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tuyhW

gd;dpnuz;lhk; tFg;G

gs;spf; fy;tpj; Jiw

fpU\;zfphp khtl;lk;

nghJj; Njh;T rpwg;Gf; ifNaL

2012-2013

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Nky;epiy nghJ Njh;Tf;fhf 2012-13 +2 tuyhW

Njh;T nra;aggl;l tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilf;Fwpg;GfSk;

,e;jpa tuyhW -xU kjpg;ngz; tpdh

rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f:

1. gpshrpg; Nghh; eilg;ngw;w Mz;L

m) 1757 M)1764 ,)1772 <)1777

2. ,uz;lhk; ik#h; Nghiu KbTf;F nfhz;L te;j cld;gbf;if

m) rhy;gha; M) kq;fSh; ,) Gue;jh; <) ik#h;

3. fhud;thyp];gpuG mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ

m) kfy;thhp Kiw M) epiyahd epythpj;jpl;lk; ,),uaj;JthhpKiw <) [hfPh;jhhp Kiw

4. 1798-y; nty;ny];]p gpuGtpd; Jizg;gilj; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; nfhz;L tug;gl;l Kjy;ehL

m)mNahj;jp M)jQ;rhTh; ,)Ruj; <) i`juhghj;

5. N`];bq;]; gpuT Neghsj;jpd; kPJNghh; njhLj;j Mz;L

m)1814 M) 1815 ,)1816 <) 1817

6. ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpyk; Ml;rp nkhopahf Vw;fg;gl;l Mz;L

m)1833 M) 1835 ,)1837 <) 1839

7 rhjp tof;fk; ,tuJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; xopf;fg;gl;lJ

m)thud; N`];bq;]; M)fhuthyp]; gpuG ,) nty;ny];]p gpuG <)tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG

8. ly;n`y;rp gpuG gQ;rhig ,izj;Jf; nfhz;l Mz;L

m)1839 M)1849 ,) 1853 <)1856

9. ve;jkfhz Ml;rpf;F yhud;]; rNhfjuh;fs; Nritahw;wpdhh;fs;

m) gh;kh M)gQrhg; m) tq;fshk; <) ik#h;

10 epiyahd epythpj;jpl;lj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpath;

m)fhud;thyp]; gpuG M) nty;ny];]pgpuG ,) tpy;ypak; ngz;bq;gpuG <) ly;n`];]pgpuG

www.Padasalai.Net

11.N[hdhjd; lq;fd; tlnkhopf; fy;Yhpia epWtpa ,lk;

m)nrd;id M)gk;gha; ,)fy;fj;jh <) gdhu];

12tpjitfs; kWkz rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l Mz;L

m)1846 M)1856 ,)1870 <)1891

13ney; fl;Lk; nrty; gFjpia ifg;gw;wparh;

m)fh;dy; iwuhd; M) fh;dy; Nfk;gy; ,) fhypd; [hf;rd; <)Gypj;Njth;

14.fnyf;lh; [hd;rd; fl;lnkhk;kid te;J re;jpf;f nrhd;d ,lk;

m)kJiu M) ghQrhypf; Fwpr;rp ,)uhkzhjGuk; <) =tpy;yp GJ;Jhh;

15. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; NtYh; fygj;jpw;fhd fhuzk; vJ

m)thhpR ,of;Fk; nfhs;if M)fg;gk; t#ypj;jdh; ,) gphpl;b\; Ml;rpapd; nghUshjhu

Ruz;ly;

16.gpd;tUgth;fspy; 1857 –Mk; Mz;L fyfj;jij Kjy; ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;Nghh; vd;W

fUjpath; ahh;?

tPurthh;fs;

17.gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; 1857 Mk; Mz;L fyfj;jpw;F cldb fhuzkhf ,Ue;j epfo;r;rp vJ

nfhKg;G jltg;gl;l Jg;ghf;fp Njhl;lhf;fs;

18. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; it];uha;

fhdpq; gpuG

19. ehl;Lnkhop nra;jpjhs; rl;lk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l Mz;L

1878

20. gpk;k rkh[k; epWtg;gl;l Mz;L

1828

21.gpd;tUgth;fspy; mypfhh; ,af;fj;ij njhlq;fpath; ahh;?

rhh; iraJ mfkJfhd;

22.rj;jpa Qhdrig epWtg;gl;l ,lk;?

tlYhh;

23. ,e;epa Njrpa fhq;fpuir Njhw;Wtpj;jth;

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V.x.`Pak;

24.gpd;tUgth;fspy; kpjthjpfd; jiytuhf ,y;yhjth; ahh;?

ghyfq;fhju

25. gpd;tUtdw;Ws; jPtputhjk; Njhd;Wtjw;fhd fhuzk; ,y;yhjJ vJ?

,y;gh;l; kNrhjh

26 K];yPk; yPf; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L

1906

27.Nflh rj;ahfpufj;jij fhe;jp ahiu Mjhpg;gjw;fhf njhlq;fpdhh;?

Fbahdth;fs;

28.nrshpnrsuh epfo;r;rp eilngw;w Mz;L

1922

29.,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Kjy; khehl;by; Kjy; jPh;khdj;ij nfhz;L te;jth;?

[p;Rg;ukzpa ma;ah;

30.Ntjhuz;ak; cg;G rj;ahfpufj;jpw;F jiyikNaw;wth;

uh[h[p

31.njd;dpe;jpa ey chpikr; rq;fk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l

1916

32. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; nghpahh; njhlq;fhj gj;jphpf;if vJ?

Rauh[;ah

33. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; 1858-Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa muR rl;lj;jpd; \uj;J vJ?

15 cWg;gpdh;fs; nfhz;l ,e;jpah fTd;rpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ

34. rl;lkd;wq;fSf;fhd Njh;jiy rl;lg+h;tkhf Vw;Wf; nfhz;l rl;lk; vJ?

