ;Rop jpirapy; xd;Wf;nfhd;W gpd;dp fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

3. DNA %yf;$wpd; mfyk; 20 AOMFk;.

4. xt;nthU 34 AO ePsj;jpw;Fk; DNA xU Rw;W Rw;wfpwJ.

5. xt;nthU Rw;wf;Fk; 10 epA+f;spNahilLfs; tPjk; cs;sd.

,dq;fhZjy;:

II.C -y; ,zq;fhz;gjw;fhf itf;fg;gl;Ls;s khjphp tRNA mikg;gpd; khjphpahFk;.


1. tRNA FNshth; ,iy tbtpy; cs;sJ.

2. FNshth; ,iy tbt tRNA tpy; %d;W kbg;Gfs; cs;sd.

3. ,jpy; vjph; rq;Nfjtisak;> D - tisak; T C tisak; kw;wk; mkpNdh mkpyj;ij

Vw;Fk; fuk; vd ehd;F tisaq;fs; cs;sd.

4. ,e;j ehd;F fuq;fSld; kw;nwhU khWgLk; fuKk; ,jpy; cs;sJ.

,dq;fhZjy;:



II.C -y; ,zq;fhz;gjw;fhf itf;fg;gl;Ls;s khjphp jpR tsh;g;gpd; %yk; cUthd

rpWnrbfs; MFk;.

1. fhy]; vd;gJ xOq;fw;w NtWghL milahj jpRj; jpushFk;.

2. fhy]; jpR NtWghlile;J Nth;fs; kw;wk; jz;Lfs; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ. ,j;jifa

cWg;Gfisf; nfhz;l njhFg;G ,Wjpahf cly; fUf;fs; vdg;gLk;.

3. tsh; Clfk; vz;zw;w rpW jhtuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

Ma;Tfs;

fz;lwpjy;:

II.E -y; ,zq;fhz;gjw;fhf itf;fg;gl;;Ls;s fUtp Ma;Tf;Foy; kw;Wk; Gdy Ma;T MFk;.

Nehf;fk;:

xspr;Nrh;f;ifapd; NghJ Mf;]p[d; ntspg;gLfpwJ vd;gij Ma;Tf;Foy; kw;Wk; Gdy;

Ma;tpd; %yk; ep&gpj;jy;.

Nrhjid cgfuzq;fs;:

Fsj;J ePh;> fz;zhb gPf;fh;> fz;zhbahyhd Ma;Tf;Foy;> Gdy;> i`l;hpy;yhtpd;

rpWfpisfs;> Nrhbak;-ig-fhh;gNdl; Kjypad.

nra;Kiw:

fz;zhb gPf;fhpy; 2/3 ghfk; Fsj;J ePiu vLj;Jf; nfhz;L> mjpy; rpwpjsT

Nrhbak; - ig - fhh;gNdl; fiuf;f Ntz;Lk;. gPf;fhpy; i`l;hpy;yhtpd; rpy fpisfis

vLj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. fz;zhb Gdiy gPf;fhpy; jiyfPohf ftpo;j;J itf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,g;NghJ i`l;hpy;yh fpisfs; GdypDs; fhzg;gLk;. Ma;Tf;Foy; ePuhy; Gdypd; Nky;

jtpu;j;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j mikg;gpid R+hpa xspapy; Rkhh; 4 ypUe;J 6 kzp Neuk; tiu

itj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

fhz;gJ:

Gdypd; cl;Gwj;jpYs;s jhtuf;fpisfspypUe;J fhw;Wf; Fkpopfs; ntspg;gl;L

Ma;Tf;Foypy; Nrfukhtijf; fhzyhk;. Ma;Tf;Foypy; cs;s ePhpid fPo;Kf ,lg;ngah;r;rp

nra;J nfhz;L thA NrfukhfpwJ. neUg;Gf;Fr;rpia Ma;Tf;Foypd; tha;g;gFjpapy;

nfhz;L nry;Yk;NghJ neUg;Gf;Fr;rp gpufhrkhf RthiyfSld; vhpAk;. vdNt

Ma;Tf;FohapYs;s fhw;W Mf;]p[d; vd e&gzkhfpwJ.

mwptJ:

Ma;Tf;Foy; kw;Wk; Gdy; Ma;T> xspr;Nrh;f;ifapd; NghJ Mf;]p[d; thA ntspg;gLfpwJ

vd;gij ep&gpf;fpwJ.

fz;lwpjy;:

II.E -apy; ,zq;fhz;gjw;fhf itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fUtp Nfhdhq;fpd; xspj;jpiu Ma;T MFk;.

