non-nutrients in swine health and production...0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 1965 1970 1975 1980...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Non-nutrients in Swine Health and Production...0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 1965 = 100](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041913/5e68479a9778a225cc696691/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Non-nutrients in Swine Health
and Production
Yanhong Liu
University of California, Davis
UCDAVIS
Non-nutrition: the future of nutrition?
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Outline
• World population & calorie demand
• Non-nutrients - a novel concept
• Examples
• Overall summary
• Take home message
UCDAVIS
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
1965 = 100
Population
World population
UCDAVIS
Source: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (2007)
36.7%
9.6
billion
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
1965 = 100
Population
Food calories
UCDAVIS
Source: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (2007)
31.4%
Calories
36.7%
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Global demand for meat
UCDAVIS
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Swine production
•Technologies
Genetics
Management
Reproduction
Health
Nutrition
UCDAVIS
Non-nutrients
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Non-nutrients
• Bioactive compounds
• No nutrient contribution to animals
• But, have physiological activities
beyond provision of bioactive
compounds
UCDAVIS
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Antibiotics
UCDAVIS
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Livestock antibiotics use
UCDAVIS
2010: 63,000 tons
Van Boeckel et al., 2015
1
2
3
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Antibiotics in feed
• Treat Disease
• Growth promoter
Antibiotic resistance
Banned in the European Union since 2006
Increasing restricted in the U.S.
• FDA’s GFI #213
UCDAVIS
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Non-nutritive sweeteners
UCDAVIS
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Artificial sweeteners
• Synthetic sugar substitutes
• Intensive sweeteners
• Pleasant taste, enhance palatability,
reinforce taste preference, and
promote consumption
UCDAVIS
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Feeding artificial sweeteners increased feed intake of weaning pigs
UCDAVIS
Sterk et al., 2008
150 mg/kg
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Sweeteners enhanced glucose uptake of weaning pigs
*
* **
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
D-glucose uptake
Control Sucram Saccharin NHDC Saccharin+NHDC
UCDAVIS
Moran et al., 2010NHDC = neohesperidin dihydrochalcone
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Sweeteners enhanced expression of glucose co-transporters in weaning pigs
*
*
*
**
*
*
*
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
SGLT-1 mRNA SGLT-1 protein
Control Sucram Saccharin NHDC Saccharin+NHDC
UCDAVIS
Moran et al., 2010NHDC = neohesperidin dihydrochalcone
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Artificial sweeteners
• Pre- & post-weaning periods
• Improve feed intake
• Improve feed efficiency
• Prevent weaning-related malabsorption
UCDAVIS
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Exogenous enzymes
UCDAVIS
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Anti-nutritional factors
UCDAVIS
• Anti-nutritional factors in animal feed
Examples: phytic acid, glucosinolates,
non-starch polysaccharides
Reducing amino acid digestibility
Binding to various nutrients
Disturbing intestinal functions
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Exogenous enzymes
UCDAVIS
• Exogenous enzymes help to degrade
the indigestible components in diet and
help to alleviate the negative effects of
anti-nutritional factors
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Exogenous enzymes
UCDAVIS
Enzyme Main substrate
Phytase Phytic acid
Xylanase Arabinoxylans
Galactosidase Galatosides
Mannanase β-mannans
Protease Proteins
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UCDAVIS
Liu et al., 2016
b
b
b
a
a
a
a
a
a
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Bone weight Bone ash Bone P
Negative control 250 FTU/kg phytase 500 FTU/kg phytase
gDietary phytase enhanced P utilization of weaning pigs
Linear: P < 0.05
Linear: P < 0.05Linear: P < 0.05
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Dietary phytase improved growth performance of pigs fed P-deficient diets
UCDAVIS
Liu et al., 2016
b
b
a
b
a
a
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
ADG ADFI
Negative control 250 FTU/kg phytase 500 FTU/kg phytase
c
b
a
0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
G:F
g
Linear: P < 0.05 Linear: P < 0.05
Linear: P < 0.05
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Xylanase improved energy digestibility of pigs
UCDAVIS
Casas and Stein, 2016
Item Full-fat rice bran Defatted rice bran
NDF, % 10.36 13.29
ADF, % 5.65 6.61
Hemicellulose, % 4.71 6.68
ME without xylanase, kcal/kg 3,856 2,936
ME with xylanase, kcal/kg 4,198 3,225
ME: metabolizable energy Xylanase dose: 16,000 units/kg
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Exogenous enzymes
UCDAVIS
• Improve digestibility of nutrients and
energy
• Improve sustainability of pig production
by increasing the utilization of fibrous
by-products in pigs
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Probiotics & prebiotics
UCDAVIS
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Probiotics & prebiotics
• Probiotics: live microorganisms that
have beneficial effects on the host
when ingested
• Prebiotics: compounds able to
improve the growth of beneficial
microbes in the GI tract
UCDAVIS
Salminen et al., 1998
Gilson et al., 2004
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Probiotics
• Main categories
• Bacillus (Gram +, spore-formers)
• Lactic acid-producing bacteria
• Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus
• Yeast
UCDAVIS
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Prebiotics
• Inulin
•Fructo-oligosaccharides
•Galacto-oligosaccharides
•Transgalacto-oligosaccharides
•Soy oligosaccharides
•Lactose
•etc.
