noguera, i._technology-enhanced education for millennials

8/13/2019 Noguera, I._technology-Enhanced Education for Millennials

1/26

!"#$%& ()#*+$,%"#$%&")#*+$,-#.,%/01).

!"#$%& ()#*+$, 2,3 2,& , 4)35&)15)$,/ 6+//)732%4 ,58)"&,5%)" 9,%3)" &+3 :1%+"1+3 &+/;1)/+ ?+"5$,/+ @,$%30 :2+ 2,3 A++" 1,$$B%"# , $+3+,$12 $+/,5+& 5) 52+ %.4,15 )6 !?C%" +&*1,5%)" ,5 &%66+$+"5 /+D+/30 !" :4,%" 32+ %3 ,33)1%,5+& 5+,12+$ ,5 52+ @+&,#)#B 8,1*/5EF"%D+$3%5B )6 G,$1+/)",H ,"& $+3+,$12 ,33%35,"5 ,5 52++I+,$" ?+"5+$ EJ4+" F"%D+$3%5B )6?,5,/)"%,H0 :2+ 2,3 , G,12+/)$ )6 @+&,#)#BK 9,35+$;3 L+#$++ %" F"%D+$3%5B 5+,12%"#K ,"& @2L%" M&*1,5%)",/ 9*/5%.+&%,0


2/26

12,"#+0 9%//+""%,/3 1," A+ &+31$%A+& ,3 %"&+4+"&+"5 4+)4/+K +.)5%)",//B ,"& %"5+//+15*,//B

)4+"K %"1/*3%D+K %"")D,5%D+K 7%52 35$)"# D%+73K %"D+35%#,5)$3 AB ",5*$+K 72) +Q4$+

)4%"%)" 6$++/BK 4$)1+33 6,35 ,"& "++& %..+&%,1B EC,431)55K VWWYH0

!6 3)1%+5B 12,"#+3 +&*1,5%)" .*35 12,"#+K 52*3K 52+ 12,$,15+$%35%13 )6 9%//+""%,/3 2,D+3%#"%6%1,"5 %.4/%1,5%)"3 )" 2)7 52+B /+,$" ,"& 2)7 52+B "++& 5) A+ 5,*#25 E%6 "+1+33,$BH0

L%#%5,/ /+,$"+$3 ,$+ &%66+$+"5 6$). 4$+D%)*3 #+"+$,5%)"3 A+1,*3+ 52+BN ,H ,$+ ,A/+ 5) &)

3+D+$,/ 52%"#3 3%.*/5,"+)*3/B E.*/5%4$)1+33%"#HK AH 52+B ,$+ .*/5%/%5+$,5+ E


3/26

4*A/%1,5%)"3N @+7 !"5+$"+5K (+7 9+&%, ?)"3)$5%*.K GM?CPK !MPK 8*"&,1%b" C+/+6b"%1,K c

M*$)4+," :12))/"+5K M*$B&%1+K M*$)4+," ?)..%33%)"K !"35%5*5+ 6)$ @$)34+15%D+

C+12")/)#%1,/ :5*&%+3K JM?L ,"& :/)," ?)"3)$5%*.0 T+ 3+/+15+& $+4)$53 1)D+$%"# 52+ /,$#+35

5+$$%5)$BK 6$). ",5%)",/ $+4)$53 7%52 3%#"%6%1,"5 &,5, 5) 3).+ 34+1%6%1 $+6/+15%)"3K /,$#+=3U*,"5%5,5%D+ ,"& U*,/%5,5%D+ $+4)$53 ,"& $+4)$53 52,5 $+D%+7 52+ +D)/*5%)" )6 !?C %"5+#$,5%

%"5) +&*1,5%)"0 C2+ 6)//)7%"# 3+15%)"3 32)7 , 3*..,$B )6 6%"&%"#3 ,"37+$%"# 52+ $+3+,$12

U*+35%)"30

+0'+?0'0/) 0% /$" 7%1&28+/0&% 9"/)

C2+ !"6)$.,5%)" :)1%+5B %3 12,$,15+$%S+& AB 52+ %"1)$4)$,5%)" )6 5+12")/)#%+3 5) 1)//+15 ,"&

&%35$%A*5+ %"6)$.,5%)" ,.)"# 4+)4/+0 C2+ *3+ )6 5+12")/)#%+3 %3 A+1).%"# %"1$+,3%"#/B%"5+"3%D+ ,5 2).+ ,"& %" +D+$B&,B /%D+30 !" M*$)4+ ,"& 52+ F:P 52+$+ 2,3 A++" , #$+,5 +66)$5

5) 1)//+15 ,"& ,",/B3+ &,5, $+#,$&%"# +/+15$)"%1 1)..*"%1,5%)" E5+/+42)"+K 1).4*5+$3K

)52+$ &+D%1+3K !"5+$"+5 1)""+15%)" ,"& )"/%"+ ,15%D%5%+3H 3%"1+ XZZd 5) *"&+$35,"&

1%5%S+"3 &+$%D+ A+"+6%53 6$). 52+ %"")D,5%D+ &%#%5,/ +"D%$)".+"50

I))R%"# ,5 52+ &,5,K )"+ 1)*/& 3,B 52,5 .)A%/+ 5+/+42)"+ )7"+$32%4 2,3 %"1$+,3+& )D+$

52+ B+,$3 %" 52+ F:PK 72%/+ %" M*$)4+ 52+$+ 2,3 ")5 A++" , 4$)#$+33%D+ +D)/*5%)" ,"& 52+$+

7,3K %" 6,15K , $+#$+33%)" %" XZVX E3++ C,A/+ VH0 e+#,$&%"# 52+ &%66+$+"1+ ,.)"# #+"+$,5%

%5 %3 1/+,$ 52,5 B)*"# 4+)4/+ /+,& 52+ )7"+$32%4 )6 .)A%/+ 5+/+42)"+30

C,A/+ V08-.


4/26

9&.2#" N :4+1%,/ M*$)A,$).+5+$N M=1)..*"%1,5%)"3


5/26

!"5+$"+5 k P.+$%1," I%6+ @$)]+15 XZZW 3*$D+B EI+"2,$5 +5 ,/0K XZVZHK @+7 !"5+$"+5 k P.+$%1," I%6+ :*$D+B XZVZ El%1R2*$KXZVVHK l%1R2*$k :.%52 EXZVXH0

F&/"4 N C) ,AA$+D%,5+ B+,$3 7+ 2,D+ *3+& EnH0 L,5, ,$+ +Q4$+33+& %" j0 G,3+& )" F: &,5,0 @+$3)",/ &%35$%A*5%)" )6 ,#+30@+$3)",/ 1,/1*/,5%)" )6 ,D+$,#+ A,3+& )" &%66+$+"5 $+4)$53 4$+D%)*3/B 1%5+&0

!" $+/,5%)" 5) 1)""+15%D%5BK A)52 %" M*$)4+ ,"& 52+ F:P A$),&A,"& *3+ 2,3 $%3+" ,5 52+3,.+ 5%.+ ,3 ",$$)7A,"& *3+ 2,3 &%.%"%32+& E3++ C,A/+ hH0 8$). XZZWK 35*&%+3 A+#%" 5)

6)1*3 3)/+/B )" A$),&A,"& 1)""+15%)"3K 72%12 3*##+353 52,5 52%3 5B4+ )6 ,11+33 %3

7%&+34$+,&0 I))R%"# ,5 52+ &%66+$+"1+3 A+57++" 52+ #+"+$,5%)"3K ,3 +Q4+15+&K B)*"# 4+)4/+

,$+ *3%"# 6,35+$ !"5+$"+5 1)""+15%)"30

C,A/+ h08-.

8%",//BK 1)"1+$"%"# 52+ 5B4+ )6 ,15%D%5%+3 52,5 4+)4/+ 1,$$B )*5 )"/%"+K )"+ 1)*/& ,$#*+

52,5 F: 1%5%S+"3 ,$+ A+1).%"# .)$+ ,15%D+ )"/%"+ B+,$ ,65+$ B+,$ +Q1+45 %" 52+ *3+ )6 3)1%,/

"+57)$R 3%5+3K 72%12 &+1$+,3+& %" XZVV E3++ C,A/+ fH0 !" 52+ F:PK 4+)4/+ ,$+ .)$+ +"#,#+&

%" )"/%"+ D%&+)3K )"/%"+ 1/,33%6%+&3K .*3%1 ,"& )"/%"+ "+730 e+#,$&%"# A/)##%"#K %5 3++.

52+ B)*"#+35 4+)4/+ ,$+ A/)##%"# /+33 +D+$B B+,$ 72%/+ 4+)4/+ ,#+& _h ,"& )/&+$ ,$+

%"1$+,3%"#/B A/)##%"#0 T2%/+ 52+ 9%//+""%,/3; &).%","1+ )6 )"/%"+ ,15%D%5%+3 %3 1/+,$K )

#+"+$,5%)"3 ,$+ ,/3) .,R%"# ")5,A/+ #,%"30

C,A/+ f08-.


