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Non-monotonic NegativityNon-monotonic Negativity

Sumiyo Nishiguchi

Osaka UniversityUCLA

PACLIC 17 10/03/2003 Singapore

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New Description of NPI Licensers

Non-Upward Entailingness

Downward entailing + Non-monotonic contra Ladusaw 1979,1980 expansion from Progovac 1992,1994

Non-monotonic licensers Exclusivity condition license weak NPIs (any, ever)

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Anti UEness

DENon-monotonic

UE

Ladusaw’s DE theory

Non-UE

License weak NPIs

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Negative Polarity Items (NPIs)Negative Polarity Items (NPIs)

► any, anything, anymore, ever, at all, any, anything, anymore, ever, at all, whatsoever,whatsoever, budge an inch,budge an inch, care tocare to VPVP, , botherbother V-ingV-ing..

(1)a.(1)a. I didI didn’t n’t realize that he admired her realize that he admired her at allat all..b.b. *He admired her *He admired her at allat all. .

► (Klima 1964:282) (Klima 1964:282)

(2)a.(2)a. NoneNone of the rivals said of the rivals said anything whatsoeveranything whatsoever.. b.b. 　　 **SomeSome of the rivals said of the rivals said anything whatsoeveranything whatsoever. .

(Hoeksema 1986a:35)(Hoeksema 1986a:35)

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Varieties of NPI licensersVarieties of NPI licensers

► (3)(3) At mostAt most::► a.a. At mostAt most three women have three women have ever ever loved him.loved him.► b.b. ?At least three women have ?At least three women have everever loved him.loved him.

► (4)(4) EveryEvery::► aa.. EveryEvery student who had student who had everever read read anything anything

about phrenology attended the lecture.about phrenology attended the lecture.► b.b. *Some*Some student who had student who had ever ever read read anythinganything

about phrenology attended the lecture.about phrenology attended the lecture.► (Ladusaw 1980:3)(Ladusaw 1980:3)

► (5)(5) OnlyOnly::a.a. OnlyOnly Bill had Bill had ever ever read read anythinganything about about phrenology. b.phrenology. b. *Even Bill had*Even Bill had ever ever read read anythinganything about about phrenologyphrenology..

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Attempts to capture the common Attempts to capture the common feature of NPI licensersfeature of NPI licensers

Ladusaw Ladusaw (1979,1980)(1979,1980) Linebarger Linebarger (1980)(1980) Zwarts Zwarts (1993)(1993) van der Wouden van der Wouden (1997)(1997) Giannakidou Giannakidou (1998)(1998) Progovac Progovac (1988,1992,1994)(1988,1992,1994) von Fintel von Fintel (1999)(1999) Yoshimura Yoshimura (1992)(1992)

CounterexamplesCounterexamples

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Ladusaw’s DE TheoryLadusaw’s DE Theory (Ladusaw 1979, 1980)(Ladusaw 1979, 1980)

““A negative-polarity item is acceptable only if it is A negative-polarity item is acceptable only if it is interpreted in the scope of a downward-entailing interpreted in the scope of a downward-entailing expression.”expression.” (Ladusaw 1980:13)(Ladusaw 1980:13) EveryEvery:: ↓MON↓MON ✓TRIGGER✓TRIGGER(7)(7) a. a. Every Every student who had student who had everever read read anythinganything

on on phrenology attended the lecture.phrenology attended the lecture. b. b. **EveryEvery student who attended the lecture had student who attended the lecture had ever ever

read read anythinganything about phrenology. about phrenology.c.c. EveryEvery man walks. man walks. → → Every father walks. Every father walks.

d.d. 　　　　 EveryEvery man walks. man walks. −/→−/→ Every man walks slowly. Every man walks slowly. (ibid.:6) (ibid.:6)

father

man

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Problems with DE theoryProblems with DE theoryLinebarger 1980; Hoeksema 1986; Linebarger 1980; Hoeksema 1986;

Nishiguchi 2002Nishiguchi 2002

OnlyOnly: : ⇞⇟⇞⇟ MON MON ⇞⇟⇞⇟ ✓✓ TRIGGER TRIGGER ✓✓ (8)a.(8)a. OnlyOnly people who know a language will be people who know a language will be

admitted to the lecture. admitted to the lecture. →?? →??

OnlyOnly people who know a Romance language people who know a Romance language will be admitted to the lecture. will be admitted to the lecture.

b.b. OnlyOnly people who have people who have everever been to Paris will been to Paris will be admitted to be admitted to the lecture. the lecture.

Superlatives: Superlatives: ⇞⇟⇞⇟ MON MON ⇞⇟⇞⇟ ✓✓TRIGGER TRIGGER ✓✓(9)a. (9)a. John is the John is the greatestgreatest man who man who ever ever lived. ←/→ lived. ←/→ b. b. John is the John is the greatesgreatestt man who man who everever lived in Japan. lived in Japan.

Ordinal numeralsOrdinal numerals: : ⇞⇟⇞⇟ MONMON ✓✓ TRIGGER TRIGGER 　　　　 (Nishiguchi 2002)(Nishiguchi 2002) (10)a.(10)a. John is the John is the secondsecond European who has European who has everever seen that seen that

sacred statue. ←/→ sacred statue. ←/→ b.b. John is the John is the secondsecond European who has European who has everever seen seen

that that sacred female statue. sacred female statue.

