nonnon--destructive testing destructive testing of concrete dubai, nov. 18-20th... ·...

NonNon--Destructive Testing Destructive Testing of Concreteof Concrete

ACI/CANMET Int’l Conference ACI/CANMET Int’l Conference

on Advances in Concrete Technology inon Advances in Concrete Technology in

The Arabian Gulf, U.A.E.The Arabian Gulf, U.A.E.

November 18November 18--20, 2008, Dubai, U.A.E.20, 2008, Dubai, U.A.E.

Claus Germann PetersenClaus Germann Petersen

Germann InstrumentsGermann Instruments

www.germann.orgwww.germann.org

Test Smart – Build Right

GI

WorkabilityWorkabilityTiming of Early and Safe Loading OperationsTiming of Early and Safe Loading Operations

Service LifeService Life

Selected NDT systems for

Service LifeService LifeIntegrityIntegrity


GIGI

ICAR Rheometer for WorkabilityICAR Rheometer for WorkabilityDeveloped at University of Texas at AustinDeveloped at University of Texas at Austin

Erik P. Koehler, PhDErik P. Koehler, PhDDavid W. Fowler, ProfessorDavid W. Fowler, ProfessorDavid W. Fowler, ProfessorDavid W. Fowler, Professor


GIGI

ICAR RheometerICAR Rheometer


GIGI

••Vane is immersed in fresh Vane is immersed in fresh concrete and rotated at different concrete and rotated at different

speeds while the resisting torque is speeds while the resisting torque is measuredmeasured

••Computer software operates test Computer software operates test and computes resultsand computes results

••Single test complete in about 60 Single test complete in about 60

Software User Interface


GIGI

••Single test complete in about 60 Single test complete in about 60 secondsseconds

••Test results available immediatelyTest results available immediately••Accept/reject mixtureAccept/reject mixture••Optimize mixtureOptimize mixture

Yield Stress:Yield Stress:Minimum stress needed Minimum stress needed to initiate or maintain to initiate or maintain

flowflow

Bingham ModelBingham Model

Shea

r S

tres

s, (

Pa)

Provides a direct means of characterizing and controlling workability by Provides a direct means of characterizing and controlling workability by measuring measuring the yield stress and the plastic viscosity using thethe yield stress and the plastic viscosity using the

flowflow

Plastic Viscosity:Plastic Viscosity:Resistance to flow once Resistance to flow once

the yield stress is the yield stress is exceededexceeded

= yield stress

γµττ &+= 0

0τµ = plastic viscosity

Shear Rate, (1/s)

Shea

r S

tres

s, (

Pa)

µ1

0τ

γη &

GIGITest Smart – Build Right

••Flow CurveFlow CurveImpose a range of speeds while Impose a range of speeds while

measuring resisting torquemeasuring resisting torqueDetermine yield stress and plastic Determine yield stress and plastic

viscosityviscosity

••Stress Growth TestStress Growth Test Speed (N), rev/sec

Tor

que

(T),

N•m

γµττ &+= 0

T = Y + V N

Flow Curve Test

Y

V1

Measures for Aggregates sizes up to 40 mm and Slumps greater than 75 mm


GIGI

••Stress Growth TestStress Growth TestImpose a constant, low speed while Impose a constant, low speed while

measuring buildmeasuring build--up in torqueup in torqueDetermine yield stress at restDetermine yield stress at rest

••ThixotropyThixotropy••Workability RetentionWorkability Retention Time, sec

Tor

que

(T),

N•m

Stress Growth Test


GIGI

Useful throughout the concrete Useful throughout the concrete production processproduction process

Research and developmentResearch and developmentMixture proportioningMixture proportioningField quality controlField quality control

350

400

450

500

Measure multiple shear rates, Measure multiple shear rates,

extrapolate to zero shear rateextrapolate to zero shear rate

�� Maintain Flow ��

Flow Curve

10

12

�� Initiate Flow ��

Apply constant, low shear rate, Apply constant, low shear rate,

determine stress to initiate flowdetermine stress to initiate flow

Stress Growth


GIGI

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Shear Rate, 1/s

Shear Stress, Pa

0

2

4

6

8

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Time, seconds

Torque, Nm

Shea

r St

ress

,

(Pa)

ConventionalRequires vibration

Viscous SCCFlows under own mass,

but ‘sticky’

Optimal SCCFlows under own mass,

Examples of flow curves


GIGI

Shea

r St

ress

,

(Pa)