6/26

N%'0%" +#/0>0/0"49+' %"/6&2M

40/" .4"N%'0%" >0,"& N%'0%"

#'+44010",43.40# L'&((0%( N%'0%" %"64

D("4 ;ZY nVZ nVV nZY nVZ nZY nVZ nZY nVZ nZY nVZ nZY nVZ=__ dd Y_ if dhK0f YZ _W dh ff df Xh VY dYKf id

_h=ff XY fd fZ f_ dh __0f f_0f _X f_ Y V_0f i_ ii0f

g ff Y _V VY XX0d _W0d Vi0_ XW0d VY0d Xf d0_ Y fh df0dP// ,&*/53

EVYgH _f dV dZ fX dd _X f_ _h fV VV Vh iZ if

9&.2#" N !"5+$"+5 k P.+$%1," I%6+ @$)]+15 :*$D+B3 J150=()D0 XZZd ,"& ()D0 XZZi=8+A0 XZZYEc)"+3 k 8)QK XZZWHK @+7!"5+$"+5 k P.+$%1," I%6+ @$)]+15 XZZW 3*$D+B EI+"2,$5 +5 ,/0K XZVZHK @+7 e+3+,$12 ?+"5+$ EXZVZHK :.%52 +5 ,/0KEXZVVHK @+7 !"5+$"+5 k P.+$%1," I%6+ :*$D+B XZZW=XZVZ El%1R*2$K XZVZH0

F&/"4 N C) ,AA$+D%,5+ B+,$3 7+ 2,D+ *3+& EnH0 L,5, ,$+ +Q4$+33+& %" j0 G,3+& )" F: &,5,0 @+$3)",/ &%35$%A*5%)" )6,#+30 @+$3)",/ 1,/1*/,5%)" )6 ,D+$,#+ A,3+& )" &%66+$+"5 $+4)$53 4$+D%)*3/B 1%5+&0

M*$)4+,"3 *3+ 52+ !"5+$"+5 5) 3+"& %"35,"5 .+33,#+3K 6)$ )"/%"+ "+57)$R%"# ,"& $+,&%"#

7+A/)#3 E3++ C,A/+ dH0 e+#,$&%"# /+%3*$+ ,15%D%5%+3K M*$)4+," 4+)4/+ *3+ 52+ !"5+$"+5

/%35+" 5) 7+A $,&%)3 )$ 7,512 7+A 5+/+D%3%)"K 5) &)7"/),& ,"& /%35+"o7,512o4/,B .*3%1K 6%/.3

)$ #,.+3 ,"& 5) *4/),& ,"& 32,$+ 3+/6=1$+,5+& 1)"5+"50 !5 1," A+ 3,%& 52,5 B)*"# 4+)4/+ ,$+

52+ 4)4*/,5%)" 72) *3+ !"5+$"+5 .)35 %"5+"3%D+/B0 !" XZZWK 4+)4/+ *3+& 52+ !"5+$"+5 5) 6%"&

%"6)$.,5%)" ,"& 5) $+,& )"/%"+K 2)7+D+$K 52+$+ 7,3 ,/3) ," %"1$+,3+ )6 4+)4/+ *3%"# 52+

!"5+$"+5 5) /+,$" Ee+&+1R+$ +5 ,/0K XZVZH0

C,A/+ d08-.04.+'

#&%/"%/

O"? 2+,0&P/"'">040&%

3.40#P10'84P(+8"4

9"'1*#2"+/",#&%/"%/

P//!"5+$"+5

*3+$3EgVYH

fij fij _fj Xdj Xfj dVj __j dij VWj

Vd=Xh = i_j ij fZj _Wj YVj hdj iYj _Xj9&.2#" N e+&+1R+$K P/,=9*5R,k@*"%+ EXZVZH0F&/"4 N G,3+& )" M*$)4+," &,5,0 L,5, $+#,$&%"# +=.,%/3 $+6+$3 5) XZZW0 L,5, $+#,$&%"# 3)1%,/ .+&%, ,"& ,*&%)D%3*,/ 1)"5+"5$+6+$3 5) XZZY0

C2+ &,5, 4$+3+"5+& ,"& 1).4,$+& %" 52%3 3+15%)" 32)7 52,5 %" 52+ !"6)$.,5%)" :)1%+5BK

4+)4/+ ,$+ *3%"# .)$+ &+D%1+3 E.)A%/+K 5,A/+53K /,45)43HK ,$+ .)$+ 1)""+15+& 52$)*#2 52+!"5+$"+5 EA$),&A,"&HK ,$+ 1)"3*.%"# !"5+$"+5 %" , 3)1%,/ 7,B ,"& ,$+ *3%"# .*/5%.+&%,

$+3)*$1+30 T+ )A3+$D+ 52,5 B)*"# 4+)4/+ ,$+ *3%"# 52+3+ &+D%1+3 ,"& 1)""+15%)" %" , .)$+

%"5+"3%D+ 7,B 52," )52+$ #+"+$,5%)"3 ,"& ,$+ *3%"# 52+. 6)$ /+,$"%"# 4*$4)3+30

J; E&.%( ("%"2+/0&% #$+2+#/"204/0#4 +%, '"+2%0%( "Q@"#/+/0&%4

C2+ B)*"# #+"+$,5%)" A)$" ,65+$ VWii El%1R2*$K XZVVH ,$+ R")7" ,3 52+ 9%//+""%,/3K (+5

m+"+$,5%)"K !9 m+"+$,5%)"K m,.+$ m+"+$,5%)"K L%#%5,/ (,5%D+3K L%#%5,/ e+3%&+"53 )$


7/26

)4+" 5) 12,"#+K .)$+ +&*1,5+& 52," 4$+D%)*3 #+"+$,5%)"3K ,/7,B3 1)""+15+&K 35++4+& %"

&%#%5,/ 5+12")/)#B ,"& 3)1%,/ .+&%,K ,"& +.A$,1%"# .*/5%4/+ .)&+3 )6 3+/6=+Q4$+33%)" E@+7

e+3+,$12 ?+"5+$K XZVZH0

C2+%$ /%6+ %3 12,$,15+$%S+& AB %..+&%,5+ 1)..*"%1,5%)" ,"& ," ,15%D+ *3+ )6 &%#%5.+&%,0 C2%3 2,3 12,"#+& 52+%$ ")5%)"3 )6 1)..*"%1,5%)"K R")7/++ .,",#+.+"5K /+,$"%"#K

,"& 52+%$ 4+$3)",/ ,"& 3)1%,/ D,/*+30 8)$ +Q,.4/+K B)*"# !"5+$"+5 *3+$3 *3+ 3)1%,/ 3)657,$+

5) 6%"& %"6)$.,5%)" ,"& &+1%&+ 72+52+$ 5) A*B , 4$)&*15 )$ 5) D%3%5 52+ &)15)$ A,3+& )" 52%

%"6)$.,5%)" EP/,=9*5R, +5 ,/0K XZZY,H0 C2%3 &+.)"35$,5+3 , 12,"#+ 1).4,$+& 7%52 4$+D%)*3

#+"+$,5%)"30

MB")" EXZZWH 1)"6%$.+& 52,5 B)*"# 4+)4/+ ,$+ 2%#2 *3+$3 )6 5+12")/)#B E,5 2).+ ,"& ,5

312))/H` 2)7+D+$K %5 &)+3 ")5 .+," 52,5 52+B ,$+ 1).4+5+"5K ,3 52+B "++& 3*44)$5 6$).4,$+"53K 6$%+"&3 ,"& 312))/0 8+$$,$% EXZVXH 2,3 &%35%"#*%32+& 3+D+$,/ 1).4+5+"1+ ,$+,3 5

"++& 5) A+ &+D+/)4+& AB *3+$3 %" )$&+$ 5) 6*"15%)" %" , &%#%5,/ +"D%$)".+"5 3*12 ,3N

%"6)$.,5%)" .,",#+.+"5K 1)//,A)$,5%)"K 1)..*"%1,5%)" ,"& 32,$%"#K 1$+,5%)" )6 1)"5+"5

,"& R")7/++K +52%13 ,"& $+34)"3%A%/%5BK +D,/*,5%)" ,"& 4$)A/+.=3)/D%"# ,"& 5+12"%1,

)4+$,5%)"30 !" 52%3 $+#,$&K P/,=9*5R, EXZVVH 1)"3%&+$3 52,5 &%#%5,/ 1).4+5+"1+ %3 ") /)"#+

/%"R+& 5) 52+ ,11+33 ,"& *3+ )6 5+12")/)#%+3 A*5 ,/3) %"1/*&+3 52+ 1,4,1%5B 5) A+"+6%5 6$).

