non-ruminant animal production alternative poultry
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry
Breeds of ducks
![Page 2: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Pekin • Originated in China
• Large creamy-white body
• Bill is orange – yellow, shank and feet are reddish yellow
• Produce excellent quality meat
• Meat is fatty
• Mature quickly • Market wt. 3 – 3.5 kg in 8 weeks • Adult wt is 4 (♂) – 3.5 (♀) kg • Egg production is 160 eggs/year/bird, eggs are tinted white in color • Hatchability is 80%. ♀ is a good setter but not good brooder • Nervous birds. Have treat gently to get maximum production
Reading materials Prepared for AS 4114 by Dr. Pradeepa Silva
![Page 3: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Aylesbury • Originated in UK
• Large white body
• Bill is yellow, shank is orange
• Produce good quality meat
• Marketed at 8 weeks
• Adult wt is 4.5 (♂) – 4.0 (♀) kg • Egg production is lower than Pekin • Some birds show extra ordinary production of 300 eggs/ bird/ year • Not nervous birds.
![Page 4: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Campbell group • Originated in UK
• Blend of breeds (Fawn & white runner, Rouen and Millard)
• Khaki variety is popular than white and dark varieties.
• Small birds. Adult wt is 2.2 kg (for both ♂ and ♀). 8 weeks body wt is 1.5 kg. Not good for meat production • Egg production is fairly high. Selected strains lay 365 eggs/ year/bird
![Page 5: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Indian Runner
• Originated in east India and developed in western Europe
• Birds stand erect. Body is almost perpendicular
• Walk easily
• Body color could be white, fawn and white, brown.
• Feet, Shank and bill are orange or reddish-orange
• Small birds. Adult wt is 2.2 kg (for both ♂ and ♀). • Egg production is lower than campbells
![Page 6: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Brown/ White Tsaiya
• Developed in Taiwan
• Body color could be white, or brown.
• Shank and bill are orange in color
• Small birds, adult wt is 1.5 - 2 kg (for both ♂ and ♀).
• Egg production is high 260 – 290 eggs/ bird/year
• Starts laying early
![Page 7: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Composition of some commercial rations
Nutrient Starter (0-2 weeks)
Grower (2-7 weeks)
Breeder
ME kcal/kg 2900 2900 2900
CP% 22 16 15
Arg % 1.1 1.0 -
Lys % 1.1 0.9 0.7
Met+Cys % 0.8 0.6 0.56
Ca % 0.65 0.6 2.75
Cl % 0.12 0.12 0.12
Mg (mg) 500 500 500
P % 0.4 0.35 0.35
Na % 0.25 0.15 0.15
Mn (mg) 40 40 25
Se (mg) 0.14 0.14 0.14
Zn (mg) 60 60 60
![Page 8: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Geese production
![Page 9: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Embden geese
• The most popular geese breed • Originated in Germany • Pure white, tightly feathered body • They stand erect. • Good egg producers among geese
- 35-40 eggs/ goose/ year
• Grow rapidly and mature early - 10 – 15 kg ♂ and 9 – 10 kg ♀.
![Page 10: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Toulous geese
• Originated in France
• Gray in color with broad and deep body.
• Loosely feathered and make a massive appearance.
• Beak is pale orange. Shank and toes are reddish orange
• Poor layers – 25 eggs / goose/ year
• Body wt
- 9 - 10 kg ♂ and 8 - 8.5 kg ♀.
![Page 11: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Pilgrim Geese • A medium size goose
• ♂ and ♀ could be identified by color
• When day-old stage • ♂ is creamy white
• ♀ is gray
• At adult stage – ♂ is white with blue eyes
– ♀ gray and white with dark eyes
• Production is similar to Toulous geese
![Page 12: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
African geese
• A ‘handsome’ breed
• Carry distinctive knob
• Head is light brown, knob and beak are black, eyes are dark brown
• Erect body. Plumage is grayish brown on the wings and black & light gray on neck area.
• Comparatively good layers
• Grow rapidly and mature quick.
![Page 13: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Roman geese
• Originated in Rome
• White in color
• Medium body
– ♂ is 6 – 7 kg
– ♀ is 5 – 6 kg
• Egg production is 50 eggs / goose / year
![Page 14: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Chinese geese • Originated in China. Widely kept in south-east Asia
• Two varieties – White with orange beak, knob and legs
– Brown (Fawn) with white edged wing feathers, black or dark green beak and knob
• Known as Swan goose because of long flexible neck. Very attractive and also kept as a ornamental bird.
