non-verbal comn-15sep2010

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Non-VerbalCommunication

Hear no evil, see no evil, speak no evil



Non-Verbal Communication

� Sending and receiving messageswithout the use of words



Nonverbal Communication

Definition:� Human action and behavior and thecorresponding meaning that is

attached to behavior.� In short, everything but the words.

� It is far more than just gestures andeye contact.

� Actions Speak Louder Than Words



Linkage of Verbal and

Nonverbal Communication� Complement ³ what

is being said andaccompany the

words.� Accenting ³ strong

action supportingwords.

�

Contradicting ³ saythe opposite of theverbal message.

� Repeating ³ verbalsignal followed byphysical signal.

� Regulating ³speaking louder orholding up a hand.

� Substituting ³

using action orsymbols in lieu ofwords.



Why pay attention to

nonverbal?� Exchange of

information thrunonlinguistic signs

� Assists in drawingaccurate conclusions

� Increases

sensitivity

� Nonverbal isstronger

� Nonverbal adds toor qualifies message

� More frequent:± 7 % words± 55% body (facial,

posture)± 38% voice(Mehrabian (1968)



Strategic Usage ofNonverbal Signals

� Emblems ³ actuallystand for something.

� Illustrators ³complement verbalmessage.

� Regulators ³ gesturesthat control what aspeaker says.

�

Affect Display ³ morecomplex and obvious.� Adapter ³ moving body

parts that simulatewhat you would like to

do, but can·t.



Principles of Non-Verbal

Communication

� Natural

�

Cultural



Natural Signs� Eye is the best mirror of what goes on in the

mind.� Face including eye gives better picture of what

you are.�

Natural signs of mental state ²± Lip movement± Hand movement± Leg movement± Posture±

Sweating± Trembling± Lack of co-ordination± Fumbling± Increased use of fillers



Cultural Signs

� Cultural way of understandingyour behavior -

± Saluting, giving respect to others.± Tone in which you address others.

± Gestures that you show.

± The way you dress, curtsy talk.± Distance you keep from others.



What you speak?

� There should be coherence amongwhat you speak and what you

non-verbally signal:± naturally and culturally.

� If there is contradiction:± You say that you are happy and thenatural signs indicate you are not.

± You do not successfullycommunicate.



Elements of Non-Verbal

Communication� Body language

�

Eye contact� Facial expressions

�

Vocal cues� Spatial use

� Time



Body Language

� Appearance

� Posture

�

Walk� Gestures

� Touch



Why Do We Wear Clothing

� To cover one·s body� To keep warm�

To indicate wealth or status� To indicate indifference to wealth andstatus

� To indicate occupation� To show religious or cultural belief� To express one·s individuality



� Why do companies and schools haverules regulating what people can wear±

Because people make snap judgmentsabout others base on how they look



Posture and Walk

� Standing straight can indicateconfidence

� Dragging your feet can indicatethat± You are tired or± Reluctant to go where you are going

�

Walking briskly can indicate± That you are excited or± That you are important



Gestures

� Movement of hands and arms used tohelp make a point



Touching

� Perception influence by who touches, nature oftouch and context

� Can convey:±

Affection± Sexual Interest± Dominance± Caring± Aggression

� Produces positive reactions when appropriate� Handshake

± Firmness and duration predict favorable impressions



Touch

� Friends touch each other to indicatecloseness

�

People might strike each other inanger

� People can indicate status by initiating

touch� Inappropriate or unwanted touch canbe sexual harassment



Eye Contact

� Important nonverbal cue±High level gazing:

�

liking or friendliness±Staring (maintain gaze regardless):

� anger or hostility



Vocal Cues

� Pitch

�

Rate� Volume

� Quality

�

Articulation



Spatial Use

� Public space ² over 12 feet

� Social space (4 -12 feet)

�

Personal space ( 1 ¼ - 4 feet)� Intimate space (upto 1 ½ feet)