52+. 6)$ /%6+K 7)$R ,"& /+,$"%"#0 C2*3K 5) A+ &%#%5,//B 1).4+5+"5 .+,"3 2,D%"#N ,H

%"35$*.+"5,/ R")7/++ ,"& 3R%//3 6)$ &%#%5,/ 5))/ ,"& .+&%, *3,#+K AH ,&D,"1+& 3R%//3 ,"&

R")7/++ 6)$ 1)..*"%1,5%)" ,"& 1)//,A)$,5%)"K %"6)$.,5%)" .,",#+.+"5K /+,$"%"# ,"&

4$)A/+.=3)/D%"#K ,"& .+,"%"#6*/ 4,$5%1%4,5%)"K ,"& 1H ,55%5*&+3 6)$ 35$,5+#%1 3R%//3 *3,#+

%"5+$1*/5*$,/K 1$%5%1,/K 1$+,5%D+K $+34)"3%A/+ ,"& ,*5)").)*3 7,B30

L%#%5,/ 1).4+5+"1+ %3 )"+ )6 52+ .,"B 6+,5*$+3 )6 9%//+""%,/3 52,5 2,3 %.4/%1,5%)"3 6)$

+&*1,5%)" E3++ C,A/+ iH0 C2+ /%5+$,5*$+ E?)")/+ +5 ,/0K XZZd` e+&+1R+$K XZZWH %"&%1,5+3

/+,$"%"# 4$)1+33+3K 9%//+""%,/3 3%.*/5,"+)*3/B ,"& +Q5+"3%D+/B *3+ .*/5%4/+ 5B4+3 )6 7+A=

A,3+& 4,$5%1%4,5)$B .+&%,K .*/5%=5,3RK 4+$3)",/%S+ 5+12")/)#%+3K 5+"& 5)7,$&3 %"&+4+"&+

/+,$"%"#K ,$+ 1)"35,"5/B 1)""+15+& ,"& 3B"12$)"%S+&K "++& %..+&%,5+ 1)..*"%1,5%)" ,"&

3)1%,/ %"5+$,15%)"K 4$+6+$ 5) /+,$" AB &)%"# ,"& 5) 7)$R 7%52 52%"#3 52,5 .,55+$K 4$+6+$ 5)

7)$R %" 5+,.3K "++& "+7 3R%//3 6)$ 52+ &%#%5,/ +$,K ,$+ 5$,"36+$$%"# 4$,15%1+3 )6 5+12")/)#B

*3+ 5) )52+$ ,34+153 )6 52+%$ /%D+3K ,"& ,$+ 12,"#%"# 7)$R%"# 4,55+$"30

C,A/+ i0@&?1/(%-'/3 %.


8/26

:5*&+"53 ,$+ 1).6)$5,A/+ *3%"#5+12")/)#B

F"&+$35,"&%"# )6 52+ 5+12")/)#BK )$ 3)*$1+ U*,/%5BK .,B A+ 32,//)7

p%3*,//B /%5+$,5+ C+Q5 /%5+$,1B .,B A+ /+33 7+// &+D+/)4+& 52," 4$+D%)*3 1)2)$53C2+B *3+ 52+ !"5+$"+5 6)$ 3+,$12%"#.)$+ )65+" 52," 52+ /%A$,$B

C2+B &) ")5 6%"& ,// 52+ %"6)$.,5%)" 52+B "++&0 ?*5=,"&=4,35+ 1*/5*$+

?)"35,"5/B 1)""+15+& ,"& ,/7,B3)"

C2+ &+D%1+3 52,5 ,//)7 52+. 5) A+ 1)""+15+& ,"& ,$+ *3+& *A%U*%5)*3/B.,B 2,D+ 5) A+ $+52)*#25

9*/5%5,3R ,"& 52+B 2,D+ 6,35$+34)"3+3

:4++& %3 .)$+ D,/*,A/+ 52," ,11*$,1B

I+,$" AB &)%"#K 52$)*#2 &%31)D+$B ()5 5) 5+,12K 6,1%/%5,5+ 52+. 5) &%31)D+$J4+" 5) %"5+$,15%"# 7%52 4+)4/+ T)$R %" 5+,.3 )$ %"5+$,15 4++$=5)=4++$8)1*3+& )" ,12%+D+.+"53 @$+6+$ , 35$*15*$+& 4/," ,"& R")7 72,5 52+B 2,D+ 5) &) 5) ,12%+D+ , #),/9)$+ 1).6)$5,A/+ %" %.,#+=$%12+"D%$)".+"53 52," 7%52 5+Q5

C2+B /%R+ &)%"# 52%"#3K ")5 ]*35 52%"R%"# )$ 5,/R%"# ,A)*5 52%"#3K 52+B$+6*3+ 5) $+,& /,$#+ ,.)*"53 )6 5+Q5

C,R+ 4,$5 %" 1)..*"%5B ,15%D%5%+3 C2+B 4$+6+$ 7)$R%"# )" 52%"#3 52,5 .,55+$

!" $+3+,$12 1)"&*15+& AB @+&$b EXZZdHK 52+ $+3*/53 32)7+& 52,5 9%//+"%,/ /+,$"+$3 2,D+&%66+$+"5 +Q4+15,5%)"3 5) 4$+D%)*3 #+"+$,5%)"3 1)"1+$"%"# 5+,12%"# ,"& /+,$"%"# A,3+& )"N

,H 52+ R%"& )6 !?C &+D%1+3 ,"& 3+$D%1+3 ,D,%/,A/+ ,5 312))/3K AH 52+ 6$+U*+"1B )6 52+%$ *

52+ $,"#+ )6 4)33%A/+ ,15%D%5%+3K &H 52+ )44)$5*"%5%+3 6)$ 1)//,A)$,5%D+ 7)$R ,"& "+57)$R

+H 52+ 1)..*"%1,5%)" 3R%//3 %"D)/D+&K 6H 52+ &+#$++ )6 /+,$"%"# 4+$3)",/%S,5%)"K ,"& #H 5

35,"&,$&3 )6 &%#%5,/ U*,/%5B E%"5+$,15%D%5B ,"& *3+ )6 .*/5%.+&%, $+3)*$1+3H0

!" $%& %'( )* !"#$% !"# %&"%!"##$%%"' !"# %& !"# %&'(")*)#!&+ !"%&"+!,&*- ./"0 /1&

!"#$%!&%' )* +," &) &% "!+-$)&*% !"#$%& !() *+",-,!#.-/0 1!/2 3!/, ,$ 4!5) ! (!/0) $6!"##$%$&' )*'"+"'"$, "& $!-*)'".&/0 -,$ 1-2'"1$!") %$,.-%*$, 3)&! $45$*' 6"76 8-)2"'9

!"#$%&'#!($ *$%!&+, !" $-.'!/"01 &%$ !"#$%& (%)* *+,%)* #"&&%-".%/$0+ 1".2 %)*

!"#$%&'(!) %++%,!(#("- (! ".,/0#(%!12 +"&-%!03( ! ! #!$%&'(')*!+ #' !"# !"#$% '##() *+'(

!""#$% '(!' )%!*+,+- ," .%*"/+!), ! !"#$ &'(! )!* +,-..+ /')" !01!23 34 "!(!.41 56 !" !"#$%&'

!"#$$! #& !"# !"#$$%&&'() #+, #%- !"#"$%&'() ("+ +%,-'() &,./0'/"1 2.(! !"3.(! !"#!

!"#$%&'() %$$!+& ! !"# %!&' ! #$%#&'#() !" $%&'& (&) *+,-$.-&'/0

S; 7=! 0%/"(2+/0&% 0% @208+2) +%, 4"#&%,+2) ",.#+/0&%

q)*"# 4+)4/+ ,$+ %"5+"3%D+/B *3%"# !?C 6)$ /+%3*$+K 2)7+D+$ 52+$+ %3 , 2*#+ &%66+$+"

A+57++" 3)1%,/ ,"& ,1,&+.%1 *3+ )6 !?C0 C2+ %"5+#$,5%)" )6 !?C ,5 52+ +&*1,5%)",/ /+D+/ %3

.)$+ 6)1*3+& )" 4$)D%&%"# 5))/3 ,"& ,11+33 5) 52+ !"5+$"+5 52," 12,"#%"# .+52)&)/)#%+3 )$

.)D%"# 5) D%$5*,/ 1)"5+Q530 C2+$+ ,$+ .,"B 35*&%+3 $+#,$&%"# !?C ,11+33 ,"& +U*%4.+"5 %"