1909-Mk; Mz;L rl;lk;

35.gpd;tUtgh;fspy; murpayikg;Gf; FKtpw;F jiytuhf ,Ue;jth; ahh;?

lhf;lh; uhN[e;jpu gprhj;

36.,e;jpa xd;wpaj;jpy; Nru kWj;j muR

i`juhghj;

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37.Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpy; fhq;fpu]; my;yhj Kjy; mikr;ruitf;F jiyikNaw;wth;

nkhuh[pNjrha;

38.KjyhtJ ,e;jpa njhopy; El;g fofk; Jtq;fg;gl;l ,lk;?

fuf;g+h;

cyf tuyhW

1.Md;Nlhkd; JUf;fpath;fs; fhd;];lhd;b Nehgpidf; ifg;gw;wpa Mz;L

1453

2. gpd;tUgth;fspd; etPd mwptpaypd; je;ij vd;W fUjg;gLth;

gpuhd;rp]; Ngfd;

3.nkbuh kw;Wk; mNrhfh; jPTfis fz;Lbj;jhh;

n`d;wp

4. . gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ kWkyh;r;rpf;fhd fhuzk; ,y;iy

[Nuhg;ghtpy; Njrpa-muRfs; Njhd;wpaJ

5.rkarPh;jpUj;j ,af;fj;jpd; tpbnts;sp vdf; fUjg;gLgth;

[hd; itf;spg;

6.gpujp epjpj;jJk; ,y;iyNay; thpapy;iy vd;w Kof;Fk; ve;j ehl;by; eilngw;w Gul;rpapd;NghJ

vKg;gl;lJ?

mnkhpf;fh

7.nghJ mwpT vd;Dk; Ehypd; Mrphpah;?

jhk];nga;d;

8.1789Mk; Mz;L gpul;rpapd; NghJ gpuhd;rpd; kd;dh;

gjpndhwk; Yap

9.gaph;Row;rp Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpath;

lTd;n`z;ll

10. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; Fbngah;e;Njhh; FbNaw;wk; vJ?

13 mnkhpf;fff;FbNaw;wq;fs;

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11.u\;ahtpy; Nghy;\;tpf; fl;rpf;F jiyikNaw;wth;

nydpd;

12 gd;dhl;Lf; fofk; cUthff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jth;

cl;Nuhtpy;rd;

13.KNrhyp ntspapll;l gj;jphpf;if

mte;jp

14.Njrpa Nrh\yp];L fl;rpia epWtpath;

`pl;yh;

15.[g;ghd; ngh;y; JiwKfj;jpd; kPJ jhf;Fjy; nfhLj;j Mz;L

1941

16. Mrpahtpd; Nehahsp vd;W fUjg;gl;lJ

rPdh

17.Kjy; mgpdpy; Nghiu KbTf;F nfhz;Lte;j cld;gbf;if

ehd;fpq;

18.[.eh.rigapd; liyikaplk; mike;Js;sJ

epa+ahh;f;

19.nfLgpbg;Nghh; vDk; nrhy;iy Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpath;

ngh;dhh;l;gNuhr;

20. gd;dhl;L thzpg mikg;ig cUthf;f fhuzkhapUe;jJ

gphpl;ld;-Tl;]; khehL

,e;jpa tuyhW

Nfhbl;l ,lj;ij epug;Gf

1.tq;fhsj;jpy; ,ul;ilahl;rpia mwpKfg;gLj;jpath;

,uhgh;l; fpist;

2.i`jh; myp kiwe;j Mz;L 1782

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3.fhud;thyp]; gpuG jdJ rf gzpahsuhd [hh;[;ghh;Nyh

JizAld; rl;lj;njhFg;ig cUthf;fpdhh;

4.ehd;fhk; ik#h; Nghh; eilngw;w Mz;L 1799

5. rpe;jpah gphpl;b\hUld; nra;Jnfhz;L Jizg;gilj;jpl;l cld;gbf;ifapd; ngah;

Rh;[p mh;[Pd;fhd;

6.1768y; N efghsk; xU tpypikkpf;f $h;f;fh ehlhf vKr;rp ngw;wJ

7.*d;whk; ghdpg;gl;Lg; Nghh; eilngw;w Mz;L 1761

8.NtYhh; rpg;gha; fofk; Njhd;wpa Mz;L 1806

9.uhtZj; Jiwapy; tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG ,ul;ilgb Kiwia uj;J nra;jhh;

10. gk;gha; jhzhit ,izj;J Kjy; uapy;ghij jpwf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1853

11.etPd mQ;ry; Kiwia njhlq;fp itj;jth; ly;n`rp

12.kfy;thhp Kiwapd; fPo; epythpj;jpl;lj;jpd; mbg;gil myF

fpuhkk;(m)xhpUfpuhkq;fs;

13.rhujh rl;lk; ngz;fspd; jpUkzj;jpw;fhd Fiwe;jgl;r taij Mz;Lfshf

cah;j;jpaJ 14

14.`plhfhhpzp rigia mikj;jth; Dr.mk;Ngj;fh;

15.nkf;fhNytpd; Fwpg;G ntspaplg;gl;l Mz;L 1835

16.tPughz;b fl;lnkhkkdpd; je;ij ngah; [ftPh; ghz;bad;

17.fl;lnghk;kd; Jhf;fpyplg;gl;l ,lk; ifaj;jhW

18.ghQrhyFwpr;rp kPJ gilnaLj;j jsgjp ghdh;Nkd;

19.NtYhh; Nfhl;ilapd;,uhZtj; jsgjp [py;ny];gp

20.Nk[h;$l;ly; Nfhl;ilf;F ntspNa ,Ue;Jnfhz;L ,uhg;Ngl;ilf;F nrd;W

cjtpia ehbdhh;