Shear Rate, (1/s)γ&

Flows under own mass, resists segregation

Segregating SCCFlows under own mass,but segregates

Plastic viscosity decreases by, for example,

Increasing paste volume

Increasing w/cm

Using fly ash

These factors must be balanced to achieve adequate fresh properties, hardened properties, and economy

Plastic viscosity decreases by, for example,

Increasing paste volume

Increasing w/cm

Using fly ash

These factors must be balanced to achieve adequate fresh properties, hardened properties, and economy


GIGI

fresh properties, hardened properties, and economy

Achievement of proper plastic viscosity key to optimizing SCC rheology, once the low yield stress is

achieved

fresh properties, hardened properties, and economy

Achievement of proper plastic viscosity key to optimizing SCC rheology, once the low yield stress is

achieved

MaterialYield Stress Plastic

Viscosity

Fly Ash

Slag

Silica Fume

Dosage: Low High


GIGI

HRWRA

w/c

Air Entrainment OR

Source: Kohler, E.P. & Fowler, D.W.: Development and use of a Portable Rheometer for Concrete, 8th

CANMET /ACI Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology,

•Rheology is well suited for SCC

•ICAR Rheometer is a low cost and portable option for measuring concrete workability

•Both yield stress and plastic viscosity are important and must be optimized

•Once yield stress is sufficiently low for self-flow,

•Rheology is well suited for SCC

•ICAR Rheometer is a low cost and portable option for measuring concrete workability

•Both yield stress and plastic viscosity are important and must be optimized

•Once yield stress is sufficiently low for self-flow,


GIGI

•Once yield stress is sufficiently low for self-flow, plastic viscosity is key to controlling flow properties

•Increasing the fly ash dosage and w/cm reduce yield stress and plastic viscosity, but to different degrees

•Once yield stress is sufficiently low for self-flow, plastic viscosity is key to controlling flow properties

•Increasing the fly ash dosage and w/cm reduce yield stress and plastic viscosity, but to different degrees

ICAR detailed information on:ICAR detailed information on:

www.concreterheology.comwww.concreterheology.com


GIGI

www.concreterheology.comwww.concreterheology.com

Timing of early and safe loading Timing of early and safe loading operationsoperations

using COMAusing COMA--Meter and LOKMeter and LOK--TESTTEST


GIGI

using COMAusing COMA--Meter and LOKMeter and LOK--TESTTEST

Absorption compound Liquid filled glass capillary

Scale attached to cap

Cap threaded on container

Container

5 150

Calculated from Temperature, days 5


GIGI

0

1

2

3

4

5

-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Arrhenius

COMA-Meter

Equivalent Age at 20 oC, days

Temperature, oC

0

50

100

150

0 50 100 150

Calculated from Temperature, days

COMA-Meter, days

0 1 2 3 4 5

4

3

2

1

0

COMA-MeterCOMA-Meter

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Mixture AMixture BMixture C

Compressive Sterngth, MPa

M20, days at 20

oC


GIGI

COMACOMA--MeterMeterApplication Application ExamplesExamples

25 mm

25 mm

F 55 mm

25 mm

25 mm

55 mm

F

LOKLOK--TEST & CAPOTEST & CAPO--TESTTEST


GIGI

20

40

60

80

100

120

Cylinder Strength, MPa

Cylinder Stength Correlations

20

40

60

80

100

120

Cube Strength, MPa

Cube Strength Correlations

LOKLOK--TEST & CAPOTEST & CAPO--TESTTEST28 major correlations28 major correlations

0

0 20 40 60 80 100

Pullout Load, kN

0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Pullout Load, kN


GIGI

20

40

60

80

100

Compressive Strength, MPa

General Correlations forCylinder and Cube Strength

fcube

= 0.76 F1.16

fcyl= 0.69 F

1.12

LOKLOK--TEST & CAPOTEST & CAPO--TESTTESTGeneral CorrelationsGeneral Correlations

0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Compressive Strength, MPa

Pullout Load, kN

Cylinder and Cube Strength


GIGI

20

30

40

50

60

70

Krenchel 1982

Yun et al. SP-112, MSA = 40 mm

Yun et al. SP-112, Mortar

Meyer 1994

Bellander 1983, MSA = 38 mm

Bellander 1983, MSA = 18 mm

CAPO-TEST Force, kN

Line of Equality

0

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

CAPO-TEST Force, kN

LOK-TEST Force, kN

LOKLOK--TEST compared to CAPOTEST compared to CAPO--TESTTEST


LOKLOK--TEST and cylinder stressTEST and cylinder stress--strain curvesstrain curves