4$%.,$B ,"& 3+1)"&,$B +&*1,5%)" %" M*$)4+ ,"& ]*35 , 6+7 52,5 1).4,$+ 52%3 %"5+$",5%)",//B0


9/26

I))R%"# ,5 52+ &,5,K %" 4$%.,$B ,"& 3+1)"&,$B +&*1,5%)" %" JM?L 1)*"5$%+3K ,/.)35 ,//

+&*1,5%)",/ 1+"5$+3 ,$+ +U*%44+& 7%52 ,5 /+,35 )"+ 1).4*5+$K 2,D+ !"5+$"+5 1)""+15%)"K ,"&

52+ $,5%) )6 35*&+"53 4+$ 1).4*5+$ %3 &+1$+,3%"# EJM?LK XZVZH0 !" ," %"5+$",5%)",/ 35*&BK 5

$+3*/53 %"&%1,5+& 52,5 52+ F:P 2,3 52+ 3.,//+35 $,5%) )6 35*&+"53 4+$ 1).4*5+$ E_ 35*&+"534+$ 1).4*5+$HK *"/%R+ c,4,"K G$,S%/ ,"& :)*52 P6$%1, 72%12 2,D+ 52+ 2%#2+35 $,5%) )6 35*&+"53

4+$ 1).4*5+$ E8*"&,1%b" C+/+6b"%1,K XZVXH0

!" M*$)4+K !?C %3 4,$5 )6 +D+$B&,B /%6+ %" +&*1,5%)"K 2)7+D+$K 52+$+ ,$+ 35%// &%34

A+57++" 1)*"5$%+3 %" 5+$.3 )6 1).4*5+$ ,D,%/,A%/%5BK 52+$+ %3 , 32)$5,#+ )6 !?C $+3)*$1+3K

,"& 52+$+ %3 ," %"1$+,3%"# #,4 A+57++" 52+ )44)$5*"%5%+3 6)$ *3%"# !?C ,5 2).+ ,"& ,5

312))/30 I+33 52," 2,/6 )6 M*$)4+," 1)*"5$%+3 4$).)5+ 52+ *3+ )6 )"/%"+ /+,$"%"#K ,/52)*#2

5+,12+$3r *3+ )6 !?C 2,$&7,$+ ,"& 3)657,$+ %" 52+ 1/,33$)). %3 7%&+/B +"1)*$,#+&0(+D+$52+/+33K %" 3+D+$,/ 1)*"5$%+3 1).4*5+$3 ,$+ 35%// ")5 $+,&%/B ,11+33%A/+ 5) 35*&+"53

52+ 1/,33$)). EM*$B&%1+K XZVVH0 !" 6,15K 35*&+"53 *3+ /+33 !?C %" 1/,33$)). 52," 52+%$ 5+,12+

,"& *3+ .)$+ 1).4*5+$3 ,5 2).+ 52," ,5 312))/0 C2+ .,%" ,15%D%5B %" *3%"# 52+ !"5+$"+5 ,5

312))/ %3 5) 6%"& %"6)$.,5%)" 72%/+ ,5 2).+ 52+B ,/3) *3+ %5 5) &+D+/)4 ,33%#".+"53 ,"& 5)

32,$+ 52+%$ +66)$53 7%52 )52+$ 35*&+"53 E@+&$bK XZVVH0

e+3+,$12 32)73 52,5 !?C 2,3 , 4)3%5%D+ %.4,15 )" +&*1,5%)",/ 4+$6)$.,"1+0 e+3*/53

32)7 52,5 %" +=.,5*$+ 312))/3 52+$+ %3 , $,4%& %"1$+,3+ %" 4+$6)$.,"1+ 31)$+3 EG,/,"3R,5 +5

,/0K XZZd` M*$)4+," ?)..%33%)"K XZZYAH ,"& , 4)3%5%D+ $+/,5%)"32%4 A+57++" 52+ 4+$1+%D

+66+15 )6 !?C )" 5+,12%"# ,"& )" 52+ 4+$3)",/%S,5%)" )6 /+,$"%"# EF"&+$7))& +5 ,/0K XZVZH0

C2+$+ %3 ,/3) , 1)"3+"3*3 EG,/,"3R,5 +5 ,/0K XZZd` ?)"&%+ k 9*"$)K XZZi` M*$)4+,"

?)..%33%)"K XZZYA` G,/,"3R,5K XZZWH )" 52+ 4)3%5%D+ %.4,15 )6 !?C )" /+,$"+$3 ,"& /+,$"%"#

E1).4+5+"1+3K .)5%D,5%)" ,"& ,33+33.+"5K ,&,45,5%)" 5) %"&%D%&*,/ "++&3K 3*44)$5 , $,"#+

)6 /+,$"%"# 35B/+3=1)#"%5%D+ 4$)1+33%"#K %"&+4+"&+"5 /+,$"%"#K 1$%5%1,/ 52%"R%"#K 5+,.7

35*&+"5=1+"5$+& /+,$"%"# ,44$),12HK )" 5+,12+$3 ,"& 5+,12%"#K ,"& )" 1)..*"%1,5%)"

A+57++" 312))/3 ,"& 52+ 1)..*"%5B E?)"&%+ k 9*"$)K XZZiH0

G,3+& )" 52+3+ 4)3%5%D+ +66+153 )6 !?C )" +&*1,5%)"K %" JM?L 1)*"5$%+3K 52+ VNV 4$)#$

2,3 4$)/%6+$,5+&0 ?)*"5$%+3 ,$+ %"D+35%"# %" "+5A))R3 A+1,*3+ )6 52+ /)7 1)35K /%#25 7+%#

,"& 52+ %"1$+,3%"# ,D,%/,A%/%5B )6 7%$+/+33 1)""+15%D%5B0


10/26

J"+ )6 52+ 35$)"# 6%"&%"#3 %" 52+ 1*$$+"5 /%5+$,5*$+ %3 52,5 ,/52)*#2 5+,12+$3; A,3%1 !?C

3R%//3 2,D+ %"1$+,3+&K 52+B *3+ !?C 5) 3*44)$5 +Q%35%"# 4+&,#)#%+3 ,"&K %" 6,15K .,"B 5+,12

&) ")5 A+/%+D+ 52,5 52+ *3+ )6 1).4*5+$3 %" 1/,33 2,3 4+&,#)#%1,/ ,&D,"5,#+3 EG,/,"3R,5 +5

,/0K XZZdH0 I+33 52," 2,/6 )6 52+ 5+,12+$3 %" M*$)4+," 1)*"5$%+3 1)"3%&+$ 52,5 52+B 2,D+ #))&!?C 3R%//3 ,"& ,$+ 3*66%1%+"5/B 1).4+5+"5 5) .,R+ #))& &%&,15%1,/ *3+ )6 !?C0 !?C %3 .)$+ *3+&

%" 31%+"5%6%1 3*A]+153 ,"& .,%"/B 5) %.4$)D+ 52+ +66%1%+"1B )6 5$,&%5%)",/ .+52)&3 E:)/,

9*$%//)K XZVVH0 9)35 4$%.,$B 312))/ 5+,12+$3 *3+ 1).4*5+$3 %" 1/,33 6)$ ,&.%"%35$,5%)"K

)$#,"%S,5%)" ,"& 4/,""%"# E*3%"# , pIMH A*5 &) ")5 2,D+ +")*#2 R")7/++ 5) %"5+#$,5+ !?C

+66+15%D+/B %"5) 52+%$ 5+,12%"# EG,/,"3R,5K XZZWH0 !"5+$,15%D+ T2%5+A),$&3 E!TGH ,"& I

@/,56)$.3 EI@H ,$+ 7%&+34$+,& ,"& ,$+ , R+B +/+.+"5 %" 52+ +=/+,$"%"# &+D+/)4.+"5 )6

312))/3K 2)7+D+$K !TG ,$+ .)$+ 4)4*/,$ 52," I@ A+1,*3+ !TG 3*44)$5 5$,&%5%)",/ 4$,15%1+3%" , .)35 +66+15%D+ 7,B0 (+D+$52+/+33K I@ 2,D+ , .)$+ 5$,"36)$.,5%D+ $)/+ EF"&+$7))& +5

,/0K XZVZH0

C+,12+$ 5$,%"%"# 4$)#$,.3 ,$+ 2,D%"# , /%.%5+& %.4,15 )" 5+,12+$3; &,%/B .+52)&)/)#%1,/

1).4+5+"1+3 %" 35*&+"5=1+"5$+& 1)"35$*15%D%35 ,44$),12+3 E:)/, k 9*$%//)K XZVVH0


11/26

,44/%1,5%)"3K &%#%5,/ /+,$"%"# #,.+3K 1)..*"%1,5%)" 3)657,$+ ,"& &%#%5,/ $+3)*$1+3K ,"& /+33

1)..)"/BK .)A%/+ &+D%1+3 ,"& +=A))R3HK ,33+33%"# !?C 1).4+5+"1+3 E35,"&,$&%S+& ,"& ")"=

35,"&,$&%S+& 1+$5%6%1,5%)"3K 6+7 1)*"5$%+3 *3+ +=4)$56)/%)3HK ,"& 6,1%/%5,5%"# 1))4

A+57++" 312))/3 ,"& 1)..*"%5B E.,%"/B 52$)*#2 7+A 4,#+3H0L+34%5+ 52+3+ +66)$53K 52+ %"5+#$,5%)" )6 !?C %" 52+ F:P %3 .)$+ +Q5+"&+& 52," %" M*$)4