Nehf;fk;:

xspr;Nrh;f;iff;F R+hpa xsp mtrpak; vd;gij Nfdhq;fpd; xspj;jpiu Ma;tpd; %yk;

ep&gpj;jy;.



Njitahd cgfuzq;fs;:

Nfdhq;fpd; xspj;jpiu fUtp> ];lhh;r;R ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l njhl;bj; jhtuk;> nfhjp ePh;>

My;f`hy;> nghl;lhrpak; mNahilL fiury; Kjypad.

nra;Kiw:

njhl;bj; jhtuk; xd;wpid 48 kzp Neuk; ,Ul;liwapy; itf;fk; NghJ>

,iyfspypUe;J ];lhh;r;R ePf;fk; milfpwJ. ,g;NghJ ,J ];lhh;r;r ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l

njhl;bj;jhtuk; vdg;gLk;.

xspj;jpiuf; fUtpia ];lhh;r; ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l jhtuj;jpd; ,iyapy; nghUj;jpl

Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tikg;ig R+hpa xspapy; 4 -ypUe;J 6 kzp Neuk; itj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gpd;G

xspj;jpiuf; fUtpia ePf;fp> Ma;tpw;;F cl;gLj;jg;l ,iyia njhl;b jhtuj;jpypUe;J ePf;fp

mNahbd; Ma;tpw;F cl;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. nfhjpePhpy; ,iyia Ko;fr;nra;J> gpd;

My;f`hypy; %o;f nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW nra;tjd; %yk; ,iyahdJ ntspwp

fhzg;gLk;.

fhz;gJ:

nghl;lhrpak; mNahilL fiuriy ,iyapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; Nrh;f;Fk;NghJ> R+hpa xsp

fpilf;fg; ngwhj gFjp jtpu> gpw gFjpfs; fUePy epwkhf khWk;. fUePy epwkhf khWk; gFjp>

xspr;Nrh;f;ifapd; %yk; ];lhh;r;R jahhpj;Js;sJ vd;gij mwpayhk;. el;rj;jpu tbt

jpwg;Gs;s jfl;bd; tpspk;Gg; gFjpahy; kiwf;fg;gl;l ,iyapd; gFjp> xspr;Nrh;f;ifapd;

%yk; ];lhh;r; jahhpf;ftpy;iy. vdNt ,g;gFjp fUePy epwkhf khwtpy;iy.

mwptJ:

Nfdhq;fpd; xspj;jpiu Ma;T fUtp> xspr;Nrh;f;iff;F R+hpa xsp mtrpak; vd;gij

ep&gpf;fpwJ.

,dq;fhZjy;:

II.E -apy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fUtp Nfdhq;fpd; Rthrkhdp MFk;.

Nehf;fk;:

Rthrpj;jypd;NghJ fhh;gd;il Mf;i]L ntspg;gLfpwJ vd;gij Nfdhq;fpd;

Rthrkhdpapd; %yk; ep&gpj;jy;.

Njitahd cgfuzq;fs;:

Nfdhq;fpd; Rthrkhdp> gPf;fh;> KOH fiury;> jhq;fp kw;Wk; Kisf;fl;ba tpijfs;.

nra;Kiw:

fz;zhbahyhd Rthrkhdpapy; Fkpo; tise;j fOj;Jg;gFjp kw;Wk; nrq;Fj;jhd

Foy;gFjp Mfpaitfs; cs;sd. Kisf;Fk; tpijfis Fkpopapy; vLj;Jf;nfhz;L>

Foypd; fPo; Kidg;gFjp xU gPf;fhpYs;s KOH fiurypy; %o;fp ,Uf;FkhW itf;f

Ntz;Lk;. jhq;fp xd;wpd; cjtpAld; ,e;j Rthrkhdpia nrq;Fj;jhf nghUj;j Ntz;Lk;.