21.ghuf;g+hpy; njhFg;G jltpa Jg;ghf;fp Njhl;lhf;fis gad;gLj;j kWj;j rpg;gha;

kq;fs;ghz;Nl

22.Nguurpapd; mwpf;ifia fhdpq; gpuG myfhghj; vDk; ,lj;jpy; gbj;jhh;

23.KjyhtJ gQ;r epthuzf;FK epr;rh;L];l;Nuhr;rp

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24.,e;jpag; gy;fiyf;foaq;fs; rl;lk; epiwNw;wg;gl;;l Mz;L 1904

25.,uh[h uhk; Nkhfd; uha; njhlq;fpa tq;fhs gj;jphpif rk;thj;nfsKjp

26.Rthp jahde;j ru];tjp vKjpa Ehy; rj;ahh;j;jgpufh\;

27.rj;a Nrhjf; rkh[j;ij epWtpath; N[hjpgh Nfhtpe;jhg+Ny

28.,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; Kjy; khehL eilngw;w ,lk; Kk;ig

29.gphpl;\; nghJkf;fs; rigapy; cWg;gpduhd Kjy; ,e;jpah; jhjhgha; nesNuh[p

30.#uj;jpy; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; gpsTgl;l Mz;L 1907

31.md;dp ngrd;l;mk;ikh; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fj;ij nrd;id ,lj;jpy; njhlq;fpdhh;

32.ghujkhjh rq;fj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jth; ePyfz;l gpuk;kr;rhujp

33.nusyl; rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l Mz;L 1919

34.KKr; Rje;jpuk; gw;wpa jPh;khdk; ,aw;wg;gl;l ,lk; yh$h;

35. tFg;G thhp nfhilia mwptpj;j gphpl;\; gpujk;h; uhk;Nr nkf;nlhdhy;l;

36.nrd;id rNjrp rq;fk; epWtg;gl;l Mz;L 1852

37. rNjrp ePuhtp fg;gy; fk;ngdpia njhlq;fpath; t.c.rp

38.,e;J rka mwepiyia rl;lk; nrk;];Nghh;L it];uhahf ,Ue;jNghJ

epiwNtw;wg;gl;l

Mz;L 1921

39. 1919 k; Mz;L muR rl;lk; nrk;];Nghh;L it];uhahf ,Ue;jNghJ

epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.

40. 1935 k; Mz;L ,e;jpa muR rl;lk; khfhzq;fspy; khfhz Rahl;rp [

mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ

41.jiyik MSehpd; eph;thff; FKtpy; ,lk;ngw;w Kjy; ,e;jpa rl;l cWg;gpdh;

v];.gp.rpd;̀ h

42.,e;jpahtpd; ,Uk;G kdpjh; ty;ygha; gl;Nly;

43.Me;jpuh khepyk; cUthf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1953

44.etPd ,e;jpahtpd; rpw;gp vdf; fUjg;gLth; [t`h;yhy; NeU

45.Gjpa fy;tpf; nfhs;isia mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; uh[Pt;fhe;jp

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46.cztpy; jd;dpiwit miltij Nehf;fkhfg; nfhz;L gRikg;Gul;rp

njh;q;fg;gl;lJ.

47. ghgh mZ Ma;T ikak; mike;Js;s ,lk; buhk;Ngap

48.gq;fshNj\; ehL cUthd Mz;L 1921

cyf tuyhW

49.nghf;fhrpNah ngl;uhh;f;d; rPluhthh;

50.,sturd; vd;w murpay; mwptpay; Ehiy vKjpath; khf;fpaty;yp

51.njhiyNehf;fpia fz;lwpe;jth; fypypNah

52.th];Nfhlfhkh ,e;jpahit nrd;W mile;j Mz;L1498

53.fdlhit fz;Lgpbj;jth; N[f;f]; fhh;l;bath;

54.,NaR rigia epWtpath; ,f;Nd\pa]; yNahyh

55.n[dpth gy;fiyf;fofj;jij Njhw;Wtpj;jth; [hd; fhy;tpd;

56.mnkhpf;f tpLjiyg;Nghh; ghhp]; cld;gbf;ifg;gb KbTf;F te;jJ

57.Vohz;Lg;Nghh; epiwtile;j Mz;L 1763

58.mnkhpf;f tpLjiyg;Nghh; ghhp]; cld;gbf;ifg;gb KbTf;F te;jJ

59.rKf xg;ge;jk; vd;w Ehypd; Mrpah; &Nrh

60.];Nll]; n[duypd; KjyhtJ gphpT cah; Fbapdh; gphpjpepjpfisf; nfhz;lJ

61.mnyf;]he;jh; fp`hk;ngy; njhiyNgrp fz;lwpe;jhh;

62.kpd;rhu tpsf;if fz;lwpe;jth; jhk]; My;tvbrd;

63.%d;W Nguurh;fs; fofj;ij mikj;jth; gp];khh;f;

64.ngh;ypd; khehL $l;lg;gl;l Mz;L 1828

65.u\;a Nrh\ypr [dehaff; fl;rpia mikaj;jth; [hh;[; gpsf;Ndht;

66.Nrhtpaj; Nrh\yp];L $l;;lR mikf;fg;gl;;l Mz;L 1922

67.gd;dhl;Lf; fofk; epWtg;gl;l Mz;L 1920

68.ghrprk; vd;gJ KNrhypdp vd;gtuhJ nfhs;isahFk;

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69.Nuhk;-ngh;ypd; -Nlhf;fpNah mr;R cUthdMz;L 1937

70.mnkhpf;fh `pNuh]pkh kPJ mZFz;il tPrpa ehs; 1945 Mf];L 6

71.grpgpf; gFjpapd; jiyikj; jsgjp ikf;Mh;jh;

72.Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rpia epEtpath; Dr.rd;ahl;rd;

73.rhd;gpuhd;rp];Nfh mikjp cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhs;sg;gl;l Mz;L1951

74.[.eh.rig mikf;fg;gl;l ehs; 1945 mf;Nlhgh; 24

75. .[.eh.rigapd; ePjpj;Jiw jpN`f;