?*$$+"5/BK F: 5+,12+$3 A$%"# , 7%&+ D,$%+5B )6 &%#%5,/ 5))/3 %"5) 52+ /+,$"%"# 4$)1+33 ,"

,//)7 .)A%/+ 42)"+3K +=$+,&+$3 ,"& 5,A/+53 5) A+ *3+& %" 52+ 1/,33$)).0


12/26

?)%"1%&%"# 7%52 52+ $+3*/53 %" 4$%.,$B ,"& 3+1)"&,$B +&*1,5%)"K m/+"" EXZZYH 1)"3%&

52,5 5+12")/)#B 2,3 2,&\,"& 7%// 1)"5%"*+ 5) 2,D+\, 3%#"%6%1,"5 %.4,15 )" 2%#2+$

+&*1,5%)"0 C2+$+ %3 +D%&+"1+ 52,5 35*&+"53 %" )"/%"+ 1)"&%5%)"3 4+$6)$. A+55+$ E%6 52+

#*%&+& ,"& 2,D+ .+&%, 5) 1)"5$)/ 52+%$ %"5+$,15%)"3 ,"& 4$).45 $+6/+15%)"H ,"& 52,5 A/+"&+&/+,$"%"# %3 A+55+$ 52," 6,1+=5)=6,1+ /+,$"%"# E%6 %5 %"1/*&+3 D,$%,5%)" %" 5+$.3 )6 1*$$%

.,5+$%,/3 ,"& %"35$*15%)",/ ,44$),12H E9+,"3 +5 ,/0 XZVZH0

!" , 3*$D+B 1)"&*15+& %" JM?L 1)*"5$%+3 EJM?LK XZZfH 52+ $+3*/53 &+.)"35$,5+ 52,5

5+$5%,$B +&*1,5%)" %"35%5*5%)"3 6++/ 52,5 +=/+,$"%"# 2,3 , 4)3%5%D+ +66+15 )" +&*1,5%)"K )6

, 4/,1+ 5) +Q4+$%.+"5 4+&,#)#%1,//B ,"& 12,"#%"# 35*&+"53; /+,$"%"# +Q4+$%+"1+0 P5 ,

M*$)4+," /+D+/K !?C %3 A$%"#%"# %.4$)D+.+"53 5) 5+,12%"# .+52)&3 E5+"&%"# 5)7,$&3

1)//,A)$,5%D+K 4$)A/+.=A,3+& ,"& 4$)]+15=A,3+& /+,$"%"#HK %3 5$,"36)$.%"# 52+ $)/+ )65+,12+$3 ,"& 35*&+"53K %3 .)5%D,5%"# 35*&+"53K ,"& %3 6)35+$%"# 52+ %"5+$",5%)",/%S,5%

2%#2+$ +&*1,5%)" 52$)*#2 D%$5*,/ .)A%/%5B EM*$)4+," ?)..%33%)"K XZZYAH0 c!:? %"6)(+5

EXZZYH +D%&+"1+& 52,5 %" 52+ FO +=/+,$"%"# ,/3) A+"+6%53N /+,$"+$3 E$+3*/53K 4+$

&+D+/)4.+"5K 3,5%36,15%)"K $+1$*%5.+"5HK %"")D,5%)" %" 5+,12%"#K /+,$"%"# ,"& ,33+33.+"5

+&*1,5%)",/ $+3+,$12K 35,66 E4+$3)",/ &+D+/)4.+"5K 3,5%36,15%)"HK 4)/%1BK $+3)*$1+3K /+,$"%

34,1+3K .,",#+.+"5 )6 /+,$"%"# ,33+53K ,"& 3)1%,/ ]*35%1+ ,#+"&,0

e+#,$&%"# 52+ A+"+6%53 )6 3)1%,/ 1).4*5%"#K 52+ /%5+$,5*$+ EP/,=9*5R, +5 ,/0K XZZW

e+&+1R+$K XZZW` e+&+1R+$ +5 ,/0K XZVZH %"&%1,5+3 52,5 52,5 /+,$"%"# X0ZN ,H 6,1%/%5,5+3

%"6)$.,5%)" 7%52%" 52+ %"35%5*5%)"K AH 4$).)5+3 1)//,A)$,5%)" ,"& "+57)$R%"#K 1H $+34)"&

A+55+$ 5) 52+ 12,"#+& 1)#"%5%D+ 4$)1+33+3 ,"& /+,$"%"# 4,55+$"3K &H 6,1%/%5,5+3 5+,12%

/+,$"+$=1+"5$+& .+52)&3 ,"& $+&+6%"+3 52+ $)/+3 )6 5+,12+$3 ,"& 35*&+"53K +H 1)"5$%A*5+3 5)

52+ 4+$3)",/%S,5%)" )6 /+,$"%"#K 6H 4$).)5+3 %"&+4+"&+"5K ,*5)").)*3 ,"& 3+/6=&%$+15+&

/+,$"+$3K #H %"1$+,3+3 .)5%D,5%)"K ,1,&+.%1 ,12%+D+.+"5K 4,$5%1%4,5%)" ,"& "+7 6)$.3 )6

+Q4$+33%)"K 2H 6,1%/%5,5+3 %"1/*3%)"K +U*%5BK /%6+/)"# /+,$"%"# ,"& /+,$"+$ .)A%/%5B

+"2,"1+3 %"")D,5%)" ,"& 1$+,5%D%5B0

F"&)*A5+&/B $+/,5+& 5) 52+ A+/%+6 %" 52+ 4)3%5%D+ %.4,15 )6 !?C )" +&*1,5%)"K +D%&+

32)73 EM*$)4+," ?)..%33%)"K XZZYA` JM?LK XZZf` @/3e,.A)// 9,",#+.+"5K XZZh` @*"%+ +5

,/0K XZZdH 52,5 +=/+,$"%"# %3 #$)7%"#K ,/52)*#2 6,1+=5)=6,1+ /+,$"%"# $+.,%"3 1+"5$,/ %" 2%#2+

+&*1,5%)" 72+$+ +=/+,$"%"# %3 3++" ,3 , 3*44/+.+"5,$B 5))/ E.)35 *"%D+$3%5%+3 *3+ I9:H0

8%"&%"#3 &+.)"35$,5+ 52,5 +=/+,$"%"# 2,3 ")5 $+D)/*5%)"%S+& /+,$"%"# ,"& 5+,12%"#` 2)7+D+$K%5 %3 2,D%"# ," %.4)$5,"5 %.4,15 )" ,&.%"%35$,5%D+ 4$)1+33+30


13/26

!" XZZdK &,5, 32)7+& 52,5 6+7 ,&*/53 %" M*$)4+ *3+& 52+ !"5+$"+5 6)$ 6)$.,/ /+,$"%"#

,15%D%5%+3 ,"& ")5 .,"B ,&*/53 ,"& 35*&+"53 2,& 4,$5%1%4,5+& %" +=/+,$"%"# 1)*$3+3 E,/52)*#2

.)35 )6 52+ 35*&+"53 *3+& 52+ !"5+$"+5 %" 6)$.,/ /+,$"%"#H0 P&*/53 4,$5%1%4,5%"# %" +&*1,5%)

,"& *3%"# 52+ !"5+$"+5 1)*/& ")5 %.,#%"+ 5,R%"# ," +=/+,$"%"# 1)*$3+ ,"& .)$+ 52," 2,/6 52+4+)4/+ 3*$D+B+& 4$+6+$$+& #*%&+& /+,$"%"# 5) ,*5)&%&,15%1 .+52)&30 8$). 52)3+ 72) 2,&

5,R+" ," )"/%"+ 1)*$3+K .)$+ 52," 2,/6 7+$+ 3,5%36%+& 7%52 )"/%"+ /+,$"%"# ,"& .)35 )6 52+.

