NON-VASCULAR PLANTS

JRMG 2010Bio1

WHAT ARE PLANTS?????

KINGDOM PLANTAE• Multicellular eukaryotes

• CW: cellulose

• Chlorophyll a and b

• “STATIONARY ANIMALS EAT SUNLIGHT”

• Immobile

• Alternation of Generations

Basic Plant LIFE CYCLE

NEEDS of PLANTS

• Sunlight• Water• Minerals• Gas

Overview of Plant Evolution

• Algae- water• Land plants

– Light and CO2– Water and Minerals– Shoot system

• Cuticle (2º product)• Lignin• Sporopollenin*

HOW DID PLANTS BECOME SUCCESFUL ON

LAND????????

PLANT EVOLUTION: AS EMBRYOPHYTES• Gametes: non-aquatic environment• Embryos: protected

• From EARLY PLANTS:– Gametangia

• Production, protection, site of fertilization– Transformation to Embryophytes

EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS

• Oxygen existence– Algae– Photosynthetic prokaryotes

• Ancestral algal species– Charophytes

• Cooksonia

CHAROPHYTES

• branch of Phylum Chlorophyta• plant ancestor

Chara braunii

CHAROPHYTES

Chaetosporidium Choleochaete orbicularis

Cooksonia

Kingdom Plantae

History of Terrestrial Adaptation

Charophytes: aquatic ancestors• 1ST ADAPTATION: Spores→Sporopollenin

– Jacketed gametangia• EMERGENCE OF BRYOPHYTES

Sporopollenin

Cuticle

Gametangia

• 2ND ADAPTATION: Vascular tissues• EMERGENCE OF VASCULAR PLANTS

• 3RD ADAPTATION: ORIGIN OF SEED• Colonization of land plants

– Naked seeds• EMERGENCE OF GYMNOSPERMS

• 4TH ADAPTATION: Modification of seeds– Protective coat

• EMERGENCE OF ANGIOSPERMS

BREAKDOWN OF K. PLANTAE

• Non- vascular plants– P. Bryophyta, P. Hepatophyta and

P. Anthocerophyta• Vascular plants/ TRACHEOPHYTA

– Gymnosperms– Angiosperms

NON- VASCULAR PLANTS

• Without vascular tissue• Life cycle depends: water (reproduction)

PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA

• Environment: water• Moist habitat and nutrient poor soil • Can tolerate low temp• STRUCTURE

– Stalk + capsule= sporophyte– Leaf like and stem like structure

• gametophyte • Life cycle (http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/bio213/plants.html)

Sphagnum

PHYLUM HEPATOPHYTA

• Liverworts• Gametophyte: umbrella like (gametangia)

– Archaegonium– Antheridium

• ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION: Gemmae– Haploid cells– Gemmae cups

Marchantia polymorpha

Female gametophyte

Male gametophyte

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

RHIZOID

Asexual Reproduction

PHYLUM ANTHOCEROPHYTA

• Damp soil• Sporophyte: horn-like• Sporophyte reamins attached to the

gametophyte– divides continuously

• Large chloropast/cell

Anthoceros

Dendroceros

Dendroceros

LIFE CYCLE:SEXUAL