76.MAjf; Fiwg;G xg;ge;jk; ifnaKj;jhd Mz;L 1972

77.cyf th;j;jf ikaj;jpd; ,ul;ilf; NfhGuq;fs; jhf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 2001 nrg;lk;gh;11

78.cyf th;j;jf ikaj;jpd; jiylkaplk; cs;sJ n[dpth

,e;jpa tuyhW

nghUj;Jf 1

1.gpuhd;rp]; Nl - Gdpj [hh;[; Nfhl;il

2.rjh; jpthdp mjhyj; - rptpy; ePjpkd;wk;

3.`gp]; u`;kj;fhd; - Nuhfpy; fz;l;

4.fl;Lg;ghl;L thhpak; - gpl; ,e;jpa rl;lk;

nghUj;Jf 2:

1.%th; $l;lzp - 1789

2.=uq;fg;gl;bdk; cld;gbf;if - 1792

3.kq;fSh; cld;gbf;if -1784

4.gpl;,e;jpa jpUj;jr; rl;lk; -1784

nghUj;Jf 3:

1.%d;whk; fpU\;zuh[h – kuhl;bah;

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2.ruNgh[p -- jQ;rht+h;

3.ehdh ghl;dhtp]; -- kuhl;bah;

4. ckhjj;-cy;-ckhuh --fh;ehlfk;

nghUj;Jf 4:

1.mkh;rpq; jhgh - Neghs jsgjp

2.fhPk;fhd; - gpz;lhhpfs;

3.rh;jhk]; kd;Nwh - uaj;Jthhp Kiw

4.rkhr;rhh; jh;gd; - tq;fsh thu ,jo;

nghUj;Jf 5:

1.nkf;fhNy gpuG - rl;l cWg;gpdh;

2.tPruh[h - $h;f;

3.tpy;ypak; rPypNkd; - jf;fh;fs;

4.,uQ;rpj; rpq; -gQ;rhg;

nghUj;Jf 6:

1. Tl; mwpf;if - 1857

2. ,uz;lhk; gh;kpag;Nghh; - 1852

3. mNahj;jp ,izg;G - 1856

4. nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofk; epWtg;gLjy;-1857

nghUj;Jf 7:

1.k];ypd; - lhf;fh

2.gl;L - gdhu];

3.fk;gs tphpg;Gfs; - yh$h;

4.cNyhf Njitg;gLfs; - jQ;rht+h;

nghUj;Jf 8:

1.`hp[d; Nrtf; rq;fk; -kfhj;kh fhe;jp

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2.rj;a Nrhjf; rkh[k; - N[hjpuht; g+Ny ehuhazFU

3. ehuhaz jh;kh- ghpghyd Nahfk; - ehuhazFU mk;Ngj;fh;

4.Rakhpahij ,af;fk; - nghpahh; <.nt.uh

5.mfpy ghujp jypj; th;f;f rig - mk;Ngj;fh;

nghUj;Jf 9:

1.kUJ ghz;bah; - rptfq;if

2.Nfhghy; ehaf;fh; - jpz;Lf;fy;

3.Nfus th;kh - kyghh;

4. fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fh; - ik#h;

5.Gypj; Njth; - ney;fl;Lkl nrty;

nghUj;Jf 10

1.gNji`jh; - jpg;Gtpd; kfd;

2.fh;dy; ghd;Nfhh;l; - fyfj;jpy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;

3.tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; - nrd;id MSeh;

4.fh;dy; [py;ny];kp - fyfj;ij mlf;fpath;

nghUj;Jf 11

1.nly;ypjh;ghh; - tpl;ld; gpuG

2.,y;gh;l; kNrhjh rpf;fy; - hpg;gd; gpuG

3.,e;jpa rq;fk; -v];.vd;.ghdh;

4.nry;tr; Ruz;ly; Nfhl;ghL - jhjhgha; nesNhj

5.,e;jpag; gzpahsh; rq;fk; - Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhNfhNy

nghUj;Jf 12

1.Nfrhp – yhyhtgjp uha;

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2. gQrhgpd; rpq;fk; - ghyfq;fhjuh; jpyfh;

3. rypKy;yhfhd; - K];ypk;

4. mgpeg ghuj; - yhyht[gjp

5. fhjh; fl;rp - kfhuh\;buk;

nghUj;Jf 13

1.[hypd; thyhghf; gLf;nfhiy -1919

2.Rauh[; fl;rp - 1923

3.jz;b ahj;jpiu - 1930

4.g+dh xg;ge;jk; - 1932

5.fhe;jp ,h;tpd; xg;e;jk; - 1931

nghUj;Jf 14

1.Rg;ukzpak; ghujp - ,e;jpah

2.md;dpngrd;l; mk;ikahh; - epa+ ,e;jpah

3.[p.Rg;gpukzpa ma;ah; - RNjrkpj;jd;

4.gp.mde;jh rhUY - nrd;id kfh[d rq;fk;