,t;thW nra;Ak;NghJ Fkpo;g;gFjpapYs;s fhw;W tspkz;lyj;Jld; njhlh;gw;W ,Uf;Fk;.

Foypy; KOH fiurypd; njhlf;f epiyia Fwpj;Jf; nfhz;L rpy kzp Neuk; ,t;tikg;ig

vt;tpj ,ilA+Wk; Vw;glhjthW itf;f Ntz;Lk;.



fhz;gJ:

Ma;tpd; mikg;ig ghh;f;Fk;NghJ> mjd; Foypy; KOH fiury; kl;Lk;

cah;e;jpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. Vnddpy; KOH fiuryhdJ> tpijfs; ntspapLk; fhh;gd;il

Mf;i]L thAit cwpQ;rpf; nfhs;tjhy; ,e;j mikg;gpDs; ntw;wplk; cUthfpwJ. ,jd;

fhuzkhf KOH -d; kl;lk; cah;fpwJ.

mwptJ:

Nfdhq;fpd; Rthrkhdp Ma;tpd; %yk; Rthrpj;jypd;NghJ fhh;gd;il Mf;i]L

ntspg;gLfpwJ vd;gij mwpayhk;.

,dq;fhZjy;:

II.E -apy itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fUtp $d; FLit nehjpj;jy; Ma;T MFk;.

Nehf;fk;:

nehjpj;jy; epfo;tpid $d; FLit Ma;tpd; %yk; ep&gpj;jy;.

Njitahd cgfuzq;fs; kw;Wk; nghUl;fs;:

$d; nehjpj;jy; Flit> 10 rjtPj rh;f;fiuf; fiury;> nuhl;b> <];l; gTlh;;> KOH

gbfk; Kjypad.

nra;Kiw:

$d; Flit cgfuzj;jpy; nrq;Fj;jhfTk;> ePskhfTk; cs;s xU FohAk;>

gf;fthl;by; FkpOld; $ba FohAk; cs;sd. nuhl;b fye;j <];l; fye;j 10% FSf;Nfh];

fiuriy $d; Foypy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ePskhd Foy; KOtJk; epug;g Ntz;Lk;.

gf;fthl;by; cs;s Fkpopy; Kf;fhy; gFjp fiury; NghJkhdjhFk;.

fhz;gJ:

rpy kzp Neuk; fopj;J rh;f;fiu fiuryhdJ nehjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; mwpFwpahf

My;f`hy; third Vw;gLk;. nrq;Fj;jhfTs;s Foypy; fiurypd; kl;lk; FiwAk;. ,J

nehjpj;jypd;NghJ cz;lhFk; fhh;gd;il Mf;i]L thA Nrfukhfp fiury; fPo;Kf

,lg;ngah;r;rpf;F cs;shf;FfpwJ. <];bYs;s irNk]; vDk; nehjp FSf;Nfh];

%yf;$wpid vj;jpy; My;f`hyhfTk;> fhh;gd; il Mf;i]lhfTk; khw;WfpwJ.

C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

rpwpjsT KOH gbfj;ij $d; FLitapy; Nrh;f;Fk; NghJ mjpYs;s fhh;gd; il

Mf;i]lhdJ KOH -dhy; cwpQ;rg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf> Foypy; fiurypd; kl;lk; Kd;

NghyNt cah;e;J tpLfpwJ.

mwptJ:

nehjpj;jy; epfo;tpid $d; FLit Ma;tpd; %yk; ep&gpf;fyhk;.

,dq;fhZjy;:

III E -apy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fUtp jprpy; Gdy; Ma;T MFk;.

Nehf;fk;:



rt;T+L guty; epfo;tpid jprpy; Gdy; Ma;tpd; %yk; ep&gpj;jy;.

rt;t+L guty;:

,U NtW nrwpTila fiury;fs; xU Njh;T flj;J rt;tpd; %yk; gphpf;fg;gl;lhy;> ePh;

my;yJ fiug;ghd; %yf;$Wfs;> nrwpT FiwthfTs;s fiurypypUe;J> nrwpT

mjpfkhfTs;s fiurYf;F Njh;T flj;Jr; rt;tpd; topNa clj;jg;gLfpd;w epfo;T rt;T+L

guty; vd;W ngah;.