GIGI

Peak load cracking in a LOKPeak load cracking in a LOK--TESTTEST


GIGI

LOKLOK--TEST failure mechanismTEST failure mechanism


GIGI

LABORATORY

Correlation Procedure

LOK/CAPO-TEST

S V n

(MPa) (%)

Cylinders or Cubes

S V n

(MPa) (%)

Danish 2.6 9.4 2188 1.6 4.2 1177

North-American 1.9 7.5 994 1.7 6.4 994

English/Dutch/Swedish 2.5 6.8 1180 2.4 6.2 953

ON-SITE LOK/CAPO-TEST


GIGI

VariationsVariationsSource: Petersen, C.G.: ”LOKSource: Petersen, C.G.: ”LOK--TEST and CAPOTEST and CAPO--TEST,TEST,

Twenty years expereince”, British Institute of NDT, U.K.,Twenty years expereince”, British Institute of NDT, U.K.,

19971997

ON-SITE

Structure Type

LOK/CAPO-TEST

S V n

(kN) (%)

Slabs, bottom part 3.0 10.5 5320

Slabs. top part 3.7 12.9 955

Beams & Columns 2.8 8.1 677

Walls & Foundations 3.3 10.1 1020

Damaged structures 4.5 14.7 1225

Wisna BridgeWisna Bridge

35 years old35 years old

Zglobice BridgeZglobice Bridge

32 years old32 years old


GIGI

Source: Moczko, A.: “Comparative study of In-Situ strength measurements on 50 Polish bridges”, University of Wroclaw, Poland, 2007

Average

Cores

(MPa) V (%)

CAPO-TEST

(MPa) V (%)

Schmidt / Structure

(MPa) V (%)

Schmidt / Cores

(MPa) V (%)

Strength 32.8 9.5 33.5 11.7 55.9 16.4 44.5 15.1

Comparative Strength measurements from 50 Polish bridges Comparative Strength measurements from 50 Polish bridges


GIGI

Multi-story building collapse in Boston, USA.

Standard cylinders tested had passed the

requirement. Subsequent investigation

showed the in-place strength to be 50% of

the cylinders at the time of stripping of the

forms

Scotia Plaza – Toronto - Canada.

Early and Safe Form Stripping

Total earnings by speeding up the

construction schedule: 1.2 mio Dollars

SAFE and EARLY stripping of forms using LOKSAFE and EARLY stripping of forms using LOK--TEST for inTEST for in--place place

strength has today been done in North America on about 300 major strength has today been done in North America on about 300 major

structures, earnings reported to be about 0.2 to 1.5 structures, earnings reported to be about 0.2 to 1.5 miomio DollarsDollars

Source: Bickley, J.A.: “How to Build Faster for Less – The Role of In-Place Testing

in Fast Track Construction”, ACI, Spring Convention, San Francisco, 1994


GIGI

Willow Island W.Va., USA, Cooling Tower collapsWillow Island W.Va., USA, Cooling Tower collapsApril 27th, 1978, 51 deathsApril 27th, 1978, 51 deaths

Subsequently LOKSubsequently LOK--TEST was used for timing of strippingTEST was used for timing of stripping

Courtecy of Nick Carino, Consultant

LOKLOK--TEST & CAPOTEST & CAPO--TESTTESTfor early form stripping & quality controlfor early form stripping & quality control


Great Belt Link, Denmark Great Belt Link, Denmark St George Wharf, U.K.St George Wharf, U.K.

GIGI

Service Life EstimationService Life EstimationChloride DiffusionChloride Diffusion

CarbonationCarbonation


GIGI

CarbonationCarbonation

Loss of cross-section

Collaps

Corrosion Rate

(µm/year)


GIGI

Kyösti TuuttiKyösti Tuutti´́s Service Life Models Service Life Model

Time

Total Chloride

Free Chloride Bound Chloride

RCTRCTRCT

Chemical Bound Physical Bound

RCTW

Hardened Fresh concrete Hardened Fresh

concrete concrete concrete


GIGI


GIGI

Chloride induced pitting corrosion of a 20 mm in diameter Chloride induced pitting corrosion of a 20 mm in diameter

reinforcement from a bridge slab subjected 11 years to reinforcement from a bridge slab subjected 11 years to

deicing salt during the winter timedeicing salt during the winter time

FickFick´́s Second Law of Diffusions Second Law of Diffusion

C (C (x,tx,t) = C) = Cii + (C+ (Css –– CCii) ) erferf XX

22 . √ t t .. DDOOC (C (x,tx,t): ): ChlorideChloride content content atat depthdepth X X atat time ttime t