nghUj;Jf 15

1.,l xJf;fpl;L murhid -1921

2.gzpahsh; Njh;Tf;FK -1924

3.njhopw;rhiyfSf;F cjtp toq;Fk; nrd;id murpd; rl;lk; -1922

4.mz;zhkiy gy;fiyf;fofk; - 1929

nghUj;Jf 16

cyf tuyhW

1.uh[h `hprpq; - mtru epiy Ml;rp-2

2. ,e;jpuh fhe;jp - mZrf;fp fofk; -4

3.tp.gp.rpq; - v];.Mh; x -5

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4.N`hkp N[.ghh -fh\;kPh;-1

5.tpf;uk; rhuhgha; - kz;ly FK

nghUj;Jf 17

1.,Wjp tpUe;J - ikf;Nfy; MQrNyh2

2.,Wjpj; jPh;g;G - nrgh];bzd; gpuhz;l;5

3.khNlhd;dh - rh;jhk]; %h;4

4.cNlhgpah - ypahdhh;Nlh lhtpd;rp1

5.Kl;lhs;fspd; fg;gy; - uNgy;3

nghUj;Jf 18

1.ghh;j;jNyhkpNah lay; - g`hkhj; jPTfs;2

2.nfhyk;f]; - epa+ gTz;l;yhe;J-4

3.mnkhpf;Nfh nt];Gfp - Gay; Kid-1

4.[hd; Nfgl; - mnkhpf;fh-3

nghUj;Jf 19

1.khh;l;bd; Yjh; - gpjhd;];3

2.cy;hpr; ];tpq;sp - ];ngapd; -4

3. ,f;Nd\pay; tNahNyh- ,q;fpyhe;J-5

4.[hd; fhy;tpd; - n[h;kd; 1

5.[hd; itf;spg; - ];tpl;rh;yhe;J2

nghUj;Jf 20

1.Kj;jpiuj;jhs; rl;lk; -1764-2

2.rh;fiur; rl;lk; - 1765

3.gh];ld; NjePh; tpUe;J -1767

4.lTd;n`z;l; rl;lq;fs; - 1773

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nghUj;Jf 21

1.gwf;Fk; ehlh - `hh;fphPt;];-2

2.Ew;Fk; n[d;dp - vypahy; N`hNt-4

3.tpirj;jwp - [hd;Nf—1

4.ijay; ,ae;jpuk;-N[k;]; thl;-5

5.ePuhtp ,ae;jpuk;- fhh;l;iul;

nghUj;Jf 22

1.nth;Nry;]; cld;gbf;if - M];jphpah -`q;Nfhp-2

2.nrapd; n[h;kd; cld;gbf;if -JUf;fp-2

3.nrt;uy; cld;gbf;if -n[h;kdp-1

4.epa+yp cld;gbf;if -gy;Nfhpah-4

nghUj;Jf 23

1.rhu epf;Nfhy]; - jq;Nfhypf murhq;fk;-4

2.nre;QhapW - nyypd;-3

3.Vg;uy; thf;FWjpfs; -1905-2

4nfud;];L-Nuhkhdht; tklrk;-1

nghUj;Jf 24

1.gd;dhl;L ePjpkd;wk; -nrh;GjPT 3

2. gd;dhl;L fofj;jpd; jiyikaplk; -jPN`f;-2

3.,j;jhyp –Juf;fp kw;Wk; <uhf;4

4.Nkhry; NfhL - n[dpth-1

nghUj;Jf 25

1.yz;ld; cld;gbf;if -1917-4

2.ghrpr; fl;rp- 1932-3

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3.MAjf; Fiwg;G khehL -1915-1

4.Nghy;\;tpf; Gul;rp -1919-2

nghUj;Jf 26

1.KNrhypdp - [g;ghd; gilnaLg;G-2

2.kQ;#hpah - ehrprk;-4

3.jsgjp nkf; Mh;jh; -f=ghrprk;-1

4.`pl;yh; -grpgpf; gFjpapd; jiyik jsgjp-3

nghUj;Jf 27

1.`q;-rpA –rhd; - gz;ghl;Lg; Gul;rp-3

2.lhf;lh; rd;ahl;nrd; -[g;ghdpag; Nguurh;-5

3.khNr Jq; - nka;[p Kd;dpiykPl;rp-4

4.fk;Nkhlh; nghh; -rPdhtpd; tpnts;sp-2

5.`pNu `Pl;Nlh - ijg;gpq; fyfk;-1

nghUj;Jf 28

1.[.eh.rhrdk; -1956-2

2.Ra]; rpf;fy; -1960-3

3.irg;u]; rpf;fy; -1990-4

4.tisFlhg; Nghh; - 1945 -1

nghUj;Jf 29

1.Nel;Nlh - 1955-2

2.nrd;Nlh -1947-6

3.rPl;Nlh -1948-5

4.thh;rh xg;ge;jk; -1949-1

5.l;Nkd; Nfhl;ghL -1954-3

6.khh;ry; jpl;lk; -1955-4

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nghUj;Jf 30

1.Nfhh;g Nrt; -Rw;Wg;Gwr; Roy; ghjpg;G-4

2.,.,.rp - gpu];Nuhf;fpah-3

3.mZMAj guty; jil xg;ge;jk;-1958-1

4.ntg;g cah;T -mZ MAj Fiwg;G-2

rpWFwpg;G tiuf:-

1.,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];

2.jhjhgha; nesNuhrp

3.tq;fg; gphptpud

4.K];yPk; yPf;

5.yf;Ndh xg;ge;jk;

6.fpyhgj; ,af;fk;

7.jz;b ahj;jpiu

8.,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtk;

9.[p.Rg;ukzpa ma;ah;

10.,l xJf;fPl;L murhiz

11.Nguurpapd; mwpf;if

12.gRik Gul;rp

13gQ;rrPyk;

14.ypahdhh;Nlh lhtpd;rp

15 khYkp n`d;wp

16 ngh;bdhz;l; nkfy;yd;

17.,NaR rig

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18. gh];ld; NjjPh; tpUe;J

19 .&Nrh

FWfpa tpil jUf:-

1.kpjthjpfspd; Nfhhpf;ifds;

2.RNjrp ,af;fj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

3.[hypd; thyhghf; gLnfhiy

4.xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jk;

5.Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; t.c.rp.apd; gq;fpid gw;wp tphjpf;fTk;

6.ePjpf;fl;rpapd; fy;tp rPh;j;jpUj;jq;fis tpthp

7.,e;jpah murpayikg;gpd; rpwg;G $Wfis gw;wp tpthp

8.gpynly;gpah khehL gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf

9.gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rpf;F gpuhd;rpd; rpe;jidahsh;fs; gq;fspg;gpid Ma;f

5 kjpg;ngz;fs;

1.1857 Mk; Mz;L ngUq;fyfj;jpyd; tpisTfis Ma;f?

2.,uhkypq;f mbfspd; nfhs;iffis tpthp

3.,j;jhypapy; Njhd;wpajw;fhd fhuzq;fisf; $Wf

,e;jpa tuyhW

rupah? jtwh?