Njitahd cgfuzq;fs;:

jprpy; Gdy;> gPf;fh;> jhq;fp> Ml;bd; rpWePh;g;igapd; rt;T> rh;f;fiu fiury;> ePh;

Kjypad.

nra;Kiw:

jprpy; Gdiy rh;f;fiu fiuryhy; epug;gp Njh;T flj;Jr; rt;thd Ml;bd;

rpWePh;igapd; rt;tpdhy; jprpy; Gdypd; thapid ,Wf;fkhf fl;l Ntz;Lk;. gPf;fhpYs;s

ePhpy;> jprpy; Gdypd; tha;g;gFjp %o;fp ,Uf;FkhW jhq;;fpnahd;wpd; cjtpahy; nghUj;j

Ntz;Lk;. jprpy; Gdypd; jz;Lg;gFjpapYs;s rh;f;fiu fiurypd; njhlf;f kl;lj;ijf;

Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. rpy kzp Neuk;> ,e;j mikg;ig ve;jtpj ,ilA+Wk;

Vw;glhjthW itf;f Ntz;Lk;.

fhz;gJ:

jprpy; Gdypd; jz;Lg;gFjpapYs;s rh;f;fiu fiurypd; kl;lk; cah;e;Jk;> gPf;fhpYs;s

ePh; kl;lk; Fiwe;JkpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,jw;F fhuzk; rt;t+L guty; epfo;T MFk;.

mwptJ:

rt;T+L guty; epfo;tpid jprpy; Gdy; Ma;tpd; %yk; ep&gpf;fyhk;.

,dq;fhZjy;:

III E -apy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fUtp Nfdhq;fpd; Nghl;Nlh kPl;lh; Ma;T MFk;.

Nehf;fk;:

jhtuj;jpd; ePuhtpg;Nghf;fpd;; Ntfj;ij Nfhdhq;fpd; Nghl;NlhkPl;lh; Ma;tpd; %yk;

fzf;fpLjy;.

Njitahd cgfuzq;fs;:

Nfhdhq;fpd; Nghl;NlhkPl;lh;> gPf;fh;> xU JisAs;s ug;gh; milg;ghd;> jhtuj;jpd;

rpWfpis> ePh;> fphP]; Kjypad.

nra;Kiw:

Nfdhq;fpd; Nghl;NlhkPl;lh; mstPLfisAila cs;sPlw;w fpilkl;l

Ez;FoiyAlilaJ. ,jd; xU Kid fPo;Nehf;fp tise;Jk; kWKid Nky;Nehf;fp

tise;Jk; fhzg;gLk;. Nky;Nehf;fp tise;jpUf;Fk; Kidapy; xU JisAs;s ug;gh;

milg;ghd; cjtpAld; jhtuj;jpd; rpWfpis nghUj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,jdUfpy;

epWj;Jk; jpUF milg;ghDld; $ba nfhs;fsndhd;W fpilkl;lf; FoYld;

,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

tise;j KidapYs;s Jthuj;jpd; topNa xU fhw;W Fkpopia Eioar; nra;J tise;j

fPo;Kid ePUs;s gPf;fhpy; %o;fpapUf;FkhW itf;f Ntz;Lk;.



cgfuzj;jpDs; fhw;W GfhkypUf;f ug;gh; milg;ghd;> rpW fpis nghUj;jg;gl;l

,ilntsp Mfpatw;iw fphPrhy; epug;g Ntz;Lk;. jhq;fp xd;wpd;; cjtpAld; vt;tpj

,ilA+Uk; ,d;wp ept kzp Neuk; R+hpa xspapy; itj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

fhz;gJ:

jhtuf;fpisapYs;s ,iyfspd; %yk; ePh; Mtpahf ntspNaWtjhy; fpilkl;l

Ez;FoptpYs;s gPf;fhpypUe;J nfhs;fyid Nehf;fp efh;tijf; fhzyhk;. fhw;Wf; Fkpopd;