CC : Initial : Initial chloridechloride contentcontent


GIGI

CCii : Initial : Initial chloridechloride contentcontent

CCss: Surface : Surface chloridechloride contentcontent

erf: Error function erf: Error function

DDOO: Chloride Diffusion Coefficient: Chloride Diffusion Coefficient

RCTRCT


GIGI

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

RCTW

RCT

% Cl per Concrete Mass

Example of Chloride ProfilesExample of Chloride Profiles


0.0

0.1

0.2

0 10 20 30 40 50


Depth, mm

GIGI

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

FHWA

DTI, Denmark

Swedish Cement and Concrete Institute

Norwegian Concrete Technology


Potentiometric Titration

RCT correlationsRCT correlations


0.00

0.05

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

Swedish State Testing Institute

Danish Road Directorate% Cl per Concrete Mass

Potentiometric Titration

% Cl per Concrete Mass - RCT

GIGI

Profile GrinderProfile Grinder


GIGI

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

Chloride content, C, per cent of mass concrete

Chloride diffusion

coefficient =75 mm2/year

Remaining service life for a

cover of 50 mm is 5 years

RCT testing on site for chloride diffusion RCT testing on site for chloride diffusion coefficient and remaining service lifecoefficient and remaining service life

0

0,1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75

Distance x from exposed surface, mm


cover of 50 mm is 5 years

GIGI

0,10

0,20

0,30

0,40

0,50

0,60

0,70

0,80

0,90

1,00

1,10

Chloride concentration (%)

Chloride diffusion

coefficient = 29 mm2/year

Profile grinding in the lab, followed by RCT Profile grinding in the lab, followed by RCT

testing for chloride diffusion coefficienttesting for chloride diffusion coefficient

0,00

0,000 0,005 0,010 0,015 0,020 0,025 0,030 0,035

Distance from surface (m)


GIGI

PROOVEPROOVE´́it RCPTit RCPT


GIGI

RCPT, PROOVERCPT, PROOVE´́it cellsit cells


GIGI

PROOVEPROOVE´́it screen shotit screen shot


GIGI

Coulombs Permeability Class

Typical of

>40004000-2000

HighModerate

w/c-ratio > 0.5w/c-ratio 0.4-0.5

RCPT ClassificationRCPT Classification

4000-20002000-10001000-100

<100

ModerateLow

Very LowNegligible

w/c-ratio 0.4-0.5w/c-ratio < 0.4

Latex modified concretePolymer concrete


GIGI

Deep Purple IndicatorDeep Purple Indicator


GIGI

Depth of Carbonation Depth of Carbonation

by the Deep Purple or the Rainbow Indicatorby the Deep Purple or the Rainbow Indicator

Average relationships between depth of

carbonation, compressive strength, and time

of exposure in air at 50 % RH. Source: “The

Concrete Book,” CTO, Aalborg, Denmark

Rainbow IndicatorRainbow Indicator

Corrosion rateIp

∆Ep = IpRp

∆E0 = IpR0

t

Current

Potential signals

Ip

∆Ep = IpRp

∆E0 = IpR0

t

Current

Potential signals

Data acquisitionPulse generator

IGE ICE E

RE

Data treatment

Results display, data storage/output

Data acquisitionPulse generator

IGE ICE E

RE

Data treatment

Results display, data storage/output

Concrete

Steel bar

Surface layerR0

Cdl Rp

GE CE CE GE

Cover

lcLp

RE

Wet sponge

Randles modelConcrete

Steel bar

Surface layerR0

Cdl Rp

GE CE CE GE

Cover

lcLp

RE

Wet sponge

Randles model


GIGI

Reference

electrode Counter

electrode

Guard

ring

Sponge

I*Rp

I*ROhm

Vmax

Polarisation, mV 300

200

100

0

Corrosion RateCorrosion RateGalvaPulseGalvaPulse

Sponge

Time, sec

0

-100

-200 1 2 3 4 5 6

Ecorr

Sec.


GIGI

200

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 3600

33

66

100

133

166

200

18-20 16-18 14-16 12-14 10-12 8-10 6-8 4-6 2-4 0-2

Drain

200

Corrosion Rate µA/cm2

Half Cell Potentials mV vs Ag/AgCl Resistance KOhm0-2 kOhm

210-250 µm/year

GalvaPulse example GalvaPulse example

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

0

33

66

100

133

166

0-15 15-30 30-45 45-60 60-75 75-90

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 3600

33

66

100

133

166

-500--450 -450--400 -400--350 -350--300 -300--250 -250--200 -200--150 -150--100 -100--50 -50-0 0-50 50-100 100-150