4$+6+$$+& 5) 4,$5%1%4,5+ %" )"/%"+ 1)*$3+3 $,52+$ 52," %" 6,1+=5)=6,1+ 1)*$3+3 E@*"%+ +5 ,/

XZZdH0

C2+ $+3*/53 6$). 52+ F:P &+.)"35$,5+ 52,5 52+B ,$+ , 35+4 6*$52+$ ,2+,& %" !?C

%"5+#$,5%)" ,"& 1)"6%&+"1+ %" 1).4,$%3)" 5) M*$)4+0 G,3+& )" 3*$D+B3 6$). 52+ /,35 &+1,&+

$+#,$&%"# )"/%"+ 2%#2+$ +&*1,5%)" %" 52+ F:P EP//+" k :+,.,"K XZV_HK %5 1," A+ ,$#*+& 52,552+ "*.A+$ )6 35*&+"53 +"$)//+& %" )"/%"+ 1)*$3+3 %3 #$)7%"# ,"& ,1,&+.%1 2+,&3 ,$+

4$)#$+33%D+/B %"1/*&%"# )"/%"+ /+,$"%"# %" 52+%$ /)"#=5+$. 35$,5+#%+3 E,/52)*#2 52+B A+/%

52,5 5+,12%"# )"/%"+ 5,R+3 .)$+ 6,1*/5B 5%.+H0 P1,&+.%1 /+,&+$3 ,$+ %"1$+,3%"#/B 1)"3%&+$%"#

52,5 35*&+"53; /+,$"%"# )*51).+3 %" )"/%"+ /+,$"%"# ,$+ 52+ 3,.+ )$ 3*4+$%)$ 5) 52)3+ %"

6,1+=5)=6,1+ 1)*$3+3K 2)7+D+$K 52+ 6,1*/5B &) ")5 ,/7,B3 ,11+45 52+ D,/*+ ,"& /+#%5%.,1B )6

)"/%"+ +&*1,5%)"0 !" 6,15K 52+ $+3*/53 )6 )"+ 35*&B EC,B/)$ +5 ,/0K XZVVH &+.)"35$,5+ 52,5 ]*35

, 52%$& )6 4+)4/+ E,"& , 52%$& )6 ,&*/53 72) 2,D+ 5,R+" , 1/,33 )"/%"+H 1)"3%&+$ )"/%"+

1)*$3+3 ,3 D,/*,A/+ ,3 6,1+=5)=6,1+ )"+3K 72%/+ 2,/6 )6 52+ 1)//+#+ 4$+3%&+"53 3*$D+B+&

1)"3%&+$ %5 +U*,//B D,/*,A/+0

9)35 1)//+#+ 4$+3%&+"53 35,5+ 52,5 52+%$ %"35%5*5%)"3 )66+$ )"/%"+ 1)*$3+3 E,/.)35 , 52%$&

)6 1)//+#+ #$,&*,5+3 2,D+ 5,R+" , 1/,33 )"/%"+H ,/52)*#2 2,/6 )6 52+. 4$+&%15 52,5 VZ B+,$3

6$). ")7 .)35 )6 52+%$ 35*&+"53 7%// 5,R+ 1/,33+3 )"/%"+0 e+#,$&%"# 52+ *3+ )6 &+D%1+3 %"

1/,33$)).K 2,/6 )6 52+ 1)//+#+ #$,&*,5+3 3*$D+B+& 35,5+ 52,5 52+B 2,D+ *3+& , /,45)4K

3.,$542)"+ )$ 5,A/+5 1).4*5+$ %" 1/,33 3).+5%.+3 ,"& ,/.)35 2,/6 52+ 1)//+#+ 4$+3%&+"53

3,B 35*&+"53 ,$+ ,//)7+& 5) *3+ 52+3+ &+D%1+3 EC,B/)$ +5 ,/0K XZVVH0

P4,$5 6$). 1)//+15%"# 35,5%35%13 ,"& %"5+$D%+7%"# *"%D+$3%5B 4$+3%&+"53 ,"& 35,66K

2,3 A++" , #$+,5 +66)$5 5) ,",/B3+ 35*&+"53; +Q4+$%+"1+3 %" +=/+,$"%"# ,$)*"& 52+ 7)$/&0 !"

$+3+,$12 1)"&*15+& AB ?)")/+ +5 ,/0 EXZZdH $+3*/53 32)7+& 52,5 FO 35*&+"53 7+$+

1).6)$5,A/+ *3%"# 5+12")/)#B ,"& 3++ %5 ,3 %"5+#$,/ 5) 52+%$ /+,$"%"#0 C2+B ,44+,$+& 5) A+

3)42%35%1,5+& *3+$3K 1$%5%1,//B ,7,$+ )6 52+ *3+ )6 &%66+$+"5 5+12")/)#%+3 ,"& 3++.+& ")5 5D%+7 5+12")/)#B ,3 ,"B52%"# 34+1%,/K ]*35 ,3 ,")52+$ 5))/ 5) 3*44)$5 52+%$ /+,$"%"#0 P11)$&%"#


14/26

5) 52%3 &,5,K $+3+,$12 1)"&*15+& ,5 52+ J4+" F"%D+$3%5B )6 ?,5,/)"%, EC*A+//, +5 ,/0K XZVVH

&+.)"35$,5+3 52,5 35*&+"53 12))3+ 5) 35*&B )"/%"+ A+1,*3+ )6 52+ 6/+Q%A%/%5B ,"&

1).4,5%A%/%5BK ,"& A+%"# ,A/+ 5) 2,D+ 5%.+ ,"& .,",#+ %5 ,*5)").)*3/B0 8)$ 52+.K 52+

5+12")/)#%1,/ %33*+3 ,$+ ")5 %.4)$5,"5` 52+B 6++/ D+$B 1).6)$5,A/+ %" , D%$5*,/ +"D%$)".+"50!" 6,15K 35*&+"53 1)"5%"*+ 5) D%+7 6,1+=5)=6,1+ %"5+$,15%)" ,3 52+ A+35 7,B )6 5+,12%"#

E!43)3 9)$%K XZZY` ?)..%55++ )6 !"U*%$B %"5) 52+ ?2,"#%"# I+,$"+$ MQ4+$%+"1+ ; XZZWH0 C2+

$+3+,$12 1)"&*15+& AB !43)3 9)$% EXZZYH 32)73 52,5 35*&+"53 1," 6++/ *"1).6)$5,A/+ 72+"

5+,12+$3 $+/,5+ 5) 52+. %" ")"=2%+$,$12%1,/ 35$*15*$+3 )$ /+33 6)$.,/ .+52)&3K 52+B 1)"3%&+$

52+.3+/D+3 5) A+ .)$+ &%#%5,//B /%5+$,5+ 52," 52+%$ 5+,12+$3 ,"& 52+B 4$+6+$ 5+,12+$3 ")5 5)

*3+ 5+12")/)#%+3 %6 52+B ,$+ ")5 3*66%1%+"5/B 1).4+5+"50

(+D+$52+/+33K 35*&+"53 2,D+ &%66%1*/5%+3 *3%"# 3)1%,/ 5))/3 %" +&*1,5%)"K ,"& "5+,12+$3 5) *3+ !?C +66+15%D+/B 5) %.4$)D+ 52+%$ 4$,15%1,/ 3R%//3 7%52 !?C0 ?*$$+"5/BK 7+A

5))/3 ,$+ A+%"# *3+& *"3B35+.,5%1,//B 7%52)*5 1)..)" 4,523 ,"& ,$+ .)$+ 7%&+34$+,& %"