,lg;ngah;r;rp ‘I’ vd mstPL nra;f. Mtpahf ntspNawpa ePhpd; fd msit lr2 vd;w

tha;g;ghl;bd; %yk; fzf;fplyhk;. ,q;F

= 22/7

r = Ez;Foypd; cs; Muk; (kPl;lhpy;)

l = fhw;wf;Fkpoapd; ,lg;ngah;r;rp (kPl;lhpy;)

,e;j Ma;tpid nfhs;fydpYs;s epWj;Jk; jpwF> milg;ghd; gad;gLj;jp fhw;Wf; Fkpopia

mjd; gioa ,lj;jpw;F nfhz;L te;J> jpUk;gTk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

ePuhtpg;Nghf;fpd; Ntfk; = Mtpahf ntspNawpa ePhpd; fd msT / vLj;Jf;nfhz;l Neuk;

mwptJ

Nfdhq;fpd; Nghl;Nlh kPl;lh; Ma;tpd; %yk; jhtuj;jpd; ePuhtpg; Nghf;fpd; Ntfj;ijf;

fzf;fplyhk;.

jhtuj;jpd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

Fg;ig Nkdp

1. ,jd; ,Unrhw;ngah; mfhypgh ,d;bfh vd;gjhFk;.

2. ,e;j jhtuj;jpd; ,iyr;rhw;NwhL Rz;zhk;G fye;J> Neha;f; fz;l gFjpapy;

Njhy;kPJ G+rg;gLfpwJ.

gpuz;il

1. ,jd; ,Unrhw;ngah; rpr]; Fthl;uhq;fyhhp]; vd;gjhFk;.

2. J}s; nra;ag;gl;l jz;L> Nth;fspypUe;J jahhpf;fg;gLk; gir vYk;G KwpTfSf;Fg;

gad;gLfpwJ.

3. fhrNeha; kw;wk; tapW njhlh;ghd eyf;FiwTfSf;F KOj;jhtuKk; gad;gLfpwJ.

njhl;lhy; RUq;fp

1. ,jd; ,Unrhw;ngah; ikNkhrh G+bfh vd;gjhFk;.

2. ,j;jhtuj;jpd; NthpypUe;J jahhpf;fg;gLk; frhak;> fhrNeha;> tapw;Wg;Nghf;F

Mfpatw;iw Fzg;gLj;j gad;gLfpwJ.



3. ,j;jhtuk; %yNeha;> Njhypy; Vw;gLk; rpW fhaq;fs;> ff;Fthd; ,Uky; Mfpatw;iw

Fzg;gLj;j cjTfpwJ.

kzj;jf;fhsp

1. ,jd; ,Unrhw;ngah; nrhyhdk; ief;uk; vd;gjhFk;.

2. fy;yPuy; - rph;Nuh]p]; Nghd;w fy;yPuy; Neha;fSf;F ,e;jr; nrbapd; rhW ey;y

gyidj; jUfpwJ.

3. ,j;jhtuk; fha;r;ry;> rPjNgjpiaf; Fzg;gLj;JtNjhL rpWePh;g; ngUf;if

Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.

ney;:

1. ,jd; ,Unrhw;ngah; xiurh rilth vd;gjhFk;.

2. fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;bw;F Kjd;ikahd Mjhuk; mhprpNa MFk;. ,J kpfTk;

Kf;fpakhd ntg;gkz;ly jhdpakhFk;.

3. itf;Nfhy; fhy;eilj; jPtdkhf gad;gLfpwJ.

4. [g;ghdpy; mhprpiaj; gad;gLj;jp “rhNf” vDk; kJghdk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

epyf;fliy

1. ,jd; ,U nrhw;ngah; muhfp]; i`g;Ngh[pah vd;gjhFk;.

2. tWj;j tpijfs; cz;zg;gLfpd;wd.

3. tpijapypUe;J vz;iz gpope;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j vz;iz rikaYf;F

cfe;jjhFk;.

4. gpz;zhf;F fhy;eilfSf;F jPtdkhf gad;gLfpwJ.

gUj;jp

1. ,jd; ,Unrhw;ngah; fhrpg;gpak; ghh;gnld;]; vd;gjhFk;.

2. tpijAiwapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; ,iyfs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. ,e;j ,iofisr; rhh;e;Nj

Vwf;Fiw vy;yh Jzp MiyfSk; cs;sd.

3. jiyaizfs; kw;wk; jpzLfs; Mfpatw;iwj; jahhpf;f gUj;jp gad;gLfpwJ.

ntz;il

1. ,jd; ,Unrhw;ngah; Vngy;kh];fy; v];Fyd;l]; vd;gjhFk;.

2. ntz;ilf;fha; czthf gad;gLfpwJ.

cUis

1. ,jd; ,Unrhw;nghUs; nrhyhdk; bA+gNuhrk; vd;gjhFk;.

2. cyf ehLfs; midj;jpYk; ,jd; fpoq;F czthfg; gad;gLfpwJ.

fj;jphp

1. ,jd; ,Unrhw;ngah; nrhyhdk; nkyhQ;[pdh vd;gjhFk;.

2. ,jd; Kjph;r;rpailahj fdp czthf gad;gLfpwJ.

jf;fhsp



1. ,jd; ,Unrhw;ngah; nrhyhdk; iyf;Nfhngh;rpfd;; vd;gjhFk;.

2. jhtuj;jpd; Kjph;e;j fdp czthf gad;gLfpwJ.

J}Jtis

1. ,jd; ,Unrhw;ngah; nrhyhdk; l;iuNyhgl;lk; vd;gjhFk;.

2. ,j;jhtuj;jpd; ,iyfs;> kyh;fs; kw;Wk; fdpfs; ,UkYf;F kUe;jhfg;

gad;gLFpwJ.

kuts;sp

1. ,jd; ,Unrhw;nghUs; khdp`hl; v];Fnyz;lh vd;gjhFk;.

2. ,j;jhtuj;jpd; Nth;f;fpoq;F ];lhh;r; czT tifahFk;.

ney;ypf;fdp

1. ,jd; ,Unrhw;ngah; /gpy;yhe;j]; vk;gpspf;fh vd;gjhFk;.

2. ,jd; fdpfs; czthfTk;> CWfha; NghlTk; gad;gLfpd;wd.

Mkzf;F

1. ,jd; ,Unrhw;ngah; nu]pd]; fk;A+dp]; vd;gjhFk;.

2. ,j;jhtuj;jpd; tpijfspypUe;J Mkzf;F vz;nza; gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ.

fPohney;yp

1. ,jd; ,Unrhw;ngah; /gpy;yhe;j]; mkuh]; vd;gjhFk;.

2. KOj;jhtuKk; kQ;rl;fhkhiyia Fzg;gLj;jg; gad;gLfpwJ.

ghuh ,ug;gh;

1. ,jd; ,Unrhw;ngah; P̀tpah gpNurpypad;]p]; vd;gjhFk;.

2. ,j;jhtuj;jpd; nyl;nlf;]pypUe;J ,ug;gh; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

ntq;fhak;

1. ,jd; ,Unrhw;ngah; my;ypak; rPgh vd;gjhFk;.

2. ,jd; Fkpok; czthfg; gad;gLfpwJ.

G+z;L

1. ,jd; ,Unrhw;ngah; my;ypak; rl;iltk; vd;gjhFk;.

2. ,j;jhtuj;jpd; Fkpok; jputpakhf gad;gLtNjhL ,jaj;jpw;F cWjpaspf;fpwJ.

“xOf;fk; ,y;yh fy;tp JLg;G ,y;yh glif Nghy”

xUq;fpizg;Gk; cUthf;fKk;..,



jpU.,.epth]; M.Sc., M.Sc., B.A., B.Ed., PGDBI jpU.m.upghAjPd; M.Sc., B.Ed., KJfiy Mrphpah;> KJfiy; Mrphpah;> mkph;jh tpj;ah tpfh]; Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> mkph;jh tpj;ah tpfh]; Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> Nfhtpy;tay;. mwe;jhq;fp. Nfhtpy;tay;. mwe;jhq;fp. GJf;Nfhl;il khtl;lk;. GJf;Nfhl;il khtl;lk;. 9789604189 8526026956

nky;epiy ,uz;lhk; mz;l caphpay; · +2 practical manual 1 nky;epiy ,uz;lhk; mz;l

Documents