1 Mq;fpyf; fof;fpe;jpa tzpff;FO 1600 Mk; Mz;L brk;gu; 31-k; ehs; epWtg;gl;lJ. – rup

2 rhy;gha; cld;gbf;if thud; N`];bq;]; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; khjtuht; MfpNahu;fSf;fpilNa nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. – jtW

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3 kq;fSu; cldgbf;if Mq;fpNyaupd; gytPdj;ij ntspgBj;jpaJ. – rup

4 fhud;thyp]; gpuG Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffspy; ,e;J rkak; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. jtW

5 ru; [hd; N\hu; nty;ny];yp gpuGTf;F gpd; gjtpf;F te;jhu; - jtW

6 1802-y; ,uz;lhk; gh[puht; gfpd; cld;gbf;ifapy; ifnaOj;jpl;lhu; - rup

7 ehd;fhk; ikRu; NghUf;F gpd; jpg;Gtpd; FLk;gk; NTYu; Nfhl;ilf;F mDg;gg;gl;lJ. Rup

8 $u;fh NghUf;F gpwF fhj;khz;Ltpy; gpul;ld; Jhjiu epakpf;f $u;f;fu;fs; rk;kjpj;jdu;. – jtW

9 jpupak;gf;[p ,uz;lhk; gpuGtpd; Kjyikr;ru; - rup

10 1838-y; tpy;ypak; ngd;bq; gpuG jiyik MSeuhf nghWg;G Vw;whu; - jtW

11 tpy;ypak; ngd;bq; gpuG fy;fj;jh kUj;Jtf;fy;Yhupia epWtpdhu; - rup

12 1850-y; x \hfd;dNr rk;gj;Jiwapd; Kf;fpa fz;fhzpg;ghsuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu; -jtW

13 1853-y; gk;gha;f;Fk; jhzhTf;Fk; ,ilNa ,uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;j Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. – rup

14 thud; N`];bq;]; gpuG epyj;ij Vyj;Jf;F tpl;L Mz;Lf;Fj;jif Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpdu;> rup

15 G+ NtiyghLfSf;F gdhu]; Gfo;ngw;W tpsq;fpaJ. rup

16 ,e;jpa eud;fSf;F Vw;wthW fpo;fpe;jpa tzpff;FO jdJ Rq;ftupf;nfhs;iffis khw;wpaikj;jJ.

17 tud; N`];bq;]; gk;ghapy; xU kjurik epWtpdu;. – jtW

18 Mq;fpy Mjuthsu;fs; Nkw;f;fj;jpa mwptpay; kw;Wk; ,yf;fpaq;fis Mq;fpy nkhop gapw;Wtpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W thjhbdhu;. – rup

19 <];tu re;jpu tpj;ah rhfu; tpjit kWkzj;ij gpugyg;gLj;j gpur;rhuj;ij Nkw;f;nfhz;lhu; -rup

20 jkpo; ehl;by; tp[a efu Ml;rp tpupT gLj;jg;gl;lNghJ ghisaf;fhuu; Kiw Njhd;wpaJ.

21 rptfpup ghisaf;fhuu; Mq;fpNyau; tzpff;FO fl;Lg;gl;bUe;jhu; rup

22 1801-y; CikJiu nrtj;ijah MfpNahupd; jiyfs; kJiuapy; Jz;bf;fg;gl;lJ. –jtW

23 NtYhu; fyfj;ijg;gw;wp ,e;jpa rpg;ghahd K];jgh ngf; Kd; vr;rpupf;if nra;jhu; rup

24 NtYhu; fyfj;jpd; nghJ Mq;fpNya ,uhDt mjpfhupfs; xUtu; $l nfhy;yg;gltpy;iy – jtW

25 ,uz;lhk; gfJhu; \h ifJ nra;ag;gl;L uq;$Df;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;lhu; rup

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26 1806-y; Mz;L NtYu; rpg;gha; fyfk; 1857 – k; fyfj;jpw;f;F xU Kd;Ndhbahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. Rup

27 1857-Mk; Mz;L fyfk; ,e;J – K];ypk;fspilNa gpuptpidia Vw;gLj;jpaJ. jtW

28 gpul;b\; gpujku; k];Nuyp > ypl;ld; gpuGit ,e;jpahtpd; it];uha;ahf epakpj;jhu; rup

29 ehl;L nkhop nra;jpj;jhs; rl;lk; ,e;jpa gj;jpupf;iffspd; Rje;jpuj;ij eRf;fpaJ.

30 Ntj fhyj;jpw;f;F jpUk;Gq;fs; vd;gJ Rthkp jahde;jh ru];tjpapd; nfhs;ifahFk;. Rup

31 ,uhkfpU\;zupd; cz;ikahd ngau; eNue;jpuehj;jj;jh – jtW

32 <];tu re;jpu tpj;ahrhfu; tpjit kWkzj;ij vjpu;j;jhu;. –rup

33 ,uhkypq;f mbfs; jpU mUl;ghit ,aw;wpdhu;. –rup

34 ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Kjy; jiytu; lGs;A+rp ghdu;[p. rup

35 tWikAk; ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b]; jd;ikaw;w MlrpAk; vd;w Ehiy v]; vd; ghdu;[p – rup

36 ypl;ldJ Ml;rp ,e;jpahtpy; Njrpak; Njhd;w toptFj;jJ. Rup

37 1906 Kjy; 1916 tiuapyhd fhyk; kpjthj Njrpaf;fhyk; vdg;gLfpwJ.