,&.%"%35$,5%)" ,$+,3 E?)..%55++ )6 !"U*%$B %"5) 52+ ?2,"#%"# I+,$"+$ MQ4+$%+"1+K XZZWH

:5*&+"53 *3+ 3)1%,/ "+57)$R3 %"5+"3%D+/B A*5 3).+5%.+3 $+,15 "+#,5%D+/B 72+" 52+B ,$+

4$).)5+& AB 5+,12+$30 C2+B 1/+,$/B 3++ 52+ *3+6*/"+33 )6 3).+ 5+12")/)#%+3 6)$ /+,$"%"# E%0+0

T+A?CK )"/%"+ ,&.%"%35$,5%)"K 1)*$3+ 34+1%6%1 %"6)$.,5%)" )"/%"+K +.,%/%"# 5*5)$3H A*5

")5 3++ 2)7 7%R%3 ,"& 1)//,A)$,5%D+ /+,$"%"# 1," 2+/4 52+. 5) /+,$" E!43)3 9)$%K XZZYH0

!" #+"+$,/ 5+$.3K 52+ /%5+$,5*$+ EP//+" k :+,.,"K XZV_` ?)..%55++ )6 !"U*%$B %"5) 52+

?2,"#%"# I+,$"+$ MQ4+$%+"1+K XZZW` JM?LK XZZfH 32)73 52,5 52+ A,$$%+$3 5) %.4/+.+"5%"# +

/+,$"%"# ,$+N 52+ %"6$,35$*15*$+K 6*"&%"# ,"& %"35%5*5%)",/ 1*/5*$+ E&%#%5,/%S,5%)" )6 /

.,5+$%,/3K )4+" 3)*$1+HK $+3%35,"1+ 6$). 6,1*/5B .+.A+$3 E5$,&%5%)",/ ,44$),12+3K XV35

1+"5*$B 3R%//3HK 52+ 31,/%"# ,"& 32,$%"# )6 #))& 4$,15%1+3 E,15%D+K 7%52%" , 1)..*"%5BK A

)" %"&%D%&*,/3; "++&3K &$%D+" AB 4$)1+33K 3+/6=&%$+15+& /+,$"%"#K %"&+4+"&+"5

4$)]+15 ,"& #$)*4=A,3+&HK )"/%"+ 35*&+"53; 3+/6=&%31%4/%"+K /)7+$ $+5+"5%)" $,5+3K /,1

,11+45,"1+ )6 )"/%"+ &+#$++3K ,"& 52+ &%#%5,/ &%D%&+0

C) )D+$1).+ 52+3+ A,$$%+$3K 52+ &$%D+$3 6)$ &+D+/)4%"# +=/+,$"%"# ,44$),12+3 32)*/&

,55+.45 5) %"1$+,3+ 35*&+"5 $+1$*%5.+"5K 4$).)5+ 6/+Q%A%/%5B %" 5%.+ ,"& 4/,1+K +"#,#+

35*&+"53 52$)*#2 $%12 .+&%, ,"& 4+&,#)#%1 3*44)$5K .,R+ 5+,12%"# $+/+D,"5 5) 9%//+""%,/3K

+D%&+"1+ 52+ &+D+/)4.+"5 )6 3R%//3 ,"& 4$)6+33%)",/ ,55%5*&+3K 4$+4,$+ 35*&+"53 6)$

+.4/)B.+"5 ,"& 4$,15%1+K .,%"5,%" $+4*5,5%)"3 6)$ %"")D,5%)" ,5 %"35%5*5%)",/ /+D+/K 4$+3+$D+%"35%5*5%)",/ ,33+53K ,"& ,33*$+ U*,/%5B Ec!:? %"6)(+5K XZZYH0


15/26

G>E @.#"4%'4 (#12'-3-4%#$ %' 2%42#" #&?1/(%-'

G+3%&+3 ,",/B3%"# 52+ #+"+$,/ %.4,15 )6 !?C %" 2%#2+$ +&*1,5%)"K 52+$+ 2,3 A++" 2*#+

%"5+$+35 %" ,",/B3%"# 52+ 34+1%6%1 5+12")/)#%+3 +.+$#%"# %" 2%#2+$ +&*1,5%)" +D+$B B+,$K-"%L-' M#


16/26

G$),&/B 34+,R%"#K )"+ 1)*/& 3,B 52,5 !?C %3 2,D%"# , #$+,5 ,"& #$)7%"# %.4,15 )" 2%#2+$

+&*1,5%)"K 52*3 6,D)*$%"# +=/+,$"%"# 4$,15%1+30


17/26

U; A11"#/0>" /"#$%&'&()*"%$+%#", @2+#/0#"4 1&2 /$" 1./.2"

N>I O?(?"# #,,#1(%7#


18/26

1$+,5%D%5BK 6H $+6/+15%)"K #H $+34)"3%A%/%5BK 2H &%#%5,/ 1).4+5+"1+K ,"& %H /%6+/)"#

/+,$"%"#0

8)$ @*"%+ +5 ,/0 EXZZdH 52+ 6*5*$+ 5$+"&3 )6 /+,$"%"# +",A/+& AB !?C ,$+ $+/,5+& 5)

)A5,%"%"# ,"& 1$+,5%"# R")7/++ ,5 52+ $%#25 5%.+K %" 52+ $%#25 4/,1+K %" 52+ $%#25 7,BK52+ $%#25 &+D%1+K ,D,%/,A/+ 6)$ +D+$B)"+ ,"& ,&,45+& 5) /+,$"%"# 35B/+30 (+D+$52+/+33K @+

EXZVVH 35,5+3 52,5 52+ 6*5*$+ )6 +&*1,5%)" 7%52 !?C 3*44)$5 %3 5) /+,$" .)$+ E*3%"#

5+12")/)#%+3 5) A+ .)$+ +66%1%+"5 %" %"5$)&*1%"# "+7 .+52)&)/)#%1,/ ,44$),12+3HK 5) /+,$"

A+55+$ E*3%"# 5+12")/)#%+3 5) 4+$3)",/%S+ /+,$"%"#HK ,"& 5) /+,$" %" , &%66+$+"5 7,B E*3%

5+12")/)#%+3 5) 6,1%/%5,5+ 52+ ,1U*%3%5%)" )6 XV35 1+"5*$B 3R%//3H0 !" 52%3 3+"3+K %5 7%// A+

"+1+33,$B 5) A+ 3R%//+& %" !?C *3+ ,"& 3)1%,/ 1).4+5+"1+K 4$)A/+.=3)/D%"#K 1$+,5%D%5

/+,$"%"# 5) /+,$"K $%3R=5,R%"#K +"5$+4$+"+*$32%4K 1$%5%1,/ 52%"R%"#K R")7/++ 32,$%1))4+$,5%)" 5+12"%U*+3 E@*"%+ +5 ,/0K XZZd` e+&+1R+$ +5 ,/0K XZVVH0

e+&+1R+$ +5 ,/0 EXZVZH +"D%3,#+ 52,5 !?C 7%// 6,1%/%5,5+ 52,5 6)$.,/ %"35%5*5%)"3 %" X

XZ_Z 7%// A+ .)$+ 6/+Q%A/+K 5$,"34,$+"5 ,"& )4+"K ,"& 7%// 4$).)5+ 4$,15%1,/ ,"& $+,/=/%6+

/+,$"%"# )44)$5*"%5%+3K .*/5%1*/5*$,/K 1)//,A)$,5%D+K 3+/6=$+#*/,5+& ,"& 4+$3)",/%S+& /+,$"%

:12))/ 5+,12+$3 1)"3%&+$ 52,5 )D+$ 52+ "+Q5 VZ=XZ B+,$3 /+,$"%"# 7%// A+ 6)1*3+& )"

1).4+5+"1+3K A,3+& )" 52+ "++&3 )6 %"&%D%&*,/3K .)$+ ,15%D+ ,"& 1)""+15+& 5) $+,/ /%6+K

5+12")/)#%+3 7%// A+ ," %"5+#$,/ 4,$5 )6 /+,$"%"# ,"& 5+,12+$3 7%// A+1).+ /%6+/)"# /+,$"+$30

EP/,=9*5R, +5 ,/0K XZVZH0

e+&+1R+$ +5 ,/0 EXZVZH 4$+&%15 52,5 6)$.,/ +&*1,5%)" 7%// 35%// A+ A,3+& )" 312))/3 72%/+

9%//+$ +5 ,/0 EXZZYH 1)"3%&+$ 52,5 /+,$"%"# %3 5+"&%"# 5)7,$&3 52+ ,A,"&)".+"5 )6 52+

5+12")1$,5%1K 2%+$,$12%1,/ ,"& +Q1/*3%D+ ,44$),12 5) +&*1,5%)" ,"& 3R%//3 ,12%+D+.+"5 ,"&

52+ .,$#%",/%S,5%)" )6 %"35%5*5%)",/%S+& /+,$"%"#0 !" 52%3 3+"3+K 52+8-..%((## -, +'P?%"5 %'(-

(2# 82/'4%'4 Q#/"'#" @R


19/26

!"#$%&'(# *+" ,+$ !!"#$"% '#( )'**+"*% !"#$%!&!#" !" !"# !"##$%& ()&$#*&"#$ +!"# =!"#$% '#

!"#$ &''() !"#$%&' )**+, !"#$% ! !""#$ &'(')*'+, !""-$ ./012 '3 456, !""-7 ! #$ %&' ()

!"##$%& ! !" $%&$ $' !((!)$*+!,- &." !((*)*!.$,- */0,!/!.$ 123 *. !"4)&$*'. *$ 5*,, 6! .!)!77&8-

!" ! !"# %&'( !))(*&' '+# ,(--(.%&/ ,!)'(012 '#)+&%)!- !""#$" !!"!#$!%#$#&'( !**+,,#%#$#&'(!"#$%&'#()&%&*+ '! %-* %'')+. +$(!!')/ '! %-* %'')+. /*1&$* +&2*3. $'45*%*#$*+ 6/&0&%() (#/

!"!#$%"$#& $()*+%+,$+- (. %+#$/+0- #,! -%1!+,%-2 !"3"%#& -4"&&-56 -%1!+,%- !"##$#%&'()

!"#$%$"'( *+,-.+ #/+ 0&1 "2 +31+*$+'.+4 5$#/ 678 "-#4$,+ &', $'4$,+ .9&44*""!4:( #+&./+*;4

!"#$% '$()*"*+,)# ,"-,$!-. /.,)00"#(+-*% '$!."-)#+ ! !"#$%& "$ "!() #%"$ !**$+%" ,"+-)%", .$#*),

!"# "%%#&' #%&()" *+ ,%-- =!"#$%"$#&' )*+,*& &*-,#)*.&*" !"# %&'()*! !"#$%!& !%( )#%!%*#!&

!"##$%&' )"*+,&- ,.!"%*./0 10/2*.,!1! 3$% "!0% =!"#"$%&"' )*#&"#&+ ,%-"&. %#' /$01%).