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Problems with Linebarger Problems with Linebarger (1980, 1987)(1980, 1987)

Two-fold conditionTwo-fold condition Immediate scope contraintImmediate scope contraint Negative implicatum (NI)Negative implicatum (NI)Counterexamples:Counterexamples: glad, glad, happyhappy lack NI, but trigger lack NI, but trigger

NPIs. NPIs. (14)(14) A:A: But these tickets are terrible!But these tickets are terrible! B:B: Be Be gladglad we got we got ANYANY tickets! tickets!

(Kadmon and Landman 1993:384)(Kadmon and Landman 1993:384)

(15)(15) I am I am happyhappy you passed the entrance exam.you passed the entrance exam. --/-- >--/-- >

I had expected that you would not pass the entranceI had expected that you would not pass the entrance exam.exam.

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NonveridicalityNonveridicalityZwarts (1995)Zwarts (1995)Giannakidou (1998,1999,2001)Giannakidou (1998,1999,2001)

Licensing condition for affective polarity itemsLicensing condition for affective polarity items

ⅰⅰ.. An affective polarity item An affective polarity item will be will be licensed in a sentence S iff S provides some licensed in a sentence S iff S provides some expressions g which is expressions g which is nonveridicalnonveridical, and , and is is in the scope of g.in the scope of g.

ⅱⅱ.. In certain cases, In certain cases, may be licensed indirectly may be licensed indirectly in in S iff S gives rise to a S iff S gives rise to a negative implicaturenegative implicature f, f, and and is in the scope ofis in the scope of negation in f.negation in f.

(Giannakidou (Giannakidou 1998:149) 1998:149)

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Counterexamples to nonveridicalityCounterexamples to nonveridicality

Glad, happy:Glad, happy: neither nonveridical nor accommodating negative neither nonveridical nor accommodating negative

implicatureimplicature..

(22)(22) I was I was glad glad that John had llamas in his apartment. that John had llamas in his apartment. →→

John had llamas in his apartment. John had llamas in his apartment. (veridical)(veridical)

(23) (23) I was I was glad glad that John had llamas in his apartment. that John had llamas in his apartment. --/-->--/-->

I had expected that John would not have llamas I had expected that John would not have llamas in hisin his apartment.apartment.

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A Hierarchy of Negative Expressions A Hierarchy of Negative Expressions (Zwarts 1993; van der Wouden 1997)(Zwarts 1993; van der Wouden 1997)

monotone decreasing: monotone decreasing: few, seldom, hardlyfew, seldom, hardly f(X)f(X)f(Y)f(Y) f(X f(XY) Y)

f(Xf(XY)Y) f(X) f(X)f(Y) f(Y) anti-additive:anti-additive: nobody, never, nothingnobody, never, nothing

f(X)f(X)f(Y)f(Y) f(X f(XY)Y)f(Xf(XY)Y) f(X) f(X)f(Y)f(Y)

f(X)f(X)f(Y) f(Y) f(X f(XY)Y) antimorphicantimorphic not, not the teacher, not Judasnot, not the teacher, not Judas

f(Xf(XY) Y) f(X) f(X)f(Y)f(Y) f(X)f(X)f(Y) f(Y) f(X f(XY) Y) f(Xf(XY)Y) f(X) f(X)f(Y)f(Y) f(X)f(X)f(Y) f(Y) f(X f(XY) Y)

(van der Wouden 1997:106)(van der Wouden 1997:106) . .

weak strong superstrongNon-monotonic

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Strawson DE Strawson DE

　　　　 (von Fintel (von Fintel 1999)1999)

A Binding ApproachA Binding Approach

(Progovac 1988, 1992, (Progovac 1988, 1992, 1994)1994)

Cognitive Structure of Negation Cognitive Structure of Negation (Yoshimura 1992, 1996)(Yoshimura 1992, 1996)

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Anti-UE

Non-UE contexts can license NPIs.

Expansion on Progovac (1992) on questions

(42) A function f of type <s, t> is the NPI licenser iff for all x, y of type s such

that x → y, f(x)−/→ f(y)

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Anti UEness

DENon-monotonic

UE

Ladusaw’s DE theory

Non-UE

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Non-monotonic determiners Ordinal numerals

(48) Ordinal numerals: ⇞⇟ MON ✓TRIGGER(Nishiguchi 2002)

a. John is the second European who has ever seen that sacred statue.

←/→ John is the second European who has

ever seen that sacred female statue. b. Fred was the first to ever swim

across the Adriatic.

(Hoeksema 2000:116)

C. It was the first time she had ever seen fear in Connor O'Dell's eyes.

(British National Corpus FPM 369 )

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determiner the generic NP (49) The: ⇞⇟ MON, ✓TRIGGER a. The man who has ever learned any language was

admitted to the lectures. ←/→ The man who has ever learned a Romance

language was admitted to the lectures.

