والكيمياء الفيزياء في نوبل جائزتاحياتنا... 2014 غيرت تكنولوجيا

Nobel Prizes in Physics and Chemistry 2014…A Technology shift

حجازي. هيثم م

ألفرد نوبل

Source: Royal Swedish academy of sciences

حقائق عن جائزة نوبل قبل البدء

Nobel Prize Number of Prizes

Number of Laureates

Awarded to one Laureate

Shared by two Laureates

Shared by three Laureates

Physics 108 199 47 3130

Chemistry 106 169 63 22 21

Medicine 105 207 38 31 36

Literature 107 111 103 4 -

Peace 95 103+25 64 29 2

Economic Sciences

46 75 23 17 6

Total: 567 889 338 134 95

Source: Royal Swedish academy of sciences

جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 2014لهذا العام

Efficient blue light-emitting diodes leading to bright

and energy-saving white light sources

Source: Royal Swedish academy of sciences

Efficient blue light-emitting diodes leading to brightand energy-saving white light sources

What is LED?

• Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are narrow-band light sources based on semiconductor components

• Wavelengths ranging from the infrared to the ultraviolet.

• First LEDs 1950s – 1960s.

Source: royal Swedish academy of sciences

“LED emits light at different wavelengths, from the infrared to the green. However, emitting blue light proved to be a difficult task, which took three more decades to

achieve” ـــRoyal Swedish Academy

• Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are narrow-band light sources based on semiconductor components

• Wavelengths ranging from the infrared to the ultraviolet.

• First LEDs 1950s – 1960s.

Source: Royal Swedish academy of sciences + Blue Light: Benefits, Hazards and Sensitivities -

November 2013

The Colour Mixing (CM) SystemUses three LEDs in one casing – one is red, one green and one blue…LIVE DEMO!

How to generate the white light?

Source: Blue Light: Benefits, Hazards and Sensitivities - November 2013

So, What have laureates done?

Gallium nitride

“A crucial step in developing efficient blue LEDs was the growth and p doping of alloys (AlGaN, InGaN), which are necessary in order to produce heterojunctions” ـــــRoyal

Swedish academy of sciences

 

Source: Royal Swedish academy of sciences

What are the other benefits?

Image Source: http://electronicsgurukulam.blogspot.com/2012/08/what-is-blu-ray-disc.html

Also, Light in LCDs, Computers, Mobile phones, flash!

Back to the light!

¼ of the world electricity is consumed for lighting purposes

Source: Royal Swedish academy of sciences

Facts about LED

• 300 lm/W

• 50% wall-plug efficiency

• Long lifetime (100000 hours)

• 20-30% of electricity consumed in lighting, LEDs

• 40% power saving for humanity!

• Promise to brighten up the quality of life of over 1.5 billion people around the world who lack access to electricity grids

• Stockholm Concert Hall reduced stage lighting from 68,000 watts to just 7.500 watts by switching to LED lights

Source: Royal Swedish academy of sciences

19% of our electricity consumption goes for light, If all the lights in the World were LEDs with 200 lm/W there would be a saving of 40% of the World’s generating capacity.

More amazing figures!

given by Philips – see: http://www.newscenter.philips.com/gb_en/standard/news/press/2013/20130411-philips-creates-the-world-s-most-energy-efficient-warm-white-led-lamp.wpd#.Unzy-eB21bs

جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء لهذا العام 2014

How the optical microscope became a nanoscope

Source: Royal Swedish academy of sciences

Micro? Nano?

• mm= 10-3

• mm= 10-3

• mm= 10-3

• um= 10-6

• nm= 10-9

Source: Royal Swedish academy of sciences

Getting Nobel prize for:• Using the fluorescence of

molecules, scientists can monitor the interplay between individual molecules inside cells.

• Observe disease-related proteins.

• Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation

• Proteins within a cell, seen with techniques developed by Eric Betzig. Image courtesy HHMI

• SOURCE: scientific American magazine Source: Royal Swedish academy of sciences

Challenge!

• In optical microscope, scientists believed they would never be able to observe things smaller than half the wavelength of light (0.2 micrometres)

•  How to detect actions of proteins involved in Huntington’s disease and disease?

• Fluorescence microscopy captures a human cancer cell as it splits in two

• Source: http://janelia.org/lab/betzig-lab

Challenges!

Image source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YyBGiZZSslY

Solution…Say hush to molecules! ON-OFF GAME

• Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) Microscopy

• A nano-sized flashlight scanning over the sample

• Keep some features (molecules) dark by a beam of light!

• Photons don’t have energy enough to excite molecules.

• Higher spatial resolution

• ON OFF GAME

Image source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YyBGiZZSslY

Interesting results

filaments  in a human nerve cell; left with a common confocal microscope, right with a STED microscope  the STED microscope is better by more than an order of magnitude.

Source: Max planck – Institute website

Still not amazed?

Any questions?

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