!"#!$%#&'

N>E @.#"4%'4 (#12'-3-4%#$ ,-" (2# ,?(?"#

!" $+/,5%)" 5) 52+ 5+12"%1,/ 12,//+"#+3K 52+$+ ,$+ +66)$53 5) +"D%3,#+ 52+ 12,$,15+$%35%13 )6 52+

+.+$#%"# 5+12")/)#%+3 )6 52+ 6*5*$+0 !6 7+ 1).4,$+ 52+ +.+$#%"# 5+12")/)#%+3 %" &%66+$+"5

#+)#$,42%1,/ $+#%)"3 A,3+& )" 52+0#12'-3-4%1/3 C?(3--S$ )6 52+K-"%L-' M#


20/26

J" 52+ 72)/+K 52+ +66+15%D+ 5+12")/)#B=+"2,"1+& 4$,15%1+3 )6 52+ 6*5*$+ 7%// A+ 52)3+

3++" ,3 *3+6*/ AB 5+,12+$3 ,"& 35*&+"530 C2+3+ 4$,15%1+3 7%// A+ A,3+& )" 6/+Q%A%/%

4+$3)",/%S,5%)"K ,15%D+ /+,$"%"#K 1)//,A)$,5%)"K 1$+,5%D%5BK $+6/+15%)"K $+34)"3%A%/%

1).4+5+"1+K /%6+/)"# ,"& /%6+=7%&+ /+,$"%"#0 C2*3K 52+ +.+$#%"# 5+12")/)#%+3 6)$ 52+ 6*5*$+

7%// A+ 52)3+ ,&,45+& 5) /+,$"+$3 ,"& 52,5 ,$+ D%3*,/K 1)//,A)$,5%D+ ,"& *A%U*%5)*30

C; =&%#'.40&%4

q)*"# 4+)4/+ ,$+ /+,&%"# 52+ 12,"#+ %" 52+ !"6)$.,5%)" :)1%+5B AB *3%"# 5+12")/)#%+3

%"5+"3%D+/B 5) 1)..*"%1,5+ ,"& 5) /+,$"0 C2+ 12,$,15+$%35%13 )6 52+ 9%//+""%,/3 ,$+ 1$+,5%"# ,

#,4 A+57++" 35*&+"53 ,"& +&*1,5%)",/ %"35%5*5%)"30 8)$ 52%3 $+,3)"K 52+$+ 2,D+ A++" #$+,5

+66)$53 5) %"5$)&*1+ !?C %"5) +&*1,5%)"K +Q4+15%"# , 4)3%5%D+ %.4,150

!?C %"5+#$,5%)" %"5) 4$%.,$B ,"& 3+1)"&,$B +&*1,5%)" %3 .)$+ 6)1*3+& )" 4$)D%&%"# 5))/3

,"&

,11+33 5) 52+ !"5+$"+5 52," )" 12,"#%"# .+52)&)/)#%+3 )$ .)D%"# 5) D%$5*,/ 1)"5+Q530 !"2%#2+$ +&*1,5%)" 52+ *3+ )6 !?C %3 .)$+ 7%&+34$+,& 52," %" )52+$ +&*1,5%)",/ /+D+/3K ,"& %3

R./.2" /2"%,4 V


21/26

.)$+ 6)1*3+& )" A/+"&+& ,"& +=/+,$"%"# 4$,15%1+30 e+5$%+D+& 6$).2554Noo6540]$10+3oMFe&)1oce?fWiifsC(04&6

P//+"K !0 M0K k :+,.,"K c0 EXZV_H082/'4%'4 1-?"$#U 0#' 5#/"$ -, ("/1S%'4 -'3%'# #&?1/(%-' %'(2# V'%(#& Y(/(#$> (+7A*$B4)$5K 9P0

G,/,"3R,5K P0 EXZZWH0Y(?&5 -, (2# %.


22/26

GM?CP EXZZdH0@.#"4%'4 (#12'-3-4%#$ ,-" 3#/"'%'4 0 GM?CP0 e+5$%+D+&6$). 2554Noo&+$,0%)+0,10*RoVfZVoVoA+15,sXZZds+.+$#%"#5+12")/)#%+3sD)/Vs$+4)$504&6

GM?CP EXZZiH0@.#"4%'4 (#12'-3-4%#$ ,-" 3#/"'%'4 0 GM?CP0 e+5$%+D+&6$). 2554Noo&+$,0%)+0,10*RoVfZXoXoA+15,sXZZis+.+$#%"#5+12")/)#%+3sD)/Xs$+4)$504&6

GM?CP EXZZYH0@.#"4%'4 (#12'-3-4%#$ ,-" 3#/"'%'4 0 GM?CP0 e+5$%+D+&6$). 2554Noo7770..%7+A0)$#0*Ro4*A/%1,5%)"3o%15o+.+$#%"#s5+12Z_04&6

G$)7"K c0:0 EXZZZH0 m$)7%"# *4 &%#%5,//BN


23/26

6$). 2554Noo+,1+,0+10+*$)4,0+*o+&*1,5%)"o+*$B&%1+o&)1*.+"53oR+Bs&,5,s3+$%+3oVXW+"04&60

MB")"K e0 EXZZWH09/ M1)").%35 !"5+//%#+"1+ F"%5K (+7 9+&%, ?)"3)$5%*.0e+5$%+D+&6$). 2554Noo#$,42%130+%*01).o*4/),&oC2+jXZ8*5*$+jXZ)6jXZF"%D+$3%5%+304&60


24/26

c)2"3)"K I0K I+D%"+K P0k :.%52K e0 EXZZiH002# EFF] K-"%L-' M# P*35%"K CwN C2+ (+7 9+&%,?)"3)$5%*.0 e+5$%+D+& 6$).2554Noo77706&%0D50+&*o)"/%"+=$+3)*$1+3oXZZd= FON c!:?0 e+5$%+D+& 6$).

2554Noo7770]%310,10*Ro.+&%,o&)1*.+"53o4*A/%1,5%)"3o+66+15%D+4$,15%1++/+,$"%"#04&60 O"%#25K :0 EXZZfH0+''-7/(%7# !"/1(%1# =%(2 #JQ#/"'%'4> 6 4--&


25/26

I+"2,$5K P0K @*$1+//K O0K :.%52K P0k l%1R*2$K O0 EXZVZH0 :)1%,/ .+&%, k .)A%/+ %"5+$",.)"# 5++"3 ,"& B)*"# ,&*/530 !#= +'(#"'#( D 6.#"%1/' Q%,# !"-\#1( K V=fV0 e+5$%+D+&6$). 2554Noo#))0#/omxDJ_0

9+,"3K G0K C)B,.,K q0K 9*$42BK e0K G,R%,K 90 k c)"+3K O0 EXZVZH0@7/3?/(%-' -, #7%'1#J:/$#& +'7#$(%'4 %' -?" ,?(?"#> P$/%"#5)"K pPN (,5%)",/ ?))$&%",5%)" J66%1+6)$ ?).4*5%"#0 e+5$%+D+& 6$).2554Noo7770,,,30)$#o344oB+,$A))RoXZZZo12Xh04&6 0

@*"%+ K q0 k ?,A$+$, K 90 EXZZfH002# O?(?"# -, +80 /'& Q#/"'%'4 %' (2# b'-=3#&4# Y-1%#(5 =e+4)$5 )" , c)%"5 Lm ce? = Lm MP? T)$R32)4 2+/& %" :+D%//+K XZ = XV J15)A+$ XZZf0 :+D%//+NM*$)4+," ?)..%33%)" L%$+15)$,5+ = m+"+$,/ c)%"5 e+3+,$12 ?+"5$+0

@*"%+K q0K l%""A,*+$K L0k ?,A$+$,K 90 EXZZdH0 6 "#7%#= -, (2# +.e+3*/53 6$). ," )"/%"+ +Q4+$5 1)"3*/5,5%)"0e+5$%+D+& 6$).2554Noo%4530]$10+10+*$)4,0+*o4*A/%1,5%)"3o4*A016.a%&t_dfW0


26/26

e+&+1R+$K ?0K I+%3K 90K I++"&+$53+K 90K @*"%+K q0K m%]3A+$3 K m0K O%$312"+$K @0 @+7 !"5+$"+5e+3+,$12 m$)*40e+5$%+D+& 6$).2554Noo#))0#/omV48.0

:)/,K 90 k 9*$%//)K c0 80 E?))$&30H EXZVVH0Q/$ 0+8 #' 3/ @&?1/1%e'U M#/3%&/& 5 @R+',-".# /'?/3 EFII> 9,&$%& N 8*"&,1%b" C+/+6b"%1, B P$%+/0 ?)/+11%b" 8*"&,1%b"C+/+6b"%1,0

C,431)55K L0 EVWWYH0f"-=%'4 ?< &%4%(/335U 02# "%$# -, (2# A#( f#'#"/(%-'> (+7 q)$RN 91m$,7=

noguera, i._technology-enhanced education for millennials

Documents