-450 to -500 mv


GIGI

Weight loss GalvaPulse Gecor 6

Corrosion RatemA/cm2



Bar A 4.6 3.11 0.21Bar B 4.8 2.47 0.23Bar B 4.8 2.47 0.23Bar C 4.7 5.24 0.54Source: Baessler, R. & Burkert, A.: “Laboratory Testing of Portable Equipment”, Brite/Euram project Integrated Monitoring System for

Durability Assessment of Concrete Structures, Federal Institute for Materials and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany, 2001

Corrosion Rates, BAM InvestigationCorrosion Rates, BAM Investigation


GIGI

Integrity testingIntegrity testing••SS´́MASH Impulse ResponseMASH Impulse Response••DOCter ImpactDOCter Impact--EchoEcho••MIRA TomographerMIRA Tomographer


GIGI

••MIRA TomographerMIRA Tomographer••EyeConEyeCon••SurferSurfer

ss´́MASH Impulse Response MASH Impulse Response


GIGI

Impulse ResponseImpulse Responsess´́MASHMASH


GIGI

ss´́MASHMASHMobility PlotMobility Plot


GIGI

Delam/Void

Solid

Honeycomb

Solid

ss´́MASHMASHFlaw SignalsFlaw Signals


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5

S1

S2

S3

S4

S5

S6

S7

S8

S9

S1 0

C o l u m n

R o w

0 - 2 2 - 4 4 - 6 6 - 8 8 - 1 0 1 0 - 1 2 1 2 - 1 4 1 4 - 1 6 1 6 - 1 8 1 8 - 2 0

S 5

S 6

S 7

S 8

S 9

S 10

R o w

ss´́MASHMASH300 mm slab, mobility and mobility slope300 mm slab, mobility and mobility slope

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5

S 1

S 2

S 3

S 4

S 5

C o l u m n

0 - 1 1- 2 2 - 3 3 - 4 4 - 5 5 - 6 6 - 7 7 - 8 8 - 9


GIGI

ss´́MASHMASHApplication ExamplesApplication Examples


GIGI

ss´́MASHMASHApplication Examples Application Examples


GIGI

ss´́MASHMASHApplication ExamplesApplication Examples


GIGI

DOCter ImpactDOCter Impact--EchoEcho


GIGI

ImpactImpact--EchoEchoDOCter DOCter


GIGI

f

CT P

2=

ImpactImpact--Echo Testing Principle Echo Testing Principle


GIGI

DOCterDOCterImpactImpact--Echo Test SignalEcho Test Signal


GIGI

DOCterDOCterSurface Wave SpeedSurface Wave Speed


DOCterDOCterImpactImpact--Echo Surface Wave Speed RecordEcho Surface Wave Speed Record


GIGI

DOCter Application, injection of cable ductsDOCter Application, injection of cable ducts


GIGI

160 mm

95 mm

Detection of depth of cable duct usingDetection of depth of cable duct usingGPR prior to ie testingGPR prior to ie testing


GIGI

DOCter Applications, delaminationsDOCter Applications, delaminations


DOCter Application, quality of linerDOCter Application, quality of liner


GIGI

DOCter Application, honeycombs DOCter Application, honeycombs


GIGI

OTTO Stepper for automated testingOTTO Stepper for automated testing


GIGI

SPIDERMAN Frames for automated testingSPIDERMAN Frames for automated testing


GIGI

MIRA TomographerMIRA Tomographer


GIGI

MIRA TomographerMIRA TomographerGIGI


MIRA shear wave propagation from the antennaMIRA shear wave propagation from the antenna


GIGI

MIRA test record


GIGI

MIRA scan record


GIGI

•Specimen with controlled injection quality of cable duct


GIGI

Mira for injection quality of cable duct


GIGI

MIRA for injection quality of cable duct


70 mm metal 70 mm metal ducts in bridge ducts in bridge girder 350 mm girder 350 mm high tested for high tested for


GIGI

high tested for high tested for injection injection quality. Ducts quality. Ducts were positined were positined at a depth of at a depth of 150 mm150 mm

8,000 meter of duct was 8,000 meter of duct was tested in 9 daystested in 9 days

MIRA on columns for injection qualityof center duct


GIGI

EyeConEyeConUltrasound Flaw DetectorUltrasound Flaw Detector

&&


GIGI

&&SurferSurfer


GIGI

EyeConEyeCon

SurferSurfer


Thank you for your attentionThank you for your attentionwww.germann.orgwww.germann.org

GI

www.germann.orgwww.germann.org


nonnon--destructive testing destructive testing of concrete dubai, nov. 18-20th... ·...

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