38 fu;rd; gpuGtpd; gpw;Nghf;F nfhs;ifia jPtputhjpfspd; Ml;rpf;F cldb fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ.

39 Rauh[;aj;ij gpwg;Gupikahf fUjp Kjypy; Nfhupf;if vOg;gpatu;fs; jPtuthjpfNs Mtu;. Rup

40 1905-y; mfpy ,e;jpa K];ypk; yPf; epWtg;gl;lJ. jtW

41 Kjy; cyfg;Nghupy; JUf;fp Njhw;wJ fpyhgj; ,af;fj;jpw;f;F fhuzkhFk; - rup

42 lhf;lu; mk;Nj;fhUf;Fk; gpupl;b\;f;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gl;l xg;ge;jNk G+dh xg;ge;jk; vdg;gl;lJ. jtW

43 nrd;id khfhd rq;fk; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpui] gykhf vjpu;j;jJ. jtW

44 ghuj khjh rq;fk; vd;gJ jkpo; ehl;by; nray;gl;l xU gul;rp ,af;fk;. Rup

45 ngupahu; < nt uh itf;fk; rj;jpahfpugj;ij njhlq;fpdhu; - rup

46 1937-y; fhkuh[; jiyikapy; fhq;fpu]; nrd;idapy; mikr;ruitia mikj;jJ.

47 ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rp 13 Mz;LfSf;F ePbj;jJ. – rup

48 ,ytr kw;Wk; fl;lhaf;fy;tpia ePjpf;fl;rp mwpKfk; nra;jJ.

49 1858 Mk; Mz;L rl;lk; ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik MSeiu ,e;jpahtpd; it];uha;ahf epakpj;jJ. Rup

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50 1861-k; Mz;L rl;lk; jiyik MSeupd; epu;thf FO cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia 5-ypUe;J 6-Mf cau;j;jpaJ. jtW

51 1919-k; Mz;L rl;lg;gb yz;ldpy; ,e;jpahtpw;f;fhd cau; Mizau; epakpf;fg;gl;lhu; rup

52 gry; myp jiyikapy; khepyq;fs; rPuikg;Gf;FO Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. rup

53 gp.tp. eurpk;kuht; Ml;rpapd; NghJ lhf;lu; kd;Nkhfd;rpq; epjpaikr;ruhf ,Ue;jhu; rup

54 fhe;Nj jkJ “ nja;tPf ,d;gpay; “ Ehiy yj;jPd; nkhopapy; vOjpdhu; jtW.

55 mr;R ,ae;jpuj;ij Kjd; Kjypy; fz;lwpe;jtu; tpy;ypak; fhq;];ld; jtW

56 1598-y; th];Bfhlfhkh ,e;jpahit te;jile;jhu;. jtW.

57 ,j;jhypa khYkpahd mnkupf;fh nt];Gfp ];ngapd; ehl;L murpd; cjtpAld; njd; mnkupf;fh gFjpfis Muha;e;jhu; - rup

58 ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;bd; muru; vl;ljk; n`d;up Jtf;fj;jpy; khu;l;bd; Yhjiu Mjupj;J Nghg;ig vjpu;j;jhu;. jtW

59 Mq;fpNya jpUr;rig 6-tJ vl;thu;L fhyj;jpy; Kw;wpYk; gpuhl;ly;lz;L kjj;jpw;f;F khwpaJ. Rup

60 rlNlhf ntw;wp mnkupf;fh Rje;jpug;Nghupy; jpUg;G Kidahf mike;jJ. Rup

61 1781 –y; Mq;fpNya Jug;Gfis jiyikj; jhq;fpa jsgjp fhud; thyp]; nyf;]pq;ld; vDkplj;jpy; th\pq;ldplk; rudile;jhu; jtW

62 Nkup md;lha;ndl; gjpdhuhk; Yhapd; murp kw;Wk; kidtpahthu;. Rup

63 mjpfhug;gpuptpidf; fUj;ij khz;l];fpA+ $wpdhu; rup

64 njhopw;rhiyfSf;F fr;rhg;nghUis nfhz;LtUtjpYk; re;ijf;Fk; cw;gj;jp nghUis vLj;j nry;tjpYNk njhopw;Gul;rp ngupJk; rhu;e;Js;sJ jtW

65 1814-y; [hd; ];kPl;ld; KjyhtJ uapy; vQ;rpid tbtikj;jhu;. jtW.

66 gd;dhl;L mQ;ry; Ntitf;F cjtpahf 1875 –y; midj;Jyf mQ;ry; $l;likg;G Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

67 Kf;$l;L xg;ge;jk; n[u;kdp> ,j;jhyp >M];jpupah> `q;Nfup ehLfSf;fpilNa nra;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. Rup

68 Mu;r; kA+f; ngu;bzhd;bd; gLnfhiy Kjy; cyfg;NghUf;F cldbf; fhuzkhf mike;jJ. Rup

69 Kjy cyfg;Nghupd; NghJ ,uz;lhk; tpy;ypak; n[u;kzpapd; muruhf ,Ue;jhu;. Rup

70 gpu];l;-ypNlhtp];r; cldgbf;if u];ahTf;Fk; ,j;jhypf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gl;lJ. jtW

71 Kjy; cufg;Nghupd; ,ilapy; u];ah tpyfpf;nfhz;lJ. rup

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72 nydpd; ek;gpf;iff;Fupa Njhou; ypahd; l;uhl;];fp rup

73 gd;dhl;Lf;fofk; ghJfhg;G nfhz;bUe;jJ. Rup

74 gd;dhl;Lf;fofj;jpw;F gjpy; If;fpa ehLfs; rig Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Rup

75 `pl;yupd; Mf;fpukpg;ghd maYuTf;nfhs;if ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUf;F toptFj;jJ. rup