Proxemics

� The use of space and how spaceinfluences relationships andcommunication



Time

� People who spend a great amount oftime together (by choice) are friends

�

Someone who is late doesn·t care.� Someone who is too early cares toomuch (is desperate)

�

Someone who keeps you waiting is ofhigher status



Men and Women at Work

� Men take up morespace

� Handshakes³firm,

not bonecrunching.� Women smile more

and are expected

to smile� Women maintain

eye contact longer



Non Verbal Messages can

� Support verbal messages (clarify)

� Contradict verbal messages (mixed

messages)� Replace verbal messages (secrets)

� Regulate verbal messages (control)



Nonverbal Communication:

Recognizing Deception� Most people lie every day

� Not very good detectors of lying

� Generally perceive others astruthful

� Generalize individuals truthfulness

� However, nonverbal cues can behelpful



Recognizing Deception

� Micro expressions:± Immediate± Brief facial expressions

�

Interchannel discrepancies:± Differences among types of nonverbal cues

� Eye contact:± Blink more

± Dilated pupils± Unusually high or low level



Recognizing Deception

� Exaggerated facial expressions:± Unusually strong nonverbal cues

� Move arms, hands, and fingers less

� Linguistic style:± Delay± High pitch± Restart sentences

± Speech errors± Backtracking



Nonverbal Leakage of

Deception³Lying� BASE LINE behavior before

judging

� MOVEMENT

± Hand-to-face (covermouth)

± Nose rub

± Lip biting

± Foot tapping

±

Open gestures showcomfort.

� DRESS

± Close and open coat

± Play with collar

±

Picking at lint on clothing� PROXEMICS

± Moving away

� PARALANGUAGE

± Slow response

± Long answers± Vocal pitch



EXAMPLES OF BODY LANGUAGE

TRAIT INTERPRETATION

Brisk, erect walk Confidence

Standing with hands on

hips

Readiness, aggression

Sitting with legs crossed,foot kicking slightly

Boredom

Sitting, legs apart Open, relaxed

Arms crossed on chest Defensiveness

Walking with hands inpockets, shoulders

hunched

Dejection





Hand to cheek Evaluation, thinking

Touching, slightly

rubbing nose

Rejection, doubt, lying

Rubbing the eye Doubt, disbelief

Hands clasped behind

back

Anger, frustration,

apprehensionLocked ankles Apprehension

Head resting in hand,eyes downcast

Boredom

Rubbing hands Anticipation




TRAIT INTERPRETATIO

N

Sitting with handsclasped behind head,legs crossed

Confidence, superiority

Open palm Sincerity, openness,innocence

Pinching bridge of nose,eyes closed

Negative evaluation

Tapping or drummingfingers

Impatience

Steepling fingers Authoritative





Patting / fondling hair Lack of self-confidence;

insecurity

Tilted head Interest

Stroking chin

Trying to make a decision

Biting nails Insecurity, nervousness

Pulling or tugging at ear Indecision



THANK YOU



PROXEMICSPersonal Space

� DISTANCE± In tima te Dis tance 18µ± Personal Dis tance 1 - 4 ¶± Soc ial Dis tance 4 - 8·± Publ ic Dis tance 12·

� STATUS±

Higher phys ical loca tions ± Pr iv ac y± Prop in quity³close to po wer



Spatial DifferencesProxemics zones vary according to:� Culture³awkwardness can result.� Gender³Men tend to maintain larger

personal space bubbles than women.� Temporary reductions cause people to ´stake

outµ territory.± Barriers± Arranging personal ´stuffµ± Cubicles



Paralanguage

� Nonverbal aspectsof vocal delivery:± Pitch,± Tone,± Response or onset

time,± Duration of

message.

� Nervous ³± high pitch

� Slow response ³± lying or thoughtful



Kinesics

� Movement ³ most studied category ofnonverbal communication;

� Includes gestures as well as posture.

± Not a precise science.± Differs between cultures.± More accurate if observed over time.± Gestures.± Cultural context (Symbols and action

vary).

non-verbal comn-15sep2010

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