• Mature early. Better layers than other breeds – 40-65 eggs/ goose/ year
• Body size is medium – ♂ is 5.5 kg and ♀ is 4.5 kg
• Produce leanest meat
![Page 15: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Wild geese • Protected as a wild species
• Ornamental birds
• Show wild nature and behavior
• Wing clipped when in captivity
• Body weight vary widely
– 1.5 to 6.0 kg
• Low in egg production and mature very late
• Mate in pairs
• Male is used for crossing with domestic breeds
– Hybrid is sterile, fine quality meat
![Page 16: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Turkey breeds
![Page 17: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Black turkey Bourbon turkey
Bronze turkey
Narragensett
White turkey
![Page 18: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Changes in body weight, feed intake and egg production of turkey at different ages
Egg production
Feed Intake
Body weight
![Page 19: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Nutritional requirement
Age in weeks
Male 0-4 4-8 8-12 12-16 16-20 20-24
Female 0-4 4-8 8-11 11-14 14-17 17-20
Energy (kcal ME/kg)
2800 2900 2900 3100 3200 3300
Protein % 28 26 22 19 16.5 14
Starter ration Grower ration Finisher ration
![Page 20: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Comparison of turkey meat with broiler
Age CW(kg) water % fat % prot. % Ash %
8 wks 2.3 70.7 4.5 20.7 4.1
20 wks 8.5 60.2 18.7 19.4 3.1
Broiler 1.6 64 14.2 18.8 3.7
![Page 21: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Age in weeks
Average Body
Weight (Kg)
Total feed
consumption (Kg)
Cumulative feed
efficiency
Male Female Male Female Male Female
Up to 4th week 0.72 0.63 0.95 0.81 1.3 1.3
Up to 8th week 2.36 1.90 3.99 3.49 1.8 1.7
Up to 12th week 4.72 3.85 11.34 9.25 2.4 2.4
Up to 16th week 7.26 5.53 19.86 15.69 2.8 2.7
Up to 20th week 9.62 6.75 28.26 23.13 3.4 2.9
Efficiency of turkey meat production
![Page 22: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Quail Production
![Page 23: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Space requirement and feed consumption for quails
Age (wks) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9<
Floor (cm2)
75 85 100 115 130 150 160 170 190
Waterer (cm)
1 1 1 1.5 1.5 2 2 2 2
Feeder (cm)
2 2 2 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3
Feed consumption (g)
6
12
18
20
22
25
![Page 24: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
% Water Prot Fat Ash Energy Cholesterol
Quail 73.8 13.2 10.8 1.0 1.0 1.4
Chicken 74.8 12.8 11.5 1.0 0.9 4.0
Comparison of quail egg composition with that of chicken egg
Comparison of quail meat composition with that of chicken meat
% Water Prot Fat Ash Energy Cholesterol
cal/100g mg/100g
Quail 65.5 20.6 10.6 3.1 168 57.8
Chicken 64.0 18.8 14.2 3.7 162 60-90
![Page 25: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Breeds of pigeon
![Page 26: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Breeds of pigeon
Meat breeds
King group Blue, red, yellow, Andalusian Homer Roman Maltese
Ornamental breeds
Duchess Seraphin Oriental frills Maltese
Racing breeds
Dragon British show racer Flown
![Page 27: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The King group
- Prolific - Fast growth
White Red Yellow
Blue Andalusian
Meat breeds
Reading materials Prepared for AS 4114 by Dr. Pradeepa Silva
![Page 28: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Homer
Maltese
Roman
Meat breeds ctd…
Reading materials Prepared for AS 4114 by Dr. Pradeepa Silva
![Page 29: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
British show tracer
Flown
Dragon
Racing breeds
Flown
Reading materials Prepared for AS 4114 by Dr. Pradeepa Silva
![Page 30: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Ornamental breeds /Pet
Duchess Fan tail Saxon monk
Reading materials Prepared for AS 4114 by Dr. Pradeepa Silva
![Page 31: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Seraphim
Oriental Frills
Ornamental breeds ctd…
Reading materials Prepared for AS 4114 by Dr. Pradeepa Silva
![Page 32: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Performance level
Eggs laid / pair 16+
Fertility of all eggs 95%
Hatchability of all eggs 85%
Squab mortality (up to market age) <5%
Adult mortality/year <5%
Marketable squabs 75%
Average squab weight 0.6 – 0.65kg
Squab hatched/egg laid 0.8
Squab marketed/egg laid 0.75
Daily feed consumption/pair 115 – 170g
Feed conversion (feed : squab) 7.5 : 1
Performance standards of pigeon
![Page 33: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Composition of squab meat
Meat Water %
Energy kcal
Protein g
Fat g
Fiber g
Ash g
Total edible 58 279 18.6 22.1 0 1.5
Flesh and skin
56.6 294 18.5 23.8 0 1.4
Flesh only 72.8 142 17.2 7.5 0 1.2
Light meat (no skin)
74.0 125 20.7 4.2 0 1.2
Giblets 69.8 154 19.8 7.2 1.2 2.0
![Page 34: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Ostrich Production
![Page 35: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Nutritional requirement
Nutrition Starter Grower Finisher holding breeding
Energy (kcal/kg) 2465 2450 2300 2000 2300
Protein % 22 19 16 16 20 - 21
Ca % 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 2.4-3.5
P % 0.75 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.75
![Page 36: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Per 100 g raw meat Ostrich Beef Chicken
Protein (g) 21.9 20.0 21.4
Fat (g) 1.0 15.6 2.6
Cholesterol (mg) 63.0 86.0 74.0
Energy (cal) 114.0 276.0 163.0
Calcium (mg) 5.2 9.0 13.0
Comparison of Ostrich meat
![Page 37: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Comparison of Ostrich meat with some popular meat products
Minimum Fat level
![Page 38: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012721/61b33c2ac2d7f1105c6412ad/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Comparison of some parameters of cattle and ostriches
Ostriches Cattle (beef)
Gestation/ Incubation (days) 42 290
Offspring per year 40 1
Period from conception to slaughter (days)
407 645
Meat (kg) 1,800 250
Leather (m2) 50.4 2.7
Feather (kg) 56 -