76 ikapd; Nfk;g; vd;w Ehiy `pl;ju; vOjpdhu;. rup

77 lhf;lu; fhg; vd;gtuJ jiyikapy; ];lhdpa cs;ehl;Lg;Nghu; njhlq;fpaJ. jtW

78 ghup]; mikjp khehl;by; fye;Jf;nfhs;s n[u;kdp miof;fg;gl;lJ> jtW

79 n[duy; gpuhd;];Nfh ];ngapd; ehl;bd; ru;tjpfhup rup

80 gd;dhl;L fofj;jpy; mnkupf;fh jPtu cWg;gpduhf nray;gl;lJ. jtW

81 ];lhypd;fpuhl; Nghu; n[u;kdpf;Fk; Nrhtpaj; A+dpaDf;Fk; ,ilNa eilngw;wJ. jtW

82 murp Rrp rPdhit 1860 Kjy; 1908 tiu Ml;rpGupe;jhu; jtW

83 rd;ahl;rd; kiwTf;Fg; gpwF khNrJhq; Nfhkpd; ghq;fl;rpf;F jiytuhdhu;. jtW

84 Mrpahtpy; INuuhg;gpau;fshy; FbNaw;wk; mikf;fg;glhj xNu xU ehL [g;ghd; rup

85 Kjy; cyfg;Nghupd; NghJ rPdh kPJ 21 Nfhupf;iffisj; jpdpj;jJ.

86 1945 –y; rhd;gpuhd;rp];Nfh efuk; 51 ehLfs; I. eh. Ehedj;jpy; ifnaOj;jpltpy;iy. Rup

87 I.eh. ghJfhg;G mitapy; cs;s epue;jpu cWg;gpdu;fs; kw;Wk; jw;fhypf cWg;gpdu;fs; ,UtUf;Fk; rpwg;G ,uj;J mjpfhuk; Ntz;Lk;. jtW

88 fpA+gh VTfid neUf;bapd;NghJ mnkupf;fh jdJ VohtJ mZ Ma;j fg;gw;gilia mDg;gpaJ. Rup

89 1960-y; mnkupf;fhTk; Nrhtpaj; A+dpaDk; mZ MAj Nrhjid jil xg;ge;jj;ij Nkw;nfhz;ld. jtW

90 1991-y; ,e;jpah muR gy njhlu; nghUshjhu rPu;j;jpUj;jq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jp jhuhskakhf;fp kw;Wk; cyf kakhf;fiy ,e;jpa nghUshjhuj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. Rup

91 brk;gu; 13> 2000-y; ,e;jpa ghuhSj;jpd; kPJ jhf;Fjy; elj;jg;gl;lJ.

,e;jpa tuyhW

Rupahd nrhw;nwhliu fz;lwpf.

1 thud; N`];bq;]; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; Nuhfpy;yhg; Nghu; eilngw;wJ.

2 Kd;whk; Mq;fpNyNa –ikR+u; Nghu; i`ju; myp kiwe;j gpwF eilngw;wJ.

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3 1802 – Mk; Mz;L muz;lhk; Ng];th gh[puht; Mq;fpNyaUld; gfPd; cld;gbf;ifapy; ifnaOj;jpl;lhu;.

4 fy;fj;jh ,e;J fy;Yhupia N`];bq;]; gpuG Mjupj;jhu;.

5 1833 Mk; Mz;L gl;lar;rl;lk; tpy;ypak; ngd;bq; gpuG ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; jiyik MSeuhf;fpaJ.

6 1857 Mk; Mz;L rpg;gha; fyfj;jpw;Fg;gpd; thupR ,of;Fk; nfhs;if jpUk;g ngwg;gl;ld.

7 epiyahd epytupj;jpl;lk; [kPd;jhu;fsplkpUe;J epjpj;Jiw gzpfis jpUk;gg; ngw;wJ.

8 fpof;fpirthrpfs; fPo;j;jpir ghlq;fis ,e;jpa nkhoptop fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lnkd thjpl;ldu;

9 A+fg; fhd; ‘fhd; rhfpg; ‘ vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lhu;

10 NtYhu; fyfj;jpw;F Gjpa ,uhDt tpjpKiwfs; Kf;fpa fhuzk;.

11 1857 Mk; Mz;L fyfj;jpd;NghJ ,uz;lhk; gfJhu; \h ,e;jpahtpd; Nguuruhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lhu;

12 ehl;L nkhop nra;jpjhs; rl;lj;ij uj;J nra;J ,e;jpau;fspilNa upg;gd; gpuG Gfo; ngw;whu;.

13 1867-y; gk;ghapy; gpuhu;j;jid rkhQk; epWtg;g;gl;lJ.

14 1857-Mk; Mz;L fyfk; xU tpjkhd epue;ju frg;Gzu;it Mq;fpNyau; kw;Wk; ,e;jpau;fSf;fpilNa Vw;gl;lJ.

15 gpl;b\hupd; epjpAzu;tpy; jPtputhjpfs; ek;gpf;if nfhs;stpy;iy.

16 nusyl; rl;lj;jpd; gb re;Njfj;jpd; Ngupy; vtiuAk; ifJ nra;ayhk;.

17 ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; Kd;whtJ Mz;L Nguitf;$l;lk; nrd;idapy; eilngw;wJ.

18 nrd;id jpuhtplu; fofk; etk;gu;-1912 –y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.

19 tpf;Nlhupah kfhuhzpapd; mwpf;ifia fhdpq; gpuG myfhghj;jpy; mwptpj;jhu;

20 [dhjpgjp ehl;bd; murikg;G uPjpahd jiytu;

cyf tuyhW

21 [hd; $l;ld;gu;f; ntspapl;l Gj;jfk; iggpshFk;

22 ngu;bdhd;L nkfy;yd; jdJ gazj;jpd; NghJ mikjpahd fly; gFjpia grpgpf; ngUq;fly; vd;W ngaupl;lhu;

23 ,f;Nd\pa;Ny yNahyhtpd; rPlu;fs; fy;tpia gug;gpdu;fs;.