(50) Generic NP: ⇞⇟ MON, ✓TRIGGER a. Dogs have four legs. −/→ Dogs that have been in accidents involving chain

saws have four legs. (Heim 1984:103)

b. Students who have ever read anything about phrenology attended the lecture.

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exactly n, the n- Non-monotonic determiners

(43) Exactly n: ⇞⇟MON ⇞⇟ 　 ✓ TRIGGER ✓ (Ladusaw 1980) a. Exactly five people who had ever learned

anything about phrenology attended the lectures. c. Exactly ten people played sports. ←/→ Exactly ten women played sports.(44) The n: ⇞⇟MON 　　 ✓ TRIGGER a. The five men walk. ←/→

The five young men walk. b. The four people who dared to have a bite were

poisoned.

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(precisely) n, nearly all -Non-monotonic determiners

(45) (Precisely) n : ⇞⇟MON⇞⇟ ✓ TRIGGER ✓ a. Seven men walk. ←/→Seven young men walk. b. Seven men walk. ←/→ Seven men walk slowly. c. Five people who dared to have a bite were

poisoned. (46) Nearly all: ⇞⇟MON ✓ TRIGGER

a. Nearly all men walk. ←/→ Nearly all young men walk.

b. Nearly all men who have ever learned anything about phrenology were admitted to the lectures.

c. Nearly all people who dared to have a bite were poisoned.

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few -Non-monotonic determiner

(47) Few2: ⇞⇟ MON ✓TRIGGER a. Few men walk down the street.

←/→ Few young men walk down the

street. b. Few men who have ever learned

anything about phrenology were admitted to the lectures.

c. Few men who dared to have a bite were poisoned.

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Non-monotonic expressions

If-clause If and only if-clause be happy be glad

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IfIf and only if

(51) If-clause: (Linebarger 1980)

a. If you ever come to Japan you will have fun. −/→

b. If you ever come to Japan and become sick, you will have fun.

(52) If and only if – clause: a. The ER series will end if and only if John

Carter is ever assassinated. ←/→

b. The ER series will end if and only if any of the staff is ever assassinated.

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glad, happy (53) Glad:

a. John is glad he will teach, but John is not glad he will teach on Tuesdays. He prefers

Wednesdays. b. I’m glad ANYBODY likes me!

(Kadmon and Landman 1993:384)

(54) Happy:

(Lee 1999) a. I am happy that there is any food left. b. I am happy he bought a car. ←/→

I am happy he bought a Honda.

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hope (55)a. These razor blades are going like

hotcakes. I hope there’s any left. (Horn 2001:184)

b. Nicholas hopes to get a free trip on

the Concorde. So Nicholas hopes to get a trip on the Concorde.

(Asher 1987:171)

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Non-monotonic licensers:

NM determiners ⇞⇟MON ⇞⇟ ✓TRIGGER :✓

only, exactly n, (precisely) n, superlatives ⇞⇟ MON ✓TRIGGER : the, the n, ordinal numerals, Generic NPs, nearly

all, few2

NM non-determiners if, if and only if, happy, glad, hope

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Exclusivity: Common feature of NM

determiners (57) is a non-monotonic licenser of

type <et, <et,t>> iff [[]] =f D<e,t> . [g D<e,t> . for all xDe such that g(x)=1, f(x)=1]

(58) [[the]] = f D<e,t> . [g D<e,t> . for all x De such that g(x)=1,

f(x) = 1]

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the n

(58) [[the three]] =f D<e,t> . [g D<e,t> . there are some x1, x2,

and x3, such that f(x1)= 1, f(x2)=1, f(x3)=1, g(x1)= 1, g(x2)=1, and

g(x3)=1, and for all y such that f(y) = 1, y≠x1, y≠x2, and y≠x3, g(y) = 0]

(59) The three men walk. ←/→

The three men walk slowly.

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No other than x is g(y):common assertion

(63) Only Muriel voted for Hubert. ----> No one other than Muriel voted for Hubert. (Horn 1969:98-99) (65) Exactly five children were injured. ----> No other children than the exactly five were injured. (66) Joan is the most beautiful woman I have ever met. ----> No one other than Joan is the most beautiful woman. (67) Franklin was the second man who came in. ----> No one other than Franklin was the second man who came in. (68) Few students came in. ----> No one other than few students came in.

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Exclusivity: non-determiners

(68) I will go if and only if it does not rain.

----> I will not go if it rains. (69) I hope to get a new car.

----> I do not hope to get anything else,

like an old car.

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Generalization

(70) Non-monotonic contexts which meet exclusivity condition can license weak NPIs.

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Strengthening effect: Motivation behind NPI licensing in NM contexts (72) a. Taro is the only Japanese who has ever been

to Shostka.

b. Taro is the only Japanese who has been to Shostka.

(73) a. Men with any sense avoid installment plans.

b. Men with sense avoid installment plans.

Wideners any and ever create stronger statements, excluding any possibilities (Kadmon and Landman 1993).

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SUMMARY

• New description of NPI licensers

• Non UE• Exclusivity• Non-monotonic scope triggers weak

NPIs• Strengthening effects motivate

licensing NPIs in non-monotonic contexts