UCDAVIS
![Page 29: Non-nutrients in Swine Health and Production...0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 1965 = 100](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041913/5e68479a9778a225cc696691/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Probiotics: LGG
UCDAVIS
Mao et al., 2016
LGG = Lactobacillus rhamnosus Dose: 109 CFU/g
Weanling pigs: 6.7 kg BW
b
a
0
100
200
300
400
500
Mucin 1
U/m
g p
rote
in
b
a
0
10
20
30
40
50
Mucin 2
ng
/mg
pro
tein
ba
0
4
8
12
16
20
sIgAμ
g/m
g p
rote
in
Control
LGG
Jejunal mucosa
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UCDAVIS
b
a
a
b
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Lactobacillus Bifidobacterium E. coli
Lo
g10 (
co
pie
s/g
)
Control
LGG
Mao et al., 2016
Probiotics: LGG
LGG = Lactobacillus rhamnosus Dose: 109 CFU/g
Weanling pigs: 6.7 kg BW
Ileal mucosa
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UCDAVIS
b
b b
a
a
a
75
76
77
78
79
80
DM Nitrogen Gross energy
AT
TD
, % Control
1% Fructan
Zhao et al., 2013
Prebiotics: fructan
Growing pigs: 73 kg BW
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UCDAVIS
b a
a
b
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Lactobacillus E. coli
Lo
g1
0 c
fu/g
Control
1% Fructan
Zhao et al., 2013
Prebiotics: fructan
Growing pigs: 73 kg BW
Fecal sample
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Probiotics & prebioticsPotential mechanisms
UCDAVIS
Probiotic microbes
Completing binding
sites and nutrients MetabolitesModulation of
immune system
• Inhibit pathogens
• Inhibit pathogen attachment
• Increase gut barrier function
• Modulate immunity
• Alter nutrient digestibility
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Plant extracts
UCDAVIS
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Plant extracts
UCDAVIS
• Concentrated, hydrophobic, volatile aroma
• Mixtures of secondary plant metabolites
• Biological effects:
Antimicrobial
Anti-inflammatory
Antioxidant
Others: Antiviral, Antifungal, Antiparasitic, Antitoxigenic
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UCDAVIS
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
d0-11 PI d0-11 PI
Sham E. coli
Control
Capsicum
Garlicon
Turmeric
%
Control vs. plant extracts
P < 0.05
Liu et al., 2013
Control vs. plant extracts
P < 0.05
Pig days with diarrhea score ≥ 3
1, normal; 5, watery diarrhea
Frequency of diarrhea
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Liu et al., 2013, 2014
Possible mechanism for
reduced diarrhea
* * *
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Sham E. coli
μm
* *
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
E. coli
Control
Capsicum
Garlicon
Turmeric
Possibly improved gut barrier function!
Ileal villi height (d 5 PI) MUC2 in Ileal mucosa (d 5 PI)
UCDAVIS
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020406080100
Control Capsicum Garlicon Turmeric
Plant extracts reduced systemic inflammation caused by E. coli infection
Liu et al., 2013
*
*
*
**
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
d5 PI d11 PI
×1000/μ
L
White blood cell counts
* ** *
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
d5 PI d11 PI
pg
/mL
Serum TNF-α
UCDAVIS
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020406080100
Control Capsicum Garlicon Turmeric
Plant extracts reduced gut inflammation caused by E. coli infection
Liu et al., 2013
* ** *
*
*
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Macrophage Neutrophil
Nu
mb
er/
mm
2
*** *
*
*
0
50
100
150
200
250
COX-2 TNFA
Rela
tive m
RN
A e
xp
ressio
n
UCDAVIS
Ileal mucosa, d 5 PIIleal mucosa, d 5 PI
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Plant extracts
UCDAVIS
• Weanling pigs
• Increase disease resistance
• Enhance gut barrier function
• Modify immune responses
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Overall summary
•Non-nutrients
Nutrient digestibility or absorption
Gut microbial ecology
Gut integrity and barrier function
Host immune responses
UCDAVIS
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Take home message
• The importance of using non-nutrients
will be increased to maintain pig
health and promote grow performance
• More research are needed for the best
practical solutions for swine health
and production
UCDAVIS
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Acknowledgement
• Dr. James Pettigrew’s Lab at University of Illinois
• Dr. Hans Stein’s Lab at University of Illinois
• Symposium committee
• Pancosma
• ASAS
UCDAVIS
Non-nutrition: the future of nutrition?
![Page 44: Non-nutrients in Swine Health and Production...0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 1965 = 100](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041913/5e68479a9778a225cc696691/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
UCDAVIS
Non-nutrition: the future of nutrition?
Liu Animal Nutrition Laboratory
• Nutrients & Non-nutrients on gut health of weaning pigs
http://liu.faculty.